# Noakes v. Case Western Reserve University

> District Court, N.D. Ohio · September 28, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10370010

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Ohio
- **Decided:** September 28, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10370010

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding irreparable harm where plaintiff had been suspended for two years
- applying Burlington Northern’s “adverse action” standard to a Title IX retaliation claim

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
EASTERN DIVISION

John Noakes, CASE NO. 1:21-cv-1776

Plaintiff,
-vs- JUDGE PAMELA A. BARKER

Case Western Reserve University,
Et al., MEMORANDUM OF OPINION AND
ORDER
Defendants.

Currently pending is Plaintiff John Noakes’1 Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining
Order. (Doc. No. 10.) Defendants Case Western Reserve University and Case Western Reserve
University School of Medicine filed a Brief in Opposition on September 24, 2021.2 (Doc. No. 15.)
For the following reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion is DENIED.
I. Factual Allegations3
Plaintiff John Noakes (“Plaintiff” or “Noakes”) is a medical student at Defendant Case
Western Reserve University (“CWRU”) School of Medicine. (Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 5.) Defendants CWRU

1 Plaintiff has requested leave to proceed under the pseudonym John Noakes. (Doc. No. 5.) The Court has not ruled on
Plaintiff’s Motion, as it is not yet ripe. However, for purposes of the instant Opinion and in the absence of any objection
from Defendants, the Court will refer to Plaintiff as John Noakes herein.

2 In its Brief in Opposition, Defendant CWRU stated that CWRU’s School of Medicine is not a separate legal entity and,
therefore, “no response on behalf of ‘Case Western Reserve Univ. School of Medicine’ is necessary or appropriate.”
(Doc. No. 15 at p. 1, fn. 1.)

3 The following factual allegations are taken from the Verified Complaint filed September 15, 2021, as well as the
affidavits and other evidentiary material attached as Exhibits to Plaintiff’s Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining
Order; Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction; and Defendant CWRU’s Brief in Opposition to Plaintiff’s
Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining Order. (Doc. Nos. 1, 2, 10, 16.)
and CWRU School of Medicine are private educational institutions that participate in federal
spending programs. (Id. at ¶ 6.)
Beginning in August/September 2020, Noakes began dating fellow student, Jane Roe (“Roe”).
(Id. at ¶ 47.) Noakes alleges they broke up shortly thereafter, on October 22, 2020 but that Roe
quickly changed her mind and, on October 23, 2020, asked Noakes to restart the relationship. (Id. at
¶¶ 49-50.) After having an argument on October 26, 2020, Noakes suggested to Roe that they needed

to “take a break.” (Id. at ¶ 53.) Roe then threatened to report Noakes to the Title IX Office for
allegedly sexually assaulting her on October 20, 2020. (Id.) According to Noakes, he asked Roe to
stop contacting him but she continued to threaten to report him to the Title IX Office. (Id. at ¶ 54,
55.)
On November 7, 2020, Noakes reported to CWRU’s Office of Equity that he was being
threatened and harassed by Roe. (Id. at ¶ 56.) Several hours later, Dr. Steven Ricanati (CWRU’s
Associate Dean for Student Affairs for the School of Medicine) reported to the Office of Equity that
Roe had reported she had been sexually assaulted by Noakes on October 20, 2020. (Id. at ¶ 56-57.)
On January 7, 2021, Roe signed a formal complaint against Noakes for sexual assault. (Id. at
¶ 60.) An investigation was subsequently conducted by the Office of Equity, which included an
interview of Noakes by Title IX investigators on January 19, 2021.4 (Id. at ¶¶ 62-63.) During the

pendency of the investigation, Noakes informed the investigators that he was being harassed and

4 This investigation was conducted pursuant to the procedures set forth in Defendant CWRU’s Title IX policy. During
the 2020-2021 academic year, CWRU maintained an “Interim Sexual Harassment Policy and Procedures” for Title IX
matters, a copy of which is attached to the Verified Complaint as Exhibit B. (Doc. No. 1-3.) Defendants state that,
effective September 13, 2021, CWRU adopted its current version of this policy, titled “Sexual Harassment Policy and
Procedures for Faculty, Students, Employers and Third Parties,” which can be found on the website for CWRU’s Office
of Equity. (Doc. No. 16 at fn 2.) See https://case.edu/equity/sexual-harassment-title-ix/sexual-harassment-policy.
2
retaliated against and requested interim supportive measures. (Id. at ¶ 64-65.) Noakes alleges that
the Office of Equity failed to take any action. (Id. at ¶ 65.)
On March 19, 2021, Noakes was provided with a “Final Investigation Report.” (Id. at ¶ 66.)
A hearing was subsequently conducted by CWRU on April 8, 2021, at which Noakes, Roe, and five
witnesses were present. (Id. at ¶ 67.) On April 15, 2021, Noakes received a letter informing him that
the panel found that he was “not responsible” for violating the Title IX Policy. (Id. at ¶ 68.) Roe

appealed the decision. (Id. at ¶ 70.) The Appeal Panel subsequently denied the appeal. (Id.)
Meanwhile, immediately after learning of the results of the hearing on April 15, 2021, Noakes
posted the following on a GroupMe chat used by the School of Medicine: “All glory and honor to the
Most High, who is my refuge and fortress. That’s all, thanks.” (Id. at ¶ 71.) Noakes also changed his
handle to “[John Noakes] (1-0).” (Id.) Over thirty (30) students submitted complaints to the School
of Medicine regarding Noakes’ post. (Id.) On the same evening of his GroupMe post, Noakes
received an email from Senior Vice President for Equity Darnell Parker requesting an “urgent
conversation.” (Id. at ¶ 72.) Noakes claims that, during a Zoom call that night, Dr. Parker “sought to
intimidate” him and told him to “watch himself.” (Id.)
Noakes claims that, following the panel decision, he continued to be the subject of harassment
from other students.5 (Id. at ¶ 73.) Noakes claims that he reported this harassment to the School of

