# Stephens v. National City Corporation

> District Court, N.D. Ohio · January 28, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10368010

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Ohio
- **Decided:** January 28, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10368010

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that a district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims once it has dismissed all claims over which it possessed original jurisdiction
- affirming dismissal of claims asserted in federal court resting on premise that state foreclosure judgment was invalid

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
-------------------------------------------------------
:
LENORA STEPHENS, : CASE NO. 1:19CV00784
:
Plaintiff, :
:
vs. : OPINION & ORDER
:
: [Resolving Docs. 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 12,
: 13, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
: 30, 33]
:
NATIONAL CITY CORP., et al., :
:
Defendants. :
:
-------------------------------------------------------

JAMES S. GWIN, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE:

Plaintiff Lenora Stephens sues twenty-two defendants. In her complaint and
amended complaint, Stephens alleges that the defendants engaged in a RICO conspiracy
and violated numerous federal laws and her Constitutional right to due process in
connection with a foreclosure on certain real property located in Cumberland County,
North Carolina.
This case is dismissed for the reasons here described.
I. Background
A. Factual
Plaintiff’s complaint, amended complaint, and attachments,1 consist of hundreds of
pages. Briefly, this action arises from a foreclosure order given in 2007 by a North
Carolina state court. The North Carolina foreclosure judgment related to property owned
by Plaintiff in Fayetteville, North Carolina – 606 Country Club Dr. (the “Property”) – and
deal with legal proceedings leading up to the foreclosure. Plaintiff claims that the
defendants, including the North Carolina state court, title companies, banks, bank officers

and employees, law firms, lawyers, and the individual who purchased the Property after
the foreclosure, were involved in the alleged illegal foreclosure.
As background, in September 1998, Plaintiff owed a large debt to the IRS and
reached a settlement with the IRS that required Plaintiff Stephens pay $20,000.
To finance the $20,000 settlement payment, Stephens applied for a residential
mortgage loan with Chase Mortgage.2 Stephens received the $20,000 loan on October 28,
1998.3 Plaintiff failed to pay on the loan and the bank started foreclosure proceedings. In

1999 and while represented by an attorney, Plaintiff, filed a North Carolina state court
action for injunctive relief to stop the impending Property foreclosure and also sought relief
in North Carolina federal bankruptcy court.4

1 Plaintiff attaches voluminous materials to her pleadings, which are considered a part thereof. Fed. R. Civ. P.
10(c). The Court may consider these attachments, as well as matters of public record, in ruling on
defendants’ motions to dismiss without converting the motions to summary judgment.
s, 194 F.3d 737, 745 (6th Cir. 1999) (abrogated on other grounds); 5B Wright & Miller,
§ 1357.
2 Doc. 1-1 at 39-40; Doc. 4-1 ¶ 16.
3 Doc. 1-1 at 40.
4 at 42, 65-78.
But Plaintiff’s efforts to prevent the Property foreclosure failed and in 2007 the
Property was sold in foreclosure. After Plaintiff’s “eight-year battle with illegal activity in
the banking industry criminal enterprise as well as the lawyer’s continuing illegal
enterprise.”5
Plaintiff sues in federal court in the Northern District of Ohio, allegedly because she
“has not and cannot get fair representation in the State of [North Carolina].”6 Plaintiff sues
defendants National City Corporation, Peter Raskind, Rebecca Brown, Laura Cauper, PNC
Financial Services Group, William Demchak, Jim Rohr, Provident Financial Group,

Christopher Carey, Hutchens Law Firm, John Britton, Britton Law, Substitute Trustee
Services, Terry Hutchens, Phillip Heller, North Carolina Cumberland County Court, Garris
Neil Yarborough, Yarborough Law Firm, Law Firm of Brooks Pierce McLendon Humphrey
and Leonard, Robert King III, H. Mitchell Colvin, Jr., and McGriff Insurance Services. She
says all were involved in the arguably illegal foreclosure.
Plaintiff claims nine causes of action regarding the events surrounding the
foreclosure on the Property. Stephens alleges violations of various federal laws including

RICO, TILA, and RESPA, and the United States Constitution.7 For relief, which Plaintiff
characterizes as a tenth cause of action, she asks this Court to “award Plaintiff quiet title” in
the Property and/or monetary damages.
B. Procedural

