# Nation v. Piedmont Schools Board of Education

> District Court, W.D. Oklahoma · September 17, 2019

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10387849

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Oklahoma
- **Decided:** September 17, 2019
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10387849

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding no controlling decision regarding the applicability of the discretionary function exception to a similar negligence claim

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

RUSSELL NATION, individually )
and as parent and next friend of J.N., )
a minor and CAROL NATION, )
individually and as parent and next )
friend of J.N., a minor, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) Case No. CIV-18-1090-R
)
PIEDMONT INDEPENDENT )
SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 22 )
and HOLLY NOELLE MORRIS, )
)
Defendants. )

ORDER

Before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss (Doc. No. 25) filed by Defendant
Piedmont Independent School District No. 22, directed to Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint.
Plaintiff responded in opposition to the motion (Doc. No. 31) and Defendant replied (Doc.
No. 32). Upon consideration of the parties’ submissions, the Court finds as follows.
Plaintiffs Russell and Carol Nation filed this action individually and on behalf of
their son, J.N., who is a student in the Piedmont Independent School District. Plaintiffs
allege that during the 2017-18 school year, Defendant Morris, who served as special
needs/special education teacher for J.N., verbally and physically abused J.N., as well as
other special needs students. Plaintiffs allege that members of the administration were
warned of the abuse being inflicted by Morris but failed to take proper actions to stop the
abuse.
In considering a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must determine whether the
Plaintiff has stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. A motion to dismiss is
properly granted when the complaint provides no “more than labels and conclusions, and

a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). A complaint must contain enough “facts to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face” and the factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to
relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555, 570 (citation omitted). Much of Defendant’s
motion argues that Plaintiffs’ claims are legally insufficient without regard to the

sufficiency of the factual underpinnings alleged by Plaintiffs.
In Count 1, Plaintiffs levy a number of claims against the District under the general
heading of “negligence,” specifically identifying “negligent hiring, retention, training,
supervision and premises liability” in the heading. (Doc. No. 23, p. 3). Defendant District
seeks dismissal of the Plaintiffs’ negligence claims, arguing that the Oklahoma

Governmental Tort Claims Act (“OGTCA”) shields the District from liability for
negligence. In its final argument in the motion, Defendant District also asserts that,
because Plaintiffs allege Defendant Morris assaulted J.N., an intentional tort, the District
cannot be held liable under the Act.
Under the GTCA, a governmental entity is liable for “torts for which a private

person would be liable, unless the torts are committed outside the course and scope of
employment or unless they are committed in bad faith or in a malicious manner.” Tuffy’s,
Inc. v. City of Okla. City, 212 P.3d 1158, 1163 (Okla. 2009). “Scope of employment” is
defined as an act where the employee performed the act “in good faith within the duties of
his office or employment.” Id. More specifically, an employee is said to be acting within
the scope of employment if the employee is doing that which is customary within the
particular trade, engaging in work assigned, “or if doing that which is proper, necessary

and usual to accomplish the work assigned.” Id.
As a general rule, it is not within the scope of an employee's employment to
commit an assault on a third person. However, this general rule does not
apply when the act is one which is “fairly and naturally incident to the
business”, and is done “while the servant was engaged upon the master's
business and be done, although mistakenly or ill advisedly, with a view to
further the master's interest, or from some impulse of emotion which
naturally grew out of or was incident to the attempt to perform the master's
business.” An employee's act is within the scope of employment if it is
incident to some service being performed for the employer or arises out of
an emotional response to actions being taken for the employer.

Rodebush v. Oklahoma Nursing Homes, Ltd., 867 P.2d 1241, 1245 (Okla.1993) (citations
omitted); see also Baker v. St. Francis, 126 P.3d 602 (Okla. 2005). Ordinarily, the scope
of employment determination is one for the jury based on the particular facts and
circumstances. Roof v. New Castle Pub. Sch., No. CIV-14-1123-HE, 2015 WL 1040373,
at *3 (W.D. Okla. Mar. 10, 2015).
Although Plaintiff’s factual allegations are not substantially developed in the
Amended Complaint, the Court finds them sufficient to avoid dismissal at this juncture.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendant Morris both physically and verbally abused J.N. while
serving as his special education teacher in the Piedmont School District during the 2017-
18 school year. Although Plaintiffs’ claims may not survive summary judgment, given that
the issue requires consideration of the particular facts and circumstances, which are not
before the Court at the Motion to Dismiss stage, the Court hereby denies the motion on this
premise and turns to the issue of whether the OGTCA waives the District’s sovereign
immunity for Plaintiffs’ claims.
Under the Act, sovereign immunity extends to the State’s political subdivisions,