Medicine but Dr. Ricanati refused to take disciplinary action against the students involved. (Id.)
Rather, on April 19, 2021, Dr Ricanati called Noakes, “interrogated” him about the GroupMe post,

5 According to Noakes, this harassment included the following: “a. One of Jane Roe’s friends referred to John Noakes as
‘scum of the earth’ while John Noakes was attempting to lead a group discussion. b. Students circulated a ‘petition’
encouraging their classmates to refuse to work with John Noakes and demanding that ‘the School of Medicine ought to
take clear and decisive action by expelling [him].’” (Id. at ¶ 73.)
3
and threatened him with institutional discipline. (Id. at ¶ 75.) On that same date, Noakes submitted
a retaliation complaint against Dr. Ricanati and Dr. Parker with the Office of Equity. (Id. at ¶ 78.)
CWRU retained outside counsel to conduct an investigation. (Id.)
Meanwhile, Noakes was informed that the complaints regarding the GroupMe post would be
referred to the School of Medicine’s Committee on Students (“COS”)6 for disciplinary action,
including possible dismissal. (Id. at ¶ 81.) Noakes repeatedly objected that the COS process was

retaliatory and requested that it be stayed, as an interim measure, while his retaliation complaints
were investigated. (Id. at ¶ 82, 83.) He claims that “[n]o actions were taken.” (Id.)
On May 6, 2021, Noakes met with Dr. Marjorie Greenfield, a Professor at the School of
Medicine and a “subordinate” of Dr. Ricanati. (Id. at ¶¶ 79, 83.) During this meeting, Dr. Greenfield
informed Noakes that the School of Medicine would be conducting a review of his Title IX decision
to determine if any additional disciplinary sanctions need to be issued. (Id.) Dr. Greenfield allegedly
accused Noakes of not having “empathy” regarding his dispute with Jane Roe and his GroupMe post
and advised him that, if he could show empathy for other people, then the COS “will not kick you
out of school.” (Id.) Noakes appeared before the COS on May 13, 2021. (Id. at ¶ 84.) He was
ordered to undergo “empathy coaching” and provide a letter from a behavioral therapist stating that

he is receiving therapy. (Id.) Noakes alleges that, in the months that followed, Dr. Greenfield
“attempted to coerce and pressure” him to take the next year off “in order to accommodate the desires
of Jane Roe.” (Id. at ¶ 85.) The COS conducted another hearing on August 19, 2021, at which time

6 The School of Medicine’s Student Handbook includes a section entitled “Committee on Students.” (Doc. No. 10-4 at
PageID# 193.) That section explains the purpose of the COS as follows: “The Committee on Students conducts detailed
reviews of the total performance of any student referred to it. The COS also makes decisions regarding promotion and
graduation, including reviewing the needs for alternative schedules.” (Id.) Students may be referred to the COS for a
variety of reasons, including for “concern of violation of any of the University’s Standards of Conduct.” (Id.)
4
it determined that Noakes should continue with “coaching for the remediation of professional lapses
and present a new reflection at the November COS meeting.” (Id. at ¶ 86.)
Noakes claims that, when school started in early August 2021, Roe and her friends “engaged
in a pattern of harassing and intimidating behavior” towards him. (Id. at ¶ 90.) On August 25, 2021,
CWRU’s new Title IX Director, Rachel Lutner,7 sent Noakes a letter, informing him that CWRU was
imposing a new “No Contact Directive” at the request of Jane Roe. (Id. at ¶ 88.) Noakes claims that

this Directive “imposed onerous and punitive restrictions” on him and interfered with his ability to
participate fully in his education. (Id.) Specifically, he alleges that his movement was restricted to
the southwest sections of the medical school campus and all classrooms, and he was “barred from
posting on social media about his Title IX case.” (Id.) Similar restrictions were also placed on Roe.
(Id.)
In late August 2021, Noakes reported two alleged violations of the No Contact Directive by
Roe. (Id. at ¶ 89.) Ms. Lutner informed Noakes that CWRU would not be taking any action regarding
any of the actions that he reported and, further, that Roe had made similar allegations that Noakes
had violated the No Contact Directive. (Id.) Although Noakes requested details of Roe’s allegations,
Ms. Lutner allegedly refused to provide them. (Id.)

On August 31, 2021, Noakes emailed Ms. Lutner about continuing harassment from Roe and
retaliation from others. (Id. at ¶ 92.) Noakes indicated that he wanted CWRU to investigate (1) his
initial complaint against Jane Roe; (2) the pattern of harassment and intimidation by Jane Roe; and
(3) retaliation against him as a result of his participating in the Title IX process. (Id.) The following

