# Federal Insurance Company v. Nanoscience Instruments, Inc.

> District Court, S.D. Ohio · April 13, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10382175

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Ohio
- **Decided:** April 13, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION

FEDERAL INSURANCE COMPANY,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 2:22-cv-2267
Magistrate Judge Elizabeth P. Deavers

NANOSCIENCE INSTRUMENTS,
INC., et al.,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER
With the consent of the parties and by Order of Reference (ECF No. 13), pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 636(c), this matter is before the Court for consideration of Defendant Bioinicia’s
Motion to Dismiss and Incorporated Memorandum of Law. (ECF No. 24 (the “Motion to
Dismiss”).) For the reasons that follow, the Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 24) is GRANTED, but
Plaintiff is GRANTED LEAVE to AMEND the Complaint within FOURTEEN (14) DAYS of
the date of this Opinion and Order.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Federal Insurance Company A/S/O Nanofiber Solutions, Inc. initiated this action
in the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas on April 26, 2022, asserting subrogation claims
against Defendants Nanoscience Instruments, Inc. (“Nanoscience”) and Bioinicia S.L.
(“Bioinicia”)1 related to a machine (the “Subject Product”) which allegedly caught on fire and
injured Plaintiff’s insured, Nanofiber Solutions, Inc. (“Nanofiber”), in April 2020. (ECF No. 4.)

1 Plaintiff improperly identified Bioinicia S.L. as “Bioinicia” in its Complaint. (ECF No. 4.)
Bioinicia S.L. refers to itself as “Bioinicia” throughout the subject briefing, however, so for
consistency and ease of reference the Court will do the same.
On May 26, 2022, Nanoscience removed the case to this Court. (ECF No. 1.) On December 21,
2022, Bioinicia filed the subject Motion to Dismiss, generally arguing that Plaintiff’s claim
against it “includes nothing more than a formulaic recitation of certain elements of the respective
causes of action.” (ECF No. 24.) On January 11, 2023, Plaintiff filed a response, generally
arguing that the Complaint sufficient alleges the legal elements for each of the four theories of its

products liability claim against Bioinicia. (ECF No. 27 (the “Opposition”).) On January 25,
2023, Bioinicia filed a reply brief, generally restating its position that Plaintiff’s allegations “do
not meet the minimum pleading standards.” (Id.) The Motion to Dismiss is thus fully briefed
and ripe for judicial review.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Bioinicia moves to dismiss the subject Complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
12(b)(6). (ECF No. 26.) To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule
12(b)(6), a plaintiff must satisfy the basic federal pleading requirements set forth in Rule 8(a).
Under Rule 8(a)(2), a complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing

that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Thus, Rule 8(a) “imposes legal and
factual demands on the authors of complaints.” 16630 Southfield Ltd., P’ship v. Flagstar Bank,
F.S.B., 727 F.3d 502, 503 (6th Cir. 2013) (emphasis in original) (internal citations omitted).
Although this pleading standard does not require “‘detailed factual allegations,’ . . . [a]
pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause
of action,’” is insufficient. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A complaint will not “suffice if it tenders ‘naked
assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557).
Instead, to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), “a

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complaint must contain sufficient factual matter . . . to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on
its face.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). Facial plausibility is established “when the
plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the
defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “The
plausibility of an inference depends on a host of considerations, including common sense and the

strength of competing explanations for the defendant’s conduct.” Flagstar Bank, 727 F.3d at 504
(citations omitted).
In considering whether a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be
granted, the Court must “construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,
accept its allegations as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Ohio
Police & Fire Pension Fund v. Standard & Poor's Fin. Servs. LLC, 700 F.3d 829, 835 (6th Cir.
2012) (quoting Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir. 2007)). However, “the tenet
that a court must accept a complaint’s allegations as true is inapplicable to threadbare recitals of
a cause of action’s elements, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 663.