including the District. 51 O.S. § 152(11)(b). Pursuant to the terms of the OGTCA, the
State waives sovereign immunity from suit only in certain circumstances. See 51 O.S. §
153. As relevant here, the Act provides an exemption from liability for performing or
failing to perform “any act or service which is in the discretion of the [Defendant] or its
employees.” 51 O.S. § 155(5). Defendant District argues this section precludes Plaintiff’s

negligence claims and further argues it is entitled to immunity from Count 1 under § 155(4)
of the GTCA, which protects a political subdivision where the allegation is that it adopted
or enforced or failed “to adopt or enforce a law, whether valid or invalid, including, but not
limited to, any statute, charter provision, ordinance, resolution, rule, regulation or written
policy.” Plaintiff’s negligence claim includes ten subsections listing alleged failures by the

District in its duties to Plaintiff, some of which are overlapping.1
With regard to § 155(5), as noted by Plaintiffs,

the discretionary function exemption from governmental tort liability is
extremely limited. This is so because a broad interpretation would
completely eradicate the government's general waiver of immunity. Almost
all acts of government employees involve some element of choice and
judgment and would thus result in immunity if the discretionary exemption
is not narrowly construed. Just as the waiver is not a blue sky of limitless

1 Plaintiffs allege Defendant was negligent in (A) permitting Morris to abuse students; (B) failing to timely report
Morris to police; (C) retaining Morris after the abuse allegations were made; (D) failing to investigate Morris’
behavior; (E) failing to protect J.N. and other students from Morris; (F) hiring Morris; (G) developing or implementing
or failing to implement policies and procedures to protect students from Morris; (H) training Morris; (I) supervising
Morris; and (J) keeping the premises safe. (Doc. No. 23 ¶ 20(A)-(J)). The Court construes the claims set forth in ¶
20(A), (E), and (I) as alleging negligent supervision.
liability, the discretionary exemption is not a black hole enveloping the
waiver.

Nguyen v. State, 788 P.2d 962, 964 (Okla.1990)(footnote and citations omitted). The Court
finds upon consideration of Plaintiffs’ factual and legal allegations, that certain of the
negligence claims are barred by § 155(5), while others survive the instant motion.
The Court declines to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligent supervision claims, ¶ 20(A), (E),
and (I), in light of the absence of controlling authority on whether such claims are barred.
Oklahoma has adopted the “planning-operational” approach, which protects discretionary
functions in the policymaking process and as to planning decisions, but not negligent
performance of any policy, see Franks v. Union City Pub. Schs., 943 P.2d 611, 613 (Okla.
1997). Although “[d]istinguishing between discretionary and ministerial activities can be

difficult,” Johnson v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 89 of Okla. Cnty., No. CIV-15-680-D, 2016 WL
1270266, *8 (W.D. Okla. Mar. 31, 2016), the Court finds that negligent supervision claims
fall within the discretionary function provision.
The Oklahoma Supreme Court has not addressed the question of whether a
political entity's failure to hire, train, supervise, monitor, and/or retain its
employees falls under the § 155(5) discretionary function exception. See
Houston v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 89 of Okla. Cnty., 949 F. Supp. 2d 1104,
1108 (W.D. Okla. 2013) (finding no controlling decision regarding the
applicability of the discretionary function exception to a similar negligence
claim). Nonetheless, the clear weight of authority supports finding that
hiring, training, supervision, monitoring, and retention are actions that
implicate a political entity's policy and planning functions and therefore fall
under the discretionary function exemption of § 155(5). See Johnson v.
Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 89 of Okla. Cnty., No. CIV–15–680–D, 2016 WL
1270266, at *8 (W.D. Okla. Mar. 31, 2016) (negligent supervision); Burris
v. Okla. ex rel. Okla. Dep't of Corrections, No. CIV–13–867–D, 2014 WL
442154, at *9 (W.D. Okla. Feb. 4, 2014) (negligent hiring, training,
supervision, and retention); Seals v. Jones, No. 12–DV–569–JED–TLW,
2013 WL 5408004, at *4 (N.D. Okla. Sept. 25, 2013) (negligent hiring and
retention); Houston, 949 F. Supp. 2d at 1109 (negligent supervision and
retention); Fumi v. Bd. of Conty. Comm'rs of Rogers Cnty., No. 10–CV–
769–TCK–PJC, 2011 WL 4608296, at *6 (N.D. Okla. Oct. 3, 2011)
(negligent training and supervision); Burns v. Holcombe, No. 09–CV–152–
JHP, 2010 WL 2756954, at *15 (E.D. Okla. July 12, 2010) (negligent hiring,
training, and supervision); Jackson v. Okla. City Pub. Schs., 333 P.3d 975,
979 (Okla. Civ. App. 2014) (negligent hiring, training, and supervision).

