# DS v. Rochester City School District

> District Court, W.D. New York · November 30, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10363049

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. New York
- **Decided:** November 30, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10363049

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that complaint failed to meet - 31 - minimum pleading standard “[b]y lumping all the defendants together in each claim and providing no factual basis to distinguish their conduct”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

D.S., an infant, by and through her parent
and natural guardian, C.S., and C.S.,
individually, on her own behalf, DECISION AND ORDER

Plaintiffs, 6:19-CV-6528 EAW

v.

ROCHESTER CITY SCHOOL DISTRICT,
et al.,

Defendants.

INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs D.S. and C.S. (collectively “Plaintiffs”) bring this action against
defendants Rochester City School District (“RCSD”), the Board of Education of the
RCSD, Barbara Dean-Williams, Karl Kristoff, Fatimat Reid, Sheelarani Webster, Charles
Smith, Kim Garlock, Amy Martin, Nancy Resto, Shelly Boyd, Jessica Flanders, Elizabeth
Caveny, Nicole McCoy, Megan Carlett, Valerie Tarragrossa,1 Yolanda Wade, Idonia
Owens, Erica Deming, and two John Doe Defendants (collectively “Defendants”),
alleging violations of Title VI, Title IX, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983, First Amendment

1 In her Answer, Defendant Tarragrossa indicates that her last name is misspelled in
Plaintiffs’ complaint and is actually spelled Torregrossa. (Dkt. 13 at 1). For purposes of
this Decision, the Court will use the spelling indicated in the complaint, but if Plaintiffs
amend their complaint, they should correct this deficiency.
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retaliation, municipal liability for failure to train and supervise, negligent supervision,
and equal protection. (Dkt. 1).
Pending before the Court is a motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint filed by

Defendants RCSD, the Board of Education of the RCSD, Barbara Dean-Williams, Karl
Kristoff, Fatimat Reid, Sheelarani Webster, Charles Smith, Kim Garlock, Amy Martin,
Nancy Resto, Shelly Boyd, Jessica Flanders, Elizabeth Caveny, Nicole McCoy, Megan
Carlett, Yolanda Wade, Idonia Owens, and Erica Deming (collectively the “District
Defendants”), pursuant to Rules 12(b)(2)-(6), 12(e), and 10(a) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure. (Dkt. 4). Also pending is a motion for judgment on the pleadings filed
by Defendant Valerie Tarragrossa pursuant to Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules (Dkt. 26),
and Plaintiffs’ cross-motion to amend their complaint (Dkt. 29). For the reasons set forth
below, the District Defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part, Defendant
Valerie Tarragrossa’s motion is granted, and Plaintiffs’ cross-motion to amend is denied.

As detailed below, none of Plaintiffs’ claims plausibly allege a cause of action.
However, because “the usual practice is to grant leave to amend the complaint” when a
motion to dismiss is granted, Ronzani v. Sanofi S.A., 899 F.2d 195, 198 (2d Cir. 1990),
with respect to those claims that are dismissed without prejudice, Plaintiffs are granted
leave to file an amended complaint within 30 days of the date of and in accordance with

this Decision and Order, if they can do so consistent with their obligations under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 11.

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FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The following facts are taken from the complaint (Dkt. 1), which is the operative
pleading. As is required at this stage of the proceedings, the Court treats Plaintiffs’

allegations as true.
Plaintiff D.S. is a child residing in the City of Rochester, New York, with her
mother, Plaintiff C.S. (Id. at ¶ 4). Plaintiff D.S. and Plaintiff C.S. are white. (Id. at ¶ 4).
Plaintiff D.S. attended School No. 58, a public school in the RCSD known as World of
Inquiry, where the ratio of black and Hispanic children to white children is approximately

seven to one. (Id.at ¶¶ 4, 6). The allegations in the complaint arise from incidents
occurring at School No. 58.
Plaintiff D.S. began attending School No. 58 in the fall of 2016 for her third-grade
school year. (Id. at ¶ 34). Before the 2016 election, Plaintiff D.S.’s teacher, Defendant
Flanders, conducted a mock election and asked the children who they would vote for to

be President of the United States. (Id. at ¶ 38). Plaintiff D.S. stated that she would vote
for Donald Trump, whereas her other classmates supported Hillary Clinton’s candidacy.
(Id. at ¶ 39). As a result of Plaintiff D.S.’s mock vote, she was mistreated by her
classmates. (Id. at ¶ 40). In a morning circle designed to discuss the students’ feelings
about the elections, Plaintiff D.S.’s classmates called her a racist and said that Plaintiff

C.S. must be a racist too. (Id. at ¶ 42). Plaintiff D.S.’s mock vote for Donald Trump
made her unpopular and resulted in her being mistreated by her teacher and harassed and
bullied by certain black and Hispanic classmates. (Id. at ¶ 47). Defendant Flanders did
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not allow Plaintiff D.S. to participate in activities that other students engaged in and
unfairly punished Plaintiff D.S. (Id. at ¶¶ 48, 58, 60).
Following the mock presidential vote, Defendant Resto, the administrative

assistant to the principal, told Plaintiff C.S. that Plaintiff C.S. could no longer enter the
school through the back door, even though that door was routinely used by other parents
as an entrance. (Id. at ¶ 52). When Plaintiff C.S. raised the issue of Plaintiff D.S.’s
disparate treatment with Defendant Webster, the Principal of School No. 58, the only
option Plaintiffs were given as a remedy was to move Plaintiff D.S. to a different third

grade classroom, which they did. (Id. at ¶¶ 62, 66). But in the new third grade
classroom, Plaintiff D.S. was harassed, physically assaulted, and bullied by a male
Hispanic classmate on a regular basis. (Id. at ¶¶ 67, 68, 69).
In her fourth-grade year, Plaintiff D.S. continued to be harassed, physically
assaulted, and bullied by the same Hispanic classmate. (Id. at ¶¶ 76, 78, 79). The school

failed to address the harassment and bullying, despite Plaintiff D.S.’s complaints. For
example, when Plaintiff D.S. reported an incident to a physical education teacher,
Plaintiff D.S. was punished for the report and the classmate was not. (Id. at ¶ 80, 81).
The classmate stomped on Plaintiff D.S.’s foot so hard that Plaintiff D.S. required a
doctor to remove part of her toenail. (Id. at ¶ 97). Plaintiff D.S. asked several adults,

including Defendants Caveny and McCoy, teachers at School No. 58; Defendant Resto,
administrative assistant to Defendant Webster; and the school nurse to call Plaintiff C.S.,
but was not permitted to do so. (Id. at ¶ 93). The school staff failed to supervise the
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classmate and Plaintiff D.S., which allowed him to continue to make physical contact
with her. (Id. at ¶ 113). When that classmate’s father was informed that Plaintiff C.S.
had complained about his son to the school and had a Facebook page to communicate

about what was happening at the school, the classmate’s father threatened Plaintiff D.S.
with physical harm in the school building, yet no one from the school contacted the
police about the incident. (Id. at ¶¶ 120, 121).
In April of her fourth-grade school year, Plaintiff D.S. was removed from class by
the school psychologist, Defendant Deming, without parental knowledge, who engaged

in a fishing expedition about Plaintiff D.S.’s home life. (Id. at ¶ 85). Plaintiff D.S.
mentioned that her brother had a BB gun and a referral was made to Monroe County
Child Protective Services. (Id. at ¶ 87). This referral resulted in a visit to their home,
which was determined to be unfounded. (Id. at ¶¶ 85-88). The unfounded referral by
RCSD was intended to serve as retaliation against Plaintiff C.S. for her complaints

regarding discrimination against Plaintiff D.S. at the school and the school’s failure to
keep Plaintiff D.S. safe from bullying and harassment. (Id. at ¶ 89).
In April of 2018, Plaintiff C.S. informed Defendant Owens, the Chief of School
Equity, and School No. 58 staff that Plaintiff D.S. was being taken to a doctor to assess
the physical and psychological effects from her experience in school. (Id. at ¶¶ 28, 99).

