# SLATER v. YUM YUM'S 123 ABC

> District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania · May 28, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10401093

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** May 28, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10401093

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that the “traditional function” of the fact finder in conversion actions is to estimate damages

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
__________________________________________

ALICIA SLATER, :
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : Civil No. 2:20-cv-00382-JMG
:
YUM YUM'S 123 ABC, :
Defendant. :
__________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION
GALLAGHER, J. May 28, 2021
Plaintiff Alicia Slater brings this action against her former employer, Defendant Yum
Yum’s 123 ABC, for breach of contract, conversion, and to recover unpaid overtime wages.
Before the Court is Slater’s motion for default judgment against Defendant. For the reasons set
forth below, her motion is granted in part and denied in part.
I. BACKGROUND
Between May 21, 2018, and October 1, 2019, Slater was a teacher at Yum Yum’s 123
ABC. Compl. ¶ 11, ECF No. 1 [hereinafter “Compl.”]. Slater was paid on an hourly basis; her
rate varied between $8.50–$13.00 per hour. Id. ¶ 13. Slater often worked in excess of forty hours
in a work week, but Defendant failed to pay overtime wages. Id. ¶¶ 15–16.
During the course of her employment, Slater would bring her personal property to
Defendant’s premises, including, but not limited to, teaching materials, toys, diapers, and a
Bluetooth speaker. Id. ¶ 12. Defendant never returned these items to Slater. Id. ¶ 42.
Defendant was served original process on February 6, 2020, but it never responded to the
Complaint. See ECF No. 4. Accordingly, on July 21, 2020, the Clerk of Court entered default
against it. See ECF No. 6. Slater now moves for a default judgment. See ECF No. 8. A hearing
to determine the amount of Slater’s damages was held on May 11, 2021. See ECF No. 11.
II. STANDARD
“It is well settled in this Circuit that the entry of a default judgment is left primarily to the
discretion of the district court.” Hritz v. Woma Corp., 732 F.2d 1178, 1180 (3d Cir. 1984) (citing

Tozer v. Charles A. Krause Milling Co., 189 F.2d 242, 244 (3d Cir. 1951)); see also FED. R. CIV.
P. 55(b)(2). In deciding whether to enter a default judgment, we consider “whether the court has
subject-matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction, whether service of process was proper, and
whether the complaint establishes a legitimate cause of action against the defendant.” Rios v. Marv
Loves 1, No. 13-cv-1619, 2015 WL 5161314, at *8 (E.D. Pa. Sept. 2, 2015) (internal citation
omitted).
Additionally, we evaluate the following factors to determine whether a default judgment is
appropriate: “(1) prejudice to the plaintiff if default is denied, (2) whether the defendant appears
to have a litigable defense, and (3) whether defendant’s delay is due to culpable conduct.”
Chamberlain v. Giampapa, 210 F.3d 154, 164 (3d Cir. 2000). If we decide to enter a default

judgment, we then “address the quantum of damages or other recovery to be awarded.” Rios, 2015
WL 5161314, at *13.
For purposes of this analysis, “[t]he court accepts as true the well-pleaded factual
allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint, except those relating to damages.” Id. at *9 (citing State
Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Hunt, No. 14-6673, 2015 WL 1974772, at *3 (E.D. Pa. May 4, 2015)).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction and Service
This Court has federal question jurisdiction over this case because it arises under the Fair
Labor Standards Act (FLSA). See 28 U.S.C. § 1331; see also 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (“An action to
recover . . . may be maintained against any employer . . . in any Federal or State court of competent
jurisdiction by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself or themselves and other
employees similarly situated.”).
“Pursuant to the supplemental jurisdiction statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1367, when a federal court

has jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s federal claims, the court may also exercise supplemental
jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s state law claims ‘that are so related to [the plaintiff’s federal] claims
. . . that they form part of the same case or controversy.’” Troncone v. Velahos, No. 10-2961, 2011
WL 3236219, at *5 (D.N.J. July 28, 2011) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a)). The touchstone for
supplemental jurisdiction is whether the state law claims “share a ‘common nucleus of operative
fact[s]’ with the claims that supported the district court’s original jurisdiction.” Id. (quoting De
Asencio v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 342 F.3d 301, 308 (3d Cir. 2003)). Here, we can exercise
supplemental jurisdiction over Slater’s state law claims because they relate to her FLSA claim.
See, e.g., Jimenez v. Rosenbaum-Cunningham, Inc., No. 07-1066, 2010 WL 1303449, at *5 (E.D.
Pa. Mar. 31, 2010) (FLSA action where court exercised supplemental jurisdiction over comparable

Pennsylvania law claims).
We also have general personal jurisdiction over the Defendant. The Defendant is a
Pennsylvania corporation with its principal place of business in Pennsylvania. Compl. ¶ 7. A
corporation’s principal place of business is a “paradigm” basis of general personal jurisdiction.
Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014) (quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations,
S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 924 (2011)). Finally, Defendant was properly served under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h). See ECF Nos. 4–5.
B. Causes of Action
Slater alleges violations of the FLSA and the Pennsylvania Wage Payment and Collection
Law (WPCL), and also brings claims for breach of contract and conversion. I examine these claims
in turn.

1. FLSA
Count I of the Complaint alleges that “Defendant’s willful failure to pay Plaintiff from May
21, 2018 through her last day of employment, October 1, 2019, one and one-half times her
regularly hourly rate for hours worked in excess of forty hours in a work week violated the
overtime provision of the [FLSA].” Compl. ¶ 27.1
“To state a prima facie claim under the FLSA, a plaintiff must simply allege the following:
(1) the plaintiff was an ‘employee,’ as defined by the FLSA; (2) the defendant was ‘engaged in
commerce,’ as defined by the FLSA; and (3) the plaintiff was not paid the federal minimum wage
or was not paid overtime compensation for hours worked in excess of forty in a given week.”
Logan v. Victory Ent., Inc., No. 18-17129, 2021 WL 912814, at *3 (D.N.J. Mar. 10, 2021) (citing
29 U.S.C. § 216(b)); see also Davis v. Abington Mem’l Hosp., 765 F.3d 236, 242 (3d Cir. 2014)

(“[I]n order to state a plausible FLSA overtime claim, a plaintiff must sufficiently allege [forty]
hours of work in a given workweek as well as some uncompensated time in excess of the [forty]
hours.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
An “employee” under the FLSA is “any individual employed by an employer.” 29 U.S.C.
§ 203(e)(1). “In the Third Circuit, courts determining whether a worker is an employee or an
independent contractor for purposes of the FLSA look to the economic realities of the relationship

1 Slater originally requested relief “on behalf of herself and all other similarly situated
individuals.” Compl. ¶ 22. However, her default judgment motion makes no mention of a
collective action, and at the damages hearing, Slater indicated that she is only seeking relief on her
own behalf.
between the alleged employer and employee.” Verma v. 3001 Castor, Inc., No. 13-3034, 2014
WL 2957453, at *4 (E.D. Pa. June 30, 2014) (quoting Donovan v. DialAmerica Mktg., Inc., 757
F.2d 1376, 1382–83 (3d Cir. 1985)). Several factors dictate the “economic realities” of the
relationship, including:

