# LEWIS-BEY v. SMART

> District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania · September 1, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10401666

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** September 1, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10401666

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding that probable cause to stop existed at the moment the officer observed a violation of § 3308(b) of Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Code when the defendant drove “his bicycle westbound on a road that requires all traffic to proceed in the eastbound direction”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
TYRONE LEWIS-BEY, :
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : CIVIL ACTION NO. 21-CV-1578
:
SMART, et al., :
Defendants. :
MEMORANDUM
SLOMSKY, J. SEPTEMBER 1 , 2021
Currently before the Court is a Request to Proceed Following Dismissal and an Amended
Complaint filed by Plaintiff Tyrone Lewis-Bey. (See ECF Nos. 9, 10.) For the following
reasons, the Court will construe Lewis-Bey’s request as a post-judgment motion to amend the
complaint and deny the motion because the Amended Complaint fails to plead a plausible claim.
I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Lewis-Bey’s original Complaint raised claims related to a stop that occurred while he
was riding his bicycle. (See ECF No. 2 at 1-2.)1 Lewis-Bey alleged that he was harassed by the
police and that he was searched and arrested, but not given a ticket. (Id. at 1.)2 He identified the
arresting officer as Officer Smart, who was accompanied by his partner, Officer Sarpong. (Id. at
2.)

1 The Court adopts that pagination supplied by the CM/ECF docketing system.
2 Lewis-Bey alleged that in May 2019, a police officer “was coming fast and close to my back
bike tire.” (ECF No. 2 at 1.) He “decided to move,” and turned onto a street travelling against
traffic “to get onto the sidewalk . . . to let the officer pass by.” (Id.) The officer followed him
and “jumped the sidewalk to block [his] movement.” (Id.) When he asked why he was stopped,
Lewis-Bey was told that he was “riding a bike without lights, no helmet, against traffic, [and] on
[the] sidewalk.” (Id.)
In a May 26, 2021 Memorandum and Order, the Court granted Lewis-Bey leave to
proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed his Complaint upon screening pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §
1915(e)(2)(B). (See ECF Nos. 6, 7.) Construing the Complaint as alleging claims under 42
U.S.C. § 1983, the Court first concluded that Lewis-Bey’s Complaint did not comply with the

requirements of Federal Rules of Procedure 8 and 10. (ECF No. 6 at 3.) The Complaint did not
allege a basis for this Court’s jurisdiction, did not present a request for relief, and did not clearly
identify the defendants. (Id. at 3-4.) The Court also determined that the Complaint was
conclusory and fell short of providing a sufficient factual basis to state plausible claims. (Id. at
4.) Lewis-Bey was granted leave to file an amended complaint. (See ECF No. 7.)
Lewis-Bey did not file an amended complaint within the thirty-day time frame imposed
by the Court. Consequently, on July 30, 2021, the Court issued a final dismissal Order and
closed the case. (See ECF No. 8.) The dismissal Order informed Lewis-Bey that if he did not
intend to stand on his Complaint, he must “move for reconsideration of this Order in accordance
with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e), and attach his proposed amended complaint to that

motion.” (Id.)
On August 13, 2021, Lewis-Bey filed a Request to Proceed Following Dismissal,
which was followed by an Amended Complaint on August 16, 2021. (See ECF Nos. 9, 10.) The
Amended Complaint alleges that on the morning in question, Lewis-Bey, who is a barber, left a
house on the 1500 block of Bambrey Street to travel on Tasker Street to a client’s house. (ECF
No. 10 at 1.)3 He claims that after making a right turn onto Tasker Street toward 26th Street, a
police cruiser that was following him “was getting closer to my back wheel at times, so I got as

