# Santiago v. City of Rochester Police Department

> District Court, W.D. New York · July 30, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10364002

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. New York
- **Decided:** July 30, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

CARLOS SANTIAGO, et al.

Plaintiffs,
Case # 19-CV-6859-FPG
v.
DECISION AND ORDER

CITY OF ROCHESTER POLICE
DEPARTMENT, et al.,

Defendants.

INTRODUCTION
On November 19, 2019, Plaintiffs Carlos A. Santiago (“Santiago”) and Melissa A.
Laffredo (“Laffredo”) (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”) filed a Complaint against the Rochester
Police Department, Officers Tyshon Williams, Joseph Bonnacci, and Mary Barnes, Sergeant
Melanie Rivera, Assistant District Attorney Kristen Sippel, and unknown officers and lieutenants,
raising various 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. ECF No. 1. Each Plaintiff filed a Motion for Leave to
Proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP motions”). ECF Nos. 2, 3. The Court granted the IFP motions
and screened the Complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. ECF No. 4. The Court dismissed all
claims. Id. Specifically, the claims against the City of Rochester Police Department and Sippel
were dismissed with prejudice and the Court provided Plaintiff until December 23, 2019 to file an
amended complaint as it pertained to Plaintiffs’ additional claims. Id.
Plaintiffs retained counsel, were provided an extension of time to file an amended
complaint, ECF No. 6, and filed the Amended Complaint on February 13, 2020, ECF No. 7. The
Amended Complaint asserts nine causes of action against the City of Rochester, Officers Tyshon
Williams, Joseph Bonnacci, Brad Elliot, Mary Barnes, Sergeant Melanie Rivera and John Doe(s)
(collectively, “Defendants”) for: (1) unreasonable search and seizure pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983;
(2) false arrest pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (3) false imprisonment pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983;
(4) malicious prosecution pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (5) failure to intervene pursuant to 42
U.S.C. § 1983; (6) conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §

1983; (7) improper policy, custom, and practice of Defendants and failure to supervise pursuant to
42 U.S.C. § 1983; (8) replevin; and (9) conversion. See ECF No. 7.
Defendants each answered the Amended Complaint, see ECF Nos. 9, 14, 20, and the case
proceeded to discovery. On October 16, 2020, Defendants moved for judgment on the pleadings
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c). ECF No. 21. Plaintiffs responded on November 9,
2020, ECF No. 23, and Defendants replied on December 1, 2020, ECF Nos. 28, 29.
For the reasons that follow, Defendants’ motion is GRANTED, and Plaintiffs’ Amended
Complaint is DISMISSED.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are drawn from Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint unless otherwise

indicated. ECF No. 7.
Plaintiffs allege that on August 22, 2018, at 10:45 p.m., Laffredo’s neighbor, Gary Cook,
threatened to kill the Plaintiffs, their daughter, their dog and their neighbor. Id. ¶ 16. In response,
Santiago called the police and pressed charges against Mr. Cook. Id. ¶ 17. Mr. Cook was arrested
and released on bail a few hours later. Id. ¶¶ 18, 19.
On August 23, 2018, at 1:45 a.m., Plaintiffs claim that Mr. Cook was drinking on his front
porch when he again threated Laffredo and her neighbor.1 Id. ¶¶ 21-23. Mr. Cook then called the
police and allegedly told the responding officers that Santiago “threatened him with a .22 caliber

1 Plaintiffs further assert that Mr. Cook was “clearly intoxicated” and continued to drink while giving statements to
the responding officers. ECF No. 7 ¶ 28.
pistol.” Id. at 24, 25. Specifically, based on a recording of Mr. Cook’s 911 call and the “Body
Worn Camera” (the “BWC”) video from the officers on scene, Mr. Cook stated that “an individual
named Carlos Cruz pointed ‘a .22’ at him.” Id. ¶ 26.
Based upon the statements by Mr. Cook, the responding officers detained Santiago and,