On June 19, 2018, Plaintiff C.S. paid an independent education specialist to conduct an
assessment of Plaintiff D.S. and the specialist determined that Plaintiff D.S. met the
criteria for Other Health Impairment, Learning Disability, and Emotional Disturbance,
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resulting from the bullying, harassment, and abuse she experienced in school. (Id. at
¶¶ 154, 156. 157). RCSD disagreed with the educational assessment and refused to
provide special education services for Plaintiff D.S. (Id. at ¶¶ 159, 160). Plaintiff C.S.

was forced to hire an attorney and file for mediation, which ultimately resulted in the
imposition of a proposed Section 504 plan for Plaintiff D.S. (Id. at ¶ 161).
In fifth grade, Plaintiff D.S. continued to experience harassment and bullying by
her classmates. (Id. at ¶¶ 162, 163). An African-American female classmate pulled
Plaintiff D.S.’s hair and then falsely reported that D.S. had used the “n” word. (Id. at

¶¶ 163, 167). The school credited the classmate’s fabrication and Plaintiff D.S. was
forced to endure a “Peace Circle” to discuss her use of that word. (Id. at ¶ 169). In the
Peace Circle, Defendant Tarragrossa, an employee of the Center for Youth on contract to
the RCSD, and Defendants Martin and Carlett, teachers at School No. 58, accused
Plaintiff D.S. of being racist based on her alleged use of the “n” word. (Id. at ¶ 171). In

the Peace Circle, Defendant Tarragrossa stated, “someone here has been racist, and we
want to talk about that” which reinforced that Plaintiff D.S. was a racist and was a form
of harassment. (Id. at ¶ 173).
On September 24, 2018, a meeting was held about the hair pulling incident at
which Plaintiff C.S. learned that parents of Plaintiff D.S.’s classmates were informed that

Plaintiff D.S. had made a racially charged statement. (Id. at ¶¶ 174, 176). This further
increased the perception that Plaintiffs were racists. (Id. at ¶ 177). At a meeting the
following day with Defendant Smith, the Assistant Principal at School No. 58; Defendant
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Webster; Defendant Boyd, the Parent Liaison at the school; parents of five classmates,
and two parent engagement representatives, Plaintiff C.S. was again accused of being
racist and raising racist children. (Id. at ¶ 182). Each of the parents at the meeting said

that they wanted Plaintiff D.S. removed from school. (Id. at ¶ 185).
Incidents of harassment and bullying continued in September and October of that
school year. (Id. at ¶¶ 187-196). Plaintiff C.S. met with Defendant Smith and requested
him to fill out a report pursuant to New York’s Dignity for All Students Act (“DASA”)
on those incidents but Plaintiff C.S. was told to file the report herself. (Id. at ¶¶ 197,

198). The harassment and assaults against Plaintiff D.S. continued in November,
December, and January. (Id. at ¶¶ 203-09). Following several requests by Plaintiff C.S.
that steps be taken by the school to protect Plaintiff D.S., in January of 2019, Plaintiff
C.S. was promised that one additional adult would be placed in D.S.’s classroom, but it
did not happen immediately and when it did, it was not adequate. (Id. at ¶¶ 210, 211,

214).
In February 2019, Defendant Martin (a teacher) accused Plaintiff D.S. of coloring
a picture for Black Lives Matter week in “blackface.” (Id. at ¶ 220). Defendant Martin
then loudly stated that Plaintiff D.S. was being racist in front of her classmates. (Id. at
¶ 221). The statement by Defendant Martin was part of a pattern of racial discrimination

suffered by Plaintiff D.S. as a result of her being a minority student. (Id. at ¶ 224). At
the end of that school year, a one-on-one aide was provided for Plaintiff D.S.’s safety,

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which made her stand out from the other children but was necessary for her safety. (Id. at
¶ 241).
As a result of Plaintiff C.S.’s advocacy for her child, she was blocked from using

the school Facebook page, which is the primary method for parents to be informed of
school events and activities. (Id. at ¶¶ 244, 245, 246). Defendants also retaliated against
Plaintiff C.S.’s older son as a result of Plaintiff C.S.’s complaints about the bullying and
harassment she and Plaintiff D.S. have received. (Id. at ¶ 251, 255).
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs filed their complaint on July 16, 2019. (Dkt. 1). The District
Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint on September 9, 2019. (Dkt. 4).
Plaintiffs filed their response on September 24, 2019 (Dkt. 5, 6), and the District
Defendants replied on October 1, 2019 (Dkt. 8). Defendant Tarragrossa filed an answer
to the complaint on December 5, 2019. (Dkt. 13).

On August 10, 2020, Defendant Tarragrossa filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings. (Dkt. 26). In response, Plaintiffs filed a cross-motion to amend the complaint
(Dkt. 29), which is opposed by Defendant Tarragrossa (Dkt. 31) and the District
Defendants (Dkt. 32). Plaintiffs filed a reply in support of their motion to amend (Dkt.
37).

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DISCUSSION
I. Legal Standard on Motions to Dismiss2
A. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), 12(b)(4) and 12(b)(5)—Lack
of Personal Jurisdiction, Insufficient Process, and Insufficient Service
of Process

Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b), a defendant may assert the following
defenses, among others, by motion: lack of personal jurisdiction; insufficient process; and
insufficient service of process. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2), (4), (5). “[A] Rule 12(b)(4)
motion is a challenge to the form of the process rather than the manner or method of its
service, whereas a Rule 12(b)(5) motion challenges the mode of delivery or the lack of
delivery of the summons and complaint.” Coon v. Shea, No. 2:14-CV-85, 2014 WL
5847720, at *4 (D. Vt. Sept. 5, 2014) (quotation omitted), report and recommendation
adopted in relevant part, No. 2:14-CV-85, 2014 WL 5849053 (D. Vt. Nov. 12, 2014).
“Objections pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) concern lack of personal jurisdiction, which results

when a summons and complaint have not been served on the defendant pursuant to Rule
12(b)(5).” Jackson v. City of N.Y., No. 14-CV-5755 GBD KNF, 2015 WL 4470004, at
*4 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 2015) (quotation omitted); Marquez v. Starrett City Assoc., 406 F.
Supp. 3d 197, 203 (E.D.N.Y 2017) (“Because failure to comply with the requirements of
Rule 4 goes to whether the Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant, the Court

2 The District Defendants’ notice of motion indicates that they are moving to
dismiss the complaint for improper venue pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3). This ground is not
discussed in the District Defendants’ submissions and the Court presumes the District
Defendants have abandoned this argument as a basis for their motion and will not address
it herein.
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construes this challenge as a motion pursuant to Rules 12(b)(2) and 12(b)(4).”); see also
C. Wright, A. Miller, & M. Kane, 5B Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1353 (3d ed.) (“Although
the questions of personal jurisdiction and service of process are closely interrelated,

service of process is merely the means by which a federal court gives notice to the
defendant and asserts jurisdiction over him.”).
“Objections to sufficiency of process under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(4) must identify
substantive deficiencies in the summons, complaint or accompanying documentation.”
DiFillippo v. Special Metals Corp., 299 F.R.D. 348, 352-53 (N.D.N.Y. 2014) (citation

omitted). “[A] Rule 12(b)(4) motion is proper only to challenge noncompliance with the
provisions of Rule 4(b) or any applicable provision incorporated by Rule 4(b) that deals
specifically with the content of the summons.” Jackson 2015 WL 4470004, at *4
(quoting Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, 5B Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1353 (3d ed.
2004)).