5 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 143.
6 ¶ 2.
7 ¶¶ 205-213.
Multiple Defendants filed motions to dismiss on various grounds - lack of personal
jurisdiction pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2), lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant
to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), and failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted
pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).8
Plaintiff has also filed multiple motions. On June 5,9 June 6,10 July 3,11 and July
24,12 Plaintiff sought leave for extensions of time to respond to defendants’ motions13 and
to further amend her Complaint. Plaintiff also moves for default judgment against various
Defendants,14 for leave to file electronically,15 and for leave to submit proof of service.16

II. Discussion

A. Jurisdiction

8 Doc. 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, 25.
9 Doc. 23.
10 Doc. 26.
11 Doc. 30.
12 Doc. 33.
13 Plaintiff’s pending motions for more time were filed after the Court granted her motion for an extension of
time to respond to defendants’ motions to dismiss (Doc. 17) by Non-document order of June 5, 2019. With
respect to Plaintiff’s multiple pending motions for more time, while the Court did not rule, the motions were
granted in practical effect as she had the time she requested, and more, before the Court took action on
defendants’ motions to dismiss. But despite ample additional time, as of the date of this Opinion and Order
Plaintiff has not responded to defendants’ motions. , No. 2:10-CV-352, 2014 WL
1923349, at *1 (S.D. Ohio May 14, 2014), No. 2:10-CV-352, 2014 WL
2968685 (S.D. Ohio July 1, 2014) (“The Court has not ruled on that motion [for an extension of time], but Mr.
Brown has made no effort to file a response even though six months have passed since his last request for an
extension. The Court will proceed to analyze the [defendants’] motion [for summary judgment] on the basis of
the present record.”).

Embedded in one of Plaintiff’s motions is a request for an indefinite stay so she can “decide what route to go
in proceeding forward with this case” and to address “threshold matters” and reduce the content of the
complaint to define with specific particularity what I am asking the Court to grant.” Doc. 33 at 6,18-19.
Plaintiff has chosen to proceed and it is her obligation to diligently pursue her case. Moreover, an
indefinite delay in this case involving events which occurred more than a decade ago would prejudice
defendants. Plaintiff’s motion for an indefinite stay is not legally warranted and is denied.
14 Doc. 22.
15 Doc. 3.
16 Doc. 19.
Plaintiff brings this action pursuant to the Court’s diversity jurisdiction.17 As the
party filing this action in federal court, it is Plaintiff’s burden to establish the Court’s
authority to hear this case.18 Federal jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 requires
complete diversity and an amount in controversy exceeding $75,000.00.19 To establish
diversity, Plaintiff must show that she is a citizen of one state and defendants are all
citizens of other states.
With respect to the individual defendants, “[c]itizen and its variant citizenship have
acquired a particular meaning in our law as being equivalent to domicile.”20 “In elemental

terms, domicile consists of (1) residence and (2) an intent to remain there.”21 One’s
domicile is the “true, fixed, and permanent home .... [and] the place to which [one] returns
whenever he [or she] is absent.”22 “An individual ... may have several residences, but only
one domicile.”23 A corporation is a citizen of any State by which it has been incorporated
and is a citizen of the State where it has its principal place of business.24
Even with the benefit of liberal construction, Plaintiff has failed to allege enough
facts to establish subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. By way of

example, Plaintiff alleges that John Britton, Neil Yarborough, and Robert King are
“registered lawyers” in North Carolina “headquartered” at a North Carolina address.25

17 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 2.
18 , 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994) (collecting cases).
19 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1).
20 ., 842 F.3d 383, 389 (6th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted).
21 . at 390 (citation omitted).
22 , 30 F.3d 670, 672-73 (6th Cir. 1994).
23 . at 673.
24 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (c)(1).
25 Doc. 4-1 at 38, 41, 42.
Even if true, these allegations do not establish the citizenship of Britton, Yarborough, or
King, and the Court is not required to construct claims or to conjure factual allegations on
Plaintiff’s behalf.26 Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to allege facts which establish the Court’s
jurisdiction on the basis of 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
While Plaintiff does not invoke federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331
for jurisdiction, the complaint alleges violations of various federal laws and the United
States Constitution. The Court’s federal question jurisdiction is plain on the face of the
complaint. Therefore, in the spirit of liberal construction, the Court finds that it has federal

question jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
B. Standard of Review
Although pleadings are liberally construed and held to less stringent
standards than pleadings drafted by lawyers,27 plaintiffs are not exempt from the
requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.28 With respect to defendants’
motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, Plaintiff bears the burden of
establishing the Court’s personal jurisdiction.29