Langkamp v. Mayes Emergency Servs. Tr. Auth., No. 16-CV-0676-CVE-FHM, 2017 WL
875483, at *4 (N.D. Okla. Mar. 3, 2017). Thus, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ failure to
supervise claims should be dismissed.
With regard to Plaintiffs’ assertion that Defendant is liable for its employees’ failure
to report the alleged abuse to the Police, the Court finds Defendant is entitled to dismissal.
In response to the Motion, Plaintiffs argue that Defendant violated its mandatory duties
under the Oklahoma Children’s Code, which it contends created a non-discretionary duty
and therefore Defendant cannot rely on § 155(5). To the extent Plaintiffs rely on the alleged
violation of Okla Stat. tit. 10A § 1-2-101(B)(1), the mandatory reporting provision of the
Oklahoma Children’s Code, the Court finds dismissal is appropriate. Accepting Plaintiffs’
factual allegations as true, they do not sufficiently allege violation of the statute because
the definitions therein limit the scope of the Code’s coverage.
During the relevant timeframe Section 1-2-101(B)(1) provided:
Every person having reason to believe that a child under the age of eighteen
(18) years is a victim of abuse or neglect shall report the matter promptly to
the Department of Human Services.
Id. 2 Section 1-1-105(2) defines abuse in a limited manner as “harm or threatened harm to
the health, safety, or welfare of a child by a person responsible for the child's health, safety,
or welfare. . . .” Section 1-1-105(52) defines “person responsible for the child’s health” to

include:
a parent; a legal guardian; custodian; a foster parent; a person eighteen (18)
years of age or older with whom the child's parent cohabitates or any other
adult residing in the home of the child; an agent or employee of a public or
private residential home, institution, facility or day treatment program as
defined in Section 175.20 of Title 10 of the Oklahoma Statutes; or an owner,
operator, or employee of a child care facility as defined by Section 402 of
Title 10 of the Oklahoma Statutes.

By this definition Ms. Morris is not a person responsible for J.N.’s health, safety or welfare,
and therefore, the District cannot be held liable for any alleged failure of its employees to
follow the Oklahoma Children’s Code and report the alleged abuse. See M.C. v. Hollis
Indep. School Dist. No. 66 of Harmon County, Oklahoma, No. CIV-15-343-C, 2017 WL
1102680, *6 (W.D. Okla. Mar. 23, 2017). Accordingly, Defendant District is entitled to
dismissal of Plaintiffs’ negligence claim premised on the alleged failure to follow the
dictates of § 1-1-102(B)(2).
The Amended Complaint’s allegations of negligence include assertions that
Defendant negligently retained Ms. Morris following the allegations of abuse. (Doc. No.
23, ¶ 20(C). As set forth above in Langkamp, negligent retention claims fall within the
discretionary function exception and accordingly, the motion is granted with regard to this
claim.

2 Effective Nov 1, 2018, “promptly” was changed to “immediately” and a provision was added requiring any teacher
of a child less than 18 years of having reason to believe the child is a victim of abuse or neglect to report the matter
immediately to the Department of Human Services.
The Court finds dismissal inappropriate on Plaintiffs’ negligent investigation claim,
Amended Complaint ¶ 20(D). In Najera v. Indep. School Dist. Of Stroud, 60 F. Supp. 3d
1202 (W.D. Okla. 2014), this Court considered a motion to dismiss addressing a negligence

claim similar to that levied by Plaintiffs herein. Plaintiffs alleged the minor child was
sexually harassed and assaulted by the softball coach. They pled several theories of
negligence, including failure to maintain safe school premises, negligent supervision of
students and teachers in the gymnasium where the abuse was alleged to have occurred, and
failure to prevent the continued sexual assault and harassment after the District was warned

of its employee’s conduct. The Court concluded the District was immune under § 155(5)
from the claims that it failed to maintain safe school premises and negligent supervision of
students and teachers in the gym. The Court refused to dismiss the negligence claim as it
related to allegations that the District failed to prevent the continued harassment of the
student victim once it had been notified.

