# BINGHAM v. CITY OF READING, PA

> District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania · February 4, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10400571

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania
- **Decided:** February 4, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10400571

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- observing that “[a] party, not the district court, bears the burden of keeping the court apprised of any changes in his mailing address”
- concluding “that the domestic relations exception, as articulated by this Court since Barber [v. Barber, 62 U.S. 582 (1858)], divests the federal courts of power to issue divorce, alimony, and child custody decrees.”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

TRENTAIR BINGHAM, :
Plaintiff, :
:
v. : CIVIL ACTION NO. 20-CV-3516
:
CITY OF READING, PA, et al., :
Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM
KENNEY, J. FEBRUARY 4, 2021
Plaintiff Trentair Bingham appears to have abandoned this case shortly after filing it.
Accordingly, for the following reasons, the Court will dismiss this case for failure to prosecute.
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Bingham initiated this civil action by filing a Complaint dated April 3, 2020. (ECF No.
1.) At the time, he was incarcerated at Mecklenberg County Jail in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Due to delays resulting from the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, Bingham’s
Complaint was not docketed until July 17, 2020. On July 21, 2020, the Court sent Bingham a
“Notice of Guidelines for Representing Yourself (Appearing ‘Pro Se’) in Federal Court,” which
informed Bingham, among other things, that he was obligated to keep his address current with
the Court by filing a notice of change of address with the Clerk of Court within fourteen days of
an address change. (ECF No. 3 at 1-2 (citing Local Rule 5.1(b)).) Bingham filed his Complaint
without paying the applicable filing fee or requesting leave to proceed in forma pauperis. As a
result, on July 24, 2020, the Court issued an order requiring that Bingham pay the applicable
filing and administrative fees, or move to proceed in forma pauperis, if he intended to proceed
with his action. (ECF No. 4.) The Order was mailed to Bingham on July 27, 2020 at the address
for the Mecklenberg County Jail. On September 10, 2020, the United States Postal Service
returned the Notice of Guidelines to the Court with the notation “Return to Sender - Refused -
Unable to Forward - Released.” (ECF No. 5.)
In light of Bingham’s release,1 in a September 18, 2020 Order, the Court directed
Bingham to show cause within thirty days why the case should not be dismissed for failure to
prosecute. (ECF No. 6.) The Court recognized Bingham would not receive the Order at his old
address, but explained that “if Bingham intend[ed] to prosecute his case and contact[ed] the
Clerk’s Office about the status of his case, he [would] become aware of the Court’s orders and

[would] then be able to respond and provide a current address.” (Id. at 1 n.1.) On October 22,
2020, the Postal Service returned the mail to the Court, and Bingham has not responded to the
Order even though the time for doing so has expired.
II. DISCUSSION
Since the Court has no ability to contact Bingham to determine whether he intends to
proceed with this case, the Court will consider whether it is appropriate to dismiss this case for
failure to prosecute.2 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) allows for the dismissal of an action

1 Courts have held that release from prison does not relieve a prisoner of the obligation to
pay an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the Prison Litigation Reform Act. See Drayer
v. Att’y Gen. of Del., 81 F. App’x 429, 431 (3d Cir. 2003) (per curiam) (“We agree with the
District Court’s reasoning that once [plaintiff’s] fee obligations under the PLRA accrued, his
subsequent release from prison did not relieve him of his obligation under the PLRA to pay the
initial fee . . . .”); In re Smith, 114 F.3d 1247, 1251 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (“If a litigant is a prisoner
on the day he files a civil action, the PLRA applies.”); see also Stewart v. Wackenhut Corr.
Corp., Civ. A. No. 01-731, 2006 WL 1623268, at *1 (E.D. Pa. June 8, 2006). That initial partial
filing fee is calculated based on the financial information in the plaintiff’s prison account
statement. So, Harris would still be obligated to submit his prison account statement in
accordance with § 1915(a)(2), despite his release.

2 Bingham’s Complaint raises claims, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, against the City of
Reading and Jasmine Sanchez. (ECF No. 1.) According to Bingham’s Complaint, Defendant
Sanchez removed Bingham’s and Sanchez’s biological daughter Katrina from Florida without
Bingham’s permission, and brought her to Reading, where, in August 2016, adoption
for “failure of the plaintiff to prosecute or comply with these rules or order of court.” See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 41(b). Ordinarily, a court determining whether to sua sponte dismiss a case because of
a plaintiff’s failure to prosecute must consider several factors in reaching its decision, as set forth
in Poulis v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., 747 F.2d 863 (3d Cir. 1984) (the “Poulis factors”).
See, e.g., Spain v. Gallegos, 26 F.3d 439, 454-55 (3d Cir. 1994). However, an analysis under
Poulis is not required when a plaintiff willfully abandons the case or makes adjudication
impossible. See Dickens v. Danberg, 700 F. App’x 116, 118 (3d Cir. 2017) (per curiam)
(“Where a plaintiff’s conduct clearly indicates that he willfully intends to abandon the case, or