Rule 12(b)(1) motions for lack of subject matter jurisdiction can be facial or factual
attacks. A facial attack challenges the sufficiency of the pleading itself.30 When reviewing

26 , 775 F.2d 1274, 1278 (4th Cir. 1985); , 22 F. App’x
579, 580 (6th Cir. 2001) (“Although liberal construction requires active interpretation of the filings of a
litigant, ... it ... does not require a court to conjure allegations on a litigant’s behalf.”).
27 , 631 F.3d 380, 383 (6th Cir. 2011).
28 , 391 F.3d 710, 714 (6th Cir. 2004).
29 , 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991) (citation omitted).
30 , 15 F.3d 592, 598 (6th Cir. 1994).
a facial attack,31 the Court must take the allegations in the complaint as true, similar to the
standard of review applied to Rule 12(b)(6) motions.32 As the party bringing this action to
federal court, it is Plaintiff’s burden to establish the court’s federal subject matter
jurisdiction to survive a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) motion.33
Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), a complaint is subject to dismissal if it fails to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted. To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim, a complaint must present enough facts “to state a claim to relief that it is plausible
on its face” when all of its factual allegations are presumed true and all reasonable

inferences are drawn in the non-moving party’s favor.34
C. Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss are Granted

Multiple defendants have moved to dismiss this action pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(1) and (b)(6),35 arguing variously that Plaintiff lacks standing to assert claims under
federal criminal statutes, she cannot assert constitutional claims against private actors, her
claims are barred by the doctrines of and , and she fails to state
a plausible claim for relief.
1. Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Fourth Causes of Action Are
Dismissed.

31 “A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to is a facial attack of
a court’s subject matter jurisdiction.” , No. 5:19-CV-00011, 2019 WL
4934507, at *2 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 7, 2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
32 ., 922 F.2d 320, 325 (6th Cir. 1990).
33 , 895 F.2d 266, 269 (6th Cir. 1990); ,
215 F.3d 608, 611 (6th Cir. 2000).
34 , 552 F.3d 430, 434 (6th Cir.
2008).
35 Docs. 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, and 25.
Plaintiff’s claims in her first four causes of action consist of allegations that
defendants committed fraud and deceptive trade practices and violated RICO, RESPA,
TILA, HOEPA, and Regulation Z concerning the events surrounding the Property loan, state
court proceedings, and foreclosure of the Property. Plaintiff alleges that decisions, rulings,
and judgments by the state courts in North Carolina which resulted in the foreclosure are
the source of the injuries she claims in this action. For relief, she seeks statutory,
compensatory, and punitive damages, and asks the Court to award her quiet title to the
Property or award her treble damages based on today’s market value.36

If successful, Plaintiff’s claims for relief would require this Court to overrule final
North Carolina state court decisions concerning the Property loan and foreclosure of the
Property. The doctrine, however, precludes these claims.
The doctrine provides that lower federal courts do not have subject
matter jurisdiction to review the decisions of state courts.37 The doctrine
stops “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court

judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district
court review and rejection of those judgments.”38 “If the source of the injury is the state
court decision, then the doctrine would prevent the district court from
asserting jurisdiction.”39

36 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 214.
37 , Case No. 07-2359, 278 F. App’x 607, 2008 WL 2121008, at * 1
(6th Cir. May 20, 2008).
38 . (citing ., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005)).
39 , 451 F.3d 382, 393 (6th Cir. 2006).
At bottom, Plaintiff’s injuries arguably result from a series of decisions by the North
Carolina state courts rejecting Plaintiff’s arguments that the Property loan and foreclosure
were illegal. Indeed, Plaintiff repeatedly states in her complaint that the Property
foreclosure was illegal.40
In this case, Plaintiff challenges the outcome of the unfavorable state court rulings
that resulted in the foreclosure, and her claimed injuries.41 Plaintiff claims that the state
court was complicit in the illegal foreclosure on the Property.42
In order to grant Plaintiff the relief she seeks, the Court must ultimately reject the

state courts’ rulings and judgments in the foreclosure proceedings and related cases. This
Court may not exercise subject matter jurisdiction to do so. Only the United States
Supreme Court may perform what amounts to an appellate review of the North Carolina
state court rulings.43
Accordingly, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s First, Second,
Third, and Fourth causes of action. Defendants’ motions to dismiss are granted and