There is no controlling decision from the Oklahoma Supreme Court on the
issue of whether the discretionary function exemption applies to a case in
which a plaintiff alleges that a school district had notice of a teacher's
inappropriate behavior and failed to act.

***
The discretionary function exemption is “designed to bar tort litigation
challenging governmental decisions which are founded on a balancing of
competing policy considerations.” [Nguyen v. State, 788 P.2d 962] at 965
(citation omitted). The decision not to investigate or take any action
following complaints of inappropriate behavior on the part of [the coach]
“did not involve a balancing of policy considerations.” Id. Once District was
notified of Plaintiffs' allegations, it was required “to do the work with
reasonable care and in a non-negligent manner.” Robinson v. City of
Bartlesville Bd. of Educ., 700 P.2d 1013, 1017 (Okla.1985). Therefore,
District is not immune from Plaintiffs' claims . . . which allege that District
failed to prevent the continued sexual assault and harassment of [the child]
after it learned of [the coach’s] conduct. But District is immune from
Plaintiffs' claims . . . alleging a general failure to supervise and failure to
maintain a safe school premises.

Id. at 1206. The Court finds no basis in post-Najera Oklahoma Supreme Court or Tenth
Circuit authority or in the parties’ briefs to alter this analysis, which applies in equal force
to a negligent investigation claim.
In ¶ 20(F) of the Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs allege the District negligently hired
Holly Morris. The Court concurs with the decision of Judge DeGiusti in Higginbottom v.
Mid-Del School District, No. CIV-15-1041-D, 2016 WL 951691 (W.D. Okla. Mar. 9,
2016), wherein he concluded that negligent hiring claims are precluded by the OGTCA,
because they involve policymaking and planning concerns, and thus are discretionary. Id.
at *3; see also Langkamp, 2017 WL 875483, * 4.
To the extent Plaintiffs complain that Defendant negligently developed or
implemented or failed to develop or implement policies and procedures designed to protect

students from Ms. Morris, Amended Complaint ¶ 20(G), the claims are subject to dismissal
under § 155(4), which exempts the District from liability for claims arising out of failure
to adopt or enforce any policy. See State ex rel. Oklahoma Dep't of Public Safety v. Gurich,
238 P.3d 1, 4 (Okla. 2010) (“The State and its political subdivisions enjoy immunity for
the choice to adopt or enforce a law, the formulation of law enforcement policy, and the

method by which policy is implemented.”).
In ¶ 20(H) of the Amended Complaint Plaintiffs allege the District negligently
trained Holly Morris. The Court again refers to Langkamp and finds that the negligent
training claim is barred by the discretionary function exception. Plaintiffs’ final negligence
claim asserts the failure to exercise reasonable care to keep the school premises reasonably
safe. (Doc. No. 23 ¶ 20(J)). This Court concluded that such a claim was barred in Najera,
and finds no basis for retreating from this conclusion in either Plaintiffs’ Amended

Complaint or their response to the Motion to Dismiss. For the reasons set forth above, the
Court hereby GRANTS the Motion to Dismiss as it relates to Plaintiffs’ negligence claims,
with the exception of the claim set forth in § 20(D), failure to investigate.3
In Count 2 Plaintiffs assert a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress.
Defendant District argues dismissal is appropriate because Oklahoma does not recognize

such a claim. Plaintiffs assert that such a claim is proper, asserting that “Mr. and Mrs.
Nation are direct victims as eyewitnesses of the physical and mental abuse suffered by their
son and are entitled to maintain a cause of action for negligent infliction of emotional
distress.” (Doc. No. 31, p. 6).
Under Oklahoma law, negligent infliction of emotional distress is not an

independent tort, but a version of the tort of negligence. Kraszewski v. Baptist Med. Ctr. of
Okla., 916 P.2d 241, 243 n.1 (Okla. 1996). In support of this argument Plaintiffs rely on
Kraszewski, but the Court disagrees that this case supports their position.
To recover for emotional distress under Oklahoma law, “a plaintiff must . . .
be a ‘direct victim’ rather than a ‘bystander.’” Kraszewski at ¶ 10. Direct
victims are those individuals who are “directly physically involved in the
accident,” but whose emotional distress results from the suffering of another.
Kraszewski at ¶ 8. Bystanders, on the other hand, are those individuals who
are not directly involved in the accident, but are seeking damages for
emotional distress resulting from witnessing the injury of another.
Kraszewski at ¶ 7. See also Shull v. Reid, 2011 OK 72, n. 5, 258 P.3d 521

3 This claim includes some aspect that Defendant District both failed to conduct a reasonable investigation into Ms.
Morris’ behavior once it received complaints and failed to prevent her from having access to J.N. upon receipt of the
information regarding the abuse.
(“The plaintiff must be a victim, not a bystander, directly involved in the
incident, damaged from directly viewing the incident and a close family
relationship must exist between the plaintiff and the party whose injury gave
rise to plaintiff’s mental anguish.

