# Woods v. Town of Tonawanda

> District Court, W.D. New York · April 8, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10362212

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. New York
- **Decided:** April 8, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

JOANNE M. WOODS, Individually and as
Administratrix of the Estate of Kristian T. Woods
and as court-appointed Guardian of Property for
M.A. Woods, I.K. Woods and M.A. Woods1,
Plaintiff,
v. DECISION AND ORDER
13CV798S
TOWN OF TONAWANDA, et al.,
Defendants.

I. Introduction
Before this Court are two defense motions for summary judgment dismissing this
case. Erie County and affiliated defendants (collectively “County Defendants”) moved for
summary judgment (Docket No. 81); the Town of Tonawanda and its affiliated defendants
(collectively “Town Defendants”) also moved for summary judgment (Docket No. 82; see
Docket No. 83, motion to seal; Docket No. 86, Order sealing the motion) and later
amended their motion (Docket No. 85). The Town Defendants’ former motion (Docket
No. 82) is terminated in favor of their amendment (Docket No. 85).
Plaintiff’s responses to both motions initially were due on January 6, 2017 (Docket
No. 88), with that deadline extended after motions requesting that relief (Docket Nos. 89,
91, 90, 92), with responses ultimately due by March 13, 2017, and replies by March 27,
2017 (Docket No. 92). Plaintiff filed her response to Town Defendants’ (Docket No. 93)

1Infant names redacted pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 5.2(a)(3).
and the County Defendants’ (Docket No. 94) motions. The Town Defendants (Docket
No. 95) and the County Defendants (Docket No. 96) then replied. These motions then
were deemed submitted without oral argument.

For the reasons stated herein, the Town Defendants’ Amended Motion for
Summary Judgment (Docket No. 85) is granted and the County Defendants’ Motion for
Summary Judgment (Docket No. 81) is granted. Therefore, the Second Amended
Complaint (Docket No. 39) is dismissed.

II. BACKGROUND
This is a civil rights action commenced by the administratrix of the estate of Kristian
T. Woods (“Decedent”) on behalf of herself, the estate, and as guardian of property for
three minor beneficiaries (see Docket No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 2-4, Ex. A). Plaintiff alleges that
this action arises under the Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution and the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (id. ¶ 11; see Docket
No. 39, 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 35), initially against the Town of Tonawanda, New York (the

“Town”), the County of Erie, New York (the “County”), and various John Doe defendants
(Docket No. 1, Compl. ¶¶ 5-10).
A. Pleadings

Defendants can be collected into two subdivisions. First is the Town of
Tonawanda, and individual officers2 of the Tonawanda Police Department. The second
group is Erie County and named Erie County Sheriff’s deputies3.
The Town Defendants answered the original Complaint (Docket No. 7) and
asserted crossclaims against Erie County (id.). Erie County answered both plaintiff’s and
codefendants’ claims (Docket No. 11). The Town Defendants later amended their Answer
(Docket No. 13). Plaintiff then filed a series of amended pleadings, adding named

defendants for the John Does and amending claims (Docket Nos. 22, 39). Defendants
filed their Answers to these amendments (Docket Nos. 22, 23, 40, 41).
The current pleading is plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint (Docket No. 39).
Therein, she alleges in the First Cause of Action that the Town Defendants violated
Decedent’s civil rights through cruel and inhuman punishment (id. ¶¶ 53-62). She alleges
in the Second Cause of Action that the County Defendants violated Decedent’s civil rights

through infliction of punishment without due process of law (id. ¶¶ 64-73). Both claims
arise from Decedent’s arrest by the Town of Tonawanda Police on May 2, 2012, while
Decedent showed signs of “serious mental disease or defect and required immediate
medical care and treatment” (id. ¶¶ 54, 65). She claims that defendants were deliberately
indifferent to Decedent’s serious medical condition (id. ¶¶ 55, 66). The Tonawanda police

2Officers Michael Marciano, Corey Flatau, Nicholas Solonikis, Lieutenant Baumgartner, Officers
McNamara, Murphy, Lieutenant McNamara, Michael Botham, Officers Franco and Lewandowski, Docket
No. 39, 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5-16.
3James Franklin, Thomas Thompson, Timothy Higgins, Mark Marren, Eric Fintak, John Gavin,
Justin Tedesco, Chad Myers, Cesar Botello, John “Jack” Robinson, Phillip Kupple, Daniel Harris, Sergeant
Anthony LoDestro, and Deputy Haladay, Docket No. 39, 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18-33.
transported Decedent to police headquarters (id. ¶ 56), where he was processed and
detained for four hours (id. ¶¶ 56-57). Plaintiff alleges that the Town Defendants denied
Decedent prescription medication for his mental disease despite knowing that he required
that medication (id. ¶ 58). Decedent’s family appealed to the Tonawanda police officers

to provide Decedent with his medication but was repeatedly rebuffed (id. ¶ 59). The family
repeated these appeals to the Sheriff’s deputies when Decedent was in the Erie County
Holding Center during his sixteen-hour detention there, again to no avail (id. ¶¶ 70, 68).
Plaintiff alleges that, as a result of this deprivation, Decedent fell into a coma on May 4,
2012, and remained comatose until his death on October 23, 2012 (id. ¶¶ 60, 71). She
asserts that the refusal to provide treatment was part of the Town’s custom and policy (id.
¶ 61) and was a County custom and policy (id. ¶ 72), in violation of Decedent’s due
process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments (id. ¶¶ 61, 72).

In the Third Cause of Action, plaintiff alleges that the Town negligently hired and
trained its officers, leading to Decedent’s injuries and eventual death (id. ¶¶ 75-79).
Similarly, in the Fourth Cause of Action plaintiff also alleges against Erie County a similar
negligent hiring and training through the Sheriff’s Department of the individual deputies
(id. ¶¶ 81-85).

In the Fifth Cause of Action, plaintiff alleges the Town Defendants deprived
Decedent of his rights to life and liberty without due process of law (in violation of the Fifth
and Fourteenth Amendments) by not providing medical care to Decedent despite his
family’s requests, depriving Decedent of his health and ultimately his life (id. ¶¶ 87-91).
Again, in the Sixth Cause of Action, plaintiff alleges a similar deprivation by the County
Defendants (id. ¶¶ 93-97).
In the Seventh Cause of Action, plaintiff asserts that the Town Defendants seized
Decedent without probable cause and in violation of his due process (id. ¶¶ 99-107). She
contends that Decedent was seated on the sidewalk showing overt signs of mental illness
when the criminal complainant alleged that Decedent was attempting to steal her car (id.

¶¶ 99-100). Plaintiff denies Decedent could commit any crime due to Decedent’s “clear
mental disease or defect which required immediate medical care and treatment” (id.
¶ 101). The Tonawanda police officers (unreasonably to plaintiff) accepted complainant’s
accusation at face value and arrested Decedent (id. ¶ 102), with officers “concoct[ing] and
fil[ing] a misleading report” (id. ¶ 103).
The Eighth Cause of Action alleges the Town Defendants falsely imprisoned
Decedent (id. ¶¶ 109-12). The Ninth Cause of Action also alleges false imprisonment of

Decedent by the County Defendants (id. ¶¶ 114-16).
Plaintiff alleges in the Tenth Cause of Action that the Town Defendants deprived
Decedent of his parental rights without due process of law, by arresting him in May of
2012 and depriving him of medication, leading to his detention and separation from his
three children. Decedent eventually lapsed into a coma and died, making it impossible
for Decedent to be with his children. (Id. ¶¶ 118-21).

The Eleventh Cause of Action alleges that the Town Defendants wrongfully caused
Decedent’s death (id. ¶¶ 123-26). Similarly, the Twelfth (and final) Cause of Action
alleges that the County Defendants also wrongfully caused Decedent’s death (id. ¶¶ 128-
31).
Plaintiff (for herself and the estate of Decedent) seeks to recover compensatory
and punitive damages for these claims (id., WHEREFORE Cl., at pages 32-33).

