# PEOPLES v. GARMAN

> District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania · December 7, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10404432

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** December 7, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10404432

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- discussing only the sufficient safeguard step of the two- step analysis for identifying Confrontation Clause violations
- finding that the audio portion of a videotaped drug transaction was not testimonial because the statements made were “not ‘solemn declaration[s]’, but ‘casual remark[s]’ made to acquaintances”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

DURON B. PEOPLES : CIVIL ACTION
:
v. :
:
MARK GARMAN, ET AL. : NO. 20-6324

MEMORANDUM

Padova, J. December 7, 2022

Before the Court is Duron B. Peoples’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2254. On March 29, 2022, United States Magistrate Judge Lynne A. Sitarski filed a
Report and Recommendation (“R&R”) recommending that we deny the Petition in its entirety.
Petitioner has filed Objections to the R&R.1 For the reasons that follow, we overrule the
Objections, adopt the R&R, and deny the Petition with prejudice.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On October 1, 2014, a jury convicted Petitioner of first-degree murder, conspiracy to
commit murder, burglary, and solicitation of first-degree murder in relation to the shooting death
of Jonas Suber. Commonwealth v. Peoples, 240 A.3d 183 (table), 2020 WL 4883832, *2 (Pa.
Super. Ct. Aug. 20, 2020). The evidence presented at Petitioner’s trial established that Petitioner
hired Eric Coxry and Shamone Woods to shoot and kill Suber in his home with a .45 caliber pistol
provided by Petitioner. Commonwealth v. Peoples, Crim. A. No. 3317 EDA 2014, 2015 WL
6948437, *1 (Pa. Super. Ct. Oct. 30, 2015), appeal denied, 136 A.3d 980 (Pa. 2016). The
prosecution connected Petitioner to the hired shooting through, inter alia, the testimony of Donte

1 Along with his Objections, Petitioner filed a “Motion for Leave to File Exhibits in Support
of ‘Objections.’” (Docket No. 17.) We grant the Motion to the extent it seeks leave to file the
Exhibits attached to the Objections, which are already included in the state court record.
Carter who stated that Petitioner first solicited him to kill Suber but he refused; the testimony of
Clarence Milton who stated that on the day before the shooting Coxry told him that he received
“$20,000 to ‘take care [of] the whole situation’ with Suber;” and evidence seized from Petitioner’s
home, including a box of .45 caliber bullets. Peoples, 2020 WL 4883832, at *1-2, 8 (quoting
9/23/14 N.T. at 99-102). Following his conviction, Petitioner was sentenced to life imprisonment

for first-degree murder, plus a consecutive sentence of ten to twenty years for soliciting Carter to
kill Suber. Id. at *2 (citation omitted). On October 30, 2015, the Pennsylvania Superior Court
affirmed Petitioner’s conviction and on April 12, 2016, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied
Petitioner’s subsequent petition for allowance of appeal. Id. (citation omitted).
On November 14, 2017, Petitioner filed a counseled petition for relief under
Pennsylvania’s Post Conviction Relief Act, 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. §§ 9541-46 (“PCRA”). Id. at
*3. In his PCRA petition, Petitioner claimed, inter alia, that his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to call several key witnesses. Id. The PCRA court dismissed Petitioner’s claims as
meritless and the Superior Court affirmed, finding that Petitioner failed to establish that his trial

counsel either knew or should have known about one of the potential witnesses or that the other
potential witnesses were willing and available to testify on Petitioner’s behalf. Id. at *9-11. The
Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Petitioner’s subsequent petition for allowance of appeal.
Commonwealth v. Peoples, 244 A.3d 1227 (table) (Pa. 2021).
On November 23, 2020, Petitioner filed the instant pro se habeas Petition containing four
claims for relief. Magistrate Judge Sitarski recommends that we deny the Petition in its entirety.
Petitioner has filed Objections to Magistrate Judge Sitarski’s recommendations that we deny his
first claim for relief—that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to call exculpatory
witnesses—and his second claim for relief—that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to
object to Clarence Milton’s testimony to an “out-of-court statement made by a non-testifying co-
defendant.” (Hab. Pet. at 9 of 20.) Petitioner has not objected to Magistrate Judge Sitarski’s
recommendations that we deny his third and fourth claims for relief.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

Where a habeas petition has been referred to a magistrate judge for a report and
recommendation, the district court “shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the
report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(b)(1). The Court “may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or
recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” Id. The state habeas statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2254,
provides that the “district court shall entertain an application for a writ of habeas corpus [o]n behalf
of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court only on the ground that he is in
custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. §
2254(a). “The petitioner carries the burden of proof.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 181
(2011) (citation omitted).