7 Ms. Lutner began her employment at CWRU as Senior Associate Vic President—Equity and University Title IX
Coordinator in June 2021. (Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶¶ 1, 6.)
5
day, Dr. Greenfield met with Noakes and allegedly warned him “that bad things could happen to
[him] if he pursues his Title IX complaint against Jane Roe.” (Id. at ¶ 93.) She suggested that he
take a year off. (Id.) On September 3, 2021, Noakes and his advisor spoke with Ms. Lutner and
indicated his desire to move forward with his Title IX complaint. (Id. at ¶ 94.)
Shortly thereafter, on September 7, 2021, Roe complained to Ms. Lutner about a Tumblr
website8 that contained content that she believed was in retaliation for her prior Title IX complaint

against Noakes. (Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶ 7.) Ms. Lutner reviewed the Tumblr posts and met with Roe to
obtain information as to why she believed Noakes was involved. (Id.)
On that same date, Noakes was contacted by Dr. Greenfield about the Tumblr website. (Doc.
No. 1 at ¶ 96.) Noakes advised Dr. Greenfield that he had “no specific knowledge of any Tumblr
post (other than a brief and nondescript mention by another medical student).” (Id.) According to
Noakes, Dr. Greenfield advised him that it was his responsibility to de-escalate the situation and
threatened that he could get in trouble for the Tumblr post, even if it was done without his knowledge.
(Id.) Dr. Greenfield also allegedly again tried to convince Noakes not to pursue his Title IX complaint
against Roe and, instead, to take a year off of medical school. (Id.)
Noakes alleges that, on September 10, 2021, Ms. Lutner sent him an email in which she

indicated that the Tumblr website was authored by a “person who described him/herself as very close
to you.” (Id. at ¶ 98.) Ms. Lutner allegedly stated that John Noakes must “investigate who might be
responsible for these Tumblr posts and ask them to stop.” (Id.) Noakes responded as follows: “I
have no knowledge of who is making the Tumblr posts and have not directed anyone to make such

8 A copy of postings from the Tumblr website was filed by CWRU, under seal. (Doc. No. 16-1 at PageID#s 364-489.)
6
posts. I am under no obligation to investigate the conduct of other people. Nor can I be held
responsible for the conduct of others.” (Id.)
Later that day, Ms. Lutner informed Roe that there was insufficient information to connect
Noakes to the Tumblr posts and that CWRU would not be further investigating. (Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶
7.) On that same date, Ms. Lutner advised Noakes that CWRU would not be investigating or taking
any action in response to his complaints about Roe. (Doc. No. 1 at ¶ 99.) She also informed him that

Roe’s complaints about Noakes related to the GroupMe post would not be pursued by the Title IX
Office. (Id. at ¶ 100.)
On September 12, 2021, Roe complained to Ms. Lutner about “the increasingly harassing and
intimidating nature” of the posts on the Tumblr website. (Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶ 7.) Specifically, Ms.
Roe expressed concern that “the posts included accusations that Ms. Roe was not clear-headed and
fabricated lies about Plaintiff, that she engaged in self-destructive behaviors, that she believes she
can get away with anything, and that she follows Plaintiff around and carries pepper spray with her.”
(Id.) Ms. Lutner reviewed the additional posts and determined that:
The posts … disclosed details only accessible to Plaintiff, including for example,
screenshots originated from Plaintiff’s phone depicting text messages between
Plaintiff and Ms. Roe, information regarding Plaintiff’s private discussions with his
mother, a description of how “people have looked at him prompt[ing] him to go to his
top secret anxiety attack bathroom,” details about “his first sleep paralysis episode,”
specific details about Plaintiff’s involvement in the Title IX proceedings and how it
affected Plaintiff from his perspective, communications between Plaintiff and the
Office of Equity, communications between Plaintiff and the School of Medicine
administrators, a description of how Plaintiff feels in class while interacting with
others, and how Ms. Roe and others apparently look at Plaintiff when walking down
the stairs.

(Id.)
7
Based on her review, Ms. Lutner decided, on September 14, 2021, that, at that point, “there
was a reasonable basis to believe that Plaintiff, or someone on his behalf or working with him, may
be sharing or posting information on Tumblr to intimidate, embarrass, harass, or punish Ms. Roe for
filing a Title IX complaint against Plaintiff.” (Id. at ¶ 10.) Ms. Lutner scheduled a meeting with Roe
for 9:00 a.m. on September 15, 2021, to notify her that CWRU would be proceeding with an
investigation of her retaliation complaint. (Id.)

II. Procedural History
On September 15, 2021, Noakes filed a Verified Complaint in this Court against Defendants
CWRU and CWRU School of Medicine, in which he asserted claims for retaliation and deliberate
indifference under Title IX (Counts I and II) and breach of contract (Count III). (Id.) On that same
date, Noakes filed Motions for Preliminary Injunction, Expedited Discovery, and for Leave to
Proceed Anonymously. (Doc. Nos. 2, 3, and 5.)
On September 21, 2021, Noakes filed an Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining Order
(“TRO”). (Doc. No. 10.) The basis for Noakes’ Motion is a letter from Ms. Lutner to Noakes dated
September 21, 2021, advising him that Roe had filed a formal complaint with CWRU’s Office of
Equity alleging misconduct by Noakes relating to the Tumblr website. (Doc. No. 10-1.) The letter

explains, in pertinent part, as follows:
The basis for this formal complaint of retaliation is (1) the level of detail in the Tumblr
Account about your situation in the Medical School and how it affects you from your
perspective, (2) the access that the Tumblr Account has to screenshots that came
originally from your phone, (3) the self-description of the person controlling the
Tumblr Account and his/her close relationship to you, (4) the promptness by which
the Tumblr Account learned of the litigation filed by John Noakes and posted it to the
Tumblr account, (5) the references in the Tumblr Account to the Office of Equity’s
communications with you since August 2021 (including, but not limited to examples
such as the No Contact Directive, the withdrawal of the No Contact Directive, the
reaction of [Ms. Roe] to seeing your mother in class and the outcome of your
8
complaints to the Office of Equity regarding [Ms. Roe]) and (6) the references in the
Tumblr Account to the Medical School’s recent communications to you regarding
empathy.

Specifically, it is alleged that you retaliated against [Ms. Roe] by:

• Sharing confidential information from the hearing on [Ms. Roe’s] 2020 Title
IX complaint against you for nonconsensual sexual contact.