3 Although the Amended Complaint does not specify, in the initial Complaint, Lewis-Bey
alleged that the events that are the subject of his claims occurred in May 2019. (See ECF No. 2
at 1.)
close to the parked cars as possible considering there is no ‘bike lane’ on Tasker.” (Id.) As
Lewis-Bey continued travelling on Tasker Street, the police cruiser slowed and as “I hit 27th and
Tasker, there is a stop sign so I blew the stop sign to put distance between the cruiser and I.”
(Id.) He further asserts that “[b]etween 27th and 28th Streets there are two small streets, Etting

and Marston Streets.” (Id. at 1-2.) Lewis-Bey claims as follows:
Etting St. is the [first] street you would come to, but making a left onto the block
is against traffic and going right into the other hundred is against traffic also. The
cruiser was coming and I had to do something quick so I turned left into 1600
Etting because I was on that side of Tasker, but the move was made so fast that I
almost hit a step on the corner, so to avoid collision I turned right and ended up
going toward 28th Street on Tasker sidewalk, I braked and continued down Etting.
(Id. at 2.) Officer Smart, who had been following Lewis-Bey in his police cruiser, then “jumped
the curb, cut me off and exited the vehicle talking about riding on a sidewalk against traffic.”
(Id.) According to Lewis-Bey, he informed Officer Smart that he “was moving for an
emergency vehicle.” (Id.) Officer Smart searched and inventoried Lewis-Bey’s “clipper bag”
and “confiscated the bag because of the razors and tools,” apparently after arresting him due to
an outstanding warrant. (Id. at 2; id. at 4 (indicating that the traffic stop “found a warrant and
caused [Lewis-Bey] to be arrested”).)4
Lewis-Bey contends that Officer Smart sought to harass him because a friend of his “had
an incident with Officer Smart.” (Id. at 3.) He alleges that Officer Smart “had it out for” Lewis-
Bey’s friend and Officer Smart “kept seeing me and him together so the harassment transferred
over to me for no reason.” (Id.) Lewis-Bey asserts that he “is not a drug dealer” but that he cuts
hair on the streets for a living, so he “is bound to be in a lot of suspicious places.” (Id.) Lewis-

4 Lewis-Bey also contends that he “had to make a big fuss about my bike because if I hadn’t, my
bike would’ve been left on the arrest scene.” (ECF No. 10 at 3.)
Bey contends that Officer Smart acted under the pretense of a traffic violation, but that Lewis-
Bey never received “the summons.” (Id.)
Lewis-Bey questions the basis for Officer Smart’s stop, asking “did he think I had
something illegal in my bag from the Bambrey Street house, arrests have been made at the

Bambrey residence but none of the drug possessions or arrests were me, nor was I on scene when
the bust happened.” (Id. at 3-4.) Lewis-Bey avers that Officer Smart did not know that he was a
barber, but that Officer Smart “thought I sold drugs.” (Id. at 4.) Lewis-Bey asserts that he
should not have been stopped based on a “feeling.” (Id.) Lewis-Bey also contends that there
was no probable cause for the stop because there was no traffic ticket issued. (Id.) According to
Lewis-Bey, based on the stop that lacked probable cause, he was “committed to the county jail
for two weeks” due to an outstanding arrest warrant. (Id.)
Like the original Complaint, the Amended Complaint does not articulate a request for
relief. However, Lewis-Bey clarifies that he is not presenting any claims against Officer
Sarpong, but seeks to add the City of Philadelphia as a defendant. (Id. at 5.)

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Since final judgment has been entered in this case, the Court will construe Lewis-Bey’s
Request to Proceed Following Dismissal and his Amended Complaint as a conjoined motion for
reconsideration, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e), and motion for leave to file an amended complaint, see
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). See Lacey v. City of Newark, 828 F. App’x 146, 150 (3d Cir. 2020) (per
curiam) (“A post-judgment motion to amend a complaint is properly construed as either a motion
pursuant to Rule 59(e) or Rule 60(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, depending upon
when it was filed.” (citing Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 662 F.3d 212, 230 (3d Cir. 2011))).
“When a party requests post-judgment amendment of a pleading, a court will normally conjoin