40 Plaintiff outlines the timeline of the various legal actions in North Carolina which resulted in the alleged
illegal foreclosure of the Property (Doc. 4-1 ¶ 150), including the following (among numerous other
references): . ¶ 7 (“The offenses commissioned through the courts entangled me and the courts in an illegal
foreclosure proceeding[.]”); . ¶ 44 (defendant Colvin obtained Plaintiff’s Property through an illegal
foreclosure proceeding); ¶ 46 (defendants’ acts forced Plaintiff into an illegal foreclosure proceeding); . ¶
55 (defendants transferred ownership of the Property after the completed illegal foreclosure); . ¶ 62
(defendants worked in concert to take Plaintiff’s home in an illegal foreclosure); ¶ 64 (defendants used the
machinery of the courts to perpetrate the illegal foreclosure on the Property); at 39 (“the end in Plaintiff’s
case was an illegal foreclosure”); at 53 (“Plaintiff had to file bankruptcy to stop that illegal foreclosure.”);
¶ 92 (defendants worked together in an illegal foreclosure executed by an Order of Assistant Clerk of
Court Barker to enforce a Power of Sale engaging the court as the criminal enterprise under the guise of
authority); ¶¶ 132-33 (Plaintiff filed motion to dismiss the illegal foreclosure); ¶ 176 (after a 9-year
brutal battle that Plaintiff sought to save her home, defendants finally succeeded in executing an illegal
foreclosure).
41 . Doc. 4-1 at 48 (defendant Britton in pre-foreclosure hearing before the assistant clerk of court
declared the rescission void in order to seek an Order for Power of Sale of the Property).
42 . at 46 (assistant clerk of the Cumberland County Court was part of the illegal Property
foreclosure).
43 531 F.3d 364, 368 (6th Cir. 2008).
Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Fourth causes of action are dismissed as to all
defendants.44

Even if all of Plaintiff’s claims in her first four causes of action are not barred by the
doctrine, they are barred by . provides that “a
final judgment on the merits of an action precludes the parties or their privies from re-
litigating issues that were or could have been raised in a prior action.”45 In deciding
whether res judicata stops a collateral challenge to the state court foreclosure judgment,

this Court must apply the state law where the prior judgment was rendered to determine if,
and to what extent, the prior judgment should be given res judicata effect.46 Federal courts
must give the same preclusive effect to a state court judgment as that judgment would
receive in the state in which it was rendered.47 Because the state court actions took place
in North Carolina, the Court applies North Carolina law to determine the preclusive effect
of the North Carolina state court judgments.
Following North Carolina law, “[u]nder the doctrine of claim preclusion, or

a final judgment on the merits in a prior action in a court of competent

44 , No. 1:18 CV 1182, 2018 WL 4701601, at *2 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 1,
2018) (“In effect, the relief [Plaintiff] seeks requires the Court to overturn the Florida court’s judgement of
foreclosure.”) (citing ., 161 F. App’x 487, 490 (6th Cir. 2005)
(affirming dismissal of claims asserted in federal court resting on premise that state foreclosure judgment was
invalid)).
45 , 709 F.3d 631, 638 (6th Cir. 2013).
46 201 F.3d 693, 703 (6th Cir. 1999).
47 28 U.S.C. § 1738.
jurisdiction precludes the parties or their privies from relitigating issues that were or could
have been raised in that action.”48
In this case, in addition to defending the North Carolina foreclosure action, Plaintiff
initiated actions both in North Carolina state court and bankruptcy court to forestall
foreclosure of the Property.49 Indeed, Plaintiff alleges that she brought her RICO claims to
“5 different authorities,” including state court and federal court.50 Moreover, Plaintiff
actually incorporates the claims from the North Carolina state court action that she used to
fight the Property foreclosure into the instant action “as evidence of the original allegations

of violations named in the First Cause of Action to continue in every cause listed
herein[.]”51
Plaintiff’s claims here arise out of the same foreclosure events Stephens challenged
in the foreclosure action, and in the North Carolina state court and federal bankruptcy