(1) the degree of the alleged employer’s right to control the manner in which the
work is to be performed; (2) the alleged employee’s opportunity for profit or loss
depending upon his managerial skill; (3) the alleged employee’s investment in
equipment or materials required for his task, or his employment of helpers; (4)
whether the service rendered requires a special skill; (5) the degree of permanence
of the working relationship; and (6) whether the service rendered is an integral part
of the alleged employer’s business.
Logan, 2021 WL 912814, at *3 (citing Donovan, 757 F.2d at 1382–83). “[N]either the presence
nor absence of any particular factor is dispositive.” Donovan, 757 F.2d at 1382.
Here, Slater alleges that Defendant “was responsible for its own day to day operations,
hiring and firing of employees, setting of employees’ hours, and paying employees’ wages.”
Compl. ¶ 9. These allegations, which must be accepted as true, are sufficient to establish Slater’s
“employee” status. See, e.g., Logan, 2021 WL 912814, at *4 (finding “significant supervision and
control over Plaintiff to classify Plaintiff as an employee” where defendant had the power to hire
and fire individuals at will and require that individuals work particular shifts); Hancock v. A&R
Flag Car Serv., No. 13-6596, 2017 WL 3675411, at *5 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 24, 2017) (refusing to set
aside default judgment in FLSA case despite fact that, “[w]ithout discovery, it is difficult to make
the determination of whether the plaintiffs were independent contractors or employees of the
defendants”).
A defendant employer is “engaged in commerce” if it “is engaged in the operation of . . . a
preschool, elementary or secondary school, or an institution of higher education.” 29 U.S.C. §
203(s)(1)(B) (emphasis added). Additionally, “[c]ourts in this Circuit have repeatedly held that
allegations that the defendant was an enterprise engaged in commerce under the FLSA” is
sufficient at the pleadings stage. Logan, 2021 WL 912814, at *4 (citing Dong v. Ren’s Garden,
No. 09-5642, 2010 WL 1133482, at *4 (D.N.J. Mar. 22, 2010)).
Here, Slater alleges that “Plaintiff and all others similarly situated were employees engaged
in commerce.” Compl. ¶ 14. Defendant also qualifies as a “preschool” under the FLSA. Slater

describes Defendant as a “Pennsylvania corporation engaged in providing child care services.” Id.
¶ 7 (emphasis added). Importantly, the Department of Labor’s internal enforcement guidelines
define “preschools” as “any enterprise. . . which provides for the care and protection of infants or
preschool children outside their homes during any portion of a 24-hour day. . . . This includes day
care centers, nursery schools, and kindergartens.” U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Wage & Hour Division,
Field Operations Handbook at § 12g03 (emphasis added); see also Biziko v. Van Horne, No. 1:16-
cv-0111-BP, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143673, at *29 (N.D. Tex. Aug. 20, 2019) (“[S]ubstantial
authority holds that child day care centers should be considered preschools for the purposes of the
FLSA.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
Finally, “plaintiffs must provide sufficient detail about the length and frequency of their

unpaid work to support a reasonable inference that they worked more than forty hours in a given
week.” Davis, 765 F.3d at 243 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Slater alleges that
she “often worked more than forty hours per week,” and that Defendant “willfully failed to
compensate Plaintiff and all others [sic] similarly situated employees at a rate of one and one-half
times their regularly hourly rate for the hours worked in excess of forty hours in a work week.”
Compl. ¶¶ 15–16. These allegations are sufficient to state an FLSA claim. See, e.g., Logan, 2021
WL 912814, at *4 (allegations that plaintiff “worked more than forty hours in a given workweek”
and that “Defendants did not pay her overtime wages” were sufficient to state an FLSA claim).
2. WPCL
Count II of the Complaint alleges that “Defendant willfully failed to pay Plaintiff all
amounts of wages earned, including overtime, within the time limits set forth” in the WPCL.
Compl. ¶ 34.
“The WPCL ‘does not create a right to compensation . . . . [r]ather, it provides a statutory

remedy when the employer breaches a contractual obligation to pay earned wages. The contract
between the parties governs in determining whether specific wages are earned.’” Rosario v. First
Student Mgmt. LLC, No. 15-6478, 2016 WL 4367019, at *7 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 16, 2016) (quoting De
Asencio, 342 F.3d at 309). While “a formal written contract is not required to support a legally
viable WPCL claim,” the plaintiff must, at a minimum, “establish the formation of an implied oral
contract to recover under the WPCL.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “In
other words, a plaintiff seeking recovery under the WPCL must allege a contractual right—either
written or oral—to the claimed wages.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Slater’s WPCL claim does not meet this standard. While Slater alleges that she “had a[n
implied] contract by performance with Defendant,” Compl. ¶ 37, “nowhere in the . . . complaint

