# Ameyaw v. Delaware County Commissioners

> District Court, S.D. Ohio · September 5, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10383063

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Ohio
- **Decided:** September 5, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10383063

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that a canine officer may walk her dog around a car while another officer completes a ticket
- stating that the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party and must refrain from making credibility determinations or weighing evidence

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION

KEITH AMEYAW,

Plaintiff, Case No. 2:21-cv-5039
Judge Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.
v. Magistrate Judge Kimberly A. Jolson

DELAWARE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS, et al.,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter is before the Court on Defendant Deputy Jesse Rodriguez-Lipps’ Motion for
Summary Judgement.1 (ECF No. 37.) For the following reasons, the Court DENIES Defendant’s
motion.
I.
The facts set out below are taken from the evidence of record before the Court. On
October 27, 2019, Plaintiff Keith Ameyaw was traveling southbound on U.S. Route 23 in
Delaware County, Ohio. At 4:01 p.m., Defendant Jesse Rodriguez-Lipps, a deputy sheriff for the
Delaware County Sheriff’s Office assigned to road patrol, stopped Plaintiff’s vehicle because the
officer was unable to observe a visible license plate. Recordings from Defendant’s patrol
cruiser’s in-car camera and his body-worn camera captured some of their interactions for the
next few minutes.
After stopping Plaintiff, Defendant Deputy exited his patrol vehicle and approached
Plaintiff’s vehicle, a white Porsche SUV with an upside-down North Carolina license plate taped

1 As originally filed, Defendant’s motion also moved for summary judgment on behalf of former
Defendants Delaware County Commissioners, County of Delaware, and former Delaware
County Sheriff Russell Martin. The Court, however, has since dismissed these Defendants from
this action pursuant to Plaintiff’s unopposed motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 44.)
to the rear window. Defendant informed Plaintiff, an African American man, that he stopped his
vehicle because his license plate was not visible, which Plaintiff disputed. Defendant Deputy
asked Plaintiff for his driver’s license and insurance information and asked him where he was
traveling. Plaintiff answered that he was coming from Michigan and was bound for Georgia.

Defendant Deputy testified that during this interaction, Plaintiff appeared nervous and
was generally avoided making eye contact. Defendant also observed Plaintiff pick up a Gucci
bag and rest his hand on an object inside the bag, causing Defendant to step back from Plaintiff’s
vehicle and place his own hand near his firearm. Plaintiff then removed his empty hand from the
bag and proceeded to gather his driver’s license and proof of insurance without incident.
At approximately two minutes into the traffic stop, Defendant walked to the rear of
Plaintiff’s vehicle to inspect the license plate, which Plaintiff had taped upside down to the rear
windshield. Defendant believed the license plate was improperly displayed, thus violating
Ohio’s statutory requirements.
Defendant then returned to his patrol cruiser, where he reported Plaintiff’s name and

driver’s license information to dispatch. He also began searching the cruiser’s mobile data
terminal with Plaintiff’s information. At approximately three minutes into the traffic stop, the
Sheriff’s Department dispatch relayed to Defendant that the Porsche was properly registered to
Plaintiff and that Plaintiff had a validly issued Michigan driver’s license.
Defendant Deputy requested canine assistance as he suspected drug activity based on his
assessment of Plaintiff’s behavior (i.e., Plaintiff’s initial nervousness, his general avoidance of
eye contact, and the manner in which he reached into his Gucci bag), the location of the traffic
stop (Defendant recognized U.S. Route 23 as a common corridor for drug trafficking), and
Plaintiff’s stated travel plans to drive from Michigan to Georgia (two port states) while operating
a vehicle with a North Carolina license plate.
At approximately four and a half minutes into the traffic stop, dispatch confirmed that
Deputy John Laudeman and his canine partner were enroute. Another officer, Deputy Close,

arrived as back-up to assist with the traffic stop. She approached Plaintiff, walking up to the
passenger-side window of his vehicle, and spoke with him for several minutes. While speaking
with Plaintiff, Deputy Close observed several high-priced designer clothes in the vehicle.
Further, she learned from Plaintiff that he was in the military as an E-4 in rank. She did not,
however, observe any signs of Plaintiff appearing nervous, avoiding eye contact, or making
furtive gestures. Deputy Close returned to Defendant’s cruiser and conveyed this information to
him.
During the same period Deputy Close was speaking with Plaintiff, Defendant continued
investigating Plaintiff’s information, such as his criminal history and whether he had any
outstanding warrants. This involved checking Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway, various clerk of