48 , 169 F. Supp. 2d 456, 462 (M.D.N.C. 2001) (citing
349 S.E.2d 552, 556 (1986)); , 698 S.E.2d 556 (2010) (“In determining
whether there is an identity of the causes of action in both the earlier and the later suit, this Court has held
that “[s]trict identity of issues ... is not absolutely required[;]” “the doctrine of ... [also] appl[ies] to
those issues which in the prior action.”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting
496 S.E.2d 607, 610 (1998)).
49 Doc. 4-1 ¶¶ 68, 178; Doc. 1-1 at 85-86 (North Carolina Superior Court finding that Plaintiff
failed to establish any legal or equitable reason why Provident Bank is not entitled to proceed with the
foreclosure of the Property and denying Plaintiff’s motion for injunctive relief).
50 . at 123.
51 . ¶ 205; ¶ 68 (Plaintiff’s original State Case Action, 99 CVS 3201, filed May 6, 1999 by
Plaintiff’s counsel of record, is incorporated by reference in this action “as stated evidence of the original
offenses commissioned.”); . ¶ 178 (Plaintiff filed state court action in the Cumberland County Court and
adversary proceeding in Federal Bankruptcy concerning the Property foreclosure, and defendants’ acts of
fraud, extortion, and deceptive trade practices are “[p]leaded and stated by reference in the allegations and
statements of [Plaintiff’s state action] to be incorporated in their entirety as factual allegations [in this case].”).
actions more than a decade ago. But, Plaintiff’s various foreclosure arguments52 were
unsuccessful.53
In sum, Plaintiff here argues that the Property foreclosure was illegal because the
foreclosing defendants did not have a valid and enforceable claim to the Property and
committed fraud to achieve the foreclosure. These are the same arguments Plaintiff made,
or could have made, in the North Carolina foreclosure action or the North Carolina state
court action and federal bankruptcy action she filed a decade ago in her challenge the
Property foreclosure. These proceedings involved some the same defendants, or their

employees, agents, or predecessors, that she sues here. Plaintiff cannot relitigate the issues
and claims made in the North Carolina cases or claims that she could have litigated in
those North Carolina state court actions.
Accordingly, Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Fourth causes of action that are not
barred by are barred by . Defendants’ motions to dismiss are
granted and Plaintiff’s First, Second, Third, and Fourth causes of action are dismissed as to
all Defendants.

52 Doc. 4-1 at 29, 32, 125-26; Doc. 1-1 at 38-48 n.4 (federal bankruptcy court denied Plaintiff’s
motion in adversary proceeding against Provident (among other defendants) for a preliminary injunction to
prevent foreclosure on the Property noting that she has an adequate remedy at law: “While Plaintiff has
sought the remedy of rescission, the mortgage contracts could only be rescinded upon Plaintiff’s returning the
principal amount borrowed. As Plaintiff is unable or unwilling to dos so, rescission is not an available
remedy.”).
53 In the Complaint, Plaintiff points to the Supreme Court’s 2015 decision in
, 574 U.S. 259 (2015). Doc. 4-1 ¶ 110. She claims enabled her to file this “Final
Complaint for Justice” in 2019. . ¶ 111. But does not change the preclusive effect of North
Carolina state court proceedings in which Plaintiff argued that the foreclosure of the Property was illegal for
multiple reasons, including rescission. , 651 F. App’x 332, 343-44 (6th
Cir. 2016); , No. 17-2230, 2018 WL 1756634, at
*3 (6th Cir. Mar. 19, 2018) (“Morton’s reassertion of the allegations underlying his TILA claim is unavailing
because the claim is barred by , as set forth above. Morton’s argument that the district court
erroneously rejected the significance of the Supreme Court’s decision in [ ] is misplaced.”),
, 139 S. Ct. 2679, 204 L. Ed. 2d 1071 (2019);.
2. Plaintiff’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Causes of Action Are Dismissed.
In causes of action 5-7, Plaintiff alleges that defendants violated various criminal
statutes. “It is well settled that unless specifically provided for, federal criminal statutes
rarely create private rights of action.”54 The fact that a federal statute has been violated and
does not automatically give rise to a private cause of action for the person allegedly
harmed.55 The Supreme Court has “rarely implied a private right of action under a criminal
statute.”56 In the absence of a private right of action under a criminal statute, this Court
lacks jurisdiction over such causes of action.57

In her Fifth cause of action,58 Plaintiff alleges bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. §
1344. In her Sixth cause of action,59 Plaintiff alleges common law fraud, inducement, and
fraud upon the court “to include violations of” 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343, 1344, and 1346.
In her Seventh cause of action,60 Plaintiff alleges a retaliation claim under 18 U.S.C. §
1513. These criminal statutes do not create private rights of action.61