where the plaintiff’s behavior is so contumacious as to make adjudication of the case impossible,
a balancing of the Poulis factors is not necessary.”); Baker v. Accounts Receivables Mgmt., Inc.,
292 F.R.D. 171, 175 (D.N.J. 2013) (“[T]he Court need not engage in an analysis of the
six Poulis factors in cases where a party willfully abandons her case or otherwise makes
adjudication of the matter impossible.” (citing cases)).
Some courts have reasonably concluded that when a plaintiff has failed to keep his
address current with the Court and therefore cannot receive and respond to court orders, his
conduct renders adjudication impossible, such that an analysis of the Poulis factors is not
required. For example, in McLaren v. New Jersey Dep’t of Educ., the district court issued an

order granting the pro se plaintiff leave to proceed in forma pauperis, but that order was returned
by the Postal Service as undeliverable despite having been sent to the address the plaintiff
provided. 462 F. App’x 148, 148 (3d Cir. 2012) (per curiam). A notification that the complaint
had been received was likewise returned. Id. Approximately five months after issuing its initial

proceedings were conducted in Bingham’s absence and without his consent. (Id. at 1-2.)
Bingham requests compensatory and punitive damages, and to “re-start” the litigation concerning
the adoption of his daughter. (Id.)
order, the district court “entered a notice of call for dismissal” pursuant to a local rule providing
for dismissal of a case after 120 days of inactivity; the notice was also returned as undeliverable.
Id. at 148-49. The district court subsequently dismissed the case without prejudice and the
plaintiff appealed. Id. at 149.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit concluded that the district court
appropriately dismissed the case without balancing the Poulis factors because the plaintiff’s
failure to provide an up-to-date mailing address and the consequent return of court orders as
undeliverable left the district court with “little choice as to how to proceed.” Id. at 149. In

affirming the dismissal, the Third Circuit observed that,
although courts are normally required to consider whether a lesser sanction would
be appropriate, “[t]he district court could not contact [the plaintiff] to threaten
[her] with some lesser sanction. An order to show cause why dismissal was not
warranted or an order imposing sanctions would only find itself taking a round
trip tour through the United States mail.”

Id. (quoting Carey v. King, 856 F.2d 1439, 1441 (9th Cir. 1998)) (alterations in original).
McLaren has been interpreted as permitting dismissal without considering the Poulis factors
when a plaintiff cannot be contacted because he failed to keep his address current with the court.
See Crews v. Resnick, Civ. A. No. 16-978, 2017 WL 1232182, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 4, 2017)
(“[T]he plaintiff’s failure to notify the court of his change of address would, in itself, warrant
dismissal of this action without prejudice without considering the factors set forth in [Poulis].”);
Welch v. City of Philadelphia, Civ. A. No. 11-4670, 2012 WL 1946831, at *3 (E.D. Pa. May 30,
2012) (concluding that analysis of Poulis factors was not required where “it appear[ed] that
[plaintiff] left prison months ago and ha[d] not provided this Court or the Defendants with his
current address”); see also Brewington v. Tritt, Civ. A. No. 15-1362, 2016 WL 1658332, at *2
(M.D. Pa. Apr. 5, 2016) (observing that the decision in Welch, interpreting McClaren, “aptly
noted the conundrum faced by courts dealing with vanished litigants in the Rule 41(b) context;
specifically, that the Poulis balancing test works best when a court can hear from both sides and
then determine the extent of the party’s personal responsibility and whether the party acted in
bad faith, a task made difficult when Plaintiff has neither furnished an up-to-date address nor
responded to his opponents’ allegations regarding his failure to prosecute.” (internal quotations
and alterations omitted)), report and recommendation adopted, 2016 WL 1640008 (M.D. Pa.
Apr. 26, 2016). Most courts have nevertheless addressed the Poulis factors in an abundance of
caution, so the Court will take the same approach here.
Poulis sets forth six factors to consider when determining whether to dismiss an action

due to a plaintiff’s failure to prosecute:
(1) the extent of the party’s personal responsibility; (2) the prejudice to the
adversary . . . ; (3) a history of dilatoriness; (4) whether the conduct of the party or
the attorney was willful or in bad faith; (5) the effectiveness of sanctions other than
dismissal, which entails an analysis of alternative sanctions; and (6) the
meritoriousness of the claim or defense.