courts websites in North Carolina based on Plaintiff’s driver’s license and the Michigan county
where Plaintiff’s vehicle was registered, as well as running Google searches.
At just under ten minutes into the traffic stop, Deputy Laudeman arrived at the scene with
his canine partner. Defendant remained in his cruiser, continuing to investigate Plaintiff. A
minute later, Deputy Laudeman and his canine partner began conducting a free-air sniff of
Plaintiff’s vehicle. In less than 30 seconds, the canine registered a “hit” on Plaintiff’s vehicle,
indicating the presence of possible narcotics in the vehicle. Upon seeing the “hit,” Defendant
stopped investigating Plaintiff and exited his cruiser to conduct a search of Plaintiff’s vehicle.
Approximately eleven minutes into the traffic stop, Defendant asked Plaintiff to step
outside of his vehicle. Plaintiff complied, and Defendant proceeded to conduct a pat-down
search of Plaintiff. Approximately two minutes later, Defendant, with Deputy Close’s
assistance, performed a search of Plaintiff’s vehicle.

Approximately fifteen minutes into the traffic stop, Deputy Close located a loaded
handgun in the Gucci bag in which Plaintiff had retrieved his license earlier. Plaintiff was then
handcuffed and placed under arrest in the rear of Defendant’s cruiser. For the next ten minutes,
Defendant and Deputy Close searched Plaintiff’s vehicle. No drugs or contraband were found
during the search. Defendant did, however, inform Plaintiff that he would be charged with
improper handling of a firearm under Ohio Revised Code § 2923.16(E)(1).
Defendant then transported Plaintiff to the Delaware County Jail, where Plaintiff
remained for half a day until he was released. Nine months later, the municipal prosecutor
dismissed the criminal charge of improper handling of a firearm that Plaintiff was charged by
Defendant Deputy.

In response to these events, Plaintiff brought the instant action against Defendant, the
County of Delaware, Delaware County Commissioners, and former Delaware County Sheriff
Russell Martin (the “County Defendants”). The Complaint alleges two counts: Count 1, brought
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleges that Defendant unlawfully seized Plaintiff, violating
Plaintiff’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights; and Count 2 raises a claim against the
County Defendants. (See id. ¶¶ 36-50.)
On March 31, 2023, Defendants filed the pending summary judgment motion, seeking
dismissal of both counts. (See ECF No. 37.) Plaintiff filed his opposition to Defendant’s motion
(ECF No. 42) while simultaneously moving to dismiss his claim against the County Defendants
(ECF No. 41), which the Court permitted (ECF No. 44). On June 2, 2023, Defendant filed his
Reply in support of his motion. (ECF No. 43.) Consequently, only one claim remains against
one defendant.
II.
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). The movant has the burden of establishing that there are no genuine issues of material fact,
which may be accomplished by demonstrating that the nonmoving party lacks evidence to
support an essential element of its case. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986);
Barnhart v. Pickrel, Schaeffer & Ebeling Co., 12 F.3d 1382, 1388–89 (6th Cir. 1993). To avoid
summary judgment, the nonmovant “must do more than simply show that there is some
metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp.,
475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); accord Moore v. Philip Morris Cos., 8 F.3d 335, 340 (6th Cir. 1993).
“[S]ummary judgment will not lie if the dispute about a material fact is ‘genuine,’ that is, if the
evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

In evaluating a motion for summary judgment, the evidence must be viewed in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party. Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 158–59
(1970); see Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 150 (2000) (stating that
the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party and must refrain
from making credibility determinations or weighing evidence). Furthermore, the existence of a
mere scintilla of evidence in support of the nonmoving party’s position will not be sufficient;
there must be evidence on which the jury reasonably could find for the nonmoving party.
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251; see Copeland v. Machulis, 57 F.3d 476, 479 (6th Cir. 1995); see also
Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587–88 (finding reliance upon mere allegations, conjecture, or
implausible inferences to be insufficient to survive summary judgment).
Finally, “where, as here, there is a videotape capturing the events in question, the court
must view the facts in the light depicted by the videotape.” Green v. Throckmorton, 681 F.3d