• Posting information, including screenshots of your communications with [Ms.
Roe] in 2020, to the Tumblr Account that is designed to embarrass, harass or
punish [Ms. Roe] for complaining to the CWRU Office for Equity that you
subjected her to nonconsensual sexual contact.

• Sharing information, including screenshots of your communications with [Ms.
Roe] in 2020 and correspondence between you and the Office for Equity in
September 2021, with someone who you knew or reasonably should have
known would then post some or all of that information to the Tumblr Account
in a manner that is designed to embarrass, harass or punish [Ms. Roe] for
complaining to the CWRU Office for Equity that you subjected her to
nonconsensual sexual contact.

• Declining on and after September 10, 2021, to cease sharing information
including screenshots of your communications with [Ms. Roe] in 2020 and
correspondence between you and the Office for Equity in September 2021, with
someone who you knew or reasonably should have known would then post some
or all of that information to the Tumblr Account in a manner that is designed to
embarrass, harass or punish [Ms. Roe] for complaining to the CWRU Office for
Equity that you subjected her to nonconsensual sexual contact.

• Taking steps, on your own or in conjunction with one or more others, to
publicize the Tumblr Account as much as possible in the CWRU Medical
School, including by using an Instagram account to follow numerous persons in
the Medical School, specifically, your entire class, as well as faculty and staff
in the Medical School, to increase the number of views of the material posted to
the Tumblr Account.

• Declining on and after September 10, 2021, to take steps to stop the person
who is posting information to the Tumblr Account when directed to do so by the
Title IX Coordinator.

• Declining on and after September 10, 2021, to identify for the Title IX
Coordinator the name of the person who is posting to the Tumblr Account when
9
the level of detail in the information posted to the Tumblr account indicates that
the account is controlled by you or someone very close to you.

This letter serves as formal notice that CWRU will be conducting a prompt, thorough,
and impartial investigation of these allegations pursuant to the procedures applicable
to retaliation claims and which are detailed in the Sexual Harassment Policy . . .

(Doc. No. 10-1 at PageID#s 310-311.)
The following morning, the Court conducted a telephonic status conference with counsel for
Plaintiff and Defendants regarding Noakes’ Emergency Motion. After hearing argument from
counsel, the Court provided Defendants the opportunity to file a brief in opposition to Noakes’ Motion
by September 23, 2021, which was later extended to September 24, 2021. Defendants agreed to
maintain the status quo (i.e., to not proceed with the investigation that is the subject of the September
21, 2021 letter) pending this Court's ruling on Noakes' Motion. See Minutes of Proceeding dated
September 22, 2021; Doc. No. 12. The Court indicated that it would issue its ruling by no later than
September 29, 2021.
Defendants thereafter filed their Brief in Opposition, which includes the Affidavit of Ms.
Lutner and a sealed copy of the content of the Tumblr website. (Doc. Nos. 15, 16.)
III. Legal Standard
“A Temporary Restraining Order (‘TRO’) is an emergency measure.” Hartman v. Acton, ---
F.Supp.3d---, 2020 WL 1932896 at * 1 (S.D. Ohio April 21, 2020) (citing McGirr v. Rehme, 2017
WL 1426456 at * 1 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 21, 2017)). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(b) requires a
Court to examine, on application for a temporary restraining order, whether “specific facts in an
affidavit or a verified complaint clearly show that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage
will result to the movant.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1)(A). A temporary restraining order is meant “to
prevent immediate and irreparable harm to the complaining party during the period necessary to
10
conduct a hearing on a preliminary injunction.” Dow Chemical Co. v. Blum, 469 F. Supp. 892, 901
(E.D. Mich. 1979). See also Hartman, 2020 WL 1426456 at * 1.
In determining whether to impose a TRO, the Court considers the same four factors that are
considered for a preliminary injunction: (1) whether plaintiff has a substantial likelihood or
probability of success on the merits; (2) whether plaintiff will suffer irreparable injury if the relief is
not granted; (3) whether the injunctive relief would unjustifiably harm a third party; and (4) whether

the public interest would be served by issuing the injunctive relief. See Frisch's Restaurant, Inc. v.
Shoney's Inc., 759 F.2d 1261, 1263 (6th Cir. 1985); Am. Family Life Ins. Co. v. Hagan, 266 F. Supp.2d
682, 687 (N.D. Ohio 2002). The test is a flexible one and the factors are not prerequisites to be met
but considerations that must be balanced against each other. See Leary v. Daeschner, 228 F.3d 729,
736 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing cases); In re DeLorean Motor Co., 755 F.2d 1223, 1229 (6th Cir. 1985).
The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing entitlement to the extraordinary remedy of a temporary
restraining order. See Jones v. Caruso, 569 F.3d 258, 265 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).
While no single factor is determinative, “a finding that there is simply no likelihood of success
on the merits is usually fatal.” Gonzales v. Nat'l Bd. of Med. Examiners, 225 F.3d 620, 625 (6th Cir.
2000). In addition, in the context of a temporary restraining order, there is emphasis on consideration

of irreparable harm in order to preserve the status quo. See Just Funky, LLC v. Boom Trendz, LLC,
2021 WL 2635377 at * 2 (N.D. Ohio June 25, 2021); Procter & Gamble Co. v. Bankers Trust Co.,
78 F.3d 219, 226 (6th Cir. 1996) (“[T]he purpose of a TRO under Rule 65 is to preserve the status
quo so that a reasoned resolution of a dispute may be had.”). Indeed, the Sixth Circuit recently
explained that the irreparable harm factor is dispositive and, therefore, a district court is “well within
its province” when it denies emergency injunctive relief based solely on the lack of an irreparable

11
injury. See D.T. v. Sumner County Schools, 942 F.3d 324, 326-327 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting S. Milk
Sales, Inc. v. Martin, 924 F.2d 98, 103 (6th Cir. 1991)).
Finally, because the purpose of a temporary restraining order is simply to preserve the status
quo, the Court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law are not conclusive for later proceedings. See
Rover Pipeline, LLC v. Zwick, 2019 WL 5632514 at * 1 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 31, 2019); Women’s Med.
Prof'l Corp. v. Baird, 2008 WL 545015 at *1 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 27, 2008).