By contrast, “[a] Rule 12(b)(5) motion is the proper vehicle for challenging the
mode of delivery or lack of delivery of the summons and complaint.” Id. (quoting 5B
Wright & Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1353 (3d ed. 2004)); DeLuca v. AccessIT Grp.,
Inc., 695 F. Supp. 2d 54, 64 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“A defendant may move to dismiss under
Rule 12(b)(5) for insufficient service of process. In deciding a Rule 12(b)(5) motion, a

Court must look to Rule 4, which governs the content, issuance, and service of a
summons.”) (citation omitted)). “On a Rule 12(b)(5) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff
bears the burden of establishing that service was sufficient.” Ahluwalia v. St. George’s
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Univ., LLC, 63 F. Supp. 3d 251, 260 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (quotation omitted), aff’d sub nom.
Ahluwalia v. St. George’s Univ., 626 F. App’x 297 (2d Cir. 2015); Khan v. Khan, 360 F.
App’x 202, 203 (2d Cir. 2010) (burden is on plaintiff to establish that service was

sufficient); Sunset Homeowners Ass’n, Inc. v. DiFrancesco, No. 1:19-CV-00016 EAW,
2019 WL 1597497, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 15, 2019) (“When a defendant raises a Rule
12(b)(5) challenge to the sufficiency of service of process, the plaintiff bears the burden
of proving its adequacy.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).
B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 12(c)—Failure to State a
Claim and Judgment on the Pleadings

“In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule
12(b)(6), a district court may consider the facts alleged in the complaint, documents
attached to the complaint as exhibits, and documents incorporated by reference in the
complaint.” DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d Cir. 2010). A court
should consider the motion by “accepting all factual allegations as true and drawing all
reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.” Trs. of Upstate New York. Eng’rs
Pension Fund v. Ivy Asset Mgmt., 843 F.3d 561, 566 (2d Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 137 S.

Ct. 2279 (2017). To withstand dismissal, a claimant must set forth “enough facts to state
a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544,
570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that
allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

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misconduct alleged.” Turkmen v. Ashcroft, 589 F.3d 542, 546 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)).
“While a complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need

detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his
entitle[ment] to relief requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic
recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555
(internal quotations and citations omitted). “To state a plausible claim, the complaint’s
‘[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative

level.’” Nielsen v. AECOM Tech. Corp., 762 F.3d 214, 218 (2d Cir. 2014) (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
“Judgment on the pleadings may be granted under Rule 12(c) where the material
facts are undisputed and where judgment on the merits is possible merely by considering
the contents of the pleadings.” McAuliffe v. Barnhart, 571 F. Supp. 2d 400, 402

(W.D.N.Y. 2008). “In deciding a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings, the
court should ‘apply the same standard as that applicable to a motion under Rule 12(b)(6),
accepting the allegations contained in the complaint as true and drawing all reasonable
inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.’” Aboushama v. EMF Corp., 214 F. Supp.
3d 202, 205 (W.D.N.Y. 2016) (quoting Mantena v. Johnson, 809 F.3d 721, 727-28 (2d

Cir. 2015)).

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II. District Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
The District Defendants challenge both the sufficiency of the summonses and the
manner in which they were served upon the individual defendants. They also contend

that Plaintiffs’ complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
A. Sufficiency of Process on the Individual Defendants
The District Defendants contend that all claims against the individual defendants
must be dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(4) because the summonses for the individual
defendants were defective. (Dkt. 4-4 at 3, Dkt. 8 at 2). Specifically, the District

Defendants contend that the summonses state, “C/O the Rochester City School District,”
and do not include addresses for each individual defendant. (Dkt. 4-4 at 2-3).
Rule 4 requires that a summons “be directed to the defendant.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
4(a)(1)(B). “While Rule 4(a) requires that a summons be directed to defendant, it sets
forth no requirement regarding defendant’s address.” Spiess v. Meyers, 483 F. Supp. 2d

1082, 1093 (D. Kan. 2007) (“Here, the original summonses name Meyers and Foreman
as defendants, which is sufficient under Rule 4(a) despite the fact that the summonses list
incorrect addresses.”); Marquez, 406 F. Supp. 3d at 203 (“Put simply, to be compliant
with Rule 4, the correct name of the defendant must appear on the summons.”).
In addition, even were Plaintiffs required to list personal addresses for each

defendant on the summonses, “where the identified defects in a summons are merely
technical, ‘the appropriate remedy . . . [is] not to dismiss the claims but to serve an
amended summons[.]’” Oliver v. N.Y. State Police, No. 1:17-CV-01157 EAW, 2019 WL
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453363, at *5 (W.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2019) (quoting Precision Assocs., Inc. v. Panalpina
World Transp. (Holding) Ltd., No. 08-CV-42 JG VVP, 2011 WL 7053807, at *45
(E.D.N.Y. Jan. 4, 2011)); see also Ray v. Ray, No. 18 CIV. 7035 (GBD), 2019 WL

1649981, at *3 n.6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 28, 2019) (“However, any defective service could be
cured.” (quoting Jean-Laurent v. Cornelius, No. 15 Civ. 2217 (JGK), 2017 WL 933100,
at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2017))), aff’d, 799 F. App’x 29 (2d Cir. 2020); Marquez, 406 F.
Supp. 3d at 204 (“A failure to properly name the defendant need not be fatal. Of course,
every effort should be made to comply with the form of summons requirements stated in

Rule 4(a). However, technical errors that are neither misleading nor prejudicial can be
cured through an amendment, the right to which should be liberally granted.”).
Here, the summonses were directed to each individual defendant, as required by
Rule 4. To the extent that a failure to put a home address was error, it was neither
misleading nor prejudicial and does not warrant dismissal. On this basis, the District

Defendants’ motion to dismiss the claims against the individual defendants pursuant to
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(4) is denied.
B. Sufficiency of Service on the Individual Defendants
In addition to challenging the sufficiency of the process, the District Defendants
challenge the method of service by Plaintiffs on the individual District Defendants and

move to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(2) and (b)(5). Specifically, they
contend Plaintiffs could not effectuate service by leaving the papers with individuals who
did not have authority to accept them and by leaving them in locations where the
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individual defendants could not properly be considered to be employed. (Dkt. 4-4 at 3).
In response, Plaintiffs argue that “the defendants misrepresented the law and made
service of the summons and complaint more difficult than it had to be.” (Dkt. 5-3 at 5).

Pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e), Plaintiffs could effectuate service by any of the
following means:
(1) following state law for serving a summons in an action brought in
courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located
or where service is made; or

(2) doing any of the following:

(A) delivering a copy of the summons and of the complaint to the
individual personally;

(B) leaving a copy of each at the individual’s dwelling or usual place of
abode with someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there; or

(C) delivering a copy of each to an agent authorized by appointment or by
law to receive service of process.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(e).
Service of process in New York is governed by section 308 of the Civil Practice
Law and Rules (“CPLR”). According to CPLR 308(2), service can be made “by
delivering the summons within the state to a person of suitable age and discretion at the
actual place of business, dwelling place or usual place of abode of the person to be served
and by either mailing the summons to the person to be served at his or her last known
residence or by mailing the summons by first class mail to the person to be served at his
or her actual place of business[.]” CPLR 308(2). The statute defines “actual place of
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business” as including “any location that the defendant, through regular solicitation or
advertisement, has held out as its place of business.” CPLR 308(6).
“New York courts have construed ‘actual place of business’ to include (1) a place

where the defendant regularly transacts business, or (2) an establishment that the
defendant owns or operates, where there is a clear identification of the work performed
by her within that place of business.” Maldonado v. Arcadia Bus. Corp., No.
14CV4129DLIRML, 2015 WL 12791329, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2015) (quoting
Warshun v. New York Cmty. Bancorp., Inc., 957 F. Supp. 2d 259, 266 (E.D.N.Y. 2013));

Leung v. New York Univ., No. 08-CV-05150 (GBD), 2016 WL 1084141, at *6 (S.D.N.Y.
Mar. 17, 2016) (noting that “the phrase ‘actual place of business’ is not necessarily
synonymous with being ‘physically present with regularity.’ Indeed, ‘[n]o definitive test
has emerged as to the meaning of actual place of business.’” (quoting Ascencio-Sutphen
v. McDonald’s Corp., 16 Misc. 3d 184, 187 (Sup. Ct. Bronx Cnty. 2007))). “The key

requirement is a reasonable reliance on prompt redelivery of the summons to the
defendant.” Maldonado, 2015 WL 12791329, at *2 (citing Ascencio-Sutphen, 16 Misc.
3d at 188); Leung, 2016 WL 1084141, at *5 (“Personal service by way of delivery to a
suitable person at a defendant’s actual place of business is allowed because it is presumed
that the business relationship between the deliveree and the defendant will induce the

prompt redelivery of the summons to the defendant.” (quoting Glasser v. Keller, 149
Misc. 2d 875, 878-79 (Sup. Ct. Queens Cnty. 1991))).