853, 859 (6th Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted and alterations adopted).
III.
Plaintiff asserts that Defendant Deputy violated his constitutional rights under the Fourth
and Fourteenth Amendments when Defendant unlawfully seized and detained him longer than
was necessary to effectuate the initial purpose of the traffic stop (i.e., to investigate whether
Plaintiff’s vehicle had a properly displayed license plate).
A. Law
Plaintiff predicates his claim upon 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which “provides a cause of action
for deprivation under color of state law, of any rights, privileges or immunities secured by the
Constitution or laws of the United States. To succeed on a Section 1983 claim, the plaintiff must
satisfy two elements: first, that he was deprived of a right secured by the Constitution or the laws
of the United States; and second, the deprivation was caused by a person acting under color of
state law. Redding v. St. Eward, 241 F.3d 530, 532 (6th Cir. 2001); Green v. Throckmorton, 681

F.3d at 859–60 (6th Cir. 2012).
Plaintiff alleges a constitutional violation of the Fourth Amendment, which bars
“unreasonable . . . seizures,” which the Supreme Court has interpreted as prohibiting police
officers from prolonging a traffic stop beyond the time necessary to investigate the initial traffic
violation unless the officer has reasonable suspicion that the seized vehicle’s occupants are
engaged in other criminal conduct. Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 354–56 (2015).
The Supreme Court explained the law concerning the permissible duration of a traffic stop:
A seizure for a traffic violation justifies a police investigation of that violation. A
relatively brief encounter, a routine traffic stop is more analogous to a so-called
Terry stop than to a formal arrest. [Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)]. Like a Terry
stop, the tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop context is
determined by the seizure’s mission—to address the traffic violation that warranted
the stop and attend to related safety concerns. Because addressing the infraction is
the purpose of the stop, it may last no longer than is necessary to effectuate that
purpose. Authority for the seizure thus ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction
are—or reasonably should have been—completed.

. . . .

[T]he Fourth Amendment tolerate[s] certain unrelated investigations that d[o] not
lengthen the roadside detention. . . . [A] traffic stop can become unlawful if it is
prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to complete the mission of issuing
a warning ticket. . . . The seizure remains lawful only so long as unrelated inquiries
do not measurably extend the duration of the stop. An officer, in other words, may
conduct certain unrelated checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop. But . . . he
may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the reasonable suspicion
ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.

Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 354–55.
In addition to defining the contours of the lawful duration of a traffic stop, the Rodriguez
Court also identified the tasks that may be necessary to “complete the mission of issuing a
warning ticket”:
Beyond determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, an officer’s mission includes
ordinary inquiries incident to the traffic stop. Typically, such inquiries involve
checking the driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants
against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of
insurance. These checks serve the same objective as enforcement of the traffic code:
ensuring that vehicles on the road are operated safely and responsibly.

Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 355; see also United States v. Bell, 555 F.3d 535, 542 (6th Cir. 2009)
(“[w]aiting for the results of the license check was clearly within the purpose of the initial stop”
and “any time that the [o]fficers spent in pursuing other matters while the background check was
processing, even if those matters were unrelated to the original purpose of the stop, did not
extend the length of the stop”).
“In assessing whether a [stop] is too long in duration . . . , we consider it appropriate to
examine whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to
confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly . . . .” United States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 686
(1985). That is to say, the touchstone of the analysis is “the officer’s diligence—i.e., his

‘persevering’ or ‘devoted . . . application to accomplish [the] undertaking’ of ascertaining
whether the suspected traffic violation occurred, and, if necessary, issuing a ticket.” United
States v. Everett, 601 F.3d 484, 494 (6th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). This requires a court to
evaluate the officer’s diligence “under the totality of the circumstances.” Id.
Administering a dog sniff, however, cannot properly be characterized as incidental to the
officer’s traffic mission. Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 355–57. Officers may engage in a dog sniff
during the time that they undertake the traffic-related tasks necessary to the violation that
triggered the stop. Id. at 354–55; Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 406–409 (2005) (noting that
a canine officer may walk her dog around a car while another officer completes a ticket).
Conducting a canine sniff can turn a lawful stop into an unreasonable seizure if it “prolongs—