Following the Answers to the Second Amended Complaint (Docket Nos. 40 (Town
Defendants), 41 (County Defendants)), the parties conducted and completed discovery
(e.g., Docket Nos. 50, 74-77) and sought extensions of the Scheduling Order (e.g.,
Docket Nos. 46, 51, 71). Defendants then filed their present Motions for Summary
Judgment.
B. Defense Motions for Summary Judgment

Taking the motions in the order in which the Decedent interacted with defendants,
this Court first considers the Town Defendants’ Amended Motion for Summary Judgment
(Docket No. 85) and then the County Defendants’ Motion (Docket No. 81). Both motions
assert common arguments and allege a common set of facts. This Court will consider
defendants’ factual assertions together, discussing plaintiff’s factual contentions as they
differ with defendants’ assertions; the common grounds argued by defendants; and

plaintiff’s global responses to them. Finally, this Court will note distinct defenses and
arguments raised by the Town Defendants and the County Defendants and plaintiff’s
responses to them.
1. Local Rule 56 Statements

All defendants replied (Docket No. 95, Town Defs. Reply Memo. at 2-3; Docket
No. 96, County Defs. Reply Memo. at 2) that plaintiff did not submit an opposing Local
Rule 56 statement to their Statements in support of their motions. Instead, she declared
that she “strenuously” objects to the facts stated in defendants’ Memoranda of Law
(Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 4 (opposing County Defendants’ motion); Docket No. 94,
Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 4 (opposing Town Defendants’ motion); cf. Docket No. 95, Town Defs.
Reply Memo. at 3; Docket No. 96, County Defs. Reply Memo. at 2), not expressly
addressing their Statements. Plaintiff concluded in her attorney’s declaration (e.g.,

Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 50), in her own affidavit (Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 37), and
in the affidavit of Decedent’s sister, Kara Woods (e.g., Docket No. 93, Kara Woods Aff.
¶¶ 1, 16) that this case is
“wrought with inconsistencies, unanswered questions, medical uncertainties and
questionable reporting practices, Defendants, in their motion papers, reach bold
and baseless conclusions with respect”

to Decedent’s death. Plaintiff, however, has not produced in admissible form evidence to
counter defendants’ factual assertions or point out those inconsistencies, unanswered
questions, medical uncertainties, and questionable reporting practices. Plaintiff’s counsel
bases his declaration only upon his “personal knowledge and the facts, information and
documentation discovered by me during the course of my investigation into the incident
giving rise to this claim, including, but not limited to, review of all prior pleadings and
proceedings had herein” (Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 2) and less on admissible
evidence required for a Rule 56 motion.
Defendants each submitted their Rule 56 Statements (Docket Nos. 85, Town Defs.
Statement, 81, County Defs. Statement) with citations to the record to admissible
evidence in support of the factual assertions. Plaintiff’s counsel cites to the evidentiary
record as well. Pursuant to Local Rule 56(a)(2), this Court relies upon the facts alleged

by defendants, but notes where appropriate plaintiff’s apparent objections.
2. Facts

Decedent had a history of psychiatric episodes starting in 2010 (Docket No. 85,
Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 20-29; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 7-8; see
Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 13) and was prescribed Risperdal, an antipsychotic medication
(Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 14; Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 29-30). Decedent,
however, was inconsistent in taking that medication (see Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 15; see
also Docket No. 93, Kara Woods Aff. ¶ 7), stopping that medication between
January 2011 and May 2012 (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 30, 31; Docket
No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 9). Plaintiff also noted that, prior to May 2, 2012, the
Decedent did not have a criminal record (Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 20).

On April 30, 2012, plaintiff noticed that Decedent was “acting strangely, in a similar
fashion as during his 2010 and 2011 episodes (withdrawn, paranoid, and just not acting
like his normal self)” so plaintiff gave him one Risperdal pill and witnessed him take it (id.
¶ 16; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 11, 12; see Docket No. 85, Town Defs.
Statement ¶ 32). On the evening of May 1, 2012, Decedent reported to work on the
overnight shift with the Buffalo Fire Department, finishing at 8 am on May 2, 2012 (Docket
No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 17; see also Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 34).

On May 2, 2012, Decedent’s shift ended, and he went to the Walgreens at
Sheridan Drive and Parker Avenue in the Town of Tonawanda (Docket No. 85, Town
Defs. Statement ¶ 35). There, Decedent approached a complainant who was in her car
with her children and allegedly placed his arm inside her car and demanded her phone
and purse (id. ¶¶ 37-38; Docket No. 85, Ex. I, Dep. Tr. Kourtney Smith (complainant) at
8-10, 14-15, Ex. OO, Supporting Deposition of Kourtney Smith; cf. Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff.
¶ 19). The Town police department was contacted, and officers arrived there with
complainant describing the incident (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 40-41).
Plaintiff argues that individual defendants at the scene observed and noted Decedent’s
erratic behavior (Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶¶ 19-27) and later plaintiff and Decedent’s

sister, Kara Woods, attempted to warn the Town Defendants about Decedent’s mental
condition but to no avail (id. ¶ 28). The police also had K-9 unit present and searching
Decedent’s car, found marijuana (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 43). The police
had a Town of Tonawanda paramedic (defendant Michal Botham, Docket No. 81, County
Defs. Statement ¶¶ 21-23, 25) evaluate Decedent (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement
¶ 44), and Botham concluded that Decedent was physically fit enough to be arrested (id.;
Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 25, 16). While at the scene, paramedic
Botham spoke with plaintiff on the telephone who advised him that Decedent had a
psychiatric history and was on prescribed Risperdal and that he had not taken his dosage
(Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 24; Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement

¶ 45).
Decedent was arrested by some of the named Town Defendants (Docket No. 81,
County Defs. Statement ¶ 1). He was charged with attempted robbery in the second
degree, endangerment of the welfare of a child, menacing, and unlawful possession of
marijuana (id.; Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 46). The Town police transferred
Decedent to the police station, wherein he made verbal threats to one officer but displayed

no physical aggression (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 47).
Plaintiff brought a new prescription of Risperdal to the police station for Decedent
and the pill was administered by paramedic Botham to the Decedent pursuant to Town
procedure (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. ¶ 51, Docket No. 85, Ex. N, Dep. Tr. of defendant
paramedic Michael Botham at 41, 44-45; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 17,
26). Botham testified that he obtained the Risperdal from plaintiff and “dispensed his
medicine to” Decedent (Docket No. 85, Ex. N, Botham Tr. at 41); that Decedent’s mother

(the plaintiff) was bringing in his medicine; that he had missed a dose and that the
paramedics would give it to him (id. at 43). Botham testified that Decedent reached out
and took the offered medicine (id. at 44-45). Plaintiff does not dispute this.
Decedent then was arraigned in his cell, the judge ordered a forensic examination
for Decedent, and Decedent was transferred to the Erie County Holding Center (“ECHC”)
(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 52).

Decedent arrived at ECHC at approximately 7:59 pm (Docket No. 81, County Defs.
Statement ¶ 2). Once at ECHC, Decedent was processed and evaluated and deemed to
be a “low” referral for forensic evaluation and otherwise cleared for entry into the general
population (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 85; see Docket No. 81, County Defs.
Statement ¶ 4; Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶¶ 31, 35). A “low” referral meant that any
forensic evaluation by a mental health professional could be done up to five days later
(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. ¶ 55). Plaintiff points out that one evaluator, ECHC nurse

Patrick Sinclair, performed a mandatory suicide screening and concluded that Decedent
suffered from anxiety but determined that he was “medically cleared for court” (Docket
No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 31, Pl. Ex. M). Nurse Sinclair filled out a “Medication Verification”
form during intake listing “Risperdal prn4 not verified,” with a notation of “days ago” for

4Prescription notation “prn” means as circumstances need, from the Latin pro re nata, Taber’s
Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary 1486 (16th illus. ed. 1989).
when Decedent last took Risperdal (id. ¶ 32, Pl. Ex. N). Plaintiff also found purported
discrepancies in two answers on Decedent’s medical intake questionnaire (id. ¶ 34; Pl.
Ex. O, Nancy Stevens Dep. Tr. at 32-33).