Thus, while a court is to afford plaintiff every inference, the pleading must still contain facts
sufficient to “provide a plausible basis for the claims in the complaint”; a recitation of facts
intimating the “mere possibility of misconduct” will not suffice. Flex Homes, Inc. v. Ritz–Craft
Corp of Mich., Inc., 491 F. App’x. 628, 632 (6th Cir. 2012); Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Plaintiff’s Products Liability Claim.
Here, Plaintiff alleges four separate bases for its “Products Liability” claim against
Bioinicia: (1) that the Subject Product was “defective in manufacture” pursuant to Ohio Revised
Code § 2307.74; (2) that the Subject Product was “defective in design” pursuant to Ohio Revised

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Code § 2307.75; (3) that the Subject Product was “defective due to inadequate warning”
pursuant to Ohio Revised Code § 2307.776; and (4) that the Subject Product “failed to conform
to [Bioinicia’s representations]” pursuant to Ohio Revised Code § 2307.77. (See ECF No. 4 at
PAGEID # 30, ¶ 26.) In the subject Motion to Dismiss, Bioinicia argues that Plaintiff has failed
to sufficiently plead any of these four alternative theories of recovery, so Plaintiff’s claim should

be dismissed for failure to state a claim. (ECF No. 24 at PAGEID ## 138-146.) The Court will
discuss each of Plaintiff’s theories in turn.
1. Manufacturing Defect.
First, the parties agree that, at a minimum, Plaintiff must allege the following facts to
state its manufacturing defect claim: (1) that Defendant manufactured the Subject Product; (2)
that the Subject Product was used by Nanofiber; (3) that the Subject Product failed while being
used by Nanofiber; and (4) that the portion of the Subject Product that failed could be identified
and is so identified in the Complaint. See Grubbs v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 1:19-CV-248,
2020 WL 5305542, at *4 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 4, 2020) (quoting Barreca v. AngioDynamics, Inc.,

No. 4:15-CV-1111, 2015 WL 5085260, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 27, 2015). This Court also has
noted, however, that “formulaic recitations of the elements do not suffice to adequately plead
claims for manufacturing and warrant dismissal.” Id. at *4 (citing Frey v. Novartis Pharm.
Corp., 642 F.Supp.2d 787, 795 (S.D. Ohio 2009)). Beyond these pleading requirements, the
Ohio Products Liability Act also provides that “[a] product is not defective . . . if, at the time the
product left the control of its manufacturer, a practical and technically feasible alternative design
or formulation was not available that would have prevented the harm[.]” See Ohio Rev. Code §
2307.75(F).

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Against this background, Plaintiff argues that the following four allegations “satisfy the
specific requirements” for its manufacturing defect claim:
 “At some point prior to April 27, 2020, Nanoscience was engaged by Nanofiber
to retool the Subject Product so that it was equipped to make N95 masks”;

 “On April 27, 2020 . . . the recently converted machine caught on fire in the
electronic panel portion of the machine”;
 “Bioinicia designed and/or manufactured, distributed and/or sold in the ordinary
course of its business the Subject Product”; and
 “. . . the Subject Product was being used in a foreseeable and reasonably
anticipated manner such that Bioinicia should have reasonably known such use.”
(ECF No. 27 at PAGEID # 160 (citing ECF No. 4 at PAGEID ## 22, 29, ¶¶ 8-9, 21-22.) In
response, Defendant maintains that these allegations are insufficient because Plaintiff “does not
allege that the [Subject Product] failed while being used by [Nanofiber], [or] that the portion of

the product that failed could be identified and is so identified in the [C]omplaint.” (ECF No. 33
at PAGEID # 182.)
Defendant’s arguments are well taken, at least insofar as Plaintiff has failed to allege that
the Subject Product failed while being used by Nanofiber. See Grubbs, 2020 WL 5305542, at *4
(“[A]t a minimum, courts have required allegations that . . . the product failed while being used
by the plaintiff[.]”). Generously construing Plaintiff’s Complaint, the Court discerns that “the
electronic panel portion of the machine” was the allegedly defective part, but the Court cannot
find any allegation that the Subject Product failed while Nanofiber was using it.

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2. Design Defect.
“To establish a design defect claim, a plaintiff must prove that the product had a design
defect, this defect existed when the product left the manufacturer’s control, and the defect
proximately caused the injury for which recovery is sought. Ace Am. Ins. Co. v. Gerling &
Assocs., Inc., No. 2:19-CV-5627, 2022 WL 4468584, at *4 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 26, 2022) (citing