does [Slater] contend that Defendant[] promised to or implied that they would compensate her at
a higher rate of pay for . . . extra work.” Oxner v. Cliveden Nursing & Rehab. Ctr. PA, L.P., 132
F. Supp. 3d 645, 650 (E.D. Pa. 2015). This is fatal to her WPCL claim. See id. (“[Plaintiff] cannot
maintain a plausible WPCL claim for overtime pay without alleging any facts that demonstrate
that Defendants intended to obligate themselves to pay [plaintiff] more than her agreed-upon
regular wage . . . .”); Mackereth v. Kooma, Inc., No. 14-04824, 2015 WL 2337273, at *10 (E.D.
Pa. May 14, 2015) (dismissing WPCL claim where “Plaintiffs do not allege the existence of a
contractual right, either express or implied, to recover the wages they seek pursuant to the
WPCL”).2
3. Breach of Contract
Count III of the Complaint alleges that Defendant violated Slater’s “contract by
performance” by failing to pay her “for the overtime she worked from May 21, 2018 through her

last date of employment, October 1, 2019.” Compl. ¶¶ 37–39.
To establish breach of contract under Pennsylvania law, a plaintiff must allege “(1) the
existence of a contract, including its essential terms, (2) a breach of a duty imposed by the
contract[,] and (3) resultant damages.” Udodi v. Stern, 438 F. Supp. 3d 293, 299 (E.D. Pa. 2020)
(quoting Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218, 225 (3d Cir. 2003)).
Slater’s contract claim fails for the same reason that her WPCL claim fails—she has not
alleged a contractual entitlement to overtime wages at a rate of one and one-half times her regularly
hourly rate. See, e.g., Oxner, 132 F. Supp. 3d at 649–50 (finding no implied promise to pay
overtime rates for extra hours worked).3

4. Conversion
Count IV of the Complaint alleges that “Defendant has failed and/or refused to return to
[Slater] her personal items left on Defendant’s premises.” Compl. ¶ 42.

2 Slater requests liquidated damages on her WPCL and FLSA claims. Even if Slater stated
a cognizable WPCL claim, the rule against double recovery would bar Slater’s requested relief.
See, e.g., Wiant v. Coppa, No. 13-1750, 2018 WL 5978097, at *3 n.2 (E.D. Pa. Nov. 14, 2018)
(“In Plaintiff’s proposed damages calculations . . . Plaintiff included two amounts for liquidated
damages: one under the federal statute and one under the state statute. . . . [T]his Court finds that
Plaintiff is entitled only to the higher amount of liquidated damages, and not both.”).

3 Notably, Slater does not request damages for her breach of contract claim. See Mot. 1,
ECF No. 8.
“Conversion is the deprivation of another’s right to property in, or use in possession of, a
chattel, without the owner’s consent and without lawful justification.” Bamont v. Pa. Soc’y for
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 163 F. Supp. 3d 138, 155 (E.D. Pa. 2016) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted). “A party will be found liable for conversion for unreasonably

withholding possession from one who has the right to it.” Heaven v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs.,
LLC, 303 F. Supp. 3d 333, 342 (E.D. Pa. 2018) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted);
see also Fort Washington Res., Inc. v. Tannen, 846 F. Supp. 354, 361 (E.D. Pa. 1994) (“There are
several ways in which conversion can be committed: 1) acquiring possession of the chattel with
the intent to assert a right to it which is adverse to the owner; 2) transferring the chattel and thereby
depriving the owner of control; 3) unreasonably withholding possession of the chattel from one
who has the right to it; and 4) misusing or seriously damaging the chattel in defiance of the owner’s
rights.” (citing Norriton E. Realty Corp. v. Central-Penn Nat’l Bank, 254 A.2d 637, 638 (Pa.
1969))).
Slater alleges a cognizable conversion claim because Defendant has refused to return her

personal items, an allegation that we must accept as true.4
C. Appropriateness of Default Judgment
Having found legitimate causes of action against Defendant, we now consider the “(1)
prejudice to the plaintiff if default is denied, (2) whether the defendant appears to have a litigable