Sergeant Rivera subsequently began questioning Laffredo about the alleged pistol. Id. ¶¶ 30, 31.
In response, Laffredo stated that Santiago did not have a pistol and that Plaintiffs had had an
altercation with Mr. Cook just hours earlier—for which, Plaintiffs assert, Mr. Cook sought
revenge. Id. ¶ 32. Sergeant Rivera then allegedly threatening to take Plaintiffs’ daughter away
and have them arrested if the pistol was not produced. Id. ¶ 33. Further, she told Laffredo that
she “knew” Santiago had hidden the pistol on the premises—specifically, under a mattress in the
downstairs apartment accessible from the front porch at 32 Woodlawn Street, Rochester, New
York 14607.2 Id. ¶ 34. However, according to Mr. Cook, the weapon was on the first floor
accessible from the front of the building. Id. ¶ 38.
Sergeant Rivera then demanded that Laffredo allow the officers to search the building; she

allegedly stated that the officers had a search warrant; and she stated that if Laffredo did not sign
an index card providing consent to search the officers would “tear her place apart” and take
Plaintiffs’ child. Id. ¶¶ 40-42, 45. Plaintiffs contend that in response to this threat Laffredo
informed the officers that she owned a shotgun and that it was in the attic. Id. ¶ 43. She then
signed the consent to search. Id. ¶ 49. According to Plaintiffs, after Laffredo signed the consent,
Sergeant Rivera told Officer Williams to continue talking to Laffredo so that she would not revoke
her consent. Id. ¶ 50.

2 Plaintiffs assert that Plaintiff Santiago never resided at 32 Woodlawn Street, Rochester, New York 14607, but rather,
lived at 71 Hillview Drive, New York 14622. ECF No. 7 at ¶¶ 36, 37. Moreover, Plaintiffs claim that the entrance to
Plaintiff Laffredo’s residence was on the second floor in the back of the building.
After officers found the shotgun, Santiago was placed into the back of a police vehicle and
was taken downtown for further questioning and investigation. Id. ¶¶ 55-56. Laffredo later called
the jail and was informed that Santiago was arrested on a gun charge and would have court the
following morning. Id. ¶ 57. He was then charged with a felony gun charge, spent six days in jail,

and was released after the Grand Jury did not find enough evidence to indict him. Id. ¶¶ 58-60.
The charge was later reduced to Menacing in the Second Degree. Id. ¶ 61. All such charges were
ultimately dismissed, id. ¶ 64, and Laffredo’s shotgun was returned. ECF No. 23-1 at 22.
LEGAL STANDARD
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c) provides that “[a]fter the pleadings are closed—but
early enough not to delay trial—a party may move for judgment on the pleadings.”3 The standard
for deciding a Rule 12(c) motion is “the same . . . standard [that is] applicable to dismissals
pursuant to [Rule] 12(b)(6). Thus, [courts] will accept all factual allegations in the [C]omplaint as
true and draw all reasonable inferences in [the plaintiff’s] favor.” L-7 Designs, Inc. v. Old Navy,
LLC, 647 F.3d 419, 429 (2d Cir. 2011).

On a Rule 12(c) motion, courts consider “the complaint, the answer, any written documents
attached to them, and any matter of which the court can take judicial notice for the factual
background of the case.” Id. at 422 (quoting Roberts v. Babkiewicz, 582 F.3d 418, 419 (2d Cir.
2009)). “A complaint is [also] deemed to include any written instrument attached to it as an

3 Plaintiffs assert that Defendants’ motion is premature because the pleadings have not yet closed. ECF No. 23-1 at
4. In support, Plaintiffs indicate that the parties previously agreed that the deadline to amend “should be after
defendants’ paper discovery deadline.” Id. However, the governing Scheduling Order does not set a date certain for
which the pleadings are deemed closed, ECF No. 34, and it appears that all Defendants have answered the Amended
Complaint, see ECF Nos. 9, 14, 20. Thus, the necessary pleadings have been received. See Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 7(a).
Moreover, courts in this Circuit have previously determined that asserting a need for discovery in order to fully set
forth a claim is insufficient to defeat a motion for judgment on the pleadings as the need for discovery to adequately
state a claim “is tantamount to an admission that [Plaintiffs have], thus far, failed to state a [] claim.” Vail v. City of
New York, 68 F. Supp. 3d 412, 431 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 2, 2014). On this basis, the Court does not find Defendants’
motion premature here.
exhibit, materials incorporated in it by reference, and documents that, although not incorporated
by reference, are integral to the complaint.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Sira v. Morton,
380 F.3d 57, 56 (2d Cir. 2004)) (additional citations and quotations omitted). But if “matters
outside the pleadings are presented to and not excluded by the court, the motion must be treated