Miller v. Uniroyal Technology Corp., 35 Fed. Appx. 216, 222 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing O.R.C. §
2307.75(A))). “As with manufacturing defect claims, design defect claims require that the
complaint contain factual allegations as to which portions of the product failed.” Grubbs, 2020
WL 5305542, at *5 (citing cases).
Against that background, Defendant argues that “[n]owhere does the Complaint identify
which portions of the [Subject Product] purportedly failed, nor does the Complaint identify how
the [Subject Product] was defectively designed, other than to claim Bioinicia failed to warn
unidentified ‘potential issues,’ which is duplicative of its defective warning or instruction claim.”
(ECF No. 24 at PAGEID # 143.) In response, Plaintiff argues that “[t]he allegations in the

complaint specify that the machine was defectively designed, that it caught fire, and that the
electronic panel portion of the machine is the area in which the fire originated.” (ECF No. 27 at
PAGEID # 160.)
Defendant’s arguments are again well taken, at least insofar as Plaintiff has failed to
allege beyond “threadbare recitals or formulaic recitations” how the Subject Product was
defectively designed. See Grubbs, 2020 WL 5305542, at *5 (citing Marcum, 2013 WL 1867010,
at *5). On this point, Plaintiff only includes two relevant allegations: first, that Bioinicia “failed
to design, research, develop, inspect, label, market, promote, manufacture, distribute, and sell the
Subject Product that was reasonably safe for the purpose for which it was intended,” and second,

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that the Subject Product was “defective in design.” (See ECF No. 4 at PAGEID ## 29-30, ¶¶ 23,
26.) These conclusory, boilerplate statements are exactly the type of allegations which warrant
dismissal. See Iqbal, 129 S.Ct. at 1949 (citing Twombly) (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of
a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”).
3. Defective Warnings and/or Instructions.

Next, the parties also agree that to sustain its claim of inadequate or defective warnings
and/or instructions under Ohio Revised Code Section 2307.76(A)(1), Plaintiff must sufficiently
allege: (1) a duty to warn against reasonably foreseeable risks; (2) breach of this duty; and (3) an
injury that is proximately caused by the breach. See Mitchell v. Michael Weinig, Inc., No. 2:17-
CV-905, 2020 WL 5798043, at *10 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 29, 2020) (“Courts have restated the above
statutory language as requiring three elements each of which must be satisfied: (1) a duty to warn
against reasonably foreseeable risks; (2) breach of this duty; and (3) an injury that is proximately
caused by the breach.”) (quoting Monroe v. Novartis Pharm. Corp., 29 F. Supp. 3d 1115, 1125
(S.D. Ohio 2014) (quoting Graham v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 350 F.3d 496, 514 (6th Cir. 2003)

(internal quotations omitted))).
Despite these obligations, Plaintiff concedes that the Complaint does not affirmatively
allege a “duty.” (ECF No. 27 at PAGEID # 161.) Instead, Plaintiff points to the following
allegations which it believes “amount[] to Bioinicia having a duty to Plaintiff”:
 “Bioinicia designed and/or manufactured, distributed and/or sold in the ordinary
course of its business the Subject Product”; and
 “At all times relevant herein, the Subject Product was being used in a foreseeable
and reasonably anticipated manner such that Bioinicia should have reasonably
known such use.”

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(Id. (citing ECF No. 4 at PAGEID # 29, ¶¶ 21-22).) Plaintiff also submits that its allegation that
“Bioinicia failed to failed to design, research, develop, inspect, label, market, promote,
manufacture, distribute, and sell the Subject Product that was reasonably safe for the purpose for
which it was intended” satisfies its requirement to allege a breach of Bioinicia’s purported duty.
(Id. (citing ECF No. 4 at PAGEID # 29, ¶ 23).) Finally, Plaintiff argues that its allegation that

Nanofiber sustained damages “as a direct and proximate result of one or more of the aforesaid
defective conditions” satisfies the third element of its defective warning claim. (Id. (citing ECF
No. 4 at PAGEID # 30, ¶ 27).)
The Court finds that these allegations are insufficient to plead a defective warning claim,
as Plaintiff again has “merely recite[d] the elements” of its claim. O.M. Through McConnell v.
KLS Martin LP, 560 F. Supp. 3d 1084, 1090 (N.D. Ohio 2021) (“[S]uch a pleading does not
conform to the basic Rule 8 standard.”). Indeed, the Complaint fails to allege whether, or how,
the Subject Product had any reasonably foreseeable risks (such that there could even be a duty to
warn against them in the first place), or how Bioinicia’s alleged failure to warn or instruct

Nanofiber about any such risks proximately caused any injury. While discovery might be
necessary to fill in some of these dots, Plaintiff must do more at the pleading stage to adequately
state a claim. Troyer v. I-Flow Corp., No. 1:11-CV-00045, 2011 WL 2517031, at *3 (S.D. Ohio
June 23, 2011) (“The admonishment to construe the plaintiff's claim liberally when evaluating a
motion to dismiss does not relieve a plaintiff of his obligation to satisfy federal notice pleading
requirements and allege more than bare assertions of legal conclusions.”).
4. Failure to Conform to Manufacturer’s Representations.
Finally, under Ohio law, a “product is defective if it did not conform, when it left the
control of its manufacturer, to a representation made by that manufacturer.” Ohio Rev. Code §