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The New York statute also directs that the summons be left with an individual of
“suitable age and discretion.” CPLR 308(2). To be of suitable age and discretion, the
“person ‘must objectively be of sufficient maturity, understanding and responsibility

under the circumstances so as to be reasonably likely to convey the summons to the
defendant.’” Maldonado, 2015 WL 12791329, at *2 (quoting Entm’t by J&J, Inc. v. Las
Hermanas Rest., Inc., No. 02 CV 1119, 2006 WL 3711565, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 14,
2006)). “An adult co-worker can satisfy these requirements; it makes no difference if the
individual refuses to give his name or gives a false one.” Id.; Leung 2016 WL 1084141,

at *8 (rejecting argument that service was invalid because recipient was not authorized to
accept service on defendant’s behalf because “[a]uthorization, however, is not required.
All that is required is that the person to whom service is made be of ‘suitable age and
discretion.’” (quoting City of New York v. VJHC Dev. Corp., 125 A.D.3d 425, 425 (1st
Dep’t 2015))).

As an initial matter, while the District Defendants’ motion argues that dismissal of
Plaintiffs’ complaint is warranted as against all of the individual defendants pursuant to
Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(5) (see Dkt. 4-4 at 3; Dkt 4-1 at ¶ 19), certain individual defendants
were personally served (Defendants Flanders, Smith, Deming, and Kristoff) and
dismissal against these defendants on this basis would be unwarranted. (Dkt. 6 at ¶¶ 3, 4,

7). As to those defendants, the motion to dismiss is denied.
As to the other individual District Defendants for whom Plaintiffs served by
leaving the summons and complaint with an employee at School 58 (Dkt. 6 at ¶ 13)
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(Defendants Garlock, Martin, Resto, Boyd, Caveny, McCoy, and Carlett), at the RCSD
Law Department (Defendants Webster, Wade, and Owens), and the Hall of Justice
(Defendant Reid), the Court rejects the District Defendants’ first contention that the

service was invalid because the individuals receiving the papers were not expressly
authorized to accept service. As noted, this is not required by CPLR 308(2).
A closer question is presented by whether or not these locations could be
considered an “actual place of business” for these defendants at the time they were
served. Defendants argue that they cannot be so considered during the summer months

when school is not in session. Similar concerns exist for the three District Defendants for
whom a summons and complaint were left at the RCSD Law Department (Defendants
Webster, Wade, and Owens) (Dtk. 6 at ¶ 18), and for Defendant Reid, whose summons
and complaint were left at the Hall of Justice, where District Defendants contend she was
on a leave of absence from her position as a family court judge (Dkt. 6 at ¶¶ 21-27; Dkt.

4-1 at ¶ 7). Taking all of the circumstances into consideration and in light of the fact that
school was due to resume shortly after the papers were served and it can fairly be
presumed that the business relationship between a school and its employees will induce
the prompt redelivery of the summons to the defendants, the Court finds service on
Defendants Garlock, Martin, Resto, Boyd, Caveny, McCoy, Carlett, Webster, Wade, and

Owens sufficient. Similarly, there being no information about the nature of the leave of
absence for Defendant Reid, the same presumption would fairly apply that any papers

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would be promptly delivered to her. Accordingly, as to these defendants, the motion to
dismiss is denied.
As to Defendant Deane-Williams, Plaintiffs contend upon their learning that she

was no longer employed with RCSD, she was properly served pursuant to CPLR 308(4),
which permits nail and mail service. This subsection provides,
where service under paragraphs one and two cannot be made with due
diligence, by affixing the summons to the door of either the actual place of
business, dwelling place or usual place of abode within the state of the
person to be served and by either mailing the summons to such person at
his or her last known residence or by mailing the summons by first class
mail to the person to be served at his or her actual place of business in an
envelope bearing the legend “personal and confidential” and not indicating
on the outside thereof, by return address or otherwise, that the
communication is from an attorney or concerns an action against the person
to be served, such affixing and mailing to be effected within twenty days of
each other; proof of such service shall be filed with the clerk of the court
designated in the summons within twenty days of either such affixing or
mailing, whichever is effected later; service shall be complete ten days after
such filing, except in matrimonial actions where service hereunder may be
made pursuant to an order made in accordance with the provisions of
subdivision a of section two hundred thirty-two of the domestic relations
law.

CPLR 308(4).
The affidavit of Plaintiffs’ process server (Dkt. 6) indicates that he attempted
personal service upon Defendant Deane-Williams on four separate occasions at one
address and five attempts at another address. (Id. at ¶¶ 28, 29). After the fifth attempt, he
attached the papers near the foyer directory of her building in an envelope addressed to
her and was told by a leasing manager that they would be given to her (id. at ¶ 29f), and
then mailed it to both addresses (id. at ¶ 30). The Court finds this service compliant with
- 19 -
the requirements of the CPLR and District Defendants have not identified any reasons
why it would not be.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiffs sufficiently effectuated

service of process on the District Defendants. The District Defendants’ motion to dismiss
on this basis is accordingly denied.
C. Plaintiffs’ Title VI (Count One) and Title IX (Count Two) Claims
Counts One and Two of Plaintiffs’ complaint allege violations of Title VI and IX.
Title VI provides that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the ground of race,

color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or
be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. In addition to a prohibition of intentional discrimination
on the basis of race, color, or national origin, see Tolbert v. Queens Coll., 242 F.3d 58, 69
(2d Cir. 2001), Title VI also prohibits, in certain circumstances, “the deliberate

indifference of third parties to discrimination.” T.E. v. Pine Bush Cent. Sch. Dist., 58 F.
Supp. 3d 332, 355 (S.D.N.Y. 2014).
Title IX provides that “[n]o person shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from
participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any
education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 20 U.S.C.

§ 1681(a). Similar to Title VI, a school district may be held liable for gender
discrimination under Title IX if it was deliberately indifferent to the sexual harassment
occurring. Nungesser v. Columbia Univ., 244 F. Supp. 3d 345, 362 (S.D.N.Y. 2017).
- 20 -
“Title VI and Title IX operate in the same manner, except that Title VI prohibits
race discrimination in all programs receiving federal funds, whereas Title IX prohibits
sex discrimination in education programs.” Manalov v. Borough of Manhattan Comm.

Coll., 952 F. Supp. 2d 522, 532 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). Generally, “[a] plaintiff alleging racial
or gender discrimination by a [school] must do more than recite conclusory assertions,”
and must “specifically allege the events claimed to constitute intentional discrimination,”
including the factual circumstances supporting a plausible inference of discrimination.
Id. (quoting Yusuf v. Vassar Coll., 35 F.3d 709, 712-14 (2d Cir. 1994)).

1. Title VI and Title IX Claims Against the Individual Defendants
Plaintiffs’ complaint does not specify against whom these causes of action are
pled; however, to the extent Plaintiffs allege violations of Titles VI and IX against the
individual defendants, any such claims are dismissed, as these statutes do not provide for
individual liability. See Sutton v. Stony Brook Univ., No. 18-CV-7434(JS)(ARL), 2020

WL 6532937, at *6 (E.D.N.Y. Nov. 5, 2020) (“The Supreme Court has held that while
Title IX creates liability for institutions and programs that receive federal funds, it does
not ‘authoriz[e] suit[s] against school officials, teachers, and other individuals.’” (quoting
Fitzgerald v. Barnstable Sch. Comm., 555 U.S. 246, 257 (2009))); Ikedilo v. Statter, No.
19-CV-9967 (RA), 2020 WL 5849049, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2020) (“Defendants

next argue that Plaintiff’s Title VI, Title IX, and Section 504 claims against Defendants
Statter, Kaban, and Melvin must be dismissed, as individual defendants cannot be held
liable under those statutes. The Court agrees, and thus dismisses those claims.”); Eldars
- 21 -
v. State Univ. of New York at Albany, No. 1:19-CV-0801-GTS-DJS, 2020 WL 2542957,
at *8 (N.D.N.Y. May 19, 2020) (“However, ‘Title VI claims cannot be asserted against
an individual defendant because the individual is not the recipient of federal funding.’”