Pursuant to § 2254, a petition for writ of habeas corpus may be granted only if (1) the state
court’s adjudication of the claim “resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court
of the United States;” or (2) the adjudication “resulted in a decision that was based on an
unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court
proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)-(2). In Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000), the
Supreme Court explained the two components of § 2254(d)(1) as follows:
Under the “contrary to” clause, a federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state
court arrives at a conclusion opposite to that reached by this Court on a question of
law or if the state court decides a case differently than this Court has on a set of
materially indistinguishable facts. Under the “unreasonable application” clause, a
federal habeas court may grant the writ if the state court identifies the correct
governing legal principle from this Court’s decisions but unreasonably applies that
principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.

Id. at 412-13. In order to determine “whether a state court’s application of federal law is
‘unreasonable,’” a court must apply an objective standard, such that the relevant application “may
be incorrect but still not unreasonable.” Duncan v. Morton, 256 F.3d 189, 196 (3d Cir. 2001)
(quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 409-10). The test is whether the state court decision “resulted in
an outcome that cannot reasonably be justified under existing Supreme Court precedent.” Matteo
v. Superintendent, SCI Albion, 171 F.3d 877, 890 (3d Cir. 1999) (en banc). In order to determine
whether a state court’s adjudication arose from an unreasonable determination of the facts in light
of the evidence, we presume that the “‘[f]actual issues determined by [the] state court are . . .
correct and the petitioner bears the burden of rebutting this presumption by clear and convincing
evidence.’” Dellavecchia v. Sec’y Pa. Dep’t of Corrs., 819 F.3d 682, 692 (3d Cir. 2016) (first
alteration in original) (quoting Werts v. Vaughn, 228 F.3d 178, 196 (3d Cir. 2000)).
III. DISCUSSION

A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel in Failing to Call Exculpatory Witnesses
In his first claim for relief, Petitioner asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing
to call four exculpatory witnesses. Magistrate Judge Sitarski recommends that we deny the
Petition with respect to this claim because Petitioner did not show that his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient in failing to call those witnesses or that the Superior Court unreasonably
applied federal law when it considered this claim. Petitioner objects to this recommendation as it
pertains to trial counsel’s failure to call as trial witnesses three of the four individuals identified in
the Petition—Corporal Wall, Jason Smith, and Detective Dykes.2 Petitioner argues in the Petition
that Pennsylvania’s test for ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to call a witness is contrary
to federal law and that the Superior Court unreasonably determined that he failed to satisfy the
federal law standard for establishing ineffective assistance of counsel set forth in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).

1. The Clearly Established Federal Law
In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant
must demonstrate that (1) his attorney’s performance was deficient, i.e., that the performance was
unreasonable under prevailing professional standards, and (2) that he was prejudiced by his
attorney’s performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88, 691-92. A defendant demonstrates
prejudice by showing “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. Counsel cannot be found to
be ineffective for failing to pursue a meritless claim. See United States v. Bui, 795 F.3d 363, 366-

67 (3d Cir. 2015) (“‘[T]here can be no Sixth Amendment deprivation of effective counsel based
on an attorney’s failure to raise a meritless argument.’” (quoting United States v. Sanders, 165
F.3d 248, 253 (3d Cir. 1999))).

2 Petitioner asserts in the Petition that Corporal Wall, a ballistics expert, would have
testified regarding a report he prepared, in which he concluded that the bullets recovered from the
scene of Suber’s murder matched bullets recovered from the scene of an unrelated murder
committed by Shamone Woods prior to the date on which the Commonwealth established that
Petitioner gave the gun to Woods. Petitioner also maintains that Jason Smith would have testified
regarding a statement he made to police, in which he reported that Woods had committed the
unrelated shooting and had then asked Smith’s girlfriend to hide the gun. Petitioner further
contends that Detective Dykes would have testified that he took Smith’s statement regarding
Woods’s request to hide the gun. Petitioner maintains that the absence of this testimony prejudiced
him at trial because, if provided with this testimony, a reasonable jury could have concluded that
Petitioner was not the source of the gun used in Suber’s murder.
Under Pennsylvania law, a PCRA petitioner who contends that his trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to call a witness must establish the following:
(1) that the witness existed; (2) that the witness was available; (3) that counsel was
informed of the existence of the witness or should have known of the witness’s
existence; (4) that the witness was prepared to cooperate and would have testified
on [the petitioner’s] behalf; and (5) that the absence of the testimony prejudiced
[the petitioner].