i.e., adds time to—the stop.” Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 357 (cleaned up). Thus, “[o]nce a stop
begins, . . . detaining the motorist any longer than is reasonably necessary to issue the traffic
citation requires reasonable suspicion that the individual has engaged in more extensive criminal
conduct.” United States v. Smith, 601 F.3d 530, 542 (6th Cir. 2010). Officers may “extend a stop
to conduct a dog sniff when such action is supported by reasonable suspicion of criminal
activity.” United States v. Salas, 820 F. App’x 405, 412 (6th Cir. 2020).
B. Analysis
Based on the law set forth above, this Court considers three issues: (1) whether
Defendant Deputy prolonged the stop beyond the time necessary to resolve the license-plate
violation; (2) if Defendant did prolong the stop, did he have reasonable suspicion to believe that
Plaintiff was engaging in other crimes that would support a dog sniff, and (3) whether Defendant
is entitled to qualified immunity.
1. A reasonable jury could find that Defendant prolonged the stop.
The evidence here as to whether Defendant Deputy prolonged the traffic stop of Plaintiff
beyond the time necessary to resolve the license-plate violation, points in different directions. In

such a situation, the Sixth Circuit has directed that answering this question turns on the
“historical facts” of this case—a determination best left for the jury. Klaver v. Hamilton Cnty.,
Case Nos. Nos. 22-5083/5084, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 30642, at *10 (6th Cir. Nov. 3, 2022)
(citing, inter alia, U.S. Bank Nat’l Ass’n ex rel. CWCapital Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Vill. at
Lakeridge, LLC, 138 S. Ct. 960, 966; Hernandez v. Boles, 949 F.3d 251, 257–58 (6th Cir. 2020);
United States v. Howard, 815 F. App’x 69, 75–76 (6th Cir. 2020)).
There is evidence, on the one hand, that would support the conclusion that Defendant
Deputy did not prolong the traffic stop beyond the time necessary to investigate the initial traffic
violation. Both Defendant and Deputy Passet testified that a traffic stop, including the
subsequent investigation and issuance of a citation, typically takes between ten and twenty

minutes. (Rodriguez Dep. 40:10-41:1, ECF No. 32; Passet Dep. 19:2-16, ECF No. 35.) The
arrival of the canine and its ensuing alert occurred less than twelve minutes into the traffic stop—
well within the range for a typical stop. In addition, Defendant’s testimony and body-worn
camera indicates that he was using his cruiser’s mobile data terminal for investigative purposes
incidental to the traffic stop when Deputy Laudeman and his canine partner arrived. (Rodriguez
Dep. 129:15-21; Rodriguez Decl. ¶ 1; Pl. Dep. Ex. 5 at 00:09:42.) Moreover, Defendant testified
that, due to Plaintiff’s out-of-state license plate and interstate travel, he needed additional time to
complete the investigation into Plaintiff’s background when compared to a local motorist.
(Rodriguez Dep. 40:10-41:1; Rodriguez Decl. ¶ 2.) Defendant then points to the fact that he had
not yet begun drafting a traffic citation or written warning when the canine alerted, which,
according to Defendant, indicates that he was still completing tasks incident to the traffic stop at
that time.

On the other hand, there is evidence to support a finding that Defendant Deputy did
prolong the traffic stop beyond the time necessary to investigate the initial traffic violation.
First, he requested canine assistance at approximately three minutes into the traffic stop, which
did not relate to the purpose of the traffic stop. Further, Defendant’s body-worn camera shows
him actively utilizing his cruiser’s mobile data center, but, due to the quality of the video
recording, the extent of websites Defendant searched and whether such searches were incidental
to the traffic stop is unclear, as well as whether Defendant conducted these searches with
appropriate diligence. For example, at one point while using his cruiser’s mobile data center,
Defendant initiated a Google search that appeared to return a series of t-shirt advertisements.
“[A]n officer may not avoid this rule by ‘slow walking’ the traffic-related aspects of the stop to