IV. Analysis
In his Emergency Motion, Noakes seeks an Order prohibiting Defendants from (1)
“intimidating, threatening, coercing, harassing, or discriminating against [him] because he has made
a report or complaint, testified, assisted, or participated or refused to participate in any manner in an
investigation, proceeding, or hearing under any CWRU Policy adopted pursuant to Title IX;” and (2)
pursuing any investigation or disciplinary actions against John Noakes related to the events described
in the September 21, 2021 letter. (Doc. No. 10 at p. 2.) Defendants oppose the Motion, arguing that
all four of the Rule 65 factors weigh heavily against the granting of emergency injunctive relief.
(Doc. No. 16.)
A. Likelihood of Success on the Merits

Noakes argues that he has a strong likelihood of success on the merits with respect to his Title
IX retaliation claim.9 Title IX provides that: “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of
sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination
under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a).

9 Noakes does not argue that he is likely to succeed on the merits of his Title IX deliberate indifference and/or breach of
contract claims and, therefore, the Court does not consider the Rule 65 factors in the context of those claims.
12
Though the statute contains no express private right of action, the Supreme Court has held that
individuals may sue funding recipients for violating Title IX. See Jackson v. Birmingham Bd. of
Educ., 544 U.S. 167, 173 (2005) (collecting cases). The Supreme Court has further held that this
implied right of action includes retaliation claims, explaining that “when a funding recipient retaliates
against a person because he complains of sex discrimination, this constitutes intentional
‘discrimination’ ‘on the basis of sex,’ in violation of Title IX.” Id. at 174.

In several recent decisions, the Sixth Circuit has analogized Title IX retaliation claims to Title
VII retaliation claims. See Bose v. Bea, 947 F.3d 983, 988 (6th Cir. 2020); Gordon v. Traverse City
Area Pub. Schs., 686 Fed. Appx 315, 320 (6th Cir. 2017); Fuhr v. Hazel Park Sch. Dist., 710 F.3d
668, 673 (6th Cir. 2013), abrogated on other grounds by Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570
U.S. 338 (2013); Nelson v. Christian Bros. Univ., 226 Fed. Appx 448, 454 (6th Cir. 2007)
(“Generally, the courts have looked to Title VII as an analog for the legal standards in both Title IX
discrimination and retaliation claims.”) See also Doe v. Belmont University, 367 F.Supp.3d 732, 756
(M.D. Tenn. 2019); Goldblum v. University of Cincinnati, 415 F.Supp.3d 799, 803-803 (S.D. Ohio
2019).
Thus, like a Title VII retaliation claim, a Title IX retaliation claim can be established either

through direct evidence of retaliation or circumstantial evidence that would support an inference of
retaliation. See Belmont University, 367 F.Supp.3d at 756 (citing Spengler v. Worthington Cylinders,
615 F.3d 481, 491 (6th Cir. 2010)). Where, as here, a plaintiff relies on indirect (i.e., circumstantial)
evidence,10 the familiar McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework applies. See Gordon, 686

10 In his Emergency Motion for TRO, Noakes does not clearly state whether he is relying on direct or circumstantial
evidence of retaliation. The Court construes Noakes’ Motion as relying on circumstantial evidence for the following
reasons. In his Motion, Noakes incorporates the elements of a prima facie case of retaliation, which implies the burden-
13
Fed. Appx. at 319-320; Belmont University, 367 F.Supp.3d at 756. Under that framework, to establish
a prima facie case of retaliation, a Title IX plaintiff must show “that (1) he engaged in protected
activity, (2) [the funding recipient] knew of the protected activity, (3) he suffered an adverse school-
related action, and (4) a causal connection exists between the protected activity and the adverse
action.” Bose, 947 F.3d at 988. See also Gordon, 686 Fed. Appx at 320. If a plaintiff succeeds, the
defendant may rebut that presumption by “articulating some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for

its action.” Gordon, 686 Fed. Appx. at 320. See also Belmont University, 367 F.Supp.3d at 756.
Should the defendant do so, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to undermine the defendant's
proffered reason as pretextual. See Gordon, 686 Fed. Appx. at 320; Belmont University, 367
F.Supp.3d at 756.
Here, Defendants do not dispute that Noakes can establish the first and second elements of
his prima facie case. The parties do, however, dispute the third element, i.e., whether Noakes is likely
to succeed in demonstrating that he has suffered an adverse action. “To qualify as ‘adverse,’ an
educational action must be sufficiently severe to dissuade a ‘reasonable person’ from engaging in the
protected activity.” Gordon, 686 Fed. Appx. at 320 (quoting Burlington North. & Santa Fe Ry. Co.
v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006) and Lucero v. Nettle Creek Sch. Corp., 566 F.3d 720, 728–29 (7th

