# Carnahan v. Social Security Administration

> District Court, N.D. Oklahoma · September 19, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10387025

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Oklahoma
- **Decided:** September 19, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10387025

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that ALJ’s listing of factors he considered was inadequate, where court was “left to speculate what specific evidence led the ALJ to [his conclusion]”
- holding that “[i]n the absence of ALJ findings supported by specific weighing of the evidence, we cannot assess whether relevant evidence adequately supports the ALJ’s conclusion,” and thus the ALJ’s unexplained conclusion was “beyond meaningful review”
- holding that district court’s post-hoc effort to salvage the ALJ’s decision would require the court to overstep its institutional role and usurp essential functions committed in the first instance to the administrative process

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OKLAHOMA

MICHAEL C., )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) Case No. 21-CV-99-CDL
)
KILOLO KIJAKAZI, )
Acting Commissioner of the )
Social Security Administration,1 )
)
Defendant. )

OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff seeks judicial review of a decision of the Commissioner of the Social
Security Administration (Commissioner) denying Social Security disability benefits. The
parties have consented to proceed before a United States Magistrate Judge in accordance
with 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). For the reasons set forth below, the Court reverses the
Commissioner’s decision denying benefits and remands the case for further proceedings.
I. Standard of Review
The Social Security Act (the Act) provides disability insurance benefits to
qualifying individuals who have a physical or mental disability. See 42 U.S.C. § 423. The
Act defines “disability” as an “inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity by
reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be

1 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d)(1), Kilolo Kijakazi is substituted
as the defendant in this action, effective upon her appointment as Acting Commissioner of
Social Security in July 2021. No further action need be taken to continue this suit by reason
of the last sentence of section 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous
period of not less than 12 months.” See 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A).
Judicial review of a Commissioner’s disability determination “is limited to

determining whether the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards and whether the
agency’s factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.” Noreja v. Soc. Sec.
Comm’r, 952 F.3d 1172, 1177 (10th Cir. 2020) (quoting Knight ex rel. P.K. v. Colvin, 756
F.3d 1171, 1175 (10th Cir. 2014)). “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla and
is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a

conclusion.” Id. at 1178 (quoting Grogan v. Barnhart, 399 F.3d 1257, 1261 (10th Cir.
2005)); see also Biestek v. Berryhill, --- U.S. ---, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019). “Evidence
is not substantial if it is overwhelmed by other evidence in the record or constitutes mere
conclusion.” Noreja, 952 F.3d at 1178 (quoting Grogan, 399 F.3d at 1261-62).
So long as supported by substantial evidence, the agency’s factual findings are

“conclusive.” Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1152 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)). Thus, the court may
not reweigh the evidence or substitute its judgment for that of the agency. Noreja, 952 F.3d
at 1178.
II. Background and Procedural History
Plaintiff was a gunner in the Marines from 2001 to 2005. (See R. 68, 84, 2159). He

was injured in combat in Iraq and was honorably discharged. (See R. 2310). Subsequently,
he worked various jobs including as a bartender, in casinos, and in “nondestructive testing.”
(R. 2310, 2322). However, plaintiff reported that he lost those jobs due to an inability to
hear instructions necessary for his job, as well as to heavy drinking and interpersonal
problems. Id.
Plaintiff applied for a period of disability and disability insurance benefits under

Title II of the Social Security Act (Act) on August 12, 2018. (R. 28). He alleges that he
was disabled during a closed period between October 30, 2013 and May 1, 2019. Id.2
Plaintiff alleges disability due to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain
injury, post-discectomy back surgery, hearing loss, and tinnitus. (R. 63). He was 32 years
old on the alleged disability onset date. (R. 9, 232). Plaintiff has an associate’s degree from

Spartan School of Aeronautics. (R. 2310). Plaintiff also has past work as a surveillance
system monitor, construction worker, furniture delivery worker, and x-ray technician. (R.
39-40, 84-85).
Plaintiff’s application was denied on initial review and on reconsideration. (R. 28).
Plaintiff requested a hearing, which an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) conducted on