Despite this “low” referral status, Decedent later was seen by a mental health
professional, Kelly Ghani, because the Town Justice had ordered Decedent’s evaluation
(id. ¶ 36, Pl. Ex. Q, Dep. Tr. Kelly Ghani at 37). She also testified that she saw Decedent
at the request of the classification deputy who interviewed Decedent the day before
because the deputy had concerns because Decedent was acting “odd” (Docket No. 81,
County Defs. Statement ¶ 63, County Defs. Ex. P, Ghani Dep. Tr. at 35). Ghani also
noted that Risperdal is usually not prescribed on a prn or an as needed basis (Docket
No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 37, Pl. Ex. Q, Ghani Tr. at 52). Once Ghani mentioned that she

would contact Decedent’s mother, he shut down and repeatedly said he needed a
moment of clarity (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 66). Ghani then said she
was going to call a deputy into the room, the Decedent put his hands in his pants and
produced a sharpened piece of his eyeglasses (id. ¶ 67; Docket No. 85, Town Defs.
Statement ¶ 58). Deputies responded and Ghani left to speak with the medical
department and arrange for Decedent’s medical and psychiatric evaluation, later calling
the Erie County Medical Center (“ECMC”) (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 58-
59; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 69-75). Deputies then transported
Decedent to ECMC on 12:40 pm (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 85).

At ECMC, Decedent became disruptive (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement
¶¶ 120-21). Defendant deputy John Gavin testified that ECMC Police attempted to pick
Decedent up in order to place him on a gurney but “all hell broke loose,” with Decedent
yelling, rolling, and trying to get off the table (id. ¶ 122). The Town Defendants contend
that it was the ECMC staff that decided to place Decedent on a hospital gurney restraint
(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 65). Decedent then became disruptive and
attempted to leave the gurney; a nurse administered a second set of shots, leading to

that nurse administering CPR on the Decedent (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement
¶¶ 122, 124-25, 131). Decedent was administered two set of shots which allegedly
caused him to go into cardiac arrest (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 67-70; see
Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 115, 124-25, 131; Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty.
Decl. ¶ 45). The injections administered were Haldol and Ativan (Docket No. 85, Town
Defs. Statement ¶ 68; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 131). Decedent never
regained consciousness and passed away on October 23, 2012, over five months later
(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 71; see Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 48). An
autopsy report of October 24, 2012, revealed the manner of death as “undetermined”
(Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 49, Pl. Ex. X at 5). That report indicated the cause of

death was “complications of Global Hypoxic Encephalopathy” but the examiner could not
determine the cause for the presenting problems (id., Pl. Ex. X at 5).
The Town Defendants establish that the cardiac arrest occurred on May 3, 2012,
almost 20.5 hours after he left the Town’s custody and control (id. ¶ 72). Plaintiff,
however, contends that there are material issues of fact as to the timing and nature of
medication administered to Decedent (Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 46).
C. Common Defenses Asserted in These Motions

Both sets of movants deny that they were deliberately indifferent to Decedent’s
mental health in failing to treat his apparent condition (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo.
at 4-1; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 4-11).
The Town Defendants assert that the officers had ample probable cause to arrest
the Decedent, hence not violating his Fourth Amendment rights (Docket No. 85, Town
Defs. Memo. at 17-19). The County Defendants also rejects plaintiff’s Ninth Cause of
Action because the Decedent’s subsequent confinement was privileged, therefore

plaintiff’s claim for false imprisonment of the Decedent should be dismissed (Docket
No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 19-20).
Both Town and County Defendants assert that plaintiff failed to serve any of the
individual defendants (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 22-24; Docket No. 81,
County Defs. Memo. at 21). Since there are no viable claims against the individual Town
Defendants, the Town Defendants conclude that there cannot be claims against the Town

under § 1983 (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 24-25).
Both sets of movants argue that there was an intervening and superseding cause
for Decedent’s death—the actions of medical personnel at ECMC (Docket No. 81, County
Defs. Memo. at 22; Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 33-36).

Both movants argue that plaintiff’s failure to train causes of action should be
dismissed (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 15-16; Docket No. 81, County Defs.
Memo. at 15-16), but for slightly different reasons. The Town Defendants argue that
Plaintiff’s negligent hiring, training, and supervision claim should be dismissed absent
proof that the individual defendants had a prior propensity to disregard the medical needs
of inmates (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 15-16). The County argues that the
Sheriff (not named a defendant in this case) is solely responsible for training his deputies
and thus the County is not legally responsible for their training (Docket No. 81, County

Defs. Memo. at 15-16). Alternatively, the County asserts that the deputies were properly
trained and did not violate stated County policy (id. at 16; Docket No. 81, County Defs.
Ex. FF). As for the two nurses Sinclair and Stevens not named as defendants here, the
County states that they are employees of contractor Maxim Healthcare Service, thus the
County was not responsible for their actions (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 16).
Both movants oppose reliance upon plaintiff’s expert, Michael Levine, for failing to
meet the standards for Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo.

at 36-40; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 23-25).
Finally, they also both argue against imposition of punitive damages as against the
municipalities or the officials in their official capacities, City of Newport v. Fact Concerts,
Inc., 453 U.S. 247 (1981) (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 40; Docket No. 81,
County Defs. Memo. at 20).

D. Town Defendants’ Amended Motion for Summary Judgment (No. 85)
The Town Defendants also assert defenses particular to them. First, they contend
that plaintiff cannot argue that the defendants deprived Decedent of his parental rights
since there was no proceeding commenced by them to terminate Decedent’s parental
rights (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 19-20).
Since Decedent would not have a viable claim for his wrongful death, the Town
Defendants conclude that they are not liable to plaintiff and Decedent’s distributees for
wrongful death (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 21-22).

Next, the Town Defendants argue that plaintiff’s state law negligence claims (the
Eleventh Cause of Action and possibly the Third Cause of Action for negligent hiring) are
untimely under the New York State General Municipal Law, since they were not
commenced within a year and ninety days of Decedent’s injury (Docket No. 85, Town
Defs. Memo. at 29-30). Presuming the date of Decedent’s injury was May 2, 2012, when
he was arrested, a timely Complaint needed to be filed by July 31, 2013, but plaintiff
commenced this action on August 1, 2013, one day later (id. at 29). They argue this
although plaintiff’s counsel signed the original Complaint on July 31, 2013 (Docket No. 1,

at 25).
In a similar vein, the Town Defendants also assert that plaintiff failed to appear at
a New York General Municipal Law § 50-h hearing prior to filing the Summons and
Complaint (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 30-33), see N.Y. Gen. Mun. L. § 50-h
(5) (action may not be commenced until compliance with demand for examination). In
her affidavit, plaintiff swears that she attended the 50-h hearing on January 2, 2014

(Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶¶ 6-7), but this was months after filing the original Complaint and
its amendments (Docket Nos. 1, Compl., 22, Am. Compl. (filed Dec. 5, 2013)), but months
before the Second Amended Complaint (Docket No. 39, filed May 2, 2014).
E. County Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (No. 81)

The County Defendants note the fact that Sheriff Timothy Howard was never
named as a defendant in this action (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 5; but cf.
Docket No. 39, 2d Am. Compl.). They also state that plaintiff failed to serve the individual
deputies named as defendants (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 6, County Defs.
Ex. D (defendants’ affidavits denying being served)).
The County Defendants also argue that plaintiff sued the Sheriff’s Department, but
that entity is not suable (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 20-21). Plaintiff alleged

several causes of action against “Defendant County of Erie through its Erie County
Sheriff’s Department” (Docket No. 39, 2d Am. Compl., 2d, 4th, 6th, 9th, and 12th Causes of
Action). Plaintiff responds that she did not sue the Sheriff’s Department and she is unsure
why this argument is being made (Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. at 20). Related to this
argument is the County Defendants’ contention that the County is not liable for Sheriff’s
deputies under a respondeat superior theory given the special relationship of the Sheriff
and the Sheriff’s Department to the County (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 13-
15). The County Defendants next assert that plaintiff failed to allege personal involvement
to establish municipal liability (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 16-19).