747 F.2d at 868 (emphasis omitted). Not all of the Poulis factors must be satisfied in order for a
court to dismiss a complaint. See Ware v. Rodale Press, Inc., 322 F.3d 218, 221 (3d Cir. 2003);
Shahin v. Delaware, 345 F. App’x 815, 817 (3d Cir. 2009) (per curiam).
As to the first Poulis factor, the extent of the party’s personal responsibility, it is
Bingham’s sole responsibility to prosecute his case and comply with Court orders. See Briscoe
v. Klaus, 538 F.3d 252, 258-59 (3d Cir. 2008) (explaining that “a pro se plaintiff is personally
responsible for complying with the court’s orders” and “it is logical to hold a pro se plaintiff
personally responsible for delays in his case because a pro se plaintiff is solely responsible for
the progress of his case”); Emerson v. Thiel Coll., 296 F.3d 184, 191 (3d Cir. 2002) (where
litigant was proceeding pro se, any failure to comply with orders was attributable to him). As a
pro se litigant, Bingham is likewise responsible for keeping his address current with the Court.
See Carey, 856 F.2d at 1441 (observing that “[a] party, not the district court, bears the burden of
keeping the court apprised of any changes in his mailing address”); Stephen v. United States
Attorney Gen., Civ. A. No. 18-CV-0615, 2020 WL 832914, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Jan. 10, 2020)
(“With regard to the first Poulis factor, the responsibility to keep the Court informed of
his current address was solely Plaintiff’s.”), report and recommendation adopted, 2020 WL
820192 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 19, 2020). Although Bingham did not receive the Notice of Guidelines,
it is still his responsibility to keep his address current in accordance with Local Rule 5.1(b).
Accordingly, this factor weighs in favor of dismissal.
The second factor, prejudice to the defendants, weighs in favor of dismissal. “Examples

of prejudice include ‘the irretrievable loss of evidence, the inevitable dimming of witnesses’
memories, or the excessive and possibly irremediable burdens or costs imposed on the opposing
party.’” Adams v. Trustees of New Jersey Brewery Employees’ Pension Tr. Fund, 29 F.3d 863,
874 (3d Cir. 1994) (quoting Scarborough v. Eubanks, 747 F.2d 871 (3d Cir. 1984). “[W]hile
‘prejudice’ for the purpose of Poulis analysis does not mean ‘irremediable harm,’ the burden
imposed by impeding a party’s ability to prepare effectively a full and complete trial strategy is
sufficiently prejudicial.” Ware, 322 F.3d at 222. It is unclear how this case could proceed
without plaintiff’s participation. “Simply put, there is no way for Defendants to defend against
Plaintiff’s claims in his absence.” Stephen, 2020 WL 832914, at *3. Accordingly, requiring any

putative defendants to proceed in this context would be prejudicial.
The third factor, a history of dilatoriness, is neutral here. This factor must be assessed
over the lifetime of the case, keeping in mind that “conduct that occurs one or two times is
insufficient.” Briscoe, 538 F.3d at 261. In the instant case, although much of the delay is
attributable to the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, Bingham has not provided the
Court with an up-to-date address or contacted the Court to determine the status of his case.
While Bingham has not shown a history of dilatoriness here, his failure to update his address or
inquire as to the status of his case suggests an intention to abandon this case.
The fourth factor, whether plaintiff’s conduct was willful or in bad faith, is neutral
because the Court cannot say whether Bingham’s “failure to update his address was ‘willful’ or
‘in bad faith’ because, given his unknown whereabouts, we cannot ask him.” Welch, 2012 WL
1946831, at *3; see also El-Hewie v. Paterson Pub. Sch. Dist., Civ. A. No. 13-5820, 2015 WL
5306255, at *4 (D.N.J. Sept. 10, 2015) (where a litigant “has been silent, and that silence is
ambiguous” the court could not conclude that litigant acted willfully or in bad faith for purposes

of the fourth Poulis factor). On this record, Bingham’s failures are more consistent with
negligence or inadvertence as opposed to bad faith.
An examination of the fifth factor, the effectiveness of sanctions other than dismissal,
reveals that no other sanction would be effective because Bingham is proceeding pro se, is likely
unable to pay monetary sanctions given his request to proceed in forma pauperis, and because
the Court has no way of imposing those sanctions without the ability to contact Bingham. See
Adonai-Adoni v. King, 506 F. App’x 116, 119 (3d Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (“Because Adonai–
Adoni proceeded pro se and in forma pauperis, monetary sanctions were not a viable form of
alternative sanction.”); see also McLaren, 462 F. App’x at 149 (“[A]lthough courts are normally