Commonwealth v. Fulton, 830 A.2d 567, 572 (Pa. 2003) (citation omitted). The United States
Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has held that the test set forth in Fulton “is not contrary to
the test set forth in Strickland” because “[t]he five requirements set forth by the Pennsylvania
Supreme Court would necessarily need to be shown to prevail under Strickland on a claim of this
nature.” Moore v. DiGuglielmo, 489 F. App’x 618, 626 (3d Cir. 2012) (citing Rolan v. Vaughn,
445 F.3d 671, 683 (3d Cir. 2006)).
2. The Law Applied by The Superior Court
The Superior Court found that Petitioner failed to satisfy the Fulton test with respect to
each witness and thereby affirmed the PCRA court’s denial of Petitioner’s claim. See Peoples,
2020 WL 4883832, at *10-11 n.8. Petitioner argues that the Superior Court applied law contrary
to clearly established federal law in reaching this decision. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
Specifically, Petitioner contends, based on the Third Circuit’s opinion in Grant v. Lockett, 709
F.3d 224 (3d Cir. 2013), abrogated on other grounds by Dennis v. Sec’y Pa. Dep’t of Corrs., 834
F.3d 263, 292-93 (3d Cir. 2016), that Pennsylvania’s Fulton test for ineffective assistance of
counsel for failure to call a witness is inconsistent with Strickland and, therefore, his claim for
ineffective assistance was unreasonably denied based on his failure to establish each witness’s
availability and willingness to testify on his behalf.
In Grant, the court noted, in dicta, that it was “troubled” by the requirement that a PCRA
petitioner in Pennsylvania must show that a purported witness was “‘ready, willing, and able to
testify’” at trial because “defense counsel can compel testimony through a trial subpoena.” Grant,
709 F.3d at 239 n.10. While the Third Circuit reiterated this concern in dicta in 2015, it has not
held that the Fulton test is contrary to Strickland. See Gregg v. Rockview, 596 F. App’x 72, 76

n.4 (3d Cir. 2015). Accordingly, the district courts in this Circuit continue to follow the Third
Circuit’s determination in Moore that Fulton is not contrary to Strickland. See, e.g., Johnson v.
Tice, Civ. A. No. 19-5796, 2021 WL 3190642, at *3 (E.D. Pa. July 28, 2021) (quoting Moore, 489
F. App’x at 625); Stewart v. Ferguson, Civ. A. No. 17-893, 2021 WL 465411, at *6 (M.D. Pa. Feb.
9, 2021) (“Although this standard is not identical to the Strickland standard, the Third Circuit has
held that ‘the Pennsylvania test is not contrary to the test set forth in Strickland.’” (quoting Moore,
489 F. App’x at 626)); Woolard v. Gilmore, Civ. A. No. 17-190, 2020 WL 7344610, at *7 n.2
(E.D. Pa. May 27, 2020), report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL 7336934 (E.D. Pa. Dec.
14, 2020) (“‘[T]he ‘Pennsylvania test is not contrary to Strickland.’” (quoting Moore, 489 F. App’x

at 625)). Thus, we conclude that the Superior Court did not apply law contrary to clearly
established federal law and we overrule Petitioner’s objection to Magistrate Judge Sitarski’s denial
of his first claim in this respect. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
3. Application of the Law and Determination of the Facts
Since the Superior Court did not apply law contrary to clearly established federal law,
Petitioner is entitled to relief only if he has shown that the Superior Court’s adjudication was based
on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence. See § 2254(d)(1)-(2). Here,
Petitioner argues that the Superior Court unreasonably determined that he failed to satisfy the
Fulton test with respect to each of his proposed witnesses.
First, Petitioner argues that the Superior Court erred in finding that he failed to establish
Corporal Wall’s availability to testify at trial. Petitioner asserted in his PCRA proceeding that
Corporal Wall “‘is a professional’” and, as such, “‘would have been available to testify if given
reasonable notice.’” Peoples, 2020 WL 4883832, at *11 (quoting Pet.’s PCRA Appeal Br. at 21-
22). The Superior Court found that this “conclusory statement” did not establish that Corporal