F. Plaintiff’s Responses
1. Response to Town Defendants’ Motion (Docket No. 93)
Asserting Decedent’s Eighth Amendment rights, plaintiff argues that the Town
Defendants (as well as the County Defendants) were deliberately indifferent to

Decedent’s mental condition, failing to treat it or to follow internal policies calling for
observation and supervision (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 3-6; see
also Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 3-7). Minimally, she contends
that there are fact issues that a jury should decide rather than dismissal on motion (Docket
No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 3, 5-6; see also Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re

County Defs. Motion at 3, 5, 6).
As for her negligent hiring, training, and supervision claim, plaintiff argues that
several material questions of fact exist as to the training of police officers dealing with
persons with mental illness, whether defendants understood the signs and symptoms of
Decedent’s mental illness (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 7). During
their depositions, none of the Town Defendants mentioned Excited Delirium Syndrome or
that Decedent might have been suffering from it (id. at 8).

Next, plaintiff denies that defendants had probable cause to arrest Decedent
following his incident with complainant Kourtney Smith, arguing that Decedent due to his
condition lacked the mens rea to commit any offense (id. at 8-9). Plaintiff concludes that
there was a material issue of fact whether defendants had probable cause to arrest
Decedent on May 2, 2012 (id. at 10).

Since Decedent was a father of three children when he was arrested (and
subsequently died), plaintiff asserts that his arrest and detention deprived these children
of his care, nurturing, and guidance. Plaintiff believes that this deprivation is actionable
against defendants. (Id. at 10-11.) She contends that this deprivation is not limited to
formal process terminating parental rights (id. at 11) and that the infants could assert this
claim (id.) even though the minors are not plaintiffs in this case. Plaintiff is representing
herself and as guardian for the “Property” for the three infants (which presumably includes
this claim).

Plaintiff argues that the Town is responsible for damages because it indemnifies
the defendant officers (id. at 11-13; see also Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs.
Motion at 18-19).
As for service of the Amended Complaint, plaintiff argues that it electronically
served the Town Attorney (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 13). If this
method was defective, plaintiff seeks leave to file a motion to serve the Amended

Complaint upon all individual defendants nunc pro tunc (id.). She denies any prejudice
to the individual defendants not personally served if they were served later nunc pro tunc
(id. at 14). Similarly, plaintiff argues that she served the County Attorney with the Second
Amended Complaint to serve the named deputies (Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County
Defs. Motion at 21). She also offers to move for leave to serve the Amended Complaint
upon the individual County defendants and argues that they are not prejudiced by this
lack of service (id. at 22, 21).

As for qualified immunity to defendants, plaintiff retorts that they are not eligible for
immunity because they violated Decedent’s Eighth Amendment rights and there are
questions of fact whether it was reasonable for defendants to believe that their conduct
did not violate Decedent’s clearly established rights (id. at 15, 16; see Docket No. 94, Pl.
Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 14-17). She contends that the record here is insufficient
for this Court to find whether defendants’ actions were reasonable (Docket No. 93, Pl.
Memo. re Town Defs. Motion, at 16-17; Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion
at 16-17).
As for the Town Defendants’ contention that the Complaint was untimely, plaintiff
argues that the actual accrual date was when Decedent suffered cardiac arrest on May 3,
2012, and placed into a coma the next day (id. at 18). Thus, the Complaint was filed
within one year and ninety days to be timely for those events (id.). As for defendants’

argument that plaintiff failed to appear at a pre-Complaint 50-h hearing, plaintiff replies
that defendants were not prejudiced since she did testify (id. at 18-20; see also Docket
No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 22-23). Plaintiff repeated this argument for
the County Defendants, but these defendants did not raise General Municipal Law § 50-
h compliance as a defense.
Plaintiff then rejects defense arguments of intervening or superseding cause,
pointing again to the four hours Decedent was in Tonawanda police custody and suffering

while there (id. at 20-21; see Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 10-11
(Decedent while detained at the ECHC)). She points out that under New York procedural
law if a summary judgment movant fails to provide enough evidence to establish the
absence of a triable issue of fact that warrants dismissal (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re
Town Defs. Motion at 21; Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 10-11,
citing Curtiss v. County of Livingston, 231 A.D.2d 960, 648 N.Y.S.2d 387 (4th Dep’t 1996)
(citing CPLR 3212).

Plaintiff argues the admissibility under Rule 702 of an expert’s opinion of Michael
Levine because it focuses on his area of expertise, police training in identifying signs of
mental illness, including Excited Delirium Syndrome (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town
Defs. Motion at 23; see Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 11-14).
Conceding that Levine was not a medical doctor, plaintiff replies that Levine has extensive
field experience in arrests, specifically of suspects exhibiting bizarre behavior (Docket
No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 24).

Finally, plaintiff argues that issues of fact exist on the question whether punitive
damages are warranted, especially against the individual defendants (id. at 24-25; see
Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 20).
2. Response to County Defendants’ Motion (Docket No. 94)

Plaintiff made similar arguments to the common defenses raised by the County
Defendants. As for distinctly County defenses, plaintiff responds that the County cannot
evade liability for training of Sheriff’s deputies by arguing (a) that the proper party is the
Sheriff’s Department but (b) the Sheriff’s Department is not a suable entity (Docket
No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 7-8). Plaintiff raises an issue of fact whether
nurses Patrick Sinclair and Nancy Stevens were County employees or independent
contractors (id. at 9). Plaintiff, however, does not state that this fact is material and, by
not submitting a responding statement of fact waives factual allegations made by the

County Defendants in their Rule 56 Statement. Plaintiff also did not name Sinclair or
Stevens as defendants. Defendants identified Sinclair and Stevens as employees of
contractor Maxim Medical Healthcare Services Inc.; Maxim supplied nurses to ECHC to
supplement its staff (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 3, 32, 33). Whether the
County is responsible for these two nurses becomes material if, for example, the County
disclaimed responsibility for their actions due to the contractual nature of their services
and those actions are relevant to plaintiff’s claims. The County has not made such an
argument and plaintiff makes no such allegation.
As for the privileged confinement argument the County Defendants raise, plaintiff
counters that they disregarded the town judge’s order for a forensic evaluation, with
Decedent arriving at ECHC on 8 pm at May 2 and not receiving that evaluation until 11 am
the next day (Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 9-10). She concludes

that an issue of fact remains on the reasonableness of Decedent’s confinement under
those circumstances and whether it was “privileged” (id. at 10).
Next, plaintiff argues that the County is not entitled to summary judgment based
on respondeat superior because the County is the true party in interest (id. at 17-19).
Plaintiff is “baffled” by the County defendants arguing that the Sheriff’s Department is not
suable even though plaintiff did not name the department as a defendant (id. at 20).

In response to both sets of motions, plaintiff points to several issues of fact (noted
above in describing her opposition to various points raised) that should preclude summary
judgment.
This Court also considered defendants’ separate replies (Docket No. 95, Town

Defs. Reply Memo; Docket No. 96, County Defs. Reply Memo.) which mostly reinforces
arguments they previously made and (as noted above) plaintiff’s non-compliance with
Local Rule 56(a)(2).
III. DISCUSSION
A. APPLICABLE STANDARDS
1. Summary Judgment

Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that “[t]he court shall grant
summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A
fact is “material” only if it “might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law,”
Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A “genuine” dispute, in turn,
exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-

moving party,” id. In determining whether a genuine dispute regarding a material fact
exists, the evidence and the inferences drawn from the evidence “must be viewed in the
light most favorable to the party opposing the motion,” Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co.,
398 U.S. 144, 158-59 (1970) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
“Only when reasonable minds could not differ as to the import of evidence is
summary judgment proper,” Bryant v. Maffucci, 923 F.32d 979, 982 (2d Cir. 1991)
(citation omitted). Indeed “[i]f, as to the issue on which summary judgment is sought,

there is any evidence in the record from which a reasonable inference could be drawn in
favor of the opposing party, summary judgment is improper,” Sec. Ins. Co. of Hartford v.
Old Dominion Freight Line, Inc., 391 f.3d 77, 82,-83 (2d Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). The
function of the court is not “to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter
but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial,” Anderson, supra, 477 U.S. at
249.