September 19, 2019. Id. Plaintiff and a Vocational Expert (VE) testified. Id. On October
24, 2019, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision denying disability benefits. (R. 28-54).
The ALJ denied plaintiff’s request to reopen the earlier proceeding, finding that the initial
denial was outside the four-year period to reopen an initial determination for good cause.
(R. 28). The Appeals Council issued a decision on January 9, 2020, denying plaintiff’s

request for review of the ALJ’s decision. (R. 14-18). Accordingly, the ALJ’s October 24,
2019 decision became the Commissioner’s final decision. (R. 14). Following the Appeals

2 Plaintiff had previously filed an application under Title II on February 5, 2014 that
was denied on initial consideration. Id.
Council’s denial, plaintiff timely filed a Complaint in this Court. (See Doc. 2).
Accordingly, the Court has jurisdiction to review the ALJ’s October 24, 2019 decision
under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

III. The ALJ’s Decision
The Commissioner uses a five-step, sequential process to determine whether a
claimant is disabled and, therefore, entitled to benefits. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i)-
(v). A finding that the claimant is disabled or is not disabled at any step ends the analysis.
See id.; see also Lax v. Astrue, 489 F.3d 1080, 1084 (10th Cir. 2007) (citing Williams v.

Bowen, 844 F.2d 748, 751 (10th Cir. 1988)). The claimant bears the burden on steps one
through four. Lax, 489 F.3d at 1084.
At step one, the claimant must demonstrate that he is not engaged in any substantial
gainful activity. See id. at 1084. Here, the ALJ determined plaintiff did not engage in
substantial gainful activity between his alleged onset date of October 30, 2013 and his last

insured date of September 30, 2018. (R. 31).
At step two, the claimant must establish an impairment or combination of
impairments that is severe. See Lax, 489 F.3d at 1084. Here, the ALJ determined that
plaintiff has severe impairments of degenerative disc disease, hearing loss/tinnitus, left
wrist status post-surgical repair, PTSD, depressive disorder, and alcohol use disorder in

early remission. (R. 31). The ALJ found there is insufficient evidence to establish that
plaintiff’s alleged traumatic brain injury is a medically determinable impairment. Id.
At step three, the ALJ determines whether the claimant’s severe impairment or
combination of impairments is equivalent to one listed in Appendix 1 of the regulation,
which the Commissioner “acknowledges are so severe as to preclude substantial gainful
activity.” Williams, 844 F.2d at 751 (internal quotation and citation omitted); see 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1520(d); 20 C.F.R. Part 404, subpt. P, app’x 1 (Listings). Here, the ALJ found that

plaintiff’s physical and mental impairments do not meet or equal the criteria for any
Listing, specifically noting Listings under Sections 1.00 (musculoskeletal system), 2.00
(Special Senses and Speech), and 12.00 (Mental Disorders). (R. 31-33).
The ALJ also discussed the “paragraph B” criteria—four areas of mental
functioning used to determine whether a claimant’s mental impairments functionally equal

a Listing. See 20 C.F.R. § 404, subpt. P App’x 1. The ALJ found that plaintiff has a
moderate limitation in understanding, remembering, and applying information; a moderate
limitation in interacting with others; a moderate limitation in concentrating, persisting, or
maintaining pace; and a marked limitation in adapting or managing oneself. (R. 32-33).
Because plaintiff does not have at least one extreme or two or more marked limitations, the

ALJ found the paragraph B criteria are not satisfied. (R. 33).
At step four, the claimant must show that his impairment or combination of
impairments prevents him from performing work he has performed in the past. The ALJ
first determines the claimant’s residual functional capacity (RFC) based on all the relevant
medical and other evidence. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e); see also Winfrey v. Chater, 92 F.3d