get more time to investigate other crimes.” Klaver, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 30642, at *9 (citing
Untied States v. Whitley, 34 F.4th 522, 531–32 (6th Cir. 2022)). Defendant also failed to even
begin drafting a traffic citation or written warning by the time Deputy Laudeman arrived at
approximately ten minutes into the traffic stop. Deputy Passet testified, in the absence of issuing
a ticket or warning, a traffic stop typically takes about five minutes. (Passet Dep – 29:17-19.)
Moreover, when Deputy Close arrived at approximately six minutes into the stop,
Defendant instructed her to speak with Plaintiff. This directive occurred after Defendant had
already verified Plaintiff’s license and registration and made the ordinary inquiries incident to
the traffic stop, and thus could be reasonably considered to fall outside of the checklist of tasks
the Supreme Court articulated in Rodriguez. 575 U.S. at 355. That is to say, a reasonable jury
could find that by sending Deputy Close to talk with Plaintiff, Defendant did not “diligently
pursue[] a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel [his] suspicions quickly”
that Plaintiff had committed a license-plate violation. See Sharpe, 470 U.S. at 686. The same

could be said for Defendant’s use of his cruiser’s mobile data terminal while he waited for
Deputy Laudeman and his canine partner to arrive.
When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a reasonably jury
may, or may not, find that Defendant prolonged the traffic stop beyond the time necessary to
investigate the traffic violation. Thus, Plaintiff has raised genuine issues of material fact that are
for a jury to determine.
2. A reasonable jury could find that Defendant did not have reasonable
suspicion to prolong the stop.
Because a jury could reasonably find that Defendant Deputy prolonged the stop, he
would violate the Fourth Amendment under the Plaintiff’s version of the facts unless he had
“independent reasonable suspicion” for that extended seizure. Boles, 959 F.3d at 256; United
States v. Sheckles, 996 F.3d 330, 344 – 45 (6th Cir. 2021). “The reasonable-suspicion test is not
a particularly ‘demanding’ one.” Klaver v. Hamilton Cnty., 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 30642, at *8
(6th Cir. Nov. 3, 2022) (quoting Kansas v. Glover, 140 S. Ct. 1183, 1188 (2020)). It sets a lower
standard than probable cause, which itself does not set a “high bar.” Id. (citing Sheckles, 996
F.3d at 343) (citation omitted).
To have reasonable suspicion here, Defendant Deputy needed a “particularized” belief

(that is, one tied to Plaintiff) and an “objective” belief (that is, one tied to articulable facts rather
than amorphous hunches) that Plaintiff engaging in other crimes. Id. (quoting Glover, 140 S. Ct.
at 1187 (citations omitted). The Court looks to the totality of the circumstances available to
Defendant Deputy when he acted to decide whether they met this test. Cortez, 449 U.S. at 417-
18.
Defendant Deputy identifies five pieces of evidence as grounds for reasonable suspicion
to believe Plaintiff was engaging in other crimes: (1) Plaintiff initially appeared nervous during

the stop; (2) Plaintiff was avoiding making eye contact early during the interaction; (3) Plaintiff
made furtive hand movements when asked to provide his driver’s license by placing his hand
inside his Gucci bag without looking inside, and resting his hand in the bag and staring at
Defendant. He then retrieved his license from an entirely different area from the car; (4) the
location along State Route 23 was known by Defendant and the Delaware County Sheriff’s
Office as a heavily trafficked corridor for drug activity; (5) Plaintiff’s stated travel plans were to
drive from Michigan to Georgia, both well-known port states for drug trafficking. (Defs’ Reply
at 14–15, ECF No. 43.)
Each of these factors, however, are weak indications of criminal activity. The Sixth
Circuit has cautioned district courts not to “cavalierly” invoke an individual’s alleged nervous or

furtive behavior when assessing reasonable suspicion, United States v. Caruthers, 458 F.3d 459,
466 (6th Cir. 2006), and generally gives nervousness “very limited or no weight” in a traffic-stop
setting, United States v. Urrieta, 520 F.3d 569, 577 (6th Cir. 2008). A detainee’s nervous
demeanor, furtive behavior, or lack of eye contact are generally “unreliable indicator[s],
especially in the context of a traffic stop.” Id. This factor is appropriately relied upon “only
when a suspect ‘was exhibiting visible signs of nervousness beyond’ the usual level in traffic
stops and only in combination with other more suspicious factors.” Klaver, 2022 U.S. App.
LEXIS 30642, *17 (citing United States v. Campbell, 511 F. App’x 424, 428 (6th Cir. 2013) and
United States v. Coker, 648 F. App’x 541, 544 (6th Cir. 2016)).
With regard to the location of the stop, State Route 23, and Plaintiff’s travel plans,
Michigan and Georgia, they too fail to carry much weight. As pointed out by a sister district
court, a “court must of course credit to some degree [the defendant deputy’s] observation that
criminals sometimes transport drugs on [that particular highway], but the same can unfortunately