“When the burden of proof at trial would fall on the nonmoving party, it ordinarily is
sufficient for the movant to point to a lack of evidence to go to the trier of fact on an
essential element of the nonmovant’s claim,” Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc.,
575 F.3d 199, 204 (2d Cir. 2009), citing, Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23
(1986). “Where the moving party demonstrates ‘the absence of a genuine issue of
material fact,’ the opposing party must come forward with specific evidence
demonstrating the existence of a genuine dispute of material fact,” Brown v. Eli Lilly &
Co., 654 F.3d 347, 358 (2d Cir. 2011) (citation omitted) (quoting Celotex, supra, 477 U.S.
at 323). The party against whom summary judgment is sought, however, “must do more
than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts. . . . [T]he

nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a genuine
issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87
(1986) (emphasis in original removed).
Summary judgment is appropriate only if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law. Ford v. Reynolds, 316 F.3d 351, 354 (2d Cir. 2003); Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment has the burden to demonstrate that no
genuine issue of material fact exists. In determining whether a genuine issue of material
fact exists, a court must examine the evidence in the light most favorable to, and draw all
inferences in favor of, the nonmovant. Ford, supra, 316 F.3d at 354.
As briefly noted above, the Local Civil Rules of this Court require that movant and
opponent each submit “a separate, short, and concise” statement of material facts, and if
movant fails to submit such a statement it may be grounds for denying the motion,
W.D.N.Y. Loc. Civ. R. 56(a)(1), (2). The movant is to submit facts in which there is no
genuine issue, id. R. 56(a)(1), while the opponent submits an opposing statement of

material facts as to which it is contended that there exists a genuine issue to be tried, id.
R. 56(a)(2). Each numbered paragraph in the movant’s statement will be deemed
admitted unless specifically controverted by a correspondingly numbered paragraph in
the opponent’s statement, id. Absent such an opposing statement, the facts alleged
by the movant are deemed admitted. Each statement of material fact is to contain
citations to admissible evidence to support the factual statements and all cited authority
is to be separately submitted as an appendix to that statement, id. R. 56(a)(3).

2. Deliberate Indifference and Detention Conditions for Pretrial
Detainee
Since Decedent was not in prison during these events, the Eighth Amendment
Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause does not provide the constitutional standard for
his detention and medical care. Therefore, plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims are
denied.
Plaintiff’s claims, however, arise under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment for Decedent’s pre-judgment detention. In some ways, the standards under
the two constitutional provisions are similar.

If the Eighth Amendment applied, in order to state a claim for deliberate
indifference due to inadequate medical treatment, plaintiff must allege that defendants
acted with “deliberate indifference to [a] serious medical need,” LaGrange v. Ryan, 142 F.
Supp. 2d 287, 293 (N.D.N.Y. 2001); see Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976).
This Eighth Amendment claim has two elements, an objective component, that the
deprivation must be sufficiently serious; and a subjective component, that the defendant

official must act with sufficiently culpable state of mind, Hathaway v. Coughlin, 37 F.3d
63, 66 (2d Cir. 1994) (citations omitted), cert. denied sub nom. Foote v. Hathaway,
513 U.S. 1154 (1995). “Sufficiently serious” for the objective component contemplates “a
condition of urgency, one that may produce death, degeneration, or extreme pain.”
Nance v. Kelly, 912 F.2d 605, 607 (2d Cir. 1990) (Pratt, J., dissenting) (quoted in
Hathaway, supra, 37 F.3d at 66).

It is clear, however, that the Eighth Amendment (while setting a standard for
medical treatment for prison inmates) is not the constitutional basis for a pre-conviction
arrestee, City of Revere v. Massachusetts Gen. Hosp., 463 U.S. 239, 244 (1983). Since
Decedent was not convicted of an offense when he sought medical treatment from the
police and Sheriff’s deputies, he was not being punished and thus his claim is not
governed by the Eighth Amendment’s ban against cruel and unusual punishment. See
Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535-37 (1979); Weyant v. Okst, 101 F.3d 845, 856 (2d Cir.
1996).

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment requires jail detainees
generally enjoy the same rights against cruel and unusual punishment enjoyed by
convicted prisoners. Caiozzo v. Koreman, 581 F.3d 63, 72 (2d Cir. 2009) (Docket No. 81,
County Defs. Memo. at 5). After the Supreme Court’s decision in Kingsley v.
Hendrickson, 576 U.S. __, 135 S.Ct. 2466 (2015), holding that excessive force claims
brought under the Fourteenth Amendment do not require the same subjective intent as
excessive force claims under the Eighth Amendment, the reasoning in Caiozzo that the

required a similar Eighth Amendment subjective element was undercut, Darnell v. Pineiro,
849 F.3d 17, 33 (2d Cir. 2017). Following the Kingsley analysis,
“there is no basis for the reasoning in Caiozzo that the subjective intent
requirement for deliberate indifference claims under the Eighth Amendment, as
articulated in [Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994)], must apply to deliberate
indifference claims under the Fourteenth Amendment. Caiozzo is thus overruled
to the extent that it determined that the standard for deliberate indifference is the
same under the Fourteenth Amendment as it is under the Eighth Amendment,”
Darnell, supra, 849 F.3d at 35. Now
“an official can violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
without meting out any punishment, which means that the Due Process Clause
can be violated when an official does not have subjective awareness that the
official’s acts (or omissions) have subjected the pretrial detainee to a substantial
risk of harm,”
id. A detainee still needs to allege for this § 1983 claim more than mere negligence by
the official, proving “that an official acted intentionally or recklessly, and not merely
negligently,” id. at 36.
Thus to state a Fourteenth Amendment due process claim for deliberate
indifference to a pretrial detainee (like Decedent), the detainee would need to prove that
he suffered from a sufficiently serious medical condition and that defendants were
deliberately indifferent to that medical condition, Overstreet v. Virts, No. 14CV6582,
2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 49527, at *41-42 (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 25, 2019) (Payson, Mag. J.) (on
consent) (citing cases) For the first part of the standard, there must be an actual
deprivation of adequate medical care, “that is, a failure of prison officials ‘to take
reasonable measures’ in response to a medical condition,” Salahuddin v. Goord, 467 F.3d
263, 279-80 (2d Cir. 2006) (quoting Farmer, supra, 511 U.S. at 844-47). As for the
second part, that deliberate indifference is established objectively, whether defendants
knew or should have known that the detainee’s condition posed an excessive risk to
health or safety, Lloyd v. City of N.Y., 246 F. Supp. 2d 704, 718-19 (S.D.N.Y. 2017)
(quotation marks and citation omitted); Gleeson v. County of Nassau, No. 15CV6487,
2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 170373, at *30 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2019) (inadequate medical care
to deceased jail detainee).
3. Qualified Immunity

When confronted by a claim of qualified immunity, one of the first questions for the
Court to resolve is whether the facts, taken in the light most favorable to the party
asserting the injury, show the official’s conduct violated a constitutional right. See Saucier
v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). As required by the Saucier Court, this Court first
considered the constitutional question, then considered the qualified immunity question,
id. But the Supreme Court in Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009), overruled
Saucier in requiring courts to first determine whether a constitutional violation occurred
before considering whether defendants enjoy qualified immunity. Instead, district courts
determine in each case whether to consider first the question of immunity or whether a
constitutional violation has occurred, id. at 231-32.

Government officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded by
qualified immunity from liability in their individual capacities, see Frank v. Reilin, 1 F.3d
1317, 1327 (2d Cir. 1993), “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). “If it was objectively reasonable for the
defendant to believe that his act did not violate the plaintiff’s constitutional rights, the

defendant may nevertheless be entitled to qualified immunity.” Anderson v. Creighton,
483 U.S. 635, 641 (1987); Lowth v. Town of Cheektowaga, 82 F.3d 563, 568-69 (2d Cir.
1996).
B. Alleged Deliberate Indifference
Under this Court’s Local Rule 56(a)(2) and the plaintiff’s failure here to submit an
opposing statement of facts, the movants’ Statements of Fact (Docket Nos. 81, 85) are
deemed admitted. This has obvious consequences on the determination of whether
there exist material issues of fact and the usual inference evidence is viewed most

favoring the opposing plaintiff, especially those facts surrounding defendants’ conduct
toward the Decedent.
Defendants do not dispute that Decedent suffered from a serious mental illness.
Plaintiff argues that this illness was improperly treated, emphasizing Decedent’s condition
during his arrest and detention and what little was done by the Town Defendants (Docket
No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion, at 4-6) and by the County Defendants (Docket
No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 4-6), leading to a material issue of fact as to