as one for summary judgment under Rule 56” and “[a]ll parties must be given a reasonable
opportunity to present all the material that is pertinent to the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).
“When matters outside the pleadings are presented in support of, or in opposition to a [Rule
12(c)] motion, a district court must either exclude the additional material and decide the motion
on the [pleading] alone or convert the motion to one for summary judgment under [Rule 56] and
afford all parties the opportunity to present supporting material.” Stephens v. Bayview Nursing &
Rehab. Ctr., No. 07-CV-0596 (JFB)(AKT), 2008 WL 728896, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 17, 2008)
(internal quotation marks omitted). “Federal courts have complete discretion to determine whether
or not to accept the submission of any material beyond the pleadings offered in conjunction with
a [Rule 12(c)] motion, and thus complete discretion in determining whether to convert the motion

to one for summary judgment.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d).
Because discovery remains ongoing, the Court declines to convert Defendants’ motion into
a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment. Cf. Hellstrom v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Aff., 201 F.3d
94, 97 (2d Cir. 2000) (“Only in the rarest of cases may summary judgment be granted against a
plaintiff who has not been afforded the opportunity to conduct discovery.”). Accordingly, the
Court will not consider anything “submitted by either party, by affidavit or otherwise, outside of
the [c]omplaint and [a]nswer.” Viacom Int’l Inc. v. Time Inc., 785 F. Supp. 371, 375 (S.D.N.Y.
1992).
However, the Court will consider the BWC footage. The Second Circuit has emphasized
that for a document outside the complaint to be considered at a motion to dismiss stage, the plaintiff
must have relied upon it in drafting the complaint. Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147,
153 (2d Cir. 2002) (citing Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 47-48 (2d Cir.

1991)). Indeed, it is not sufficient that the plaintiff merely had notice or possession of the
document, but it should be clear that plaintiff relied on such document. Id.
Here, Plaintiffs assert that the mention of the BWC video in their Amended Complaint for
various limited purposes does not permit the Defendants to submit the footage for consideration
herein, ECF No. 23-1 at 7. Despite this assertion, it is readily apparent that Plaintiffs relied upon
the BWC video recording in drafting their Amended Complaint as the video footage, and
observations from the interactions depicted, are explicitly referenced at various points throughout
the Amended Complaint. See, e.g., ECF No. 7 ¶¶ 26, 28, 38, 50. Consideration of video footage
in such circumstances is supported by the relevant caselaw. Compare Brown v. Showtime
Networks, Inc., 394 F. Supp. 3d 418, 436 (S.D.N.Y. 2019) (court considered a documentary

attached to defendants’ declaration because it was integral to the complaint, however, the court
considered only the film itself and not the parties’ characterization of what it shows) with
Gersbacher v. City of New York, 134 F. Supp. 3d 711, 719 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (plaintiff made clear
that videos of an arrest were not used in drafting the complaint and therefore, the court found the
videos were not integral and could not be considered in evaluating a motion to dismiss). Thus, the
Court will consider the footage in deciding the motion here.
DISCUSSION
Defendants assert that each of Plaintiffs’ claims should be dismissed on the ground that
each claim is meritless and because the eighth and ninth claims are moot. See generally ECF No.
21-5. In response, Plaintiffs assert that each claim has been sufficiently plead. See generally ECF
No. 23-1. However, Plaintiffs concede that the intra-corporate doctrine bars recovery on their
sixth claim for relief, conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983, and therefore, withdraws the claim. Id. at 2. Additionally, Plaintiffs agree that the return of

the shotgun moots the eighth claim for relief, replevin. Id. As such, the Court will not address
Plaintiffs’ sixth or eighth claim, and both claims are DISMISSED with prejudice.
I. Unreasonable Search and Seizure
Defendants assert that Plaintiffs’ first claim of unreasonable search and seizure (1) may
only be properly brought by Laffredo, as Santiago had no possessory or legal interest in the
premises or shotgun; (2) may only be brought against Sergeant Rivera as she was the only
Defendant allegedly involved; and (3) fails for the separate and distinct reason that there is no
claim of damages. ECF No. 21-5 at 6-7. In response, Plaintiffs contend that Santiago had an
expectation of privacy as an overnight guest, that numerous officers participated in the search, and
that the damage suffered by Laffreo was the “great emotional and psychological distress” she