Wall was available to testify at trial for purposes of Fulton. Id.
Second, Petitioner asserts that the Superior Court erred in finding that he failed to show
that Jason Smith and Detective Dykes were willing to testify on his behalf. Petitioner asserted in
his PCRA proceeding that “‘[t]here is no indication that Smith would not have been willing and
available to testify to the information he gave in the police interview.’” Id. (alteration in original)
(quoting Pet.’s PCRA Appeal Br. at 22). Petitioner made no showing in his PCRA proceeding as
to Detective Dykes’s willingness to testify. Id. at *10 n.8. The Superior Court noted that Petitioner
did “not present any argument regarding Dykes as a potential witness” and found that Petitioner’s
“assumption that Smith would be willing and available to testify and that his testimony would be

consistent with his statement to the police” was “insufficient to establish ineffective assistance of
counsel by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at *10 n.8, 11 (citations omitted).
Third, Petitioner argues that the Superior Court erred in finding that he failed to show that
his trial counsel was aware of Jason Smith’s statement. Petitioner asserts, apparently for the first
time in the instant Petition, that “Smith’s statement was a part of Discovery that trial counsel
received long before the commencement of trial.” (Pet.’s Obj. at 8.) The Superior Court did not
find that Smith’s statement was a part of discovery and held that Petitioner failed to show “that
trial counsel knew or should have known about Smith’s statement, which he gave in connection
with an unrelated shooting.” Peoples, 2020 WL 4883832, at *11.
“[I]n light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding,” we conclude that the
Superior Court’s findings were not unreasonable. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). “The Court of Appeals
for the Third Circuit has said that where a habeas petitioner contends that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to call a witness, he must establish that the witness was available to testify,
and identify the nature of the witness’s testimony.” Redman v. Smeal, Civ. A. No. 09-630, 2009

WL 6353688, at *6 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 8, 2009), report and recommendation approved, 2010 WL
1462358 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 12, 2010) (citing Zettlemoyer v. Fulcomer, 923 F.2d 284, 298 (3d Cir.
1991). “Neither here, nor in state court, has [Petitioner] ever presented an affidavit from” Corporal
Wall, Jason Smith, or Detective Dykes “representing an availability and willingness to testify.”
Id. at *7; see also Moore, 489 F. App’x at 627 (finding that a state habeas petitioner had failed to
establish ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to call a witness where he did not provide the
court with an affidavit from the proposed witness stating that the witness was willing to testify).
Further, Petitioner has offered no support for his contention that “Smith’s statement was a part of
Discovery.” (Pet.’s Obj. at 8.) Petitioner attached a copy of the statement to his Objections, but

we cannot presume by looking at the document that it was, in fact, part of discovery or that
Petitioner’s trial counsel ever knew it existed. (See id. Ex. B.) Thus, we conclude that the Superior
Court did not rely on an unreasonable determination of the facts in denying Petitioner’s claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to call Corporal Wall, Jason Smith, or Detective Dykes
as witnesses at trial. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2).
Accordingly, we overrule Petitioner’s objection to Magistrate Judge Sitarski’s
recommendation that we deny his first claim for relief and we adopt the R&R as to this claim.
B. Trial Counsel’s Failure to Object to Clarence Milton’s Testimony

In his second claim for relief, Petitioner asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective
because he failed to object to Clarence Milton’s testimony “to an alleged out-of-court statement
made by a non-testifying co-defendant that implicated . . . both of them.” (Hab. Pet. at 9 of 20.)
In relevant part, Milton testified that on the day prior to Suber’s murder, Coxry, Petitioner’s
coconspirator, “showed Milton a .45 caliber pistol” and told Milton that “he had been paid $20,000
to ‘take care [of] the whole situation’ with Suber.” Peoples, 2020 WL 4883832, at *1 (quoting
9/23/14 N.T. at 102). Petitioner asserts that his trial counsel should have objected to Milton’s
testimony as either a violation of his Sixth Amendment right “to be confronted with the witnesses
against him” or as inadmissible hearsay. U.S. Const. amend. VI. Magistrate Judge Sitarski
recommends that we deny this claim because Petitioner failed to exhaust his state court remedies
with regard to this claim and it is now procedurally defaulted. Petitioner objects to this
recommendation, arguing that his procedural default may be excused pursuant to Martinez v.
Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012).