1017, 1023 (10th Cir. 1996). The ALJ next determines the physical and mental demands
of the claimant’s past relevant work. Winfrey, 92 F.3d at 1023 (citing 20 C.F.R. §
404.1520(e)). Finally, the ALJ determines whether the RFC from phase one allows the
claimant to meet the job demands found in phase two. Id.
Here, the ALJ determined that plaintiff has the RFC
to perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) with the
following limitations: The [plaintiff] is able to lift, carry, push or pull
up to ten pounds frequently and twenty pounds occasionally. The
[plaintiff] is able to sit up to six hours in an eight-hour workday. The
[plaintiff] is able to stand and/or walk up to six hours in an eight-
hour workday. The [plaintiff’s] need to change positions can be
accommodated by the fifteen-minute morning and afternoon break
and the thirty-minute lunch period. The [plaintiff] is able to
frequently handle with the left, non-dominant upper extremity. The
[plaintiff] is able to work in an environment where there is moderate
noise as that term is defined in the Selected Characteristics of
Occupations (SCO). The [plaintiff] is able to perform simple, routine
tasks and is able to interact with supervisors as needed to receive
work instructions. The [plaintiff] is able to work in proximity to
coworkers but job should not involve close communication or
cooperation with co-workers in order to complete work tasks. The
job should not involve interacting with the general public. The
[plaintiff] is able to perform a low stress job meaning a job that does
not involve strict production quotas or tasks performed at a rapid
production-rate pace. The [plaintiff] is able to adapt to a low stress
work environment where there are limited changes in the work
setting or work duties. He is able to sustain attention and
concentration for up to two hours at a time when performing simple,
routine tasks. The [plaintiff] is able to sustain the mental demands
associated with performing simple, routine tasks throughout an
ordinary workday and workweek. The [plaintiff] would be off task,
on average, twenty percent of an eight-hour workday.
(R. 33-34). The ALJ found that plaintiff was unable to perform his past relevant work
during the relevant period and that there were no jobs that existed in significant numbers
in the national economy that plaintiff could have performed. (R. 40-41). As such, the ALJ
conclude[d] that, considering all of the [plaintiff’s] impairments,
including the substance use disorder, the [plaintiff] is unable to make
a successful vocational adjustment to work that existed in significant
numbers in the national economy. A finding of ‘disabled’ is
therefore appropriate under the framework of the [applicable
Medical-Vocational Guideline rule].
(R. 41).
However, citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535, the ALJ proceeded to evaluate whether
plaintiff’s substance use disorder is a contributing factor material to the determination of

disability. (See R. 30). She determined that if plaintiff stopped substance use, his remaining
limitations were severe but would not meet a Listing. (R. 41-42). In the absence of
substance use, the ALJ assessed an RFC for light work, with essentially the same
limitations found in the initial RFC determination above. However, the ALJ’s alternative
RFC determination eliminated the final limitation—i.e., that plaintiff would be off-task, on

average, twenty percent of an eight-hour workday. (See R. 43-44). The ALJ determined at
step four that plaintiff would still have been unable to perform any past relevant work. (R.
48). However, at step five, she found the ALJ found that, if plaintiff stopped substance use,
he could have performed the requirements of representative occupations, including
Small product assembler, light exertion, unskilled, specific vocational preparation
(SVP) level 2, Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) # 706.684-022, with
approximately 190,000 jobs available within the national economy;
Packer/inspector, light exertion, unskilled, SVP level 2, DOT # 559.687-074, with
approximately 160,000 jobs available; and
Housekeeper, light exertion, unskilled, SVP level 2, DOT # 323.687-014, with
approximately 414,000 jobs available.
(R. 48-49). The ALJ’s step-five findings relied in part on the VE’s hearing testimony as to
a hypothetical person with Plaintiff’s age, education, work experience, and the alternative
RFC determination. See id. Accordingly, the ALJ concluded at step five that Plaintiff was
not disabled during the relevant time period. Id.
IV. Discussion
Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s decision on three grounds: (1) there is no substantial
evidence to support the ALJ’s finding that plaintiff’s alcohol dependence contributed

materially to his mental impairments; (2) the ALJ improperly ignored evidence related to
plaintiff’s complaints of pain in his left hand; and (3) the ALJ improperly denied plaintiff’s
request to reopen his earlier Title II application. Defendant argues that substantial evidence
supports the ALJ’s materiality and RFC findings and that the Commissioner properly
rejected plaintiff’s request to reopen as untimely.