54 , 374 F. Supp. 2d 523, 528 (E.D. Ky. 2005) (citing
355 U.S. 967 (1958)).
55 . (citing 442 U.S. 560 (1979)).
56 . (citing Chrysler v. Brown 441 U.S. 281, 316 (1979)).
57 (citation omitted).
58 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 209.
59 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 210.
60 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 211.
61 374 F. Supp. at 528-29 (no cognizable civil cause of action under 18 U.S.C. §§ 1344);
, No. 1:18-CV-234-TRM-SKL, 2018 WL 7917072, at *5 (E.D. Tenn. Nov. 20, 2018) (“The Sixth
Circuit has also held 18 U.S.C. § 1341, which prohibits mail fraud, does not create a private right of action.”)
(citing No. 17-3919, 2018 WL 1176508, at *1 (6th Cir. Jan. 30, 2018));
, No. 2:11-CV-02252-JTF-TM, 2014 WL 2433985, at *7 (W.D. Tenn. May 28, 2014) (No private right
of action exists under the wire fraud statute 18 U.S.C. § 1343.) (citing 11 F. App’x 387, 388
(6th Cir. 2001)); , No. 17-6242, 2018 WL 5311408, at *2 (6th Cir. July 2, 2018),
139 S. Ct. 1178 (2019) (affirming district court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s claims pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §
1346 (among other criminal statutes) for failure to state a claim because this criminal statute does not create a
private cause of action) (citations omitted); , No. 1-14-00087, 2015
WL 4459158, at *9 (M.D. Tenn. July 20, 2015) (dismissing plaintiff’s claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1513 because
there is no private right of action for violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1513) (citation omitted).
Only the Justice Department, not individuals, has the authority to prosecute
violations. Plaintiff does not have authority to bring a civil action against defendants for
alleged violations the criminal statutes alleged in her Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh cause of
action.62 Accordingly, this Court does not have subject matter jurisdiction63 over these
claims. Defendants’ motions to dismiss are granted and Plaintiff’s Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh
causes of action are dismissed as to all Defendants.
3. Plaintiff’s Eighth Cause of Action Is Dismissed.
In her Eighth cause of action,64 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants committed fraud

upon the state court in connection with the Property foreclosure proceedings in the North
Carolina state court. But Plaintiff may only maintain a fraud upon the court cause of action
in the court where the alleged fraud was committed.65
Accordingly, Defendants’ motions to dismiss are granted, and Plaintiff’s Eighth
cause of action is dismissed as to all Defendants.
4. Plaintiff’s Ninth Cause of Action Is Dismissed.

62 , 290 F. App’x 919, 921 (6th Cir. 2008) (Plaintiff lacks standing to raise claims under
criminal statutes that do not create a private cause of action.) (citing , 76 F. App'x
579, 581 (6th Cir. 2003)).
63 , No. 1:19CV00392, 2019 WL 4991644, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Oct. 7, 2019)
(“Plaintiff lacks standing to bring a claim under [the federal criminal statute] 18 U.S.C.A. § 2340A and, thus,
fails to establish the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction under the statute.”).
64 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 212.
65 , No. 17-6041, 2018 WL 4348063, at *4 (6th Cir. Mar. 15, 2018) (“[Plaintiff] cites no
authority to support his proposition that a claim of fraud upon the court can be used to recover damages in a
§ 1983 action for fraud alleged to have occurred in a prior proceeding.”) (citing
., 336 F. Supp. 2d 1239, 1272 (S.D. Fla. 2004) (holding that a plaintiff cannot
maintain “an independent action for damages [for fraud upon the court] in a court that is not the one in which
the alleged fraud was committed”), , 470 F.3d 1036 (11th Cir. 2006)).
In her Ninth cause of action,66 Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ illegal foreclosure of
the Property violated her Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. The Defendants for this
claim are lawyers, law firms, title companies, and other individuals.
A civil remedy for deprivation of an individual’s constitutional rights by a person
acting under color of state law is available through 42 U.S.C. § 1983.67 But “there is no
constitutional right to be free from harm inflicted by private actors.”68 Even with the
benefit of liberal construction, there are no allegation in the complaint for the Court to
reasonably infer that the alleged actions of these Defendants are “fairly attributable” to the

State.69 Accordingly, Plaintiff fails to state a plausible claim upon which relief may be
granted. Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted and Plaintiff’s Ninth cause of action is
dismissed as to all Defendants.
For all of the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule
12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6)70 are granted and Plaintiff’s complaint is dismissed in its entirety
against all Defendants.71