Petitioner does not dispute that his claim is procedurally defaulted because he failed to
raise it on state collateral review. See Preston v. Superintendent Graterford SCI, 902 F.3d 365,
375 (3d Cir. 2018). Instead, Petitioner argues that his procedural default should be excused, and
the court should reach the merits of his claim, because he has shown cause for his default and
prejudice arising therefrom. See generally Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 750 (1991) (“In
all cases in which a state prisoner has defaulted his federal claims in state court pursuant to an
independent and adequate state procedural rule, federal habeas review of the claims is barred
unless the prisoner can demonstrate cause for the default and actual prejudice as a result of the
alleged violation of federal law.”).
Petitioner argues that he can demonstrate cause and prejudice to excuse his default because
his PCRA counsel was ineffective for failing to present this claim in his PCRA petition. In
Martinez, the United States Supreme Court “carved out a ‘narrow exception’ to procedural
default.” Cruz-West v. Superintendent Fayette SCI, 855 F. App’x 85, 87 (3d Cir. 2021) (discussing
Martinez, 566 U.S. at 17). The Supreme Court stated in Martinez that “[w]here, under state law,

claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel must be raised in an initial-review collateral
proceeding, a procedural default will not bar a federal habeas court from hearing a substantial
claim of ineffective assistance at trial if, in the initial . . . collateral proceeding, . . . counsel . . .
was ineffective.” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 17 (emphasis added). Thus, ineffective assistance of
counsel in a collateral proceeding can constitute the cause required to excuse Petitioner’s
procedural default, if “the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is a substantial
one, which is to say that . . . the claim has some merit.” Id. at 14 (citation omitted). “A claim has
some merit so long as ‘reasonable jurists could debate’ its merits, or it ‘deserve[s] encouragement
to proceed further.’” Cruz-West, 855 F. App’x at 87 (quoting Preston, 902 F.3d at 377). Here,

Petitioner asserts that his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is a substantial one for purposes
of Martinez because his trial counsel provided constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to
object to Milton’s testimony as violating Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), or as
inadmissible hearsay.
1. Failure to Object to Alleged Bruton Violation
Petitioner contends that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to Milton’s
testimony as a violation of his Confrontation Clause rights as set forth in Bruton. In Bruton, the
Supreme Court held that the admission of a non-testifying codefendant’s confession may violate
the other defendant’s Confrontation Clause rights if the confession implicates the other defendant.
Bruton, 391 U.S. at 126; see also Johnson v. Superintendent Fayette SCI, 949 F.3d 791, 797-98
(3d Cir. 2020) (concluding that Bruton was violated during a joint murder trial where the trial court
admitted the non-testifying co-defendant’s redacted confession, which replaced references to the
defendant with terms including “the other guy”).
In evaluating whether a Bruton violation has occurred, the Third Circuit applies a two-step

framework. United States v. McIntosh, No. 18-2696, 2022 WL 212310, at *2 (3d Cir. Jan. 25,
2022) (citing United States v. Berrios, 676 F.3d 118, 127-29 (3d Cir. 2012)). The court first asks
“whether the contested statement by an out-of-court declarant qualifies as testimonial . . . .”
Berrios, 676 F.3d at 127 (footnote omitted). If the statement is testimonial, the court then
determines whether the trial court employed “a sufficient safeguard” to protect the defendant’s
right to confrontation, “for example, by ensuring that [the non-testifying co-defendant’s] out-of-
court testimony eliminated all references that could inculpate [the other defendant.]” McIntosh,
2022 WL 212310, at *2 (citing Berrios, 676 F.3d at 127).
With respect to the first step of the Bruton analysis, the Supreme Court has made clear that

“the Confrontation Clause protects the defendant only against the introduction of testimonial
hearsay statements.” Berrios, 676 F.3d at 126 (second emphasis added) (citing Davis v.
Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 823-24 (2006); Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 353-55 (2011);
Whorton v. Bockting, 549 U.S. 406, 419-20 (2007)). “Although we lack an authoritative definition
of ‘testimonial,’” id. at 127, the Supreme Court has “provided several concrete examples of
obviously testimonial statements, referencing: ‘prior testimony [given] at a preliminary hearing,
before a grand jury, or at a former trial; and . . . [during] police interrogations.’” United States v.
Hendricks, 395 F.3d 173, 180 (3d Cir. 2005) (first alteration in original) (quoting Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 68 (2004)). A formal statement to government officers is testimonial,
but a “casual remark to an acquaintance” is not. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51. Thus, “‘[t]estimonial’
statements under the Confrontation Clause are those made by ‘witnesses’ who ‘bear testimony,’
such as by making a ‘formal statement to government officers,’ and are not statements made
casually to acquaintances.” Waller v. Varano, 562 F. App’x 91, 94 (3d Cir. 2014) (quoting
Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51-52) (citations omitted).