suffered due to Santiago’s subsequent arrest and prosecution. ECF No. 23-1 at 8-9.
To successfully object to an entry and search of a residence under the Fourth Amendment,
a plaintiff must show that he or she had a “‘legitimate expectation of privacy’” in the place
searched. United States v. Hamilton, 538 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Rakas v. Illinois,
439 U.S. 128, 143 (1978)). It is well established that an overnight guest has a “‘legitimate
expectation of privacy in his host’s home.’” United States v. Osorio, 949 F.2d 38, 41 (2d Cir.
1991) (quoting Minnesota v. Olson, 110 S. Ct. 1684, 1689 (1990)). However, that expectation
does not always extend to the entire premises. Osorio, 949 F.2d at 41. For example, tenants in
multi-tenant buildings have no legitimate privacy expectation in common areas, even if guarded
by locked doors. United States v. Holland, 755 F.2d 253, 255 (2d Cir. 1985).
The Amended Complaint indicates that the building at 32 Woodlawn Street, Rochester,
New York 14607—the location of the search at issue—is a building which consists of four separate

and distinct dwellings. ECF No. 7 ¶ 35. Laffredo’s residence was on the second floor, with an
entrance in the back of the building, away from the street. Id. The search occurred in, and the
shotgun was recovered from, “the upstairs attic in the back part of the apartment building” at 32
Woodlawn Street. ECF No. 23-1 at 14; see also ECF No. 7 ¶ 52. Nowhere in their Amended
Complaint, or in their response to Defendants’ motion, do Plaintiffs claim that the attic was in
Laffredo’s apartment or was a private area of Laffredo’s apartment in the 32 Woodlawn Street
apartment building. Thus, it is unclear from the face of the Amended Complaint whether Santiago
had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the attic, even if he was Laffredo’s overnight guest.
Therefore, he has not set forth sufficient standing to raise a claim for unreasonable search and
seizure and the claim must be DISMISSED.

Additionally, Laffredo asserts that this allegedly unlawful search and seizure which led to
Santiago’s arrest caused emotional and psychological damage to her, and at a minimum, she is
entitled to nominal damages on such claim. However, § 1983 does not support a derivative claim.
See Pritzker v. City of Hudson, 26 F. Supp. 2d 433, 445 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) (citing Stallworth v. City
of Cleveland, 893 F.2d 830, 837-38 (6th Cir. 1990) (“[Section 1983] provides redress to a party
suffering injuries from a deprivation of any rights, privileges or immunities secured by federal law
. . . . A loss of consortium claim does not represent an injury based on a deprivation of [such]
rights, privileges, or immunities.”)) (additional citations omitted). Laffredo’s alleged injury is not
based on a deprivation of her rights—the type of injury which § 1983 provides redress and her
claim must be DISMISSED.
Therefore, Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings on Plaintiffs’ unlawful
search and seizure claim is GRANTED.

II. False Arrest
Next, Defendants assert that the Amended Complaint and BWC footage demonstrate clear
probable cause for the arrest of Santiago and therefore, the claim of false arrest must be dismissed.
ECF No. 21-5 at 11-14. Specifically, Defendants argue that Cook made clear references to
Santiago, clearly referenced the weapon was a rifle or a shotgun, was not apparently impaired from
providing accurate information. Id. Defendants also note that Laffredo eventually admitted that
there was a gun on the premises and the gun was in fact found. Id. Plaintiffs, however, assert that
probable cause was lacking as an uncorroborated statement by Cook did not provide probable
cause for an arrest. ECF No. 23-1 at 10.
In order to assert a § 1983 claim for false arrest, Plaintiffs must show that: “(1) the