A. Substance Abuse
Under the Commissioner’s regulations, when a disability claimant is found disabled
and there is medical evidence of drug addiction or alcoholism (DAA), the Commissioner
must determine whether the DAA “is a contributing factor to the determination of
disability.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535(a). The regulation sets forth the process to be used in

making this determination:
(1) The key factor we will examine in determining whether drug
addiction or alcoholism is a contributing factor material to the
determination of disability is whether we would still find you
disabled if you stopped using drugs or alcohol.
(2) In making this determination, we will evaluate which of your
current physical and mental limitations, upon which we based our
current disability determination, would remain if you stopped using
drugs or alcohol and then determine whether any or all of your
remaining limitations would be disabling.
(i) If we determine that your remaining limitations would not be
disabling, we will find that your drug addiction or alcoholism is a
contributing factor material to the determination of disability.
(ii) If we determine that your remaining limitations are disabling,
you are disabled independent of your drug addiction or
alcoholism and we will find that your drug addiction or
alcoholism is not a contributing factor material to the
determination of disability.
Id. § 404.1535(b).
Subsequently, the Commissioner issued additional guidance in the form of a
teletype. In Salazar v. Barnhart, the Tenth Circuit noted that the teletype explained the
method ALJs should use when evaluating disability applications for claimants who have
drug or alcohol addiction (DAA) in addition to one or more other mental impairments. 468
F.3d 615, 622-23 (10th Cir. 2006). The teletype “stresses the need for careful examination
of periods of abstinence and also directs that if the effects of a claimant’s mental
impairments cannot be separated from the effects of substance abuse, the DAA is not a
contributing factor material to the disability determination[.]” Id. at 623 (emphasis in
original).

Noting that it is “very difficulty to disentangle the restrictions and limitations
imposed by the substance use disorder from those resulting from other mental
impairments,” the Commissioner’s teletype states that
[t]he most useful evidence that might be obtained in such cases is
that relating to a period when the individual was not using
drugs/alcohol. Of course, when evaluating this type of evidence
consideration must be given to the length of the period of abstinence,
how recently it occurred, and whether there may have been any
increase in the limitations and restrictions imposed by the
other mental impairments since the last period of abstinence. When
it is not possible to separate the mental restrictions and
limitations imposed by DAA and the various other mental
disorders shown by the evidence, a finding of ‘not material’
would be appropriate.
Id. (emphasis added).
In connection with an application for disability through the Veterans Administration
(VA), plaintiff was examined by Minor Gordon, Ph.D. on June 5, 2013 and by James Lee,

Ph.D. on September 3, 2013. Dr. Gordon listed diagnoses of PTSD, severe major
depressive disorder, and alcohol abuse, “ongoing.” (R. 2307). Dr. Lee listed diagnoses of
PTSD, chronic major depressive disorder, and alcohol dependence, “continuous.” (R.
2319). Both psychologists checked a box denying that it is “possible to differentiate what
symptom(s) is/are attributable to each diagnosis.” (R. 2308, 2320). Dr. Gordon explained:

“It is not possible to differentiate what portion of each symptom is attributable to each
diagnosis because they are inter[-]related and overlap.” (R. 2308). Similarly, Dr. Lee
stated: “It is not possible to differentiate what portion of each symptom is attributable to
each diagnosis because the symptoms are all interrelated.” (R. 2320).
The ALJ’s decision noted some of Dr. Lee’s diagnoses and acknowledged Dr. Lee’s

view that “it was not possible to differentiate what portion of the occupational and social
impairment was attributable to each diagnosis because the symptoms were interrelated.”
(R. 35). However, the ALJ did not address why she rejected this opinion. The decision also
failed to address Dr. Gordon’s assessment or to address SSR 13-2p.
The ALJ’s failure to meaningfully address the opinions of Drs. Gordon and Lee is