(quoting Goonewardena v. New York, 475 F. Supp. 2d 310, 328 (S.D.N.Y. 2007)));
Russell v. Cnty. of Nassau, 696 F. Supp. 2d 213, 238 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (“Title VI claims
cannot be asserted against an individual defendant because the individual is not the
recipient of federal funds.”); Wood v. Pittsford Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 03-CV-6541T, 2005
WL 43773, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Jan. 10, 2005) (“Plaintiff . . . may not proceed with her Title

IX claims against the individual defendants, as Title IX does not provide for a remedy
against individuals.”).
Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ claims for violation of Titles VI and IX are dismissed with
prejudice as against the individual defendants.
2. Title VI and Title IX Claims Against RCSD and Board of
Education

The District Defendants also move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Title VI and IX claims
against RCSD and the Board of Education of the RCSD, arguing that Plaintiffs have not
made a prima facie showing of a violation of either statute or plausibly pled a showing of
discrimination on the basis of Plaintiff D.S.’s race or gender in violation of Title VI and
Title IX, respectively. The Court agrees.

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a. Title VI Against RCSD and Board of Education
Liability for deliberate indifference to race-based student-on-student harassment
may arise where “a plaintiff establishes: (1) substantial control, (2) severe and

discriminatory harassment, (3) actual knowledge, and (4) deliberate indifference.” T.E.,
58 F. Supp. 3d at 355 (quoting Zeno v. Pine Plains Cent. Sch. Dist., 702 F.3d 655, 665
(2d Cir. 2012)); D.W.M. by Moore v. St. Mary Sch., No. 2:18-CV-3099DRHGRB, 2019
WL 4038410, at *14 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 27, 2019) (“To plead a deliberate indifference claim
under Title VI, the plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating that the school (1) had actual

knowledge of, and (2) was deliberately indifferent to (3) harassment that was so severe,
pervasive and objectively offensive that it (4) deprived the victim of access to the
educational benefits or opportunities provided by the school.” (citations omitted)). In
order to qualify as deliberate indifference, the conduct “must, at a minimum, cause [the
student] to undergo harassment or make [the student] liable or vulnerable to it.” H.B. and

S.B. v. Monroe Woodbury Central Sch. Dist., No. 11-CV-5881(CS), 2012 WL 4477552,
at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 2012) (quoting TC v. Valley Cent. Sch. Dist., 777 F. Supp. 2d
577, 596 (S.D.N.Y.2011)). A school district will only be found deliberately indifferent if
its actions were clearly unreasonable under the circumstances, but “when weighing the
adequacy of a response, a court must accord sufficient deference to the decisions of

school disciplinarians.” Zeno, 702 F.3d at 666.
Plaintiffs have adequately alleged that the RCSD exercised adequate control over
the circumstances giving rise to Plaintiffs’ allegations, possessed the authority to address
- 23 -
the allegations, and had actual notice of the alleged harassment. See id. at 665. “A
school district, the Supreme Court noted, exercises substantial control over the
circumstances of the harassment when it occurs ‘during school hours and on school

grounds.’” Id. at 665 (quoting Davis ex rel. LaShonda D. v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ.,
526 U.S. 629, 646 (1999)). Here, the allegations of harassment contained in Plaintiffs’
complaint occurred on school grounds and Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that the
school had control over and was aware of the alleged harassment against Plaintiff D.S.
and these requirements are accordingly satisfied.

But control is not the end of the inquiry. Rather, harassment is actionable only
where it is severe, pervasive, offensive, and impermissibly discriminatory in nature.
Here, taking the allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaint as true, as a threshold matter,
Plaintiffs have not adequately pled that the alleged harassment faced by Plaintiff D.S.
was discriminatorily race-based and driven by the fact that she is white. Instead,

Plaintiffs repeatedly contend throughout their complaint that the bullying and harassment
suffered by Plaintiff D.S. was in response to and driven by Plaintiffs’ perceived beliefs
about race and their preferred presidential candidate. None of the allegations in the
complaint allege that Plaintiff D.S. was called names or assaulted with any reference to
her race. Being treated differently as a result of one’s political beliefs is not the

equivalent of discrimination that arises from an individual’s particular race, as is required
to establish a violation of Title VI.

- 24 -
Further, even if certain instances of the harassment Plaintiff D.S. faced could be
considered to be related to her race, she has not alleged that the harassment was so
severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it deprived her of access to the

educational benefits or opportunities provided by the school. Aside from conclusory
allegations, the majority of the allegations of harassment in the complaint are not linked
to her purported racism at all, and notwithstanding the alleged harassment, Plaintiff D.S.
remained at School No. 58. See Manalov 952 F. Supp. 2d at 532 (dismissing Title VI
claim where conclusory statements in complaint that professors “blatantly discriminated

against all white males” and “created an adverse education environment” amounted to
threadbare recitals and “[N]owhere in either the Complaint or his opposition papers does
[plaintiff] allege that any defendant referred to his race or gender, nor does he recite any
other fact from which race- or gender-based discriminatory intent reasonably could be
inferred.”); D.C. v. Copiague Union Free Sch. Dist., No. 16-cv-4546(SJF)(AYS), 2017

WL 3017189, at *9-10 (E.D.N.Y. Jul. 11, 2017) (granting motion to dismiss Title VI
claim where allegations that plaintiff was referred to in a racially derogatory manner on
two occasions one year apart was not sufficiently severe or pervasive to sustain a Title VI
claim); H.B. and S.B., 2012 WL 4477552, at *15, 17 (granting motion to dismiss where
the complaint alleged only one reference to race-related name-calling, holding that one

instance of a student using racial slurs could not be considered to be so severe, pervasive
and objectively offensive, as required and although plaintiff’s grades and performance on
soccer team declined, insufficient to show deprivation of educational opportunities).
- 25 -
Because the allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaint currently fail to plausibly allege
actionable harassment on the basis of race, Plaintiffs’ claim for violation of Title VI is
dismissed without prejudice as against RCSD and the Board of Education. As explained

further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted leave to amend their complaint to attempt to
remedy the deficiency.
b. Title IX Against RCSD and Board of Education
Similar to Title VI, “[a] school may be held liable under [Title IX] if it was
‘deliberately indifferent to sexual harassment, of which [it] ha[d] actual knowledge, that

is so severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive that it can be said to deprive the victims
of access to the educational opportunities or benefits provided by the school.’”
Nungesser, 244 F. Supp. 3d at 362 (quoting Davis, 526 U.S. at 650). “The student-on-
student or teacher-on-student harassment forming the basis for a Title IX claim must also,
of course, be ‘gender-oriented.’” Id. (quoting Davis, 526 U.S. at 651).

Much like Plaintiffs’ Title VI claim, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have not
sufficiently pled a claim for deliberate indifference to gender-based harassment in
violation of Title IX. As noted, in order to state such a claim, “the harassment must be
‘because of gender,’ not simply involve gender-based terms.” H.B. and S.B., 2012 WL
4477552, at *16 (quoting Patenaude v. Salmon River Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 03-CV-1016,

2005 WL 6152380, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2005)); see also Nungesser, 244 F. Supp. 3d
at 362–63 (“Harassment, ‘even harassment between men and women’ is not
automatically considered to be gender-based discrimination ‘merely because the words
- 26 -
used have sexual content or connotations.’” (quoting Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore
Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80 (1998))); Doe v. Torrington Bd. of Educ., 179 F. Supp. 3d
179, 197 (D. Conn. 2016) (“Doe does not sufficiently allege that he was bullied,

harassed, and assaulted because of his gender. . . . The terms ‘fat ass’ and ‘baby,’ are not
associated with gender, and other courts in this Circuit have found that the terms ‘pussy,’
‘faggot,’ and ‘bitch’ are also insufficient to suggest that a student was harassed on the
basis of gender.”).
Here, Plaintiffs have not identified any harassment that arose because of Plaintiff