how obvious to defendants was the risk of serious harm to Decedent (Docket No. 93, Pl.
Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 4; Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at
4).
Essentially, plaintiff’s claim for deliberate indifference can be viewed in three parts:
the four hours Decedent was arrested and in Tonawanda police custody; the time (almost
seventeen hours) that Decedent was in the Erie County Holding Center; and a third period

when he was in Erie County Medical Center from admission (on May 3, 2012, at
12:40 pm) until his cardiac arrest and coma.
Plaintiff and other family members made the Tonawanda police officers aware of
Decedent’s mental health and the need for medication (Docket No. 85, Town Defs.
Statement ¶¶ 49, 51; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 10; see also Docket
No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶¶ 21-25, 28; Docket No. 95, Aff. of Kara Woods ¶¶ 12, 14). Decedent
was treated by the Tonawanda police by receiving the Risperdal provided by plaintiff and
administered by defendant paramedic Botham. That was adequate. Decedent
physically was stable enough to be arrested and transported to the town police station
(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶ 44). During that transport, Decedent only made

verbal threats and never displayed physical aggression (id. ¶ 47) and after the officers
calmed him down, Decedent was placed in a cameraed cell (id. ¶ 48); the observation
plaintiff later objects did not occur. Decedent’s uncle visited him in that cell (id. ¶ 50);
plaintiff did not produce the uncle’s statement with his observations of Decedent’s
condition or how defendants were treating him. Decedent’s appearance and condition
were such that he was arraigned in his cell and led the trial judge to issue a forensic
examination order (id. ¶ 52). Plaintiff point out defendants’ testimony that Decedent was
sweating profusely, appeared agitated or not knowing what was going on (Docket No. 93,
Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶¶ 21-27, Exs. F, McNamara Tr. at 29-31, G, Tonawanda Police Report, H,
Salonikis Tr. at 21, Z, Lewandowski Tr. at 7, 8, I, Botham Tr. at 22, 30, Y, Marciano Tr. at

25, 26; Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶ 28).
The County defendants’ treatment of Decedent while he was in ECHC also was
adequate. Plaintiff attempted to contact officials there to inform them of Decedent’s
mental condition (Docket No. 93, Pl. Aff. ¶¶ 30-32). These defendants perform an initial
evaluation and forensic evaluation. They note that Nancy Stevens testified that Decedent
appeared calm and quiet during the intake interview and nothing struck her as unusual

save his high blood pressure (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 42), and that
Decedent was responsive to her questions and was not sweating (id. ¶ 43). Defendant
John Robinson was the classification officer that interviewed Decedent on May 3, 2012
(id. ¶¶ 45, 48). Initially, Robinson did not notice anything in Decedent’s demeanor that
showed any mental health issues (id. ¶ 49), but, when Decedent vaguely answered
Robinson’s questions, Robinson thought to refer Decedent to a forensic mental health
counselor (id. ¶¶ 50, 53-55 (Decedent refusing to sign form, scribbling on them, providing

vague verbal answers)). Robinson sought forensic mental health to interview Decedent
to see if there was some underlying issue and the interview with Ghani began fifteen
minutes after Decedent’s meeting with Robinson (id. ¶¶ 57, 58, 63, 65). During Ghani’s
interview, the Decedent produced the sharpened eyeglasses that led to him being sent
to ECMC (id. ¶¶ 69-750.
Plaintiff argues about the reasonableness of the timing of the evaluations and the
consequent suffering Decedent endured. When Decedent’s condition worsened (by

declining to answer questions or scribbling on forms), he was given that forensic
evaluation (that might have happened days later given his initial assessment as a “low”
referral). As he manifested his condition (ultimately by producing the broken glasses), he
was sent to ECMC. The County defendants provided reasonable care while Decedent
was in their custody at ECHC. Thus, the first part of plaintiff’s deliberate indifference claim
under the Fourteenth Amendment fails. Defendants had not deprived Decedent of
adequate medical care while in their respective custodies and took reasonable measures
(as the situation warranted) for his care. While in the Town police’s custody, he was
administered Risperdal. When his symptoms heightened in the Holding Center, he was

hospitalized.
As for the alleged deliberate indifference of defendants (the second prong under
the Due Process Clause analysis), plaintiff has not shown that either the Town
Defendants or the County Defendants acted with objective recklessness in their handling
of Decedent and his mental condition. These defendants were informed of Decedent’s
condition (either through their own observations or by being advised by plaintiff, other
family members or, in the County Defendants’ case, from the codefendants). Again, the

Town Defendants administered Risperdal and the County Defendants repeated
evaluations of Decedent and then moved him to Erie County Medical Center when his
condition worsened.
Thus, plaintiff’s claims for deliberate indifference are denied and defendants’
Motions for Summary Judgment against those claims are granted.

C. Intervening Cause
Critical to plaintiff’s claim is the intervening actions of ECMC medical staff (not
named as defendants in this case) after Decedent’s admission to ECMC that caused
harm to Decedent and ultimately his death. Plaintiff testified that Decedent was injected
with Haldol and Ativan while he was in ECMC after having taken a pill of Risperdal within

the prior twenty-four hours (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 13; Docket No. 81,
Def. Ex. F, Pl. Dep. Tr. at 44; see also Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 131,
133, Ex. W, ECMC medical records at 298 (“Patient Home Meds Resperidol” [sic]);
Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. AA, at 16 (ECMC medical record)). Plaintiff researched
the effects of those three drugs together and testified that combined they could cause
death (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 13; Docket No. 81, Def. Ex. F, Pl. Dep.
Tr. at 44). While plaintiff is not a medical expert or produced as one, her testimony
indicates her concession that the ultimate act against her son was not committed by these
defendants. There is no indication that the County Defendants (or the Town Defendants)
ordered ECMC staff to administer Haldol and Ativan to control Decedent.

As the Town Defendants note (Docket No. 95, Town Defs. Reply Memo. at 9), this
Court may resolve issues of proximate cause and foreseeability “if the evidence
conclusively establishes that the was an intervening act which was so extraordinary or far
removed from defendants’ conduct as to be unforeseeable,” Weiss v. Capp, No. 95 Civ.
9324, 1997 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5182, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 17, 1997) (citing New York State
cases). Plaintiff’s failure to submit a counterstatement of fact leaves her bound by the
admitted statements of defendants as to the events in ECMC. She did not introduce
medical expert testimony (perhaps, for example, from Dr. Steven Bergmann, see Docket
No. 61, Pl. Expert Witness List at 4-5, identified as plaintiff’s cardiac expert, or Dr. Brian

Joseph, id. at 3-4, plaintiff’s psychiatric expert) as to the cause of Decedent’s suffering or
death to dispute that the medical intervention by ECMC staff superseded defendants’
prior actions (or inaction). Decedent was in some distress both in Tonawanda police and
Erie County Sheriff’s custody but the record shows agitation and sweating (e.g., Docket
No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶¶ 19-27, citing defendants and other witnesses’ testimony) without
any signs of medical distress. He was examined prior to being arrested and the
paramedic cleared him for arrest and processing (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement
¶ 44; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 21, 25). Tonawanda Police Lieutenant
Corey Flatau stated that a suspect with a medical condition would not be transported to

the Holding Center, instead they would be transported directly to the Medical Center
(Docket No. 81 County Defs. Statement ¶ 30). Decedent was evaluated hours later for
intake into ECHC and was deemed fit enough to enter general population (see id. ¶ 42).
The injections at the ECMC created an astronomical level of distress, causing cardiac
arrest and a coma.