4 This allegation distinguishes this case from Nerviano v. Contract Analysis Sys., LLC, No.
17-4907, 2018 WL 2240533, at *2 (E.D. Pa. May 16, 2018). There, a terminated employee brought
a conversion claim where defendants “kept her personal effects that were in her office for over six
weeks before . . . return[ing]” them. Id. The court dismissed the claim because the former
employee did “not allege that she tried to get her stuff or that Defendants refused to turn over” the
property. Id. at *6.
defense, and (3) whether defendant’s delay is due to culpable conduct.” Chamberlain, 210 F.3d
at 164.
All three factors suggest that a default judgment is appropriate here. First, Slater will
clearly be prejudiced if default judgment is denied. She filed this action over a year ago with no

response from the Defendant, and further delay will prevent the adjudication of her claims.
Second, Defendant may, at first glance, have a litigable defense against the FLSA claim.
The FLSA exempts teachers from overtime coverage if they: (1) have “a primary duty of teaching,
tutoring, instructing or lecturing in the activity of imparting knowledge” and (2) are “employed
and engaged in this activity as a teacher in an educational establishment.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.303(a).
Application of this exemption is “an affirmative defense on which the employer has the burden of
proof.” Marn v. ELS Educ. Servs., Inc., No. 20-3912, 2020 WL 7383193, at *2 (D.N.J. Dec. 15,
2020) (quoting Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 417 U.S. 188, 196–97 (1974)).
Examples of exempted teachers include, but are not limited to: “Regular academic teachers;
teachers of kindergarten or nursery school pupils; teachers of gifted or disabled children; teachers

of skilled and semi-skilled trades and occupations; teachers engaged in automobile driving
instruction; aircraft flight instructors; home economics teachers; and vocal or instrumental music
instructors.” 29 C.F.R. § 541.303(b). An “educational establishment” is “an elementary or
secondary school system, an institution of higher education or other educational institution.” Id.
§ 541.204(b).
Slater’s allegations do not place her squarely within the “teacher exemption.” Cf.
Vicedomini v. A.A. Luxury Limo, No. 18-cv-7467, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 212944, at *16
(E.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2019) (“[A] FLSA exemption is an affirmative defense, and a plaintiff is not
required to plead the absence of such a defense.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
As confirmed at the May 11 hearing, Slater was primarily engaged in custodial childcare, so she
is not a “teacher” under the FLSA. See, e.g., U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Wage & Hour Div., Opinion
Letter (May 4, 1982) (“While preschools engage in basic educational activities for the children
attending, preschool employees whose primary duty is to care for the needs of the children would

not ordinarily meet the requirements for exemption as teachers.”); U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Wage &
Hour Div., Opinion Letter (Sept. 29, 2008) (“Unless the daycare center provides grade school
curriculums, introductory programs in kindergarten, or nursery school programs in elementary
education of the sort described in § 541.204(b), . . . the instructors are not within the scope of the
teacher exemption of the FLSA.”).
Finally, the delay is due to the Defendant’s culpable conduct. “Culpable conduct” is
defined as conduct that is done “willfully or in bad faith.” Chamberlain, 210 F.3d at 164 (quoting
Gross v. Stereo Component Sys., Inc., 700 F.2d 120, 124 (3d Cir. 1983)). While there is no direct
evidence of the Defendant’s bad faith, its acceptance of service of the Complaint and subsequent
failure to respond is “willful.” See Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Loc. 32 BJ, Dist. 36 v. ShamrockClean,