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2307.77. Accordingly, to adequately state a claim for failure to conform with the manufacturer’s
representations, Plaintiff must allege the following:
(1) that the manufacturer made a representation as to a material fact concerning
the character or quality of the manufacturer's product;
(2) that the product did not conform to that representation;
(3) that the plaintiff justifiably relied on that representation; and
(4) that the plaintiff's reliance on the representation was the direct and
proximate cause of the plaintiff's injuries.
Tomlin v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., No. 3:19-CV-354, 2020 WL 5230830, at *2–3 (S.D. Ohio Sept.
2, 2020) (citing Gawloski v. Miller Brewing Co., 96 Ohio App. 3d 160, 165, 644 N.E.2d 731,
734 (1994)).
Plaintiff alleges that the following allegation satisfies all of the elements of its failure to
conform claim:
25. The Subject Product, at all times relevant herein, was in a defective
condition when put to its reasonably anticipated use in that:
a. As designed, manufactured, distributed and sold, there was no
warning about potential issues with the Subject Product retooling;
b. As designed, manufactured, distributed and sold, it started on fire
after retooling[.]
(ECF No. 27 at PAGEID # 162 (citing ECF No. 4 at PAGEID # 30, ¶ 25).) Specifically,
Plaintiff argues that this allegation “supports Plaintiff’s claim for a failure to conform with a
manufacturer’s representation as an omission,” and that it “satisfies the requirement that the
omitted representation failed to conform to the representation” [sic]. (Id.) Plaintiff further
alleges that while it “does not specifically alleged that [Nanofiber] relied upon the omitted
representation . . . [Nanofiber’s] undertaking to make the modifications and retooling implies
that it relied upon [Bioinicia’s] omitted representation.” (Id. (emphasis added).)
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Plaintiff’s arguments are misplaced, for multiple reasons. First, Plaintiff has failed to
allege that Bioinicia made any express representations on which Nanofiber possibly could have
relied. Kenny v. LC Holdings, LLC, No. 1:18-CV-472, 2018 WL 6676397, at *3 (S.D. Ohio Dec.
18, 2018) (“Where a plaintiff fails to show an express representation, a claim for failure to
conform fails.”) (citing cases); Parker v. Medtronic Sofamor Danek USA, Inc., No. 1:20-CV-

02456, 2021 WL 4751185, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 12, 2021) (“Without alleging a specific
representation identifying how the product failed to conform, the first amended complaint fails to
state a claim.”) (citing Kenny); see also Ohio Rev. Code § 2307.71(A)(14) (Defining
“representation” as “an express representation of a material fact concerning the character,
quality, or safety of a product.”) (emphasis added). Additionally, Plaintiff has failed to allege
that Nanofiber even relied on any such representation, and now only argues that the Complaint
“implies” Nanofiber’s reliance on Bioinicia’s “omitted representation,” which appears to be an
oxymoron under Ohio products liability law. (ECF No. 27 at PAGEID # 162.) This is
insufficient, as Plaintiff must allege not only that Nanofiber relied on an express representation,

but also that such reliance was justifiable. Tomlin, 2020 WL 5230830, at *2–3. Finally, the
Court again rejects Plaintiff’s boilerplate allegations regarding the proximate cause of Plaintiff’s
alleged injuries. Accordingly, the Court agrees with Bioinicia that Plaintiff has failed to state its
products liability claim under any of its four proposed theories.
B. Applicable Pleading Standard.
Notwithstanding the above analysis of Plaintiff’s claims, the Court must also note that
while Plaintiff’s allegations may not be sufficient for federal court, Plaintiff filed this action in
the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. The Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is
subject to Ohio’s “no set of facts” pleading standard, even after Twombly and Iqbal heightened

10
the federal pleading standard. Golden Eagle Res. II, LLC v. Rice Drilling D, LLC, No. 2:22-CV-
02374, 2023 WL 1927799, at *8 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 10, 2023) (citing cases).
Under Ohio’s more liberal pleading standard, a complaint “should not be dismissed for
failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts
in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” O'Brien v. Univ. Cmty. Tenants