be said of virtually every highway in our nation.” United States v. Maddox, 2010 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 128062, *9–10 (E.D. Tenn. Dec. 2, 2010). Traveling on this type of highway “is not an
inherently suspicious activity, and under a totality of the circumstances analysis this factor
supports reasonable suspicion in only a minor way.” Id.
Travel plans are relevant to reasonable suspicion analysis. Stepp, 680 F.3d at 666. The
Sixth Circuit has “placed weight on implausible travel plans,” especially where traveling
companions report inconsistent details about their plans. Id. (citing United States v. Hill, 195
F.3d 258, 272 (6th Cir. 1999). In this case, Defendants’ travel itinerary was not so out of the
ordinary or “far-fetched” as to support reasonable suspicion. United States v. Townsend, 305
F.3d 537, 543 (6th Cir. 2002). Further, the Court notes that Defendant cooperated with every

request Defendant made and timely provided all documentation requested.
It is possible for factors, although insufficient individually, to add up to a reasonable
suspicion, as is the nature of the totality of the circumstances test. But “it is impossible for a
combination of wholly innocent factors to combine into a suspicious conglomeration unless there
are concrete reasons for such an interpretation.” Karnes, 62 F.3d at 496. “[B] behavior that is
consistent with innocent activity cannot suffice to establish reasonable suspicion.” Joshua v.
DeWitt, 341 F.3d 430, 446 (6th Cir. 2003) (citing Fla.v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 512 (1983)). In
the case sub judice, the factors upon which Defendant relies to provide reasonable suspicion can
reasonably be viewed as wholly innocent and there are no concrete reasons for these innocent
reasons to combine into a suspicious conglomeration.
The Court concludes that a reasonably jury, when reviewing the evidence in the light
most favorable to the Plaintiff, could conclude that Defendant lacked reasonable suspicion that

Plaintiff was committing other crimes. Thus, the question of whether Defendant Deputy
unreasonably prolonged the stop is properly reserved to a jury.
3. Qualified Immunity
Section 1983 claims are subject to the affirmative defense of qualified immunity which, if
applicable, shields individuals from liability. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009).
Qualified immunity protects state officials so long as “their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, (1982) (citations omitted). Thus, “officers are entitled
to qualified immunity under §1983 unless (1) they violated a federal statutory or constitutional
right, and (2) the unlawfulness of their conduct was ‘clearly established at the time.’” District of

Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589 (2018) (quoting Reichle v. Howards, 566 U. S. 658, 664
(2012)).
Defendant, correctly, does not argue that the law applicable to this case was not clearly
established. Instead, he contends that “the evidence shows that there was no constitutional
violation, [so] Deputy Rodriguez is entitled to qualified immunity and, accordingly, summary
judgment on Plaintiff’s claims.” (Mot. Summ. J. at 12, ECF No. 37; Def’s Reply at 18, ECF No.
43.) Defendant further contends that “Plaintiff relies on blatant factual misstatements and
mischaracterizations to fabricate a constitutional violation which the record proves never
happened. These efforts do not defeat Deputy Rodriguez’s qualified immunity.” Id.
As set forth above, this Court disagrees with Defendant’s assessment of what the
evidence shows. When viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, a
reasonably jury may, or may not, find that Defendant prolonged the traffic stop beyond the time
necessary to investigate the traffic violation. The shield of qualified immunity does not

immunize Defendant from allowing a jury to resolve this factual dispute. See Gambrel v. Knox
Cty., 25 F.4th 391, 400 (6th Cir. 2022) (“So when deciding whether force was excessive or
whether our precedent clearly established that result, we must view genuine factual
disagreements in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. If a reasonable jury could credit the
plaintiff’s version of events and if that version clearly shows the excessive nature of the
defendants’ force, we cannot grant the officers summary judgment.”)
IV.
For the reasons set forth above, the Court DENIES Defendant Deputy Jesse Rodriguez-
Lipps’ Motion for Summary Judgement. (ECF No. 37.) This case remains open.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

9/5/2023 s/Edmund A. Sargus, Jr.
DATE EDMUND A. SARGUS, JR.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10383063. Public record. Not legal advice.