As for plaintiff’s argument that defendants have not provided proof for summary
judgment sufficiently under New York State law, she argues the standard for N.Y.
CPLR 3212 (without citing that section) should apply in this federal action (Docket No. 93,
Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 21; Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion
at 10-11). Plaintiff invokes this Court’s jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.§ 1331, federal
jurisdiction, as well as § 1343, civil rights for her constitutional claims, and § 1367(a),
supplemental jurisdiction for her related state law claims (Docket No. 39, 2d Am. Compl.
¶ 36). Those claims are governed by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, including
Rule 56 and not New York State summary judgment procedures. If this were a diversity

case and “under the Erie doctrine [Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)], federal
courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law,”
Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996), thus Rule 56 still would
be applicable. As another district court held “because the summary judgment standard
is procedural, Rule 56 alone governs,” Reynoso v. Tousson, No. 14CV3564, 2019 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 156982, at *13 (E.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2019) (citing cases). Thus, CPLR 3212
and its standards for proof are not applicable in this federal action. Plaintiff’s sufficiency
argument is rejected; defendants have established the absence of material fact and
entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.
D. Service of Individual Defendants and Qualified Immunity
1. Service of Defendants

Plaintiff failed to serve the individual defendants with the Second Amended
Complaint. The initial pleading alleged John Doe defendants and was served on the
Town and Erie County. The amended pleading was served only upon defense counsel
for the municipalities (see Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 13; Docket
No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 21 (service upon the County Clerk)). The
proof of service attached to the Second Amended Complaint said that it was served upon
counsel for the Town and then-counsel for the County (Docket No. 39, 2d Am. Compl.
Cert. of Service).

The County Defendants outline the methods for individual service under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 4(e), concluding that plaintiff did not use any of those methods to
serve the individual defendants (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 21). Plaintiff
argues (without citation) that New York courts allow service of a municipal representative
instead of serving the actual employee or official, noting this allowance for claims against
the employee in their official capacity denying any prejudice to the employees in their
individual capacity (e.g., Docket No. 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 21).

Plaintiff, however, sued these individuals in their official and individual capacities (Docket
No. 39, 2d Am. Compl. ¶¶ 50, 51). Thus, for jurisdiction over the individual defendants in
their individual capacities, they needed to be served or waived service. No such waiver
of service has been filed by any of the individual defendants. Plaintiff also has not shown
that the attorneys actually served were deemed agents authorized to receive process for
the individual defendants, cf. Fed. R. Civ. 4(e)(2)(C), (1) (applying state law for service);
see also N.Y. CPLR 308(3) (delivery to agent), (2) (delivery to person of suitable age at
individual’s actual place of business, dwelling place, or usual place of abode).

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4(m) provides that this Court (either on its Motion
or on the Motion of the defendant not served) shall dismiss without prejudice a defendant
not served within 120 days after filing of the Complaint or order service upon that
defendant. If plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, “the court must extend the time
for service for an appropriate period,” id. (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 22).
These individual defendants have yet to be served. Plaintiff has not shown good cause
for failing to serve the individual defendants. Instead, she merely relies upon service of
the amended pleading (Docket No. 39) which named new parties upon defense counsel
in the case, as if they also representing the newly named individual defendants in the

amended pleading.
Leading to this Second Amended Complaint, plaintiff had moved for an extension
of time to amend the Complaint and name the John Doe defendants alleged in earlier
pleadings (Docket No. 27). Magistrate Judge Leslie Foschio granted that motion, giving
plaintiff 90 days to amend and to “identify and serve John Doe Defendants” (Docket
No. 36, Order of Apr. 1, 2014, at 3 (emphasis in original)). After filing of the Second

Amended Complaint, each set of defendants answered asserting lack of jurisdiction due
to improper service of process (Docket No. 40, Town Defs. Ans. to 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 15;
Docket No. 41, County Defs. Ans. to 2d Am. Compl. ¶ 25).
Thus, this case could be dismissed as to the individual defendants, but without
prejudice, or plaintiff could be ordered (as she alternatively requests, e.g., Docket No. 93,
Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 13-14) to serve them. Either result exposes these
defendants to liability if plaintiff were to serve them properly. Given the disposition stated
elsewhere in this Decision and Order, properly re-serving this Complaint upon these
defendants would be futile.

2. Qualified Immunity
Since this Court first considered the substantive merits of plaintiff’s claims and
defendants’ defenses on the constitutional question (namely deliberate indifference to
Decedent’s welfare), cf. Pearson, supra, 555 U.S. at 236, and found that no constitutional
violation has occurred, the individual defendants enjoy qualified immunity. Plaintiff’s

claims against them are dismissed on qualified immunity grounds; defendants’
Motions for Summary Judgment (Docket Nos. 85, 81) on these grounds is granted. This
is a further ground for the futility of either dismissing without prejudice for the failure to
serve the individual defendants or granting plaintiff leave (nunc pro tunc) to serve them
properly since these defendants enjoy qualified immunity if served again.
E. Town Defendants’ Deprivation of Parental Rights

Plaintiff accuses the Town Defendants of depriving Decedent’s children of the
parental care, nurturing, and guidance from Decedent, citing Ajamu Uwadiegwu v.
Department of Social Services, 91 F. Supp. 3d 391 (E.D.N.Y. 2015), for the proposition
that “parents have a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody and management of
their child,” id. at 395-96 (quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753 (1982) (process
due for termination of parental rights); see also Tenebaum v. Williams, 193 F.3d 581, 593
(2d Cir. 1999)) (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 10). The Ajamu

Uwadiegwu court dismissed a due process claim by a non-custodial parent alleging
deprivation of visitation rights, 91 F. Supp. 3d at 395-96, noting that “‘[D]istrict courts in
this Circuit have repeatedly dismissed . . . due process claims where there is no allegation
that the parents were ever deprived of custody over their children,’” (quoting K.D. v. White
Plains Sch. Dist., 921 F. Supp. 2d 197, 215 (S.D.N.Y. 2013). As in other cases, plaintiff

here has not alleged conduct by the Town Defendants that threatened the custody of
Decedent’s children, failing to state a claim under § 1983 for deprivation of due process,
see Daniels v. Murphy, No. 06CV5841, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 47838 (E.D.N.Y. July 2,
2007); Ajamu Uwadiegwu, supra, 91 F. Supp. 3d at 396; see also Duchesne v. Sugarman,
566 F.2d 817, 824 (2d Cir. 1977) (removal and detention of children without parental
consent or court authorization).
Decedent’s arrest and detention had the collateral effect of depriving his children

of his care, nurturing and guidance (as for the Town Defendants) for the four hours he
was in the custody of the Tonawanda Police Department. The Town Defendants cannot
be held liable for Decedent’s subsequent detention with Erie County and his
hospitalization and the consequent deprivation of contact, care and alike with his children.
Cases involving parental rights involve termination of those rights beyond several hours
and formal proceedings to terminate those rights, e.g., Santosky, supra, 455 U.S. 745, or
removal of children without parental consent, Duchesne, supra, 566 F.2d at 824. For
example, Ajamu Uwadiegwu, supra, 91 F. Supp. 3d at 396-97, rejected extension of
parental rights now claimed by plaintiff for deprivation of visitation.

While arguing that the Town Defendants have not presented legal authority that
plaintiff could not bring this claim (id. at 11), plaintiff has not asserted that this claim to
parental rights have been applied in a situation like this, where a parent is arrested and
detained away from their children for hours. Plaintiff’s contention would raise a detainee’s
parental rights upon arrest and detention of any parent without any further action by the
arresting authorities; with those rights infringed merely upon the arrest. That is not the
law. New York State cases have examples of detainees retaining their parental rights

while in jail. For example, In re Adoption of Kyle, 156 Misc.2d 260, 261-62, 592 N.Y.S.2d
557, 558 (Steuben County Surr. 1992) (Scudder, Surr.), an expectant father was in jail
awaiting trial. During the pregnancy, the father sought a paternity petition and a petition
of visitation to confirm his parental rights. After the birth of the child, Kyle, the detained
father had jail visits with him. After the relationship with the mother ended and she
judicially surrendered Kyle for eventual adoption, the father was served with consent to
adoption form; the father objected strenuously to the adoption and filed a paternity
petition. Id., at 261-62, 592 N.Y.S.2d at 558. The father (after his conviction and
sentencing) proposed that other relatives would keep Kyle while the father served his
sentence with visitation arranged if the father was housed at nearby correctional facilities,

id. at 262, 592 N.Y.S.2d at 558. The court terminated parental rights, however, because
of the father’s inability to care for the child while in state custody, distinguishing from a
situation if the father were “to be released from jail in 40 days, rather than 4 years,” id. at
265, 592 N.Y.S.2d at 560, 561-62.
In another case, the Third Department noted that the fact that a mother is jailed
does not automatically terminate her parental rights, Matter of Timothy GG. (Meriah GG.),