Ridings v. Maze, 414 P.2d 835, 837-38 (Okla. 2018). Nothing in Plaintiffs’ Amended
Complaint provides a factual basis from which the Court can infer that either Mr. or Mrs.
Nation was a “direct victim.” They do not allege they were present and witnessed any
incident that gave rise to their emotional suffering. Id. at 838. The emotional distress
resulting from the alleged wrong to another, J.N., is not sufficient to support the claims of
Mr. and Mrs. Nation. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is granted as to Plaintiffs’ negligent
infliction of emotional distress claim.
The District seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs’ 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims, Count 5 of the
Amended Complaint.4 Plaintiffs allege:
Defendant, Piedmont Independent School District No. 22 was at all times
material hereto, a state actor acting under color of state law. Defendant
denied Plaintiffs their rights to Due Process and Equal Protection of the Law
by:
A. Enacting inadequate policies regarding the reporting of suspected
child abuse to law enforcement.
B. Failing to remove persons causing abuse and harm to its students.
C. Failing to remove students from classrooms where they were being
subjected to both physical and mental abuse at the hands of Holly
Noelle Morris.
D. Failing to train and supervise Holly Noelle Morris.
E. Failing to timely report child abuse to law enforcement.
F. Failing to investigate Morris’s misconduct.

4 The Amended Complaint includes Count 5 twice, once for a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim and once for a Title IX claim.
G. Failing to adequately train and supervise the Piedmont School
District’s staff and employees.
H. Exhibiting deliberate indifference to the physical and mental abuse
being inflicted on the special needs students of the Piedmont School
District by Holly Noelle Morris.

Doc. No. 23, p. 5. Defendant contends Plaintiffs’ allegations under § 1983 are insufficient
because there is no respondeat superior liability under § 1983.
28 U.S.C. § 1983 authorizes suit against “every person, who, under color of” state
law, deprives a U.S. citizen of his federal rights. Local school districts are “persons” within
the meaning of that statute, and they thus may be subject to suit for violation of federal
law, however, the deprivation must be caused by a custom or policy of the district. Monell
v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 663, 694 (1978). An entity, however, cannot be held
liable solely on the basis of the existence of an employer-employee relationship with an
alleged tortfeasor. Id. at 689.
“[M]unicipal liability under § 1983 attaches where—and only where—a
deliberate choice to follow a course of action is made from among various
alternatives by the official or officials responsible for establishing final
policy with respect to the subject matter in question.” Id. at 483–84, 106 S.Ct.
1292. Municipal liability may be based on a formal regulation or policy
statement, or it may be based on an informal “custom” so long as this custom
amounts to “a widespread practice that, although not authorized by written
law or express municipal policy, is ‘so permanent and well settled as to
constitute a ‘custom or usage’ with the force of law.' ” City of St. Louis v.
Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988)
(quoting Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 167–68, 90 S.Ct. 1598,
26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970)); see also Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S.
658, 690–91, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). Municipal liability may
be also be based on the decisions of employees with final policymaking
authority or the ratification by such final policymakers of the decisions—and
the basis for them—of subordinates to whom authority was delegated subject
to these policymakers' review and approval. See Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 480–
81, 106 S.Ct. 1292; Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 123–27, 108 S.Ct. 915. Finally,
municipal liability may be based on injuries caused by a failure to adequately
train or supervise employees, so long as that failure results from “deliberate
indifference” to the injuries that may be caused. City of Canton v. Harris,
489 U.S. 378, 388–91, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989).

Brammer-Hoelter v. Twin Peaks Charter Acad., 602 F.3d 1175, 1188–89 (10th Cir. 2010).
To the extent Plaintiffs are attempting to rely on a policy or custom of the District
as the driving force behind the alleged violation of their constitutional rights, they do not
address such an argument in response to the Motion to Dismiss. Plaintiffs do not allege the
District had a policy of permitting employees to assault students, nor do they allege that
Ms. Morris, the teacher at the center of this controversy, was the final policy maker for the
District. Rather, Plaintiffs allege in the Amended Complaint that Defendants failed to train
and supervise Holly Morris, District staff and employees, and failed to remove students
from classrooms where Ms. Morris was subjecting them to physical and mental abuse.
(Doc. No. 23, ¶ 28). Given Plaintiffs’ allegations and their failure to respond to this
argument in the motion to dismiss, the Court construes the Amended Complaint as seeking
relief from the District under the final theory, failure to train or supervise.
To avoid dismissal of a § 1983 claim against the District premised on inadequate