Union, Inc., 327 N.E.2d 242, 245 (Ohio 1975) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45
(1957)). To this end, Plaintiff maintains that it is not required “under Ohio procedure” to allege
additional fats, implicitly arguing that the Complaint meets Ohio’s lower pleading standard.
(ECF No. 27.) But as Defendant correctly observes, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure apply
in federal court such that this Court cannot apply Ohio’s more liberal pleading standard to the
subject Complaint. See Golden Eagle, 2023 WL 1927799, at *8 (“The federal rules, including
the federal pleading standard, apply equally to cases initiated in federal court as to civil actions
that are removed from state court.”) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 81(c)(1); Vanhook v. Somerset Health
Facilities, LP, 67 F. Supp. 3d 810, 815–17 (E.D. Ky. 2014) (collecting cases on the impact

of Twombly and Iqbal on cases removed from state court)).
C. Leave to Amend.
Having found that Plaintiff has failed to state its products liability claim against Bioinicia
under the applicable federal pleading standard, the Court must then decide whether to dismiss
Plaintiff’s claim against Bioinicia, as Bioinicia requests, or to grant Plaintiff leave to amend, as
Plaintiff requests. (See ECF No. 27 at PAGEID # 162 (“In the alternative, if the Court grants
Defendant’s Motion, Plaintiff requests leave to amend its complaint to cure any defects identified
in the Court’s Order.”).) The trial court enjoys broad discretion in granting leave to file an
amended complaint. Gen. Elec. Co. v. Sargent & Lundy, 916 F.2d 1119, 1130 (6th Cir. 1990).

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Under Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a party cannot amend their pleadings
without opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave, but “[t]he court should freely give
leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). This rule “reinforces[s] the principle
that cases ‘should be tried on their merits rather than the technicalities of pleadings.’” Inge v.
Rock Fin. Corp., 388 F.3d 930, 936 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting Moore v. City of Paducah, 790 F.2d

557, 559 (6th Cir. 1986)).
“[G]enerally, ‘[i]f it is at all possible that the party against whom the dismissal is directed
can correct the defect in the pleading or state a claim for relief, the court should dismiss with
leave to amend.’” Brown v. Matauszak, 415 F. App’x 608, 614 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting 6
Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND
PROCEDURE § 1483 (3d ed. 2010)). Leave should be denied only where there is “undue delay,
bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by
amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of
the amendment, futility of the amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct.

227, 230 (1962).
Here, the Court believes it is likely that Plaintiff will be able to state its products liability
claim against Bioinicia under the applicable federal pleading standard.2 Further, given that this
case is in its infancy,3 the Court finds that no party will be prejudiced by Plaintiff amending its
claim against Bioinicia. Given that Defendant Nanoscience has not moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s

2 Needless to say, the Court is not opining on the potential merits of Plaintiff’s products liability
claim, should Plaintiff adequately amend its Complaint.
3 While the Court initially ordered for discovery to be completed by May 1, 2023 (ECF No. 12),
on February 9, 2023, the Court stayed discovery it considered the subject Motion to Dismiss.
(See ECF Nos. 36-38.)
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claim against it, the Court is hard pressed to find any dilatory motive or bad faith on Plaintiff’s
part for how it pleaded its original Complaint, especially considering the different pleading
standards between state court and federal court. Accordingly, the Court will grant Plaintiff leave
to amend under Rule 15’s liberal standard.
IV. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed, Defendant Bioinicia’s Motion to Dismiss and Incorporated
Memorandum of Law, ECF No. 24, is GRANTED, as Plaintiff has failed to state a claim against
Bioinicia under the applicable federal pleading standard. But because this deficiency arguably
results from the difference in state and federal standards, and because the Court believes that
Plaintiff likely will be able to amend without prejudicing Defendants, the Court GRANTS
Plaintiff LEAVE TO AMEND its Complaint within FOURTEEN (14) DAYS of the date of
this Opinion and Order. See Golden Eagle, 2023 WL 1927799, at *8. Plaintiff is CAUTIONED
that while its amended Complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff's
obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.”
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citations omitted).
Additionally, the Court hereby LIFTS the STAY on discovery, and DIRECTS the
parties to jointly propose a new pretrial schedule by filing a Rule 26(f) Report no later than
TWENTY-ONE (21) DAYS after the date of this Opinion and Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

Date: April 13, 2023 /s/ Elizabeth A. Preston Deavers
ELIZABETH A. PRESTON DEAVERS
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10382175. Public record. Not legal advice.