Inc., 325 F. Supp. 3d 631, 637 (E.D. Pa. 2018)
D. Damages
We finally turn to damages. Allegations regarding the amount of damages do not have to
be taken as true. Morgan v. RCL Mgmt., LLC, No. 18-800, 2020 WL 3429444, at *1 (E.D. Pa.
June 23, 2020) (citing to FED. PRAC. & PROC. CIV. § 2688 (3d ed. 1998)). The plaintiff must prove
that she is “entitled to recover damages and must substantiate the amount, such as through
affidavits or other appropriate evidence.” Id.
Here, Slater requests $2,436.34 in unpaid overtime wages and $2,436.34 in liquidated
damages under the FLSA, $609.09 in liquidated damages under the WPCL,5 $150.00 for the
conversion claim, attorneys’ fees in the amount of $5,487.50, and costs in the amount of $533.00.
See Mot. 3–4, ECF No. 8; Suppl. Doc. 1–3, ECF No. 12.

After hearing counsel explain the calculation of unpaid overtime wages, see Mot. 2–3, ECF
No. 8, we find that Slater is entitled to those wages as well as liquidated damages under the FLSA.
See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); see also Santiago v. Lucky Lodi Buffet Inc., No. 15-6147, 2016 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 146089, at *9–10 (D.N.J. Oct. 21, 2016) (“As Defendants have failed to appear, presenting
no evidence . . . the Court must award liquidated damages.”).
We similarly accept Slater’s estimate of damages for her conversion claim. See Farm
Credit Leasing Servs. Corp. v. Ferguson Packaging Mach., Inc., No. 07-1900, 2007 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 89330, at *22 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 5, 2007) (“Under Pennsylvania law, the measure of damages
for conversion is the market value of the converted property at the time and place of conversion.”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); cf. Penn Elec. Supply Co., Inc. v. Billows Elec.

Supply Co., Inc., 528 A.2d 643, 646 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1987) (noting that the “traditional function” of
the fact finder in conversion actions is to estimate damages).
“Finally, the FLSA authorizes ‘a reasonable attorneys’ fee to be paid by Defendants, and
costs of the action’ to a prevailing plaintiff.” Lurty v. 2001 Towing & Recovery, Inc., No. 1:18-
cv-06302-NLH-AMD, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 122373, at *10 (D.N.J. July 23, 2019) (quoting 29
U.S.C. § 216(b)). In FLSA cases, the Third Circuit uses a “lodestar” approach to calculate
attorney’s fees: “the court multiplies the hours reasonably expended by counsel in representation

5 Slater is not entitled to damages under the WPCL. For the reasons stated above, she has
not stated a cognizable WPCL claim. And even if she stated a cognizable WPCL claim, the rule
against double recovery would bar additional liquidated damages.
on the case by the reasonable hourly rate for the attorney involved.” Maldonado v. Lucca, 636 F.
Supp. 621, 628 (D.N.J. 1986). Based on counsel’s timekeeping records and supporting
documentation, we find that the number of hours expended and the hourly rates are reasonable, as
is the amount of costs incurred. See Suppl. Doc. 1–3, ECF No. 12; see also Qu Wang v. Fu Leen

Meng Rest. Liab. Co., No. 1:16-cv-08772-NLH-AMD, 2018 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 29377, at *11
(D.N.J. Feb. 23, 2018) (in FLSA default judgment case, finding reasonable 15.8 hours of work at
the hourly rate of $325 per hour); Lurty, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 122373, at *11 (in FLSA default
judgment case, finding reasonable 12.2 hours of work at hourly rates over $400 per hour). We
therefore grant Slater’s requests for attorneys’ fees and associated costs.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Slater’s motion is granted in part and denied in part. A
separate judgment will be filed in favor of Slater and against the Defendant.
BY THE COURT:

/s/ John M. Gallagher
JOHN M. GALLAGHER
United States District Court Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10401093. Public record. Not legal advice.