66 Doc. 4-1 ¶ 213.
67 , 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988).
68 , 475 F. App’x 563, 566 (6th Cir. 2012) (“A due process claim lies only against a
governmental defendant.”) (citations omitted).
69 , 122 F. App’x 219, 222 (6th Cir. 2005) (citing 457
U.S. 830, 838 (1982)).
70 Doc. 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, 25.
71 Defendant North Carolina Cumberland County Court is dismissed for the additional reason that the Court
lacks personal and subject matter jurisdiction over the Cumberland County Court, and it is not a “person”
subject to suit under § 1983 and is immune from suit. , No. 3:19-CV-389-
FDW, 2019 WL 4458872, at *2 (W.D.N.C. Sept. 17, 2019) (Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against Mecklenburg
County Court is dismissed because the county court is not a person and its personnel are immune from suit.)
(collecting cases). And to the extent that the Cumberland County Court is an entity of the State of North
Carolina, the Eleventh Amendment prohibits actions in federal court against a state unless the state has
consented to suit or unless Congress has lawfully abrogated the states' Eleventh Amendment immunity,
neither of which are the case here. , No. 3:10CV523-RJC, 2010 WL
4718397, at *1 (W.D.N.C. Nov. 15, 2010) (citing 352 F.3d 842, 844-45 (4th Cir. 2003));
, No. 5:03-CV-278-BO, 2007 WL 7766702, at *6 (E.D.N.C. Mar. 30, 2007)
(“Congress did not abrogate the states’ sovereign immunity in enacting § 1983.”) (citing 440
D. Plaintiff’s Motions to Amend are Denied
Plaintiff seeks to further amend her complaint to streamline her RICO and other
claims and to add a action. Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(2), a party
may amend its pleading with leave of the Court, which “should freely give leave when
justice so requires.” However, leave to amend may be denied where the amendment
would be futile because “the proposed amendment would not survive a motion to
dismiss.”72

U.S. 332, 340-45 (1979)); , No. 5:16-CV-00788-BR, 2018 WL 549430, at *3
(E.D.N.C. Jan. 24, 2018) (University of North Carolina cannot be sued in federal court under § 1983 because
the university is an alter ego of the State of North Carolina which has not waived its Eleventh Amendment
immunity) (collecting cases). Doc. 12.

Defendants Neil Yarborough, John Britton, Terry Hutchens, Hutchens Law Firm, Substitute Trustee Services,
Robert King, Law Firm of Brooks Pierce McLendon Humphrey and Leonard, and Mitchell Colvin, are
dismissed from this action for the additional reason that the Court lacks personal jurisdiction over these
defendants. Dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) is proper where the plaintiff’s factual allegations fail to
establish a case for personal jurisdiction. , 89 F.3d 1257, 1262 (6th
Cir. 1996). To make out a case for the Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over a defendant,
Plaintiff must establish “with reasonable particularity sufficient contacts between [defendants] and the forum
state to support jurisdiction.” 912 F.Supp.2d at 537–38 (some internal quotation
marks omitted)) (quoting 282 F.3d 883, 887 (6th Cir. 2002)
(further citation omitted)).

Whether a federal court’s jurisdiction arises under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 or 1332, Plaintiff must satisfy the forum
state's requirements for personal jurisdiction. ,
No. 4:08CV1337, 2008 WL 5725659, at *2 (N.D. Ohio July 30, 2008) (citations omitted). In Ohio, courts
exercise personal jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant if his conduct falls within one of the bases for
jurisdiction listed by the Ohio long-arm statute. 912
F.Supp.2d 531, 537–38 (N.D. Ohio 2012) (citing Ohio Rev.Code § 2307.382(A)) Because Ohio’s long-arm
statute is not coterminous with federal constitutional limits, Plaintiff must also show that the court’s exercise
of jurisdiction over the defendants comport with due process and, if either factor of this two-part analysis
fails, the Court cannot exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendants.
., 503 F.3d 544, 549 (6th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff’s allegations, taken as true and considered
in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, fail to establish a case for personal jurisdiction over any of
the Defendants moving for dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2). Doc. 9, 10, 18, 24, 25. Indeed, the
affidavits submitted by Defendants in support of their motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction,
considered in a light most favorable to Plaintiff, establish that they lack either the general or specific contacts
with the State of Ohio necessary to establish personal jurisdiction under Ohio’s long-arm statute ( Doc. 9-
1, Doc. 10-1, Doc. 18-2, Doc. 18-3, Doc. 24-3).
72 774 F.3d 351, 355 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing
. 203 F.3d 417, 420 (6th Cir. 2000) and
601 F.3d 505, 512 (6th Cir. 2010)).
With respect to Plaintiff’s motion to streamline her RICO and other claims, such an
amendment would not change the outcome of the Court’s analysis that such claims are
stopped by or for the above-stated reasons. Accordingly,
Plaintiff’s motions to amend to streamline her RICO and other claims are denied as futile.
With respect to Plaintiff’s motion seeking to make a claim, the False Claims
Act prohibits any person from making false or fraudulent claims for payment to the United
States.73 It is unclear how the subject matter of this lawsuit – residential foreclosure –
would involve the False Claims Act. That said, if Plaintiff were to amend the complaint to