hiring, training, or supervision, Plaintiff must allege facts to support the inference that the
Board’s action “was taken with ‘deliberate indifference’ as to its known or obvious
consequences.” Bd. of County Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 407 (1997)(citation
omitted). The deliberate indifference standard may be satisfied “when the municipality has
actual or constructive notice that its action or failure to act is substantially certain to result

in a constitutional violation, and it consciously or deliberately chooses to disregard the risk
of harm.” Najera, 60 F. Supp. 3d. at 1207 (quoting Barney v. Pulsipher, 143 F.3d 1299,
1307 (10th Cir. 1998)). Plaintiffs allege that “[m]embers of the administration of
Defendant, Piedmont Independent School District No. 22 were repeatedly warned of the

physical and mental abuse being inflicted upon the special needs students of Holly Noelle
Morris.” (Doc. No. 23, ¶ 7). The Court finds Plaintiffs’ allegations sufficient with regard
to municipal liability under a failure to train or supervise theory in light of Plaintiff’s
allegation that the District had actual knowledge of Defendant Morris’s actions but failed
to act to protect the students.

Plaintiffs’ response to the motion presents argument on the danger creation theory
and special relationship theory, both exceptions to the general rule that the Due Process
Clause is not a guarantee of a minimal level of safety and security and which allow a
plaintiff to hold a state actor liable for the violence of private persons. The Court finds that
neither theory applies in this case.

“As a general matter, ... a state's failure to protect an individual against
private violence simply does not constitute a violation of the Due Process
Clause.” DeShaney v. Winnebago County Dep't of Soc. Servs., 489 U.S. at
197, 109 S.Ct. 998. See (Rost ex rel. K.C. v. Steamboat Springs RE–2 Sch.
Dist., 511 F.3d 1114, 1125 (10th Cir.2008)). Generally, negligence does not
trigger the Due Process Clause's protections. See Davidson v. Cannon, 474
U.S. 344, 348, 106 S.Ct. 668, 88 L.Ed.2d 677 (1986).

***
There are, however, two exceptions to this general rule. First, the special-
relationship doctrine arises when the state has a custodial relationship with
the victim, which triggers an affirmative duty to provide protection to that
individual. See Christiansen v. City of Tulsa, 332 F.3d 1270, 1280 (10th
Cir.2003); Graham v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 1–89, 22 F.3d 991, 994–995 (10th
Cir.1994). Second, the danger-creation theory provides that a state may also
be liable for an individual's safety if it created the danger that harmed the
individual. See Christiansen v. City of Tulsa, 332 F.3d at 1280.
Schaefer v. Las Cruces Public School Dist., 716 F. Supp. 2d 1052, *1064 (D. N.M. 2010).
Plaintiffs cite no legitimate basis for reliance upon the special-relationship doctrine, which
requires a plaintiff to establish involuntary commitment to state custody. Mandatory school

attendance laws are not sufficient to give rise to a special relationship, even if the child at
issue has a disability. See Sutherlin v. Independent School Dist. No. 40 of Nowata County,
Okla., 960 F. Supp. 2d 1254, 1260-61 (N.D. Okla. 2013); Maldonado v. Josey, 975 F.2d
727, 732–33 (10th Cir.1992); Sargi v. Kent City Bd. of Educ., 70 F.3d 907, 911 (6th Cir.
1995).

To the extent Plaintiffs seek to rely on the state-created danger theory, their claims
similarly fail.
[A] plaintiff must “demonstrate affirmative conduct on the part of the State
Defendants that created or increased the danger.... Affirmative conduct for
purposes of § 1983 should typically involve conduct that imposes an
immediate threat of harm, which by its nature has a limited range and
duration.” Ruiz, 299 F.3d at 1183; accord L.W. v. Grubbs, 974 F.2d 119, 121
(9th Cir.1992) (noting that invocation of the danger creation theory
“necessarily involves affirmative conduct on the part of the state in placing
the plaintiff in danger”). . . . Nonfeasance is insufficient to satisfy the first
element of the danger creation theory's prima facie standard. See [Sutton v.
Utah State School for Deaf and Blind, 173 F.3d 1226,] 1238 n.13 (citing
Graham v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. I–89, 22 F.3d 991, 995 (10th Cir.1999)).