D.S.’s gender. Two of the principal antagonists responsible for her harassment were
male, but another was a female classmate. None of the allegations in the complaint
identify Plaintiff D.S.’s gender as being the motivation for the harassment against her.
While some of the name calling had gender-related connotations, the use of those terms
as alleged does not plausibly allege gender-based animus necessary to support a Title IX

claim. Doe v. Patrick, 437 F. Supp. 3d 160, 181 (N.D.N.Y. 2020) (granting summary
judgment on Title IX claim where plaintiff presented no evidence that harassment was
gender-based); H.B. and S.B., 2012 WL 4477552, at *17 (dismissing Title IX claim
notwithstanding that plaintiff was called insults with gender connotations (e.g., “whore”
and “bitch”) where she was also called names not associated with gender, suggesting she

was being picked on for other reasons). This is particularly the case here where the
name-calling with the gender-based connotations was apparently generated by one

- 27 -
particular individual (see Dkt. 1 at ¶ 69), who Plaintiffs allege also demonstrated loud and
disruptive behavior toward other children (id. at ¶ 108).
Because the allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaint currently fail to demonstrate

actionable harassment on the basis of sex, Plaintiffs’ claim for violation of Title IX is
dismissed without prejudice as against RCSD and the Board of Education. As explained
further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted leave to amend their complaint to attempt to
remedy the deficiency.
D. Section 1983 Claims

Here, Plaintiffs’ claims styled as First Amendment Retaliation (Claim Three),
Violation of Civil Rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Claim Five), and Equal Protection
(Claim Seven) all appear to arise under § 1983.
“Section 1983 itself creates no substantive rights; it provides only a procedure for
redress for the deprivation of rights established elsewhere.” Sykes v. James, 13 F.3d 515,

519 (2d Cir. 1993) (citing City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 816 (1985)).
“To state a valid claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the plaintiff must allege that the
challenged conduct (1) was attributable to a person acting under color of state law, and
(2) deprived the plaintiff of a right, privilege, or immunity secured by the Constitution or
laws of the United States.” Whalen v. County of Fulton, 126 F.3d 400, 405 (2d Cir.

1997) (citing Eagleston v. Guido, 41 F.3d 865, 875-76 (2d Cir. 1994)). “A plaintiff must
allege the direct or personal involvement of each of the named defendants in the alleged
constitutional deprivation.” Bellinger v. Fludd, No. 20-CV-2206 (EK)(SIL), 2020 WL
- 28 -
6118823, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 16, 2020) (citing Farid v. Ellen, 593 F.3d 233, 249 (2d
Cir. 2010)).
“School districts and boards of education are considered municipal entities that

can be sued under § 1983.” Martinetti v. Mangan, No. 17-cv-5484 (KMK), 2019 WL
1255955, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2019) (quoting Doe by & through Doe v. E.
Irondequoit Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 16-CV-6594, 2018 WL 2100605, at *16 (W.D.N.Y.
May 7, 2018)). But liability only arises under § 1983 if the action is taken pursuant to an
official municipal policy, which can be established by alleging:

(1) a formal policy officially endorsed by the municipality; (2) actions
taken by government officials responsible for establishing the municipal
policies that caused the particular deprivation in question; (3) a practice so
consistent and widespread that, although not expressly authorized,
constitutes a custom or usage of which a supervising policy-maker must
have been aware; or (4) a failure by policymakers to provide adequate
training or supervision to subordinates to such an extent that it amounts to
deliberate indifference to the rights of those who come into contact with the
municipal employees.

Id. at *8-9 (quoting Brandon v. City of New York, 705 F. Supp. 2d 261, 276–77 (S.D.N.Y.
2010)).
1. First Amendment Retaliation Claim (Count Three)
Plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim alleges that Plaintiff C.S. had the right to
communicate with the school about her concerns regarding Plaintiff D.S.’s experiences
and to report the instances of bullying and harassment suffered by Plaintiff D.S. They
allege that in retaliation for exercising those rights, defendants took adverse action
against Plaintiffs including labeling Plaintiffs as racist, interrogating Plaintiff D.S. which
- 29 -
resulted in the investigation by Child Protective Services, blocking Plaintiff C.S. from the
school Facebook page, preventing Plaintiff C.S. from participating in school meetings,
and trying to wrongly retrieve an instrument from Plaintiff C.S.’s son.

To state a claim for First Amendment retaliation, a plaintiff must establish: (1) an
interest protected by the First Amendment; (2) defendants’ conduct or adverse action was
motivated by the exercise of that First Amendment right; and (3) defendants effectively
chilled the exercise of that right or caused some other concrete harm. C.T. v. Valley
Stream Union Free Sch. Dist., 201 F. Supp. 3d 307, 314 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (citing Mental

Disability Law Clinic, Touro Law Ctr. v. Hogan, 519 F. App’x 714, 717 (2d Cir. 2013));
Dorsett v. Cnty. of Nassau, 732 F.3d 157, 160 (2d Cir. 2013) (plaintiff has standing to
assert a First Amendment retaliation claim where “he can show either that his speech has
been adversely affected by the government retaliation or that he has suffered some other
concrete harm. Various non-speech related harms are sufficient to give a plaintiff

standing.”).
Arguably, Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled the elements of such a claim for
purposes of a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) motion. See Jones v. Bay Shore Union Free Sch.
Dist., 947 F. Supp. 2d 270, 275 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (denying motion to dismiss First
Amendment retaliation claim where “Plaintiff alleges that Defendants retaliated against

him for expressing criticism of the District by prohibiting Plaintiff from entering District
property or attending Board meetings, accusing Plaintiff of having engaged in
inappropriate conduct while employed with the District approximately twenty years ago,
- 30 -
and disproportionately punishing his daughter.”). But it is not clear from Plaintiffs’
complaint against whom this claim is being asserted. The complaint alleges that in
response to Plaintiff C.S.’s protected speech, “the defendants took adverse action.” (Dkt.

1 at ¶ 286). While some examples are then given that reference particular defendants, the
complaint does not make clear if those are merely supporting factual allegations or a
specific assertion of liability and against whom it is intended to be asserted. Nor has a
policy been identified or alleged to the extent the claim is asserted against the municipal
defendants. 5465 Route 212, LLC v. N.Y. St. Dep’t of Transp., No. 1:19-CV-01510-BKS-

DJS, 2020 WL 6888052, at *9 (N.D.N.Y. Nov. 24, 2020) (“Because the personal
involvement of a defendant is a prerequisite to an award of damages under § 1983, a
plaintiff cannot rely on a group pleading against all defendants without making specific
individual factual allegations.” (quoting Spring v. Allegany-Limestone Cent. Sch. Dist.,
138 F. Supp. 3d 282, 293 (W.D.N.Y. 2015), vacated in part on other grounds, 655 F.

App’x 25 (2d Cir. 2016)); Wilson v. City of New York, No. 15-CV-3192 (KBF), 2016 WL
2858895, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 16, 2016) (denying motion to amend where “[t]he
proposed amended complaint does not identify what individual defendant took what
action or otherwise provide any means of distinguishing one defendant’s personal
involvement from another’s. This approach to pleading does not comply with the

requirement, in the § 1983 context, that a defendant only face claims that he has been
sufficiently alleged to have personally committed.”); see also Atuahene v. City of
Hartford, 10 F. App’x 33, 34 (2d Cir. 2001) (holding that complaint failed to meet
- 31 -
minimum pleading standard “[b]y lumping all the defendants together in each claim and
providing no factual basis to distinguish their conduct”).
In light of these deficiencies, Plaintiffs’ claim for First Amendment retaliation is

dismissed without prejudice. As explained further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted
leave to amend their complaint to attempt to remedy the deficiency.
2. Violation of Civil Rights Claim (Count Five)
Plaintiffs’ claim for violation of civil rights is asserted against the “individual
capacity defendants” and alleges that they “violated Title VI, Title IX, the Equal

Protection Claims and the right to Free Speech under the First Amendment to the US
Constitution.” (Dkt. 1 at ¶ 312).
As with the previous claim, this claim fails for a lack of specificity by grouping all
of the individual defendants together without particularizing the allegations tied to each
defendant. See 5465 Route 212, LLC, 2020 WL 6888052, at *9. This lack of specificity

subjects the claim to dismissal.
But additionally, the claim fails for seemingly being duplicative of the relief
sought elsewhere in the complaint and not identifying an independent claim for relief.
H.B. and S.B., 2012 WL 4477552, at *18 (dismissing claim for violation of federal civil
rights alleging a failure to address bullying and creating a hostile educational

environment because pleading was not clear what claim was being asserted).