the Rule 60(b) [or Rule 59(e)] and Rule 15(a) motions to decide them simultaneously, as it
would be a needless formality for the court to grant the motion to reopen the judgment only to
deny the motion for leave to amend.” Ahmed v. Dragovich, 297 F.3d 201, 209 (3d Cir. 2002)
(internal quotations omitted). “Therefore, the fact that the amended pleading offered by the
movant will not cure the defects in the original pleading that resulted in the judgment of

dismissal may be a valid reason both for denying [amendment and reconsideration].” Id.
(internal quotations omitted); see also Jang v. Boston Sci. Scimed, Inc., 729 F.3d 357, 368 (3d
Cir. 2013) (“We have held that ‘[w]here a timely motion to amend judgment is filed under Rule
59(e), the Rule 15 and 59 inquiries turn on the same factors.’”) (quoting Cureton v. Nat’l
Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 252 F.3d 267, 272 (3d Cir. 2001)).
Here, the relevant inquiry is whether Lewis-Bey’s Amended Complaint contains
“sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted). Conclusory allegations do not
suffice to state a claim. Id.
III. DISCUSSION

The vehicle by which federal constitutional claims may be brought in federal court is
Section 1983 of Title 42 of the United States Code, which provides in part:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or
usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to
be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction
thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in
equity, or other proper proceeding for redress.
42 U.S.C. § 1983. “To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege the violation of a right
secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged
deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S.
42, 48 (1988). The Court understands the Amended Complaint as presenting Fourth Amendment
claims stemming from the stop and subsequent arrest.
A. Failure to Allege a Fourth Amendment Violation
The Fourth Amendment guarantees “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” U.S. Const.
amend. IV. “Generally, for a seizure to be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, it must be
effectuated with a warrant based on probable cause.” United States v. Lewis, 672 F.3d 232, 237
(3d Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Robertson, 305 F.3d 164, 167 (3d Cir. 2002)). It is well-
settled that the temporary detention of an individual during a traffic stop is a “seizure” of
“persons” under the Fourth Amendment. Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809-10 (1996).
To conduct a traffic stop, however, an officer need only have reasonable suspicion “that criminal
activity is afoot.” Lewis, 672 F.3d at 237. Moreover, where police have directly witnessed a
traffic violation, a traffic stop is a reasonable seizure under the Fourth Amendment. See United
States v. Moorefield, 111 F.3d 10, 12 (3d Cir. 1997) (“[A] traffic stop is lawful under the Fourth

Amendment where a police officer observes a violation of the state traffic regulations.”).
Further, an officer’s subjective reason for making a traffic stop plays no role in the reasonable
suspicion analysis. See Whren, 517 U.S. at 812-13; United States v. Yusuf, 993 F.3d 167, 182
n.12 (3d Cir. 2021). As the Third Circuit has explained, the Supreme Court established a
“bright-line rule that any technical violation of a traffic code legitimizes a stop, even if the stop is
merely pretext for the investigation of some other crime.” United States v. Mosley, 454 F.3d
249, 252 (3d Cir. 2006) (citing Whren, 517 U.S. 806); see also United States v. Wilson, 960 F.3d
136, 145 (3d Cir. 2020) (a technical violation of a traffic code legitimizes a stop and pretext is
“irrelevant” to the analysis), cert. denied sub nom. Moore v. United States, 141 S. Ct. 1090