MAP v. Board of Trustees for Colorado School for Deaf and Blind, No. 12-cv-02666-RM-
KLM, 2014 WL 3748642, *9 (D. Colo. April 28, 2014). Plaintiffs’ claims against the
District are premised on nonfeasance, not affirmative action. Furthermore, Ms. Morris was
not a private actor at the time of the alleged events, a requirement for reliance on the state-
created danger theory.5
In Proposition IV of the Motion to Dismiss, the District challenges Plaintiffs’ equal

protection claims, asserted under both the United States Constitution and the Oklahoma
Constitution.6 The Court will limit its consideration to the federal equal protection claims,
because, although the introductory paragraph to this section asserts that it is a challenge to
the state constitutional claim, the remainder of the motion does not address the state claim
in any manner. The District argues that any equal protection claim is not sufficiently pled.

The Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution provides that
no state may “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the
laws.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV § 1. This mandate “is essentially a direction that all
persons similarly situated should be treated alike.” City of Cleburne v. Cleburne
Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 440 (1985). To state an equal-protection claim, a plaintiff
must allege that the defendant treated him or her differently from another similarly
situated person. Penrod v. Zavaras, 94 F.3d 1399, 1406 (10th Cir. 1996). To be
similarly situated, a person “must be prima facie identical in all relevant respects or
directly comparable in all material respects.” Although this is not a “precise
formula,” it is nonetheless “clear that similarly situated individuals must be very
similar.” United States v. Moore, 543 F.3d 891, 896–97 (7th Cir. 2008)(citations
omitted).

C.W. by & through B.W. v. Denver Cty. Sch. Dist. No. 1, 17-cv-2462-MSK-MEH, 2018
WL 3861157, at *2 (D. Colo. Aug. 14, 2018).
Plaintiffs assert that J.N. was treated differently than non-disabled students, because
only the special needs students were taught by Ms. Morris and subjected to her mental and

5 The Court acknowledges the Tenth Circuit’s reasoning that “a sexual relationship between a teacher and student,
even while the teacher is still a state actor, is more like ‘private activity’ for purposes of danger creation theory.” M.C.
v. Hollis, 2017 WL 1102680 at *3 citing J.M. ex rel. Morris v. Hilldale Indep. School Dist. No. 1-29, 397 F. App’x,
445, 458 (10th Cir. Sept. 10, 2010).
6 The Oklahoma Constitution does not have an equal protection clause, but the Oklahoma Supreme Court identified
Article II § 7 of the Oklahoma Constitution, the state due process provision, as providing a functional equivalent. See
Fair School Finance Council v. State, 746 P.2d 1135, 1148 (Okla. 1987).
physical abuse. Plaintiffs’ allegations of an equal protection violation are insufficient,
because they do not sufficiently identify differential treatment between groups that are
prima facie identical in all relevant respects. Accordingly, Defendant’s motion is granted

as to the federal equal protection claim.
Defendant next contends that Plaintiffs Russell and Carol Nation have failed to state
an equal protection or due process claim because neither alleges a deprivation of his or her
rights, rather they seek relief derived from the alleged violation of J.N.’s constitutional
rights. Plaintiffs respond by arguing they have stated a claim, “[a]s tax paying citizens of

Defendant’s school district, Russell and Carol Nation do enjoy the constitutional right of
equal protection under the 14th amendment. Russell and Carol Nation’s right to be free of
the mental anguish and concern over the treatment and lack of protection of their special
needs son at the hands of the Defendant were violated.” (Doc. No. 31). Plaintiffs cite no
caselaw in support of their response, nor has the Court’s independent research revealed

authority to support their position. Therefore, Defendant’s motion is granted with regard
to the equal protection claim and due process claims under the United States Constitution,
and accordingly, the motion is granted as to Proposition V.
In the second Count 5, Plaintiffs allege a violation of Title IX. Title IX prohibits
recipients of federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a).