Cir. 2009) (applying Burlington Northern’s “adverse action” standard to a Title IX retaliation claim)).
Noakes argues that the September 21, 2021 letter advising him that CWRU will be conducting
a Title IX investigation into his responsibility, if any, for the Tumblr website (hereinafter “the Tumblr
investigation”) constitutes an “adverse action.” (Doc. No. 10 at p. 5.) Noakes maintains that “the

shifting framework set forth in McDonnel-Douglas. (Doc. No. 10 at p. 4 incorporating Doc. No. 2 at p. 9.) Further, in
a footnote, Noakes argues that CWRU’s “new investigation is clearly pre-textual,” again indicating that he is applying
the burden shifting framework associated with retaliation claims based on circumstantial evidence. (Doc. No. 10 at fn 1.)
14
fact of a Title IX investigation- by itself, regardless of the outcome – damages a student’s reputation
and is likely to deter other students from criticizing the CWRU Title IX process.”11 (Id.) Defendants
maintain that the September 21, 2021 letter does not constitute an “adverse action” because “[t]he
investigation has not yet begun, no hearing has been set, and no findings have been made.” (Doc.
No. 16 at p. 10.)
Noakes cites no binding authority (either in his Emergency Motion for TRO or his Motion for

Preliminary Injunction) that Defendants’ commencement of an investigation regarding the Tumblr
website, standing alone, is sufficient to constitute an “adverse action” for purposes of his Title IX
retaliation claim. The Court notes that, in the context of a Title VII retaliation claim, the Sixth Circuit
found in an unreported decision that “mere investigations by an employer do not constitute an adverse
employment action.” Bivins v. U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co., 48 Fed. Appx. 570, 572 (6th Cir. 2002).
See also Keeton v. Morningstar, Inc., 667 F.3d 877, 886 (7th Cir. 2012) (finding that “no adverse
action of any kind was taken against Keeton as a result of the investigation and the investigation itself
was not an adverse action”). Rather, the determination of whether an alleged retaliatory action can
be considered materially adverse “will often depend on the circumstances.” Burlington Northern and
Santa Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. at 68 (interpreting Title VII anti-retaliation provision). See also Lester v.

11 In support of this argument, Noakes relies on the affidavit of Dr. Firouz Daneshgari, who is a Professor of
Surgery/Urology at the School of Medicine and the 3rd Chairman of the Department of Urology at University Hospitals
Case Medical Center. (Doc. No. 2-2.) Among other things, Dr. Daneshgari avers that: “The threat of being forced to
appear before the COS is likely to deter CWRU students from complaining about the CWRU Title IX process, defending
themselves in a Title IX process, or challenging retaliatory actions. Medical students are very concerned with maintaining
good relations with professors and administrators in order to preserve the chance for placement in top residency programs.
Few students are likely to risk doing anything that might result in a review by the COS, as such a review could result in
adverse sanctions ranging from counseling to expulsion.” (Id. at ¶ 8.) Noakes also relies on the Affidavits of three fellow
medical students, each of whom aver that being subjected to investigation, and the threat of being forced to appear before
the COS, has a chilling effect and is likely to deter other CWRU students from complaining about the CWRU’s Title IX
process. (Doc. Nos. 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5.)
15
City of Kalamazoo, 746 F.3d 714, 732 (6th Cir. 2014); Revennaugh v. United States Postal Service,
2019 WL 4674250 at * 9 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 25, 2019). As both the Supreme Court and the Sixth
Circuit have noted, “context matters.” See Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Ry. Co., 548 U.S. at
68; Lester, 746 F.3d at 732.
Here, the Court finds that, for purposes of these expedited proceedings, Noakes has not carried
his heavy burden of showing that the mere commencement of a Title IX investigation is sufficiently

severe to dissuade a “reasonable person” from engaging in protected activity. This issue is likely to
be both factually and legally contested as these proceedings continue, with both sides presenting
evidence and argument regarding whether a reasonable medical student would be dissuaded from
engaging in Title IX protected activity under the circumstances presented. While Noakes has
submitted some limited evidentiary material in support of his position, the Court finds that the
affidavits attached to his Motion for Preliminary Injunction, standing alone, are insufficient at this
time to establish a substantial likelihood that he will prevail on the merits of this element of his prima
facie case.
Moreover, even assuming arguendo that Noakes had sufficiently established that the Tumblr
website investigation constitutes an “adverse action,” the Court finds that he has failed to establish a

substantial likelihood that he will successfully demonstrate a causal connection between his protected
activity and that investigation. Noakes argues that this element of his prima facie case is met because
(1) the September 21, 2021 letter advising him of the commencement of the Tumblr website
investigation was sent “within a week of the filing of this lawsuit;” and (2) he has provided
“significant evidence of retaliatory intent.” (Doc. No. 10 at pp. 5-6.) Defendants argue that there is
no causal connection because (1) Ms. Lutner was not involved in the prior Title IX proceedings

16
involving Noakes and Roe; (2) she made the decision to commence the Tumblr investigation on
September 14, 2021, one day prior to the filing of the instant lawsuit; and (3) at the time she made
the decision to commence the investigation, she was not aware that Noakes planned to file the instant
lawsuit. (Doc. No. 16 at p. 11; Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶¶ 5, 10, 13.)
In the context of a Title VII retaliation claim, the Sixth Circuit has held that, “[i]n some
circumstances, an inference of causation may arise solely from the closeness in time between the

point at which an employer learns of an employee's protected activity and the point at which it takes
an adverse action against that employee.” Kirilenko-Ison v. Board of Education of Danville
Independent Schools, 974 F.3d 652, 664 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing Weigel v. Baptist Hosp. of East
Tennessee, 302 F.3d 367, 381 (6th Cir. 2002)). Here, the Court finds, based on the record before it
at this time, that Noakes has not sufficiently demonstrated that he is likely to succeed in showing that
the particular circumstances herein support an inference of causation based solely on the timing of
the September 21, 2021 letter. As noted above, Ms. Lutner submitted an Affidavit attesting that Roe
complained about the content of the Tumblr website on September 7 and 10, 2021, several days prior
to the filing of the instant lawsuit on September 15, 2021. (Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶ 7.) Ms. Lutner further
avers that she made the decision to initiate an investigation before Noakes filed the instant lawsuit

and without knowledge of his intent to do so. (Id. at ¶¶ 10, 13.) In light of the disputed factual issues
relating to this element, the Court finds that Noakes has not carried his heavy burden of showing, at
this time, that he is likely to succeed in establishing an inference of causation based on temporal
proximity alone.
Finally, the Court notes that, even if Noakes had established a likelihood of success on the
merits as to his prima facie case, the burden would then shift back to Defendants to rebut that