(2021).
Thus, contrary to Lewis-Bey’s assertion, Officer Smart’s subjective reason for making
the stop plays no role in the analysis. Lewis-Bey acknowledges that he turned left onto Etting
Street against traffic. (ECF No. 10 at 2.)5 Because “any technical violation of a traffic code
legitimizes a stop,” and travelling the wrong way on a one-way road is a violation of 75 Pa.
Cons. Stat. § 3308(b), Officer Smart had reasonable suspicion to conduct the traffic stop.6 See,

e.g., United States v. Smith, Crim. A. No. 18-93, 2018 WL 4207152, at *2 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 4,
2018) (traffic stop was lawful under the Fourth Amendment where officer observed defendant
riding bicycle the wrong way on a one-way street in violation of 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3308(b));
Commonwealth v. Ibrahim, 127 A.3d 819, 824 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2015) (finding that probable cause
to stop existed at the moment the officer observed a violation of § 3308(b) of Pennsylvania’s
Motor Vehicle Code when the defendant drove “his bicycle westbound on a road that requires all
traffic to proceed in the eastbound direction”). Consequently, the Amended Complaint does not
allege a plausible Fourth Amendment claim based on the initial traffic stop.
To the extent he attempts to do so, Lewis-Bey also has not pled a plausible Fourth

Amendment claim based on the arrest that followed the traffic stop. As the Third Circuit has
recognized, “[t]he dividing line between false arrest/imprisonment claims and malicious
prosecution claims is the initiation of legal process. Arrests made pursuant to a ‘validly issued –
if not validly supported – arrest warrant’ generally occur after the institution of legal process and,
thus, sound in malicious prosecution rather than false arrest or imprisonment.” Noviho v.
Lancaster Cty. of Pennsylvania, 683 F. App’x 160, 166 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Myers v.

5 In the original Complaint, Lewis-Bey asserted that when he asked the officer the reason for the
stop, “he said for riding a bike without lights, no helmet, against traffic, on sidewalk.” (See ECF
No. 2 at 1-2.)
6 Riders of bicycles generally must comply with the provisions of Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle
Code. See 75 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3501.
Koopman, 738 F.3d 1190, 1195 (10th Cir. 2013)); see also Johnson v. United States, 852 F.
App’x 645, 647 (3d Cir. 2021) (per curiam) (“[T]he Magistrate Judge correctly concluded that
because Johnson was arrested pursuant to a warrant, his claims for false arrest and false
imprisonment were, in essence, malicious prosecution claims.”). According to Lewis-Bey, after

he was stopped by Officer Smart, he was arrested on a warrant that had been issued for a
probation violation.7 (See ECF No. 10 at 4.) Thus, to the extent that Lewis-Bey presents a claim
based on the May 2019 arrest, the Court construes this claim as a malicious prosecution claim.
“To prevail on a malicious prosecution claim under section 1983, a plaintiff must show that: (1)
the defendants initiated a criminal proceeding; (2) the criminal proceeding ended in the
plaintiff’s favor; (3) the proceeding was initiated without probable cause; (4) the defendants
acted maliciously or for a purpose other than bringing the plaintiff to justice; and (5) the plaintiff
suffered deprivation of liberty consistent with the concept of seizure as a consequence of a legal
proceeding.” McKenna v. City of Philadelphia, 582 F.3d 447, 461 (3d Cir. 2009).
This claim is not cognizable in a civil rights action at this time, however, because Lewis-

Bey has not alleged that the criminal proceedings have terminated in his favor. See Heck v.
Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994) (“[T]o recover damages [or other relief] for allegedly
unconstitutional conviction or imprisonment, or for other harm caused by actions whose
unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that
the conviction or sentence has been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order,
declared invalid by a state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into
question by a federal court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus[.]”); McBride v. O’Brien, 646 F.
App’x 277, 278 (3d Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (“The Heck doctrine applies to probation

7 In the original Complaint, Lewis-Bey indicated that he was arrested for a probation violation.
(See ECF No. 2 at 2.)
revocations decisions.”) (citing Williams v. Consovoy, 453 F.3d 173, 177 (3d Cir. 2006)); see
also Nash v. Kenney, 784 F. App’x 54, 57 (3d Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (“Nash’s malicious-
prosecution . . . [claim is] barred by the favorable-termination rule of [Heck].”); Floyd v.
Attorney Gen. of Pennsylvania, 722 F. App’x 112, 114 (3d Cir. 2018) (per curiam) (“Because