contrary to the Tenth Circuit’s guidance in Salazar, as well as to the general rule that ALJs
must discuss the “uncontroverted evidence [they] choose[] not to rely upon, as well as
significantly probative evidence [they] reject[].” Mays v. Colvin, 739 F.3d 569, 576 (10th
Cir. 2014) (quoting Clifton v. Chater, 79 F.3d 1007, 1009-10 (10th Cir. 1996)). As such,
the ALJ’s materiality determination does not reflect application of the proper legal
standards, as set forth in Tenth Circuit case law and the Commissioner’s binding
guidelines. See Salazar, 468 F.3d at 622-23; SSR 13-2p; see also Hayden v. Barnhart, 374

986, 992 n.9 (10th Cir. 2004) (noting that SSRs are “binding on the ALJ”).
The Commissioner argues that the ALJ reasonably discounted the evidence that the
effects of plaintiff’s alcohol use cannot be separated from the effects of his other mental
impairments. The Commissioner suggests that the opinions of Dr. Lee and Dr. Gordon are
less probative, because they predate any significant periods of sobriety, and later evidence

showed that plaintiff’s functioning improved when he was sober. However, this reasoning
is faulty. First, it is not reflected in the medical opinions; Dr. Lee and Dr. Gordon did not
indicate that their opinion might change with the benefit of future periods of sobriety.
Second, the ALJ’s decision did not articulate this reasoning. The Court “may not
create or adopt post-hoc rationalizations to support the ALJ’s decision that are not apparent

from the ALJ’s decision itself.” Haga v. Astrue, 482 F.3d 1205, 1207-08 (10th Cir. 2007);
see also Allen v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1140, 1142, 1145 (10th Cir. 2004) (holding that district
court’s post-hoc effort to salvage the ALJ’s decision would require the court to overstep
its institutional role and usurp essential functions committed in the first instance to the
administrative process); Robinson v. Barnhart, 366 F.3d 1078, 1084-85 (10th Cir. 2004)

(per curiam) (same); SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 88 (1943). Here, Defendant’s
argument relies on post-hoc rationalizations that are not apparent from the ALJ’s decision.
The Court therefore must reject this argument.
The Commissioner argues that evidence in the record supports the ALJ’s conclusion
that plaintiff had a greater functional capacity during periods of sobriety. The
Commissioner’s brief cites portions of the record that it contends support the ALJ’s

materiality finding. The Court has reviewed this evidence and, while at times plaintiff
showed some improvements in overall functioning, the ALJ’s decision did not make an
explicit or implicit connection between this evidence and the conclusion that, during the
relevant period, the only condition that prevented plaintiff from performing substantial
gainful activity was his alcohol use.

The Court does not conclude here whether substantial evidence may support the
ALJ’s materiality determination. Rather, the ALJ failed to adequately address significantly
probative evidence and to provide a sufficient explanation to enable meaningful judicial
review of her materiality determination. See Clifton, 79 F.3d at 1009 (holding that “[i]n the
absence of ALJ findings supported by specific weighing of the evidence, we cannot assess

whether relevant evidence adequately supports the ALJ’s conclusion,” and thus the ALJ’s
unexplained conclusion was “beyond meaningful review”); Kepler v. Chater, 68 F.3d 387,
391 (10th Cir. 1995) (holding that ALJ’s listing of factors he considered was inadequate,
where court was “left to speculate what specific evidence led the ALJ to [his conclusion]”).
For these reasons, the ALJ’s decision is reversed and remanded for the ALJ to address all

significantly probative evidence and, if appropriate, provide a sufficient “explanation of
findings to permit meaningful review” of her materiality determination as to plaintiff’s
alcohol use. Fischer-Ross, 431 F.3d at 734.
B. Pain
Plaintiff’s treatment records in 2014 showed a slightly decreased range of motion
and pain with ulnar deviation of the left wrist, resulting from a shrapnel wound. (See R.