17
presumption by “articulating some legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action.” Gordon, 686
Fed. Appx. at 320. See also Belmont University, 367 F.Supp.3d at 756. Should Defendants do so,
the burden would then shift back to Noakes to show pretext. See Gordon, 686 Fed. Appx. at 320;
Belmont University, 367 F.Supp.3d at 756.
Noakes has not sufficiently argued or demonstrated that he is likely to succeed on the merits
with respect to the remaining steps of this burden-shifting framework. Defendants have articulated

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons for their decision to commence an investigation into Noakes’
involvement in the Tumblr website, including that (1) CWRU is required under Title IX to investigate
Roe’s complaint of retaliation; and (2) CWRU had a reasonable basis to initiate the investigation
based on Ms. Lutner’s conclusion that “[t]he posts … disclosed details only accessible to Plaintiff.”12
(Doc. No. 16 at p. 8; Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶ 7.) Noakes argues, summarily and in a footnote that, “[t]his
investigation is clearly pre-textual” because it “includes trumped-up charges that John Noakes shared
information about the Title IX process and his relationship with Jane Roe – even though no CWRU
policy or procedure requires John Noakes to keep this information confidential.” (Doc. No. 10 at fn
1.)
Whether Defendants have legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons to commence the Tumblr

investigation, and whether Noakes can demonstrate that those reasons are pretextual, are clearly
contested issues of fact. The Court is unable to decide such strongly contested, fact-intensive issues

12 According to Ms. Lutner, these details include the following: “screenshots originated from Plaintiff’s phone depicting
text messages between Plaintiff and Ms. Roe, information regarding Plaintiff’s private discussions with his mother, a
description of how ‘people have looked at him prompt[ing] him to go to his top secret anxiety attack bathroom,’ details
about ‘his first sleep paralysis episode,’ specific details about Plaintiff’s involvement in the Title IX proceedings and how
it affected Plaintiff from his perspective, communications between Plaintiff and the Office of Equity, communications
between Plaintiff and the School of Medicine administrators, a description of how Plaintiff feels in class while interacting
with others, and how Ms. Roe and other apparently look at Plaintiff when walking down the stairs.” (Doc. No. 16-1 at ¶
7.)
18
on the basis of the limited briefing and evidence submitted in connection with Noakes’ Emergency
Motion for TRO. In light of the controverted facts, the Court finds that Noakes has not shown a
substantial likelihood of success on the merits of his Title IX retaliation claim.
Accordingly, this factor weighs against the granting of a TRO.
B. Irreparable Harm
The second factor in weighing whether to grant a preliminary injunction is whether the movant

would suffer irreparable injury without an injunction. The key word in determining the extent of an
injury sufficient to support the award of injunctive relief is “irreparable.” Michigan Coalition of
Radioactive Material Users, Inc. v. Griepentrog, 945 F.2d 150, 154 (6th Cir. 1991). Mere injuries,
however substantial, are not enough. Id. Rather, “the harm alleged must be both certain and
immediate, rather than speculative or theoretical.” Id. See also D.T. v. Sumner County Schools, 942
F.3d 324, 327 (6th Cir. 2019) (“To merit a preliminary injunction, an injury ‘must be both certain and
immediate,’ not ‘speculative or theoretical.’”) (quoting Griepentrog, 945 F.2d at 154); Abney v.
Amgen, Inc., 443 F.3d 540, 552 (6th Cir. 2006) (finding that, to demonstrate irreparable harm, the
movant must show that he “will suffer actual and imminent harm rather than harm that is speculative
or unsubstantiated.”); Roe v. Director, Miami University, Office of Community Standards, 2019 WL

1439585 at * 8 (S.D. Ohio April 1, 2019).
Here, relying on the affidavit of Dr. Daneshgari, Noakes argues that he will suffer irreparable
harm if Defendants are not restrained from continuing the Tumblr investigation because “[t]he
continued investigation and threat of discipline will damage his academic and professional
reputations, and may affect his ability to enroll at other institutions of higher education and to pursue
a career.” (Doc. No. 2 at p 15.) He further maintains that, if he is expelled, suspended, or otherwise

19
forced to take a leave of absence, he will suffer irreparable harm because it will disrupt his education
and create a “gap” in his academic record. (Id. at pp. 16-17.)
Defendants argue that Noakes cannot establish irreparable harm because CWRU has yet not
begun its investigation and “there is no evidence as to the potential outcome of the investigation.”
(Doc. No. 16 at p. 11.) Thus, Defendants maintain Noakes “has not and cannot make a clear showing
that he is in danger of imminent and irreparable harm, as he has not been damaged.” (Id.)