assert claims that implicated the False Claims Act, such an amendment would be futile
because “courts that have considered the issue have uniformly held that relators may
not prosecute actions.”74 Thus, the Court “‘lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear
a action brought on behalf of the United States by a litigant.”75 Accordingly,
Plaintiff’s motion to amend is denied as futile because it would not survive a motion to
dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
E. Plaintiff’s Motion for Default Judgment is Denied.

Plaintiff moves for default judgment against certain Defendants. Before the Court
may entertain a motion for default judgment, Plaintiff must satisfy Rule 55(a) by obtaining
an entry of default by the clerk of court against the defendants whom Plaintiff seeks default

73 , 545 U.S. 409, 411 (2005) (citing 31
U.S.C. § 3729).
74 , 384 F. Supp. 3d 894, 897 (S.D. Ohio 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted) (collecting
cases).
75
judgment. After the clerk enters the defendants’ default, Plaintiff may move the Court for
default judgment under Rule 55(b).76
A review of the docket in this case shows that Plaintiff has not satisfied the first step
for obtaining default judgment – clerk’s entry of default under Rule 55(a). Accordingly,
Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment is denied.
F. State Law Claims are Dismissed
To the extent that Plaintiff may be making state law claims, the Court declines to
exercise supplemental jurisdiction over those claims.

Supplemental jurisdiction is controlled by 28 U.S.C. § 1367. That law includes an
option permitting the district court to decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction when
that court has dismissed all of the claims over which it has original jurisdiction.77 The basis
for this Court’s original jurisdiction is 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Having dismissed all of Plaintiff’s
federal claims, the Court declines to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over any potential
state claims in this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c).
III. Conclusion

For all the foregoing reasons:

76 , No. 1:19-CV-623, 2019 WL 6044202, at *1 (S.D. Ohio Nov. 15, 2019) (denying plaintiff’s
motion for default judgment for failure to comply with Rule 55(a)) (citing 351 F. App’x 1,
15-16 (6th Cir. 2009) (before a party obtains a default judgment under Rule 55(b)(1) or (b)(2), there must be
an entry of default by the clerk under Rule 55(a) (citation omitted)); , No.
1:13CV2505, 2015 WL 13810793, at *3 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 20, 2015) (same) (collecting cases).
77 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(3); 112 F.3d 226, 233 (6th Cir. 1997) (noting that a
district court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims once it has dismissed all
claims over which it possessed original jurisdiction).
(1) Defendants’ motions to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), 12(b)(2), and
12(b)(6) are GRANTED,78 and Plaintiff’s complaint79 and amended complaint80
are dismissed in their entirety as to all Defendants.
(2) Plaintiff’s motions to further amend her pleadings and for an indefinite stay of
proceedings are DENIED, and motions to extend the time to respond to
Defendants’ motions are DENIED AS MOOT.81
(3) Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment is DENIED,82 and Plaintiff’s motion to
submit proof of service of documents is DENIED AS MOOT.83

(4) Plaintiff’s motion to file electronically84 is DENIED AS MOOT.
(5) Plaintiff’s state law claims are dismissed without prejudice.
The Court certifies, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(3), that an appeal from this
decision could not be taken in good faith.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: January 28, 2020
JAMES S. GWIN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

78 Docs. 9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 21, 24, 25.
79 Doc. 1.
80 Doc. 4-1.
81 Docs. 23, 26, 30, 33.
82 Doc. 22.
83 Doc. 19.
84 Doc. 3.

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10368010. Public record. Not legal advice.