501). Plaintiff reported some pain in his left hand on other occasions, and an examination
in 2008 indicated painful range of motion of the wrist and weakness of the wrist and fingers
following surgery. The ALJ’s decision noted plaintiff’s chronic wrist pain arising from the
shrapnel injury and prior surgery on his left wrist. (See R. 44-45). However, the ALJ found
that the evidence relating to his injury supports an RFC for light exertion work with only

frequent handling with the left arm. (R. 44-45).
The ALJ’s decision noted plaintiff’s mildly reduced range of motion in 2014, but in
the same visit, plaintiff’s rapid hand and finger to nose movement was normal, and he had
full and equal grip strength. (See R. 44). On another visit, plaintiff reported some numbness
and tingling in the wrist. (See R. 45). However, plaintiff stated that his “left hand did not

cause him much pain and that he did not need medication for it.” (R. 44-45). Furthermore,
as the ALJ explained, the record lacks evidence that any additional treatment has been
recommended for his left wrist. (See R. 45). As such, substantial evidence supports the
ALJ’s findings in this respect. Although the ALJ’s decision did not address the 2008
examination, this evidence predated plaintiff’s alleged onset date by approximately five

years, and plaintiff points to no evidence that the symptoms observed at that time continued
throughout the alleged period of disability in this case. Thus, this omission does not warrant
reversal.
C. Request to Reopen Prior Application
Plaintiff objects to the ALJ’s denial of his request to reopen a prior application for
disability insurance benefits. The prior application was filed in February 2014 and denied

at the initial determination level in May 2014. (R. 28, 61). As the ALJ correctly noted,
“[a]n application for Title II benefits may be reopened within four years of the date of the
notice of an initial determination for ‘good cause.’” (R. 28 (citing (20 CFR §§ 404.988(b),
§404.989)). In this case, plaintiff’s August 2018 application fell outside the four-year
window. Id. The ALJ also found that reopening was not warranted under SSR 91-5p, Policy

Interpretation Ruling Titles II and XVI: Mental Incapacity and Good Cause for Missing
the Deadline to Request Review (July 1, 1991).
Generally, the Commissioner’s decision not to reopen a prior application is not
subject to judicial review. Brown v. Sullivan, 912 F.2d 1194, 1196 (10th Cir. 1990) (“The
Secretary's decision not to reopen a previously adjudicated claim for benefits is

discretionary and, therefore, is not a final decision reviewable under 42 U.S.C. §405(g).”).
Plaintiff contends that his claim falls under an exception when a claimant has previously
raised the issue of lack of counsel and lack of mental capacity to file a timely appeal and
has “identified it as . . . a colorable constitutional due process” issue. (Doc. 15 at 13; see
R. 61-62). However, this case is unlike the example plaintiff cites, in which the district

court found “no indication in the documents presented to the Court that the Commissioner,
prior to denying Plaintiff’s request to reopen [her prior] claim, considered Plaintiff’s mental
disability . . . or her claims of mental disability, poor education and lack of representation
as required by SSR 91-5p.” Schobey v. Barnhart, 2006 WL 8444396, at *5 (D.N.M. Mar.
7, 2006). Here, the Court finds no indicia that the ALJ failed to accord due process to these
considerations. Instead, the ALJ’s decision acknowledged plaintiff's argument but found
the conditions for reopening identified in SSR 91-5p were absent. (R. 28). As such, the
Court lacks jurisdiction to review the Commissioner’s decision not to reopen plaintiffs
prior application. See Brown, 912 F.2d at 1196.
V. Conclusion
As set forth above, the ALJ’s decision did not adequately support the ALJ’s finding
of materiality as to plaintiff's alcohol use during the relevant period. Therefore, the
decision of the Commissioner finding Plaintiff not disabled for the relevant period is
reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
SO ORDERED this 19th day of September, 2022.

Unietre 2 tiklee
Christine D. Little
United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10387025. Public record. Not legal advice.