The Court agrees with Defendants. While the Sixth Circuit has found that a plaintiff’s
suspension may constitute irreparable harm, see Doe v. University of Cincinnati, 872 F.3d 393, 407
(6th Cir. 2017), no such disciplinary action has been imposed in this case. Indeed, it is undisputed
that CWRU is in the very early stages of its investigation and has made no findings of wrongdoing
or imposed any additional sanctions on Noakes at this time.13 Notably, there is no indication in the
record before this Court that Noakes has been barred from campus or that he has been restricted from
attending his classes and/or taking exams. Rather, Noakes’ concern is what might happen as a result
of the investigation into Roe’s complaint about the Tumblr website, i.e., that he might be found
responsible and might then be suspended, expelled, or subject to some other form of discipline that
might harm his academic reputation. At this time, however, the potential harms that Noakes fears are

speculative, as the investigation has not yet begun and no findings have been made. In fact, it is

13 The September 21, 2021 letter states, in pertinent part, that: “You are considered ‘not responsible’ for violating the
Sexual Harassment Policy unless and until a preponderance of the evidence proves that a violation of Policy has occurred.
The burden is on CWRU to gather evidence, investigate the allegations, follow the applicable procedures and make a
fact-based determination, subject to appeal. No determination of responsibility will be made until the conclusion of the
process and after the parties have been given an opportunity to inspect, review, and respond to all directly related and/or
relevant evidence obtained by CWRU.” (Doc. No. 10-1 at PageID# 312.)
20
possible that (as happened after the Title IX investigation of Roe’s sexual assault complaint),
CWRU’s investigation will conclude that Noakes is not responsible and clear him of any wrongdoing.
Faced with similar situations, courts have found that plaintiffs failed to show irreparable harm.
See Doe v. University of Chicago, 2017 WL 818859 at * 4-5 (N.D. Ill. March 2, 2017) (finding no
irreparable harm to plaintiff’s reputation and educational opportunities where “[t]he University has
only recently begun its processing of the complaints”); Jackson v. Macalester College, 169 F. Supp.

3d 918 (D. Minn. 2016) (denying student's motion to restrain college from conducting any
investigation or disciplinary proceeding for, among other things, lack of irreparable harm); Doe v.
Ohio State Univ., 136 F. Supp. 3d 854 (S.D. Ohio 2016) (same).
As noted above, “[t]o merit a preliminary injunction, an injury ‘must be both certain and
immediate,’ not ‘speculative or theoretical.’” D.T., 942 F.3d at 327 (quoting Griepentrog, 945 F.2d
at 154). Here, Noakes has failed to demonstrate that he will suffer certain and immediate harm if
Defendants are not enjoined from conducting an investigation into Roe’s complaint regarding the
Tumblr website.14 Accordingly, and for all the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that Noakes
has failed to demonstrate he will suffer irreparable harm. This factor weighs against granting a TRO.

14 For this reason, the cases cited by Noakes in his Motion for Preliminary Injunction in support of his argument regarding
irreparable harm are distinguishable because, in each of those cases, disciplinary sanctions had already been imposed at
the time the plaintiffs filed for emergency injunctive relief. See, e.g., Doe v. Middlebury College, 2015 U.S. Dist. Lexis
124540 (D. Vt. Sept. 16, 2015) (finding irreparable harm where plaintiff had been expelled and prevented from attending
courses); Doe v. Rector & Visitors, 2019 U. S. Dist. Lexis 108990 (W.D. Va. June 28, 2019) (finding irreparable harm
where plaintiff’s degree was withheld pending disciplinary hearing); Noakes v. Miami University, 2017 U.S. Dist. Lexis
136880 (S.D. Ohio August 25, 2017) (finding irreparable harm where plaintiff had been suspended for two years); Ritter
v. Oklahoma, 2016 U.S. Dist. Lexis 60193 (W.D. Ok. May 6, 2016) (finding irreparable harm where plaintiff had been
expelled); Doe v Pa. State University, 276 F.Supp.3d 300 (M.D. Pa. 2017) (finding irreparable harm where plaintiff had
been suspended for two years); Roe v. Adams-Gaston, 2018 U.S. Dist. Lexis 185697 (S.D. Ohio April 17, 2018) (finding
irreparable harm where plaintiff had been expelled); Doe v. Rhodes College, 2016 U.S. Dist. Lexis 201165 (W.D. Tenn.
Oct. 25, 2016) (same).
21
Having found that Noakes has failed to demonstrate either a likelihood of success on the
merits or irreparable harm, the Court need not consider the remaining factors under Fed. R. Civ. P.
65. See D.T., 942 F.3d at 327 (“Was the district court wrong to stop the inquiry after finding no
irreparable injury? No. When one factor is dispositive, a district court need not consider the others.
And, as discussed above, this factor is dispositive; a plaintiff must present the existence of an
irreparable injury to get a preliminary injunction. Thus, a district court is ‘well within its province’

when it denies a preliminary injunction based solely on the lack of an irreparable injury.”) (internal
citations omitted). See also McBride v. Michigan Dep’t of Corrections, 2020 WL 3723407 at * 4
(E.D. Mich. May 26, 2020) (noting that “a district court need not address all the preliminary
injunction factors where fewer are dispositive of the issue”); Rover Pipeline, LLC v. Zwick, 2019 WL
5632514 at * 1 (S.D. Ohio Oct. 31, 2019) (noting that “although some courts would examine the four
factors required for issuance of a preliminary injunction, a focus on the irreparability and immediacy
of harm is all that is required”) (quoting ApplianceSmart, Inc. v. DeMatteo, 2018 WL 6727094, at *2
(S.D. Ohio 12/21/18)).
III. Conclusion
For all the reasons set forth above, Plaintiff’s Emergency Motion for Temporary Restraining

Order (Doc. No. 10) is DENIED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Pamela A. Barker
PAMELA A. BARKER
Date: September 28, 2021 U. S. DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10370010. Public record. Not legal advice.