The Supreme Court has read Title IX as providing a private right of action for damages if
a public school district official had actual notice of sexual harassment and authority to take
corrective measures, but failed to do so. Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist., 524 U.S.
274, 277, 290 (1998). School districts may also be liable under Title IX upon a showing
that deliberate indifference effectively caused harassment to occur. Id. at 290–91.
A school district may be liable under Title IX upon a showing that (1) it had actual
knowledge of and was (2) deliberately indifferent to sexual harassment that was (3) “so

severe, pervasive and objectively offensive” that (4) it deprived the victim access to the
benefits provided by the school. Murrell v. School Dist. #1, Denver Colo., 186 F.3d 1238,
1246 (10th Cir. 1999).
Defendant argues dismissal is appropriate because Plaintiff has not alleged
discrimination on the basis of sex and because the Amended Complaint alleges at best only

one instance of harassment that could be construed as referencing J.N.’s sex, when Ms.
Morris allegedly “punched J.N. in his privates and even referred to the size of J.N.’s penis,”
(Doc. No. 23, ¶ 8). Defendant argues this allegation is insufficient to establish severe and
pervasive sexual harassment. Plaintiffs contend they have sufficiently pled a Title IX claim,
citing the above language from the Amended Complaint and the elements of a Title IX

claim.
The Court concurs with the District that Plaintiffs’ allegations are insufficient to
support a claim under Title IX. Even assuming that the quoted language from the Amended
Complaint is sufficient to allege harassment on the basis of sex, citing a single specific
instance does not meet the severe and pervasive requirement under Title IX. Conclusory

allegations regarding Ms. Morris’s alleged poor treatment of students generally are not
sufficient to state a claim. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is granted as to Plaintiffs’ Title
IX claim.
In Count 6, Plaintiffs seek to recover for the alleged violation of the Parents’ Bill of
Rights, Okla. Stat. tit. 25 § 2001 et seq, which the District allegedly violated by failing to
promptly notify Russell and Carol Nation of the alleged physical assault and mental abuse

Defendant Morris inflicted upon their son.7 Defendant seeks dismissal of Count 6, arguing
that under Oklahoma law, no private right of action can be inferred from the statutory
language set forth in the Parents’ Bill of Rights. Plaintiffs respond by arguing that because
no court within Oklahoma has specifically addressed the issue, there is no contradictory
authority and therefore a private right of action exists. Although Plaintiffs are correct in

noting that no court has considered whether such a cause exists, the absence of authority
does not dictate the outcome of Defendant’s motion. Rather, the Court must engage in the
analysis suggested by Defendant’s motion.
In Holbert v. Echeverria, 744 P.2d 960 (Okla. 1987), superseded on other grounds
by statute, the Court provided a three-part test to determine whether a statute implies a

private right of action:
(1) the plaintiff is one of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was
enacted; (2) some indication of legislative intent, explicit or implicit,
suggests that [the legislature] wanted to create a private remedy and not to
deny one; [and] (3) implying a remedy for the plaintiff would be consistent
with the underlying purpose of the legislative scheme . . . .

Id. at 963 (citing Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78 (1975)). Plaintiffs Russell and Carol Nation,
as parents, are likely within the class of people on whose behalf the Parents’ Bill of Rights
was enacted. The legislation, however, provides no indication of intent to use the regulation

7 Okla Stat. tit. 25 § 2002(A) provides generally that parents have the right to be notified promptly if any employee
of a political subdivision of the State suspects a criminal offense has been committed against their minor child by
someone other than the parent.
to create a private remedy against persons who do not conform to the provisions thereof.
There is no suggestion of what remedy would be provided for an alleged violation of the
provisions.8 Therefore, the Court declines Plaintiffs’ request to imply a private cause of

action under the Parents’ Bill of Rights and the motion to dismiss is granted with regard to
Count 6.
In their Prayer for Relief, Plaintiffs request punitive damages. The District seeks
dismissal of the request arguing it cannot be liable for punitive damages on Plaintiffs’ state
law claims pursuant to the Oklahoma GTCA. Defendant additionally argues that punitive

damages are not permitted against a governmental entity for claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983. Plaintiffs do not object to Defendant’s argument, rather “Plaintiffs . . . seek leave
to amend their causes of action to include additional defendants who may be liable in this
case for punitive damages.” (Doc. No. 31, p. 16). The Court hereby grants Defendant’s
motion and denies Plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend because it fails to comply with the

Court’s Local Civil Rules, most notably in that Plaintiffs have not attempted to identify
who they would add as a defendant such that the Court could assess the futility of any
proposed amendment. Plaintiffs may seek leave to amend via the proper channels should
they persist in their desire to add additional defendants.
For the reasons set forth herein, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss is granted as set

forth herein and denied as to Plaintiffs’ state law claim that the District failed to properly
investigate the alleged assault of J.N. by Defendant Morris and J.N.’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983

8 Violation of certain sections of the Bill not at issue in this case can result in a misdemeanor conviction.
due process claim premised on the District’s alleged failure to train and supervise Ms.
Morris.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 17" day of September 2019.

DAVID L. RUSSELL
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10387849. Public record. Not legal advice.