defendant[s] intended to confine plaintiff[s]; (2) the plaintiff[s] w[ere] conscious of the
confinement; (3) the plaintiff[s] did not consent to the confinement; and (4) the confinement was
not otherwise privileged.” Jackson v. City of New York, 939 F. Supp. 2d 235, 248 (E.D.N.Y. 2013)
(additional citations and quotations omitted). The existence of probable cause to arrest constitutes
justification and “is a complete defense to an action for false arrest.” Bernard v. United States, 25
F.3d 98, 102 (2d Cir. 1994).
“In general, probable cause to arrest exists when the officers have knowledge or reasonably
trustworthy information of facts and circumstances that are sufficient to warrant a person of
reasonable caution in the belief that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a
crime.” Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 852 (2d Cir. 1996). A determination of probable cause is
based on the totality of the circumstances. Weiner v. McKeefery, 90 F. Supp. 3d 17, 29 (E.D.N.Y.
2015). Indeed, courts must consider what facts were available to the officer at the time of the
arrest and immediately prior to the arrest. Id. (citing Peterson v. Cnty. of Nassau, 995 F. Supp.

305, 313 (E.D.N.Y. 1998)) (additional citations omitted). The Second Circuit has held that
probable cause can exist based on information from a victim or eyewitness. Specifically, the Court
has stated that “probable cause exists if a law enforcement officer ‘received [ ] information from
some person, normally the putative victim or eyewitness, unless the circumstances raise doubt as
to the person’s veracity. The reliability or veracity of the informant and the basis for the
informant’s knowledge are two important factors.’” Betts v. Shearman, 751 F.3d 78, 82 (2d Cir.
2014) (quoting Panetta v. Crowley, 460 F.3d 388, 395 (2d Cir. 2006)) (internal quotation marks
and citations omitted).
Even absent probable cause, a police officer is entitled to qualified immunity where “(1)
[her] conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights or which a

reasonable person would have known, or (2) it was objectively reasonable for [her] to believe that
[her] actions were lawful at the time of the challenged act.” Jenkins v. City of New York, 478 F.3d
76, 87 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, Plaintiffs’ false arrest
claim turns on whether the Defendants had arguable probable cause to arrest—not whether
Santiago in fact committed the unlawful conduct. See id.
As Plaintiffs alleged in their Amended Complaint, Cook called the police and reported that
Santiago had threatened him with a gun. See ECF No. 7 ¶¶ 24-26. Additionally, Plaintiffs allege
that once the officers arrived, Cook stated again to the officers that Santiago threatened him with
a pistol. Id. ¶ 25. Based on such statements, Santiago was detained. Id. ¶ 30. Plaintiffs claim that
this statement was insufficient to provide probable cause to arrest Santiago. ECF No. 23-1 at 10.
Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants had reason to doubt Cook’s credibility because he
was intoxicated and had motive to falsely accuse Santiago. Id. at 12. Moreover, Plaintiffs’
neighbor allegedly told Defendants about Cook’s history of making false accusations. Id.

Despite these assertions, it simply cannot be said that the arrest of Santiago was without,
at a minimum, arguable probable cause. Indeed, Cook stated to responding officers that Santiago
threatened him with a gun, signed a supporting deposition stating the same, and after numerous
denials, Laffredo finally admitted to the presence of a shotgun on the premises—which officers
ultimately found following a search. See, e.g., Singer v. Fulton Cnty. Sheriff, 63 F.3d 110, 119 (2d
Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1189 (1996) (“An arresting officer advised of a crime by a person
who claims to be the victim, and who has signed a complaint or information charging someone
with the crime, has probable cause to effect an arrest absent circumstances that raise doubts as to
the victim’s veracity.”). Moreover, though Plaintiffs contend that the prior relationship between
Plaintiffs and Cook demonstrates a motive for false accusations, such animosity between the

parties also logically supports the accusation that a threat was made by Santiago to Cook,
especially taking into consideration that Cook, just hours prior, was allegedly in jail due to threats
made towards Santiago. Likewise, even if this relationship demonstrated a risk of false accusation,
the officers responded accordingly by talking to Laffredo and receiving confirmation that there
was, in fact, a gun on the premises, and having Cook sign a deposition memorializing his statement
of events. See, e.g., Mistretta v. Prokesch, 5 F. Supp. 2d 128, 133-135 (E.D.N.Y. 1998) (further
questioning relevant parties, obtaining signed statement, and further inspecting the scene was
sufficient to establish probable cause despite clear retaliatory motive by the alleged victim
reporting the crime). Therefore, there was probable cause to arrest Santiago and the false arrest
claim must be DISMISSED. Defendants’ motion on such claim is thus GRANTED.
III. False Imprisonment and Malicious Prosecution
Because the Court has concluded that the allegations in Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint

establish that there was probable cause to arrest Santiago, the claims for false imprisonment and
malicious prosecution also fail. See Kilburn v. Vill. of Saranac Lake, 413 F. App’x 362, 363-64
(2d Cir. 2011) (summary order) (false imprisonment and malicious prosecution claims properly
dismissed on summary judgment where probable cause existed to arrest). Therefore, Defendants’
motion on each such claim is GRANTED.
IV. Failure to Intervene
Plaintiff asserts that Defendants are liable for failing to intervene to prevent Santiago’s
arrest. “It is widely recognized that all law enforcement officials have an affirmative duty to
intervene to protect the constitutional rights of citizens from infringement by other law
enforcement officers in their presence.” Anderson v. Branen, 17 F.3d 552, 557 (2d Cir. 1994).

“An officer who fails to intervene is liable for the preventable harm caused by other officers where
that officer observes or has reason to know” that other officers have committed a constitutional
violation, provided the officer has “a realistic opportunity to intervene to prevent the harm from
occurring.” Id.
Plaintiffs’ allegations suggest that each Defendant participated in the arrest of Santiago.
See ECF No. 7 ¶¶ 82-86. “Where the officer is a direct participant in the allegedly unlawful
conduct, the failure to intervene theory of liability is inapplicable.” Sanabria v. Tezlof, 11-CV-
6578 (NSR), 2016 WL 4371750, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 12, 2016). While courts have allowed
plaintiffs to proceed through discovery to later refine the claims based on the specific roles’
defendants played, see, e.g., Folk v. City of New York, 243 F. Supp. 3d 363, 376 (E.D.N.Y. 2017),
that is unnecessary here as the underlying claim for false arrest is dismissed due to the presence of
probable cause as alleged in Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint. It follows that the failure to intervene
claim is DISMISSED on the grounds that there is no underlying unlawful conduct which

Defendants should have prevented, and Defendants’ motion is therefore GRANTED.
V. Policy, Custom, and Practice of Defendants and Failure to Supervise and Train
Plaintiffs also seek to hold the City of Rochester liable for the officers’ conduct on the
theories that it failed to train and supervise the officers and it maintained policies and customs that
precipitated the conduct here. Defendants argue, and the Court agrees, that the Amended
Complaint presents insufficient allegations to state a claim against the City.
A municipality may not be “held liable under § 1983 solely because it employs a
tortfeasor.” Bowen v. Cnty. of Westchester, 706 F. Supp. 2d 475, 483-84 (S.D.N.Y. 2010). Instead,
a plaintiff must show that “action pursuant to official municipal policy of some nature caused a
constitutional tort.” Id. at 483 (quoting Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978)).

In the context of evaluating the sufficiency of a complaint, a plaintiff “cannot merely allege the
existence of a municipal policy or custom, but must allege facts tending to support, at least
circumstantially, an inference that such municipal policy or custom exists.” Triano v. Town of
Harrison, NY, 895 F. Supp. 2d 526, 535 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (internal citation omitted) (collecting
cases). “[M]ere allegations of a municipal custom or practice of tolerating official misconduct are
insufficient to demonstrate the existence of such a custom unless supported by factual details.” Id.
Likewise, a claim that a municipality failed to train or supervise an alleged tortfeasor requires some
factual details to survive a motion to dismiss. See Tricoles v. Bumpus, No. 05-CV-3728, 2006 WL
767897, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2006) (“Courts have dismissed § 1983 . . . claims where a
complaint merely asserts bare conclusory statements that a defendant supervisor failed to supervise
or train, or that the alleged constitutional violation occurred as a result of a custom or policy that
was issued by the defendant supervisor.”).
Plaintiffs’ allegations here do not pass muster. They offer no factual details “about the