Floyd’s malicious prosecution and fabrication of evidence claims do not accrue until the criminal
proceedings have terminated in Floyd’s favor, and Floyd has not demonstrated as much, they are
barred by Heck.”); Brown v. City of Philadelphia, 339 F. App’x 143, 146 n.2 (3d Cir. 2009)
(“Because Brown alleges that his detention is pursuant to a warrant, his claim likely is in the
nature of a claim for malicious prosecution (rather than false arrest or false imprisonment),
which must await the termination of proceedings in his favor.”). In the event the criminal
proceedings are resolved in his favor, Lewis-Bey may file a new case raising this claim.8
B. Failure to Allege a Basis for Municipal Liability against the City of
Philadelphia
Lewis-Bey also indicates that he seeks to add the City of Philadelphia as a named
Defendant. (See id. at 5.) To state a claim for municipal liability, a plaintiff must allege that the
defendant’s policies or customs caused the alleged constitutional violation. See Monell v. Dept.
of Soc. Servs. of New York City, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978); Natale v. Camden Cty. Corr. Facility,
318 F.3d 575, 583-84 (3d Cir. 2003). “To satisfy the pleading standard, [the plaintiff] must . . .

8 The Court notes with regard to the search of Lewis-Bey’s “clipper bag” pursuant to his arrest
that “when a valid arrest has been made in a public place, which requires that the arrested person
be transported from the scene, police may search any luggage that the person has in his
possession at the time of the arrest, and which must accompany him to the police station, prior to
transporting it. As with the inventory search exception, searches of this type are justified by
concerns for officer safety and will be valid whether or not an officer has probable cause to
believe the evidence contains contraband.” United States v. Matthews, 532 F. App’x 211, 224
(3d Cir. 2013); see also United States v. Curran, Crim. A. No. 13-259, 2014 WL 2042138, at *3-
4 (M.D. Pa. May 19, 2014) (cursory search through defendant’s bags at scene of arrest to ensure
officer safety was lawful because bags had to be transported to police station), aff’d, 638 F.
App’x 149 (3d Cir. 2016).
specify what exactly that custom or policy was.” McTernan v. City of York, Pennsylvania, 564
F.3d 636, 658 (3d Cir. 2009). “‘Policy is made when a decisionmaker possess[ing] final
authority to establish municipal policy with respect to the action issues an official proclamation,
policy, or edict.’” Estate of Roman v. City of Newark, 914 F.3d 789, 798 (3d Cir. 2019) (quoting

Andrews v. City of Philadelphia, 895 F.2d 1469, 1480 (3d Cir. 1990)). “‘Custom, on the other
hand, can be proven by showing that a given course of conduct, although not specifically
endorsed or authorized by law, is so well-settled and permanent as virtually to constitute law.’”
Id. (quoting Bielevicz v. Dubinon, 915 F.2d 845, 850 (3d Cir. 1990)). For a custom to be the
proximate cause of an injury, the municipality must have “had knowledge of similar unlawful
conduct in the past, failed to take precautions against future violations, and . . . its failure, at least
in part, led to [plaintiff’s] injury.” Id. (internal quotations and alterations omitted). Nothing in
the Amended Complaint alleges that the conduct of which Lewis-Bey complains was the result
of a municipal policy or custom. As a result, Lewis-Bey has failed to plead a plausible claim of
municipal liability against the City of Philadelphia.

IV. CONCLUSION
Lewis-Bey has not provided a basis for reconsideration. The Amended Complaint does
not allege facts from which the Court could plausibly infer that Officer Smart, or the City of
Philadelphia, violated his Fourth Amendment rights. Thus, it would be futile to allow Lewis-
Bey to amend based on the allegations of his Amended Complaint. Accordingly, the Court will
not reopen its judgment in this case. An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:

_/s_/_J_o_el_ _H_. _S_l_o_m_s_k_y_, _J_. _________________
JOEL H. SLOMSKY, J.

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10401666. Public record. Not legal advice.