required to consider whether a lesser sanction would be appropriate, the district court could not
contact the plaintiff to threaten her with some lesser sanction.” (internal citations and alterations
omitted)); Lear v. Dahaus, Civ. A. No. 03-1156, 2006 WL 1508667, at *3 (W.D. Pa. May 31,
2006) (“The fifth Poulis factor weighs in favor of dismissal for failure to prosecute, given that
Plaintiff cannot be contacted, it is difficult to see how any lesser sanction, of which Plaintiff
cannot be made aware, would serve the interests of justice or judicial economy.”).
Lastly, regarding the sixth factor, a claim is considered meritorious when the allegations
of the complaint, if established at trial, would support recovery. See Poulis, 747 F.2d at 869-70.
In his Complaint, Bingham generally asserts claims against his daughter’s mother and the
Reading Family Court based on adoption proceedings that were undertaken in Bingham’s
absence and without his permission, and that allegedly decided the custody of his biological
daughter. (ECF No. 1.)
Bingham’s claim suffers from a host of deficiencies. First, though he names the City of
Reading as a Defendant, it is clearly the conduct of the Common Pleas Court located in Reading

at issue in his Complaint. However, that court, as part of Pennsylvania’s unified judicial system,
shares the Commonwealth’s Eleventh Amendment immunity. See Benn v. First Judicial Dist. of
Pa., 426 F.3d 233, 241 (3d Cir. 2005). As there is no indication Pennsylvania has waived its
Eleventh Amendment immunity, Bingham’s claim against the Reading court is barred by the
Eleventh Amendment. To the extent his claim could be understood to assert a due process claim
based on the Court’s adjudication of his daughter’s custody, the Eleventh Amendment precludes
that claim as well. See Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 65-66 (1989) (states are
entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity from claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and are not
“persons” for purposes of that provision). Second, the other named Defendant, Jasmine Sanchez,

is not amenable to suit under § 1983 because there is no allegation that she was acting under
color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988) (“To state a claim under § 1983, a
plaintiff must allege the violation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United
States, and must show that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color
of state law.”)
Additionally, it has been well established for over 150 years that federal courts lack
jurisdiction to hear cases concerning divorce, alimony, or child custody cases. Ankenbrandt v.
Richards, 504 U.S. 689, 703 (1992) (concluding “that the domestic relations exception, as
articulated by this Court since Barber [v. Barber, 62 U.S. 582 (1858)], divests the federal courts
of power to issue divorce, alimony, and child custody decrees.”); see also Barber, 62 U.S. at 584
(stating “[w]e disclaim altogether any jurisdiction in the courts of the United States upon the
subject of divorce, or for the allowance of alimony”); Ex parte Burrus, 136 U.S. 586, 593-94
(1890) (“[t]he whole subject of the domestic relations of husband and wife, parent and child,
belongs to the laws of the States and not to the laws of the United States.”). Bingham’s claim
appears to challenge state court proceedings that have decided the custody of his daughter

Katrina. “As a matter of judicial economy, state courts are more eminently suited to work of this
type than are federal courts, which lack the close association with state and local government
organizations dedicated to handling issues that arise out of conflicts over divorce, alimony, and
child custody decrees.” Ankenbrandt, 504 U.S. at 704.
Further, the Rooker-Feldman doctrine bars federal district courts from reviewing final
decisions of a state court. Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); District of
Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983). The Rooker-Feldman doctrine is
jurisdictional, precluding a loser in state court from challenging a judgement entered in state
court, “based on the losing party’s claim that the state judgment itself violates the loser’s federal

rights.” Johnson v. De Grandy, 512 U.S. 997, 1005-06 (1994). That is precisely the relief
Bingham seeks in this case, namely, to overturn a state court custody decision.
Although for the reasons stated it does not appear that Bingham’s claims are plausible, at
this early stage of the litigation, based solely on the Complaint, the Court is reluctant to state that
Bingham could not state a plausible claim. However, if Bingham cannot be reached by the Court
or the defendants once they are joined, it not possible to move this litigation forward. See Welch,
2012 WL 1946831, at *4 (“[W]hen neither the Court nor opposing counsel can reach the plaintiff
because he has not furnished an up-to-date address (as is the case here), and when plaintiff has
not responded to his opponents’ allegations regarding his failure-to-prosecute (also the case
here), we have no choice but to act on the information before us; Plaintiff has, in essence, made
adjudication of the case impossible.”). A plaintiff must pursue his claims, rather than abandon
them, if he is to recover. Bingham’s conduct is simply “incompatible with maintaining a
lawsuit.” Stephen, 2020 WL 832914, at *4; Smith v. Atlas Fitness Incorporation Sys., Civ. A
No. 10-1021, 2011 WL 3608601, at *3 (M.D. Pa. July 20, 2011) (“Since no party is actively
litigating this case at present it is impossible to assess what merit, if any, there may be to these

claims.”), report and recommendation adopted, 2011 WL 3608594 (M.D. Pa. Aug. 16, 2011).
In sum, upon balancing the Poulis factors, the Court finds that they weigh in favor of
dismissing this action pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) for Bingham’s failure to
prosecute. Simply put, there is no way for this litigation to progress without Bingham’s
participation. An Order follows, which dismisses this case.
BY THE COURT:

/s/ Chad F. Keney

CHAD F. KENNEY, J.

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10400571. Public record. Not legal advice.