Applying this law to the statement Coxry gave to Milton—that “he had been paid $20,000
to ‘take care [of] the whole situation’ with Suber”—we conclude that the statement is not
testimonial because it was offered informally to an acquaintance. Peoples, 2020 WL 4883832, at
*1 (quoting 9/23/14 N.T. at 102); see United States v. Fleming, 287 F. App’x 150, 154 (3d Cir.
2008) (finding that the audio portion of a videotaped drug transaction was not testimonial because
the statements made were “not ‘solemn declaration[s]’, but ‘casual remark[s]’ made to
acquaintances”); Waller, 562 F. App’x at 94-95 (determining that a statement by petitioner’s
coconspirator to the coconspirator’s cousin, indicating that the coconspirator “had recently been
involved in a crime,” was “plainly” not testimonial). Coxry’s statement to Milton was not a solemn

declaration, a formal statement to a police officer, or “prior testimony at a preliminary hearing,
before a grand jury, or at a former trial.” Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68. Therefore, the statement at
issue here is not testimonial, and, accordingly, it falls outside the scope of the Confrontation Clause
and Bruton. See Bruton, 391 U.S. at 126 (discussing only the sufficient safeguard step of the two-
step analysis for identifying Confrontation Clause violations).
We therefore conclude that Petitioner’s “underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel
claim” for failure to raise a Bruton violation is not substantial for purposes of Martinez because
Bruton is inapplicable to Milton’s testimony. Accordingly, we conclude that Petitioner cannot
establish cause and prejudice to excuse his procedural default of this claim and we overrule
Petitioner’s objection to Magistrate Judge Sitarski’s denial of his second claim in this respect. See
Martinez, 566 U.S. at 14 (citation omitted).
2. Failure to Make Hearsay Objection
In the alternative, Petitioner argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object
to Milton’s testimony as hearsay. “Under Pennsylvania law, ‘[h]earsay is an out-of-court

statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.’” Ragan v. Sec’y Pa. Dep’t of Corrs.,
687 F. App’x 177, 180 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Commonwealth v. Puksar, 740 A.2d 219, 225 (Pa.
1999)). At Petitioner’s trial, Milton testified to an “out-of-court” statement made by Petitioner’s
coconspirator Coxry. See Peoples, 2020 WL 4883832, at *1 (quoting 9/23/14 N.T. at 102). Absent
an affidavit or declaration from the prosecution as to why the evidence was admitted, we cannot
determine if the testimony was offered for the truth of the matter it asserted.3 Under these
circumstances, we cannot conclude that Milton’s testimony amounted to hearsay or that
Petitioner’s trial counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance in failing to object to
Milton’s testimony on that basis. Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 110 (2011) (“Representation

is constitutionally ineffective only if it ‘so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial
process’ that the defendant was denied a fair trial.” (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686)).
Moreover, we cannot conclude that Petitioner was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s alleged
error. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691 (“An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable,
does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on
the judgment.” (citation omitted)). Petitioner argues that Milton’s testimony “was extremely

3 The District Attorney of Chester County argues that the testimony was not hearsay
because it was introduced “as circumstantial evidence of the formation and existence of a
conspiracy” and not for the truth of the matter it asserted. (Cnty.’s Resp. to Pet.’s Objections at
12 (citing Commonwealth v. Cassidy, 462 A.2d 270 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1983).) The County, however,
offers no support for this contention.
important to discredit, because the jury after the penalty phase state[d] that the only aggravating
factor they found to believe was the statement . . . which Mr. Milton said he heard by a non-
testifying co-defendant.” (Hab. Pet. at 9 of 20.) Petitioner, however, offers no evidence to support
this assertion and, having reviewed the trial record, we find none. Thus, we conclude that
Petitioner has failed to make a prima facie showing of ineffective assistance of counsel and we

further conclude that Petitioner’s claim is not substantial for purposes of excusing his procedural
default under Martinez.
For all of these reasons, we conclude that Petitioner has failed to establish cause and
prejudice to excuse the procedural default of his second claim. Accordingly, we overrule
Petitioner’s objection to Magistrate Judge Sitarski’s recommendation that we deny his second
claim for relief as procedurally defaulted and adopt the R&R as to this claim.
IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we overrule each of Petitioner’s objections, adopt Magistrate
Judge Sitarski’s R&R in its entirety, and deny the Petition with prejudice. In addition, as Petitioner
has failed to make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right or demonstrate that
a reasonable jurist would debate the correctness of this ruling, we decline to issue a certificate of
appealability pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). An appropriate Order follows.

BY THE COURT:

/s/ John R. Padova, J.
____________________________
John R. Padova, J.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10404432. Public record. Not legal advice.