nature of any suspect policies, practices, or procedures, must less how they caused [the officers]
to violate [their] rights.” Bruckman v. Greene Cnty., No. 19-CV-670, 2020 WL 886126, at *5
(N.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2020). They do not present facts to explain how the City failed to train or
supervise the officers who responded to Cook’s 911 call. See Simms v. City of New York, 480 F.
App’x 627, 631 n.4 (2d Cir. 2012) (summary order) (rejecting the proposition that a “mere
conclusory allegation that the City failed to train its officers, without any supporting factual
material, is sufficient to state a plausible claim for municipal liability under § 1983”).
In their opposition, Plaintiffs only defend this claim by arguing that the BWC footage
demonstrates that the officers were not adequately trained. ECF No. 23-1 at 21. Plaintiffs
specifically allege that the footage shows that officers “ignored, or were oblivious to,” facts that

should have prevented Santiago from arrest/criminal charges. Id. Even assuming it were true that
the responding officers failed to adequately investigate, such a single incident does not raise an
inference of the existence of a custom or policy. See Santiago v. City of Rochester, 481 F. Supp.
3d 152, 160 (W.D.N.Y. 2020) (dismissing plaintiff’s Monell claim on the basis that the failure to
discipline one officer did not demonstrate an inference of a policy or practice in the municipality).
Therefore, the claim is DISMISSED, and Defendants’ motion is GRANTED.
VI. Conversion
Finally, Defendants assert that because Plaintiff Laffredo retrieved the shotgun seized
during the search of the attic, the claim for conversion is moot and should be dismissed. ECF No.
21-5 at 23. However, Plaintiffs contend such a claim is not moot because damage for conversion
is the “value of the property at the time and place of the conversion plus interest.” ECF No. 23-1
at 22 (citing Iglesias v. United States, 848 F.2d 362, 364-65 (2d Cir. 1988) (additional citation
omitted)).

Conversion is the “‘exercise of unauthorized dominion over the property of another in
interference with a plaintiff’s legal title or superior right of possession.’” Citadel Mgmt. Inc. v.
Telesis Trust, Inc., 123 F. Supp. 2d 133, 147 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (quoting Lopresti v. Terwilliger, 126
F.3d 34, 41 (2d Cir. 1997)). “To state a claim for conversion, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient
to establish that the defendant acted without authorization, defendant exercised dominion or right
of ownership over property belonging to the plaintiff, plaintiff has made a demand for the property,
and that demand has been refused.” Harris v. Coleman, 863 F. Supp. 2d 336, 342 (S.D.N.Y. 2012).
Additionally, Plaintiff is required to demonstrate “legal ownership or an immediate superior right
of possession to a specific identifiable thing.” Id. (citation omitted). Demand is only required
when the original possession is lawful. Reserve Sols., Inc. v. Vernaglia, 438 F. Supp. 2d 280, 288

(S.D.N.Y. 2006).
Here, as discussed above, the search and seizure of the shotgun was not unreasonable.
Moreover, the shotgun was taken as evidence for the pending crimes against Santiago.4 This
logically cannot be said to be unauthorized control. Moreover, Plaintiffs do not allege that the
Defendants refused Laffredo’s demand for return of the shotgun. Rather, the Amended Complaint
merely asserts that Defendants had failed to return the property at the time the Amended Complaint
was filed. See ECF No. 7 ¶ 145. However, Plaintiffs have since acknowledged that the property

4 Additionally, the City of Rochester is nevertheless an improper Defendant for this cause of action. Indeed, there is
no allegation that the City was holding Laffredo’s property. Rather, it seems, according to Defendants that the property
was held by the District Attorney’s Office. See ECF No. 28-1 at 24.
was in fact, returned. See ECF No. 23-1 at 21. Because there is no allegation that Defendants
refused to return Laffredo’s shotgun and the gun has been returned, this claim must be
DISMISSED, and Defendants’ motion is GRANTED.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ Motion for Judgement on the Pleadings is
GRANTED, and Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint is DISMISSED with prejudice. The Clerk of
Court is directed to enter judgment and close this case.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Dated: July 30, 2021
Rochester, New York
H RANK P. GE T; JR.
Unitéd States District Judge
Western District of New York

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10364002. Public record. Not legal advice.