- 32 -
In light of these deficiencies, Plaintiffs’ claim for violation of civil rights is
dismissed without prejudice. As explained further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted
leave to amend their complaint to attempt to remedy the deficiency.

3. Equal Protection Claim (Count Seven)
Plaintiffs’ Equal Protection claim alleges that the actions and inactions of the
individual defendants violated Plaintiffs’ rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth
Amendment.
“Generally, to maintain an equal protection claim, a plaintiff must ‘show adverse

treatment of individuals compared with other similarly situated individuals and that such
selective treatment was based on impermissible considerations such as race, religion,
intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional rights, or malicious or bad faith
intent to injure a person.’” Terrill v. Windham-Ashland-Jewett Cent. Sch. Dist., 176 F.
Supp. 3d 101, 110 (N.D.N.Y. 2016) (quoting Miner v. Clinton Cty., 541 F.3d 464, 474

(2d Cir. 2008)). “In the alternative, he could pursue an ‘equal protective claim under a
theory of discriminatory application of the law, or under a theory of discriminatory
motivation underlying a facially neutral policy or statute.’” Rodriguez v. Clinton, 357 F.
App’x 355, 357 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Pyke v. Cuomo, 258 F.3d 107, 108-09 (2d Cir.
2001)).

Here, like the previous claims, this claim fails for a lack of specificity in pleading
by grouping all of the individual defendants together without particularizing the
allegations tied to each defendant. See 5465 Route 212, LLC, 2020 WL 6888052, at *9.
- 33 -
But the claim as pled also fails on the merits. It is not wholly clear what theory
Plaintiffs’ equal protection claims rests upon, but it appears to derive from their claim
that the RCSD failed to prevent the alleged race and gender-based harassment. For the

same reasons that Plaintiffs’ Title VI and Title IX fail for insufficiently pleading
impermissible discrimination on the basis of race or sex, so too does their claim for equal
protection which arises from the same exact facts. Patrick, 437 F. Supp. 3d at 181
(denying equal protection claim for deliberate indifference when any harassment that
occurred was motivated not by plaintiff’s sex but because they blamed him for getting a

coach suspended); D.C., 2017 WL 3017189, at *6 (“To state a claim for violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause, the plaintiff ‘must allege that a
government actor intentionally discriminated against them on the basis of race, national
origin or gender.’” (quoting Hayden v. Cty. of Nassau, 180 F.3d 42, 48 (2d Cir. 1999));
Chandrapaul v. City Univ. of New York, No. 14CIV790AMDCLP, 2016 WL 1611468, at

*23 (E.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 2016) (“Like Title VI and Section 1981, allegations of
discrimination under the Equal Protection Clause ‘require that intentional discrimination
be alleged in a non-conclusory fashion.’ Therefore, the plaintiff’s claims under the Equal
Protection Clause also fail.”) (citations omitted); Mislin v. City of Tonawanda Sch. Dist.,
No. 02-CV-273S, 2007 WL 952048, at *12 n.16 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 29, 2007) (“[T]here is

no evidence in the record of any race-based discrimination (or reverse-race
discrimination) against Mislin. In any event, Plaintiffs’ race-based equal protection

- 34 -
claims are also subject to dismissal because they are subsumed by their Title VI
claims.”).
In light of these deficiencies, Plaintiffs’ claim for equal protection is dismissed

without prejudice. As explained further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted leave to
amend their complaint to attempt to remedy the deficiency.
E. Municipal Liability for Failure to Train and Supervise (Count Four)

Plaintiffs seek to hold Defendants RCSD and the Board of Education of the RCSD
liable for failing to adequately train school employees to prevent, investigate, and report
bullying and discrimination, and supervise its employees to ensure compliance with the
law. They contend that Defendants RCSD and the Board of Education of the RCSD
failed to comply with DASA, which sets requirements for bullying prevention.
As an initial matter, to the extent this claim can fairly be read to allege a cause of
action arising from Defendants’ alleged failure to comply with DASA, the claim is

subject to dismissal, as no private right of action is contemplated by DASA. See E.
Irondequoit Cent. Sch. Dist., 2018 WL 2100605, at *20 (“[C]ourts in this Circuit have
held that there is no private right to sue under DASA.”); Terrill, 176 F. Supp. 3d at 109
(“Accordingly, for all of these reasons, the Court finds that DASA does not provide a
private right of action, either express or implied, and Plaintiffs’ third and fourth causes of

action must therefore be dismissed.”).
In their opposition to the motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs argue that the claim is not
intended to assert an independent claim for failure to comply with DASA, but rather, that
- 35 -
the failure to comply with DASA is evidence that Defendants RCSD and Board of
Education of RCSD failed to train their employees which caused the deliberate
indifference to the race and gender-based bullying suffered by Plaintiff D.S. (Dkt. 5 at

¶¶ 128-29). Here, the allegations in the complaint do not clearly set forth the position
Plaintiffs now take. In addition, because the Court concludes that Plaintiffs have not
sufficiently pled an underlying claim for race or gender-based discrimination, the failure
to train claim, to the extent based upon the same facts, would similarly fail. See Mislin,
2007 WL 952048, at *17 (“This Court has found that neither Greene nor Freedman

violated Mislin’s rights under the Fourth or Fourteenth Amendments. As such, a finding
of liability as to the School District for failure to hire, retain, train or supervise is
precluded since there was no constitutional violation or injury.”).
In light of these deficiencies as well as a lack of clear specificity as to the nature of
the claim being asserted, Plaintiffs’ claim for failure to train is dismissed without

prejudice. As explained further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted leave to amend their
complaint to attempt to remedy the deficiency.
F. State law claim Negligent Supervision/Failure to Keep Safe (Count Six)
Count Six in Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that defendants failed to take appropriate
action and were negligent in protecting Plaintiff D.S. from abuse, which caused her injury

and suffering. “Schools are under a duty to adequately supervise the students in their
charge and they will be held liable for foreseeable injuries proximately related to the

- 36 -
absence of adequate supervision.” Motta ex rel. Motta v. Eldred Cent. Sch. Dist., 141
A.D.3d 819, 820 (2016) (quoting Mirand v. City of New York, 84 N.Y.2d 44, 49 (1994)).
Arguably, Plaintiffs have sufficiently pled the elements of such a claim for

purposes of a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) motion. This claim though suffers from the same
flaw as several other of Plaintiffs’ claims in that it is unclear from the allegations which
defendants the claim is being asserted against. See 5465 Route 212, LLC, 2020 WL
6888052, at *9. With multiple defendants who possess varying relationships to Plaintiffs
and conduct that spans over several years, it is simply impermissible to premise liability

on a group basis as Plaintiffs have attempted to do.
In light of these deficiencies, Plaintiffs’ claim for negligence is dismissed without
prejudice. As explained further below, Plaintiffs will be permitted leave to amend their
complaint to attempt to remedy the deficiency.
In sum and for the foregoing reasons, the District Defendants’ motion to dismiss is

denied in part and granted in part.
III. Defendant Tarragrossa’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
Defendant Tarragrossa moves for judgment on the pleadings on the claims alleged
against her in Plaintiffs’ complaint, arguing that they fail to state cognizable claims.
A. Count One and Count Two

Because Defendant Tarragrossa is an individual defendant, for the same reasons
set forth above, any claims asserted against her pursuant to Title VI and Title IX must be
dismissed. See Sutton, 2020 WL 6532937, at *6 (“The Supreme Court has held that
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while Title IX creates liability for institutions and programs that receive federal funds, it
does not ‘authoriz[e] suit[s] against school officials, teachers, and other individuals.’”).
Her motion for judgment on the pleadings on these two claims accordingly is granted and

the claims are dismissed with prejudice.
B. Section 1983 Claims
For the same reasons set forth above that Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims fail against the
other individual defendants, so too do they fail to state a claim against Tarragrossa, and
on this basis her motion for judgment on the pleadings is granted.

But Tarragrossa also asserts an additional basis for dismissal against her in that
she cannot be considered a state actor to support a § 1983 claim. As outlined above,
“[a]n action under § 1983 has two elements: the defendant must (1) act under ‘color of
state law’ to (2) deprive the plaintiff of a statutory or constitutional right.” Kennedy v.
New York, 167 F. Supp. 3d 451, 460 (W.D.N.Y. 2016) (citing Back v. Hastings on

Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 122 (2d Cir. 2004)). “Because the United
States Constitution regulates only the Government, not private parties, a litigant claiming
that his constitutional rights have been violated must first establish that the challenged
conduct constitutes ‘state action.’” United States v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Chauffeurs,
Warehousemen & Helpers of Am., AFL-CIO, 941 F.2d 1292, 1295 (2d Cir. 1991). As

such, “[s]ection 1983 addresses only those injuries caused by state actors or those acting
under color of state law.” Spear v. Town of W. Hartford, 954 F.2d 63, 68 (2d Cir. 1992).
There are limited instances where a private party can be considered a state actor:
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For the purposes of section 1983, the actions of a nominally private entity
are attributable to the state when: (1) the entity acts pursuant to the
“coercive power” of the state or is “controlled” by the state (“the
compulsion test”); (2) when the state provides “significant encouragement”
to the entity, the entity is a “willful participant in joint activity with the
[s]tate,” or the entity’s functions are “entwined” with state policies (“the
joint action test” or “close nexus test”); or (3) when the entity “has been
delegated a public function by the [s]tate” (“the public function test”).

Sybalski v. Indep. Grp. Home Living Program, Inc., 546 F.3d 255, 257 (2d Cir. 2008)
(quoting Brentwood Acad. v. Tenn. Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 U.S. 288, 296,
121 S. Ct. 924, 148 L.Ed.2d 807 (2001)); Ortolaza ex rel. E. v. Capitol Region Educ.
Council, 388 F. Supp. 3d 109, 117–18 (D. Conn. 2019) (“The effect of these
considerations is to create a relatively high bar for an advocate seeking to demonstrate
that a private party’s conduct is that of a state actor, with its attendant constitutional
liabilities.”).
Defendant Tarragrossa is a private party, employed by the Center for Youth and
not by the RCSD, as acknowledged in Plaintiffs’ complaint. (Dkt. 1 at ¶ 26 “VALERIE
TARRAGROSSA, (aka Ms. T), was all times mentioned herein, an employee of the
Center for Youth Services who was contracted by RCSD to work at School 58 full
time.”)). As such, she is not a state actor for purposes of § 1983. In opposition to the
motion for judgment on the pleadings, Plaintiffs argue that a determination on whether
Defendant Tarragrossa is a state actor is premature without the benefit of discovery to
explore whether she possibly meets the compulsion test, the joint action test, or public
function test. (Dkt. 29-2 at 2-3). Because the complaint alleges that Defendant
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Tarragrossa is employed by a private party and does not allege any factual bases to deem
her to be a state actor, and where the claims substantively fail regardless of status, the
Court rejects Plaintiffs’ request to delay resolution of this issue. Rodriguez v. Clinton,

357 F. App’x 355, 357 (2d Cir. 2009) (denying assertion of § 1983 claim for lack of
evidence of “state action” where defendants merely acquiesced in decision by school’s
Parent Teacher Student Association, a private entity); Stefanoni v. Darien Little League,
Inc., 101 F. Supp. 3d 160, 173 (D. Conn. 2015) (“At the pleading stage, a plaintiff need
not conclusively prove state action but must plausibly allege that it occurred by relying

on more than “vague and conclusory” statements.”).
For these reasons, Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant Tarragrossa arising under
Section 1983 are dismissed without prejudice. As explained further below, Plaintiffs will
be permitted leave to amend their complaint to attempt to remedy the deficiency. Finally,
to the extent Plaintiffs’ remaining claim for negligence is intended to be asserted against

Defendant Tarragrossa, it is dismissed without prejudice for the reasons explained above
with respect to the District Defendants.
IV. Plaintiffs’ Cross-Motion to Amend
In response to Defendant Tarragrossa’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings,
Plaintiffs cross-moved to amend their complaint.

“A district court has broad discretion in determining whether to grant leave to
amend[.]” Gurary v. Winehouse, 235 F.3d 792, 801 (2d Cir. 2000). Pursuant to Rule
15(a)(2), which provides that once the time for leave to amend as of right has expired, “a
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party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or the
court’s leave. The court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ.
P. 15(a)(2).

In addition, Local Civil Rule 15 provides:
(a) A movant seeking to amend or supplement a pleading must attach an
unsigned copy of the proposed amended pleading as an exhibit to the
motion. The proposed amended pleading must be a complete pleading
superseding the original pleading in all respects. No portion of the prior
pleading shall be incorporated into the proposed amended pleading by
reference.

(b) Unless the movant is proceeding pro se, the amendment(s) or
supplement(s) to the original pleading shall be identified in the proposed
pleading through the use of a word processing “redline” function or other
similar markings that are visible in both electronic and paper format.

Here, Plaintiffs did not provide a “redline” copy of their proposed amended
pleading with their motion to amend, as required. Upon objection from Defendants,
Plaintiffs sought leave from this Court to be relieved from this requirement (Dkt. 33),
which was denied (Dkt. 34). The proposed pleading contains 338 numbered paragraphs
and it is unreasonable to expect the parties or the Court to assess the amendments
contained therein without the benefit of a “redline” version of the document,
notwithstanding counsel’s affidavit which explains the nature of the amendments. This
failure alone subjects the motion to amend to dismissal. Doe v. E. Irondequoit, 2018 WL
2100605, at *5-6 (denying motion to amend in part for failure to provide a “redline”
version of the proposed pleading: “It is crystal clear, however, that Local Rule 15(b)
applies to Plaintiffs’ motion to file a Second Amended Complaint, and because Plaintiffs
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did not comply with that rule, the motion may be denied for that reason alone.”). In
addition, because the proposed pleading accompanying the motion contains matters now
resolved in this Decision and Order, permitting the filing of that pleading would not

advance the litigation in a meaningful way.
As noted herein, the Court does find that it is in the interest of justice to permit
Plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint to attempt to remedy some of the deficiencies
identified herein. Accordingly, within 30 days of the date of this Decision and Order,
Plaintiffs may file an amended complaint attempting to allege any of the claims

dismissed herein without prejudice. Not only must any amended complaint cure the
deficiencies identified herein in the event Plaintiffs seek to try to pursue a claim that has
been dismissed without prejudice, but the amended complaint must also correct other
deficiencies identified in the parties’ papers, including misspelling of names, failure to
redact Plaintiff D.S.’s first name in multiple locations, and be accompanied by a motion

to proceed anonymously, if that remains Plaintiffs’ intention. See Roe v. City of N.Y., No.
20-CV-9635 (LLS), 2020 WL 6875424, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20, 2020) (“If Plaintiffs
wish to proceed anonymously with this action, they must file under seal, along with their
amended complaint, a motion to proceed anonymously that states the reasons why the
Court should permit them to do so.”); Roe v. Does 1-11, No. 20-CV-3788-MKB-SJB,

2020 WL 6152174, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Oct. 14, 2020) (“Permitting a party to proceed under
a pseudonym is the ‘exception. . . . A party seeking to proceed anonymously must
sufficiently refute ‘the presumption of disclosure.’” (citations omitted)). Moreover, any
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amended complaint must comply with the requirements of Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 11. See Lisa Coppola, LLC v. Higbee, No. 1:19-CV-00678, 2020 WL
1154749, at *11 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 10, 2020) (although granting leave to replead upon

dismissal of claim, reminding plaintiff that any newly asserted claim must also satisfy
Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.). Failure to timely file the amended complaint in accordance with this
Decision and Order will result in a dismissal of Plaintiffs’ complaint with prejudice and
direction to the Clerk to close this case.
CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the District Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in
part and denied in part, Defendant Valerie Tarragrossa’s motion is granted, and Plaintiffs’
cross-motion to amend is denied, but Plaintiffs are granted leave to amend within 30 days
of the date of and in accordance with this Decision and Order.
SO ORDERED.

ELIZABETH A. WOLFORD
United States District Judge

Dated: November 30, 2020
Rochester, New York

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10363049. Public record. Not legal advice.