193 A.D.3d 1065, 81 N.Y.S.3d 311 (3d Dep’t), appeal denied, 32 N.Y.3d 908, 89 N.Y.S.3d
115 (2018). Social Services there had removed the child due to the mother’s drug use,
and she was later jailed, id. at 1066, 81 N.Y.S.3d at 315. Social Services later arranged
for the mother to visit the child while in jail and during the pendency of formal termination
of parental rights proceedings, id. at 1071, 1066-67, 81 N.Y.S.3d at 319, 315. The
termination was based upon permanent neglect, defined as failure over a period of a year
to maintain contact with or plan for the future of the child, id. at 1070, 81 N.Y.S.3d at 318,

citing N.Y. Soc. Serv. Law § 384-b[7][a], and Matter of Kaylee JJ. [Jennifer KK.],
159 A.D.3d 1077, 1077-78, 71 N.Y.S.3d 220, 223 (3d Dep’t 2018), where Social Services
was obliged to establish that it made diligent efforts to encourage and strengthen the
parent’s relationship with the child, Matter of Timothy GG., supra, 163 A.D.3d at 1070, 81
N.Y.S.3d at 318 (citations omitted); see N.Y. Soc. Serv. L. § 384-b[7][a], [f], manifested
here by the arranged prison visits and calls.
These cases show that mere arrest and detention for hours rather than days or

months do not revoke the detainee’s parental rights to state a cause of action. Formal
process to revoke those rights is required. Decedent here remained the father of his three
children despite his jailing and subsequent hospitalization.
An analogous situation was presented in Duchesne, supra, 566 F.2d at 822-23.
There, plaintiff was a mother of two children and went to a hospital for emotional
problems. She left her children in the care of a baby sitter, with plaintiff believing that she

would receive out-patient care and return home. Instead, plaintiff was admitted in the
hospital and stayed for six days. Unable to care for the children beyond the first night,
the baby sitter turned the children to child welfare officials. The child welfare office
contacted plaintiff and asked her to sign temporary custody of the children to that office,
but plaintiff refused. The agency then seized the children. After her hospital discharge,
plaintiff demanded restoration of her children but was denied. Plaintiff sued in state court
to restore the children which was granted on appeal. Id. at 824. She then brought a
federal action for the due process violation in seizing her children without her consent or
court authorization. The Second Circuit reversed the denial of her due process claim,
holding that plaintiff had a liberty interest in family privacy that was entitled to due process

before it was interfered with, id. at 824-28, 825.
The key distinction from the case at bar is the absence in this case of process to
terminate Decedent’s parental rights. Like any other arrestee or detained person with
children, Decedent merely lost access to his children during the detention but no action
was taken by defendants to terminate his parental rights. This is especially apt for the
claim against the Town Defendants, who detained Decedent for only a few hours. Family
members visited Decedent at the police station (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement

¶ 50). Plaintiff does not allege that Decedent was prevented from seeing his children
while in Tonawanda police custody or further deprived of his parental rights. Aspects of
those parental rights were disrupted by Decedent’s hospitalization, coma, and
subsequent death but Decedent legally retained those rights although he could not
actually implement them.
This discussion from the cases above is the parent’s rights, but plaintiff’s claim

here is on behalf of the children (see Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at
10-11), see McKee v. Colt Electronics Co. 849 F.2d 46, 50 (2d Cir. 1988) (questions of
children’s inheritance rights in wrongful death action). McKee recognized under New
York law that children could “recover for the pecuniary loss suffered as a result of the lost
nurture, care, and guidance they would have received if the parent had lived,” id. This
would come into play only if plaintiff stated a wrongful death claim against the Town
Defendants. Plaintiff cites no other cases in which the children exercised the right for
parental nurturing, care, and guidance.

Therefore, so much of the Town Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
dismissing the Tenth Cause of Action for deprivation of Decedent’s parental rights (and
the infants’ rights thereto) is granted.
F. False Arrest

Plaintiff argues (in support of her Seventh and Eighth Causes of Action against the
Town Defendants and her Ninth Cause of Action against the County Defendants) that
there is a material issue of fact whether the Tonawanda police had probable cause to
arrest Decedent given his condition at the time of the incident (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo.
re Town Defs. Motion at 10). Plaintiff’s probable cause analysis assumes that an arrest
could only occur if the suspect had the mental capacity to commit an offense (id. at 8).
The Town Defendants correctly state the scope of probable cause (Docket No. 95, Town
Defs. Reply Memo. at 5-6). That is, “all that is necessary for the Town Defendants to

have arrested decedent at the scene is probable cause that he committed a crime” (id. at
5 & n. 14, citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91 (1964)). Probable cause is a complete
defense to a false arrest or imprisonment claim, Weyant, supra, 101 F.3d at 853 (Docket
No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 17-18 & 18 n.64).
Probable cause to arrest “exists when the officers have knowledge or reasonably
trustworthy information of facts and circumstances that are sufficient in themselves to
warrant a person of reasonable caution in the belief that (1) an offense has been

committed (2) by the person to be arrested,” United States v. Fisher, 702 F.2d 372, 375
(2d Cir. 1983). The Supreme Court, in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 235 (1983), stated
that probable cause “means less than evidence which would justify condemnation.” The
probable cause determination is limited to “the facts known by the arresting officer at the
time of the arrest,” Gonzalez v. City of Schenectady, 728 F.3d 149, 155 (2d Cir. 2013);

see also Warren v. Dyer, 906 F.2d 70, 73 (2d Cir. 1990). It is not necessary at this point
to make a final determination of guilt “through the weighing of evidence,” Krause v.
Bennett, 887 F.2d 362, 372 (2d Cir. 1989); see also Gordon Mehler, John Gleeson, David
C. James, and Alicyn L. Cooley, Federal Criminal Practice: A Second Circuit Handbook
679-80 (19th ed. 2019).
Plaintiff argues that the Tonawanda police officers needed to know that Decedent
had the mens rea to commit offenses or observe that he lacked the capacity to so act and

thus had no probable cause to arrest. The standard, however, is what a reasonable
officer does in that circumstance. That officer is not determining whether the suspect
could be convicted of the offense; rather, that officer has probable cause to arrest if an
offense has been committed by the suspect.
Cases discussing mens rea and probable cause involve so-called mens rea
offenses, such as arrests for disorderly conduct during protests, e.g., Zalaski v. City of

Hartford, 723 F.3d 382, 385, (2d Cir. 2013); United States v. Nelson, 500 F. App’x 90 (2d
Cir. 2012) (summary Order), harassment charge lodged by police officer, Boyler v. City
of Lackawanna, 765 F. App’x 493, 496 (2d Cir. 2019) (summary Order). Decedent was
arrested for attempted robbery, endangerment of the welfare of a child, menacing, and
unlawful possession of marijuana. One of these offenses has mens rea as an element;
endangerment of the welfare of a child under N.Y. Penal Law § 260.10(1) requires proof
that the defendant have knowledge or awareness “that the conduct may likely result in
harm to a child,” People v. Johnson, 95 N.Y.2d 368, 372, 718 N.Y.S.2d 1, 2 (2000)
(Wesley, J.) (defendant must simply be aware that the conduct may likely result in harm
to a child, emphasis in original); see People v. Berlin, 39 A.D.3d 351, 354, 835 N.Y.S.2d
54, 567 (1st Dep’t), appeal denied, 9 N.Y.3d 840, 840 N.Y.S.2d 767 (2007). Unlawful

possession of marijuana in the second degree also requires knowing and unlawful
possession, N.Y. Pen. L. § 221.05; see also id., § 15.05(2) (knowingly defined). Menacing
in the second degree, N.Y. Pen. L. § 120.14(2), requires conduct that intentionally places
another person in reasonable fear of physical injury; see also N.Y. Pen. L. § 15.05(1)
(defining intentional conduct). Robbery and attempted robbery in the second degree,
N.Y. Pen. L. §§ 160.00, 160.10(3), 110, requires the intention to commit a robbery, while
robbery itself does not have a culpability element. Thus, if Decedent were tried, he might
have defense of lack of mental capability to commit most of these offenses. The
Tonawanda police, however, were not at that stage when they arrested Decedent.

Other cases found that flight and furtive action are indicia of mens rea, e.g., Sibron
v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 66-67 (1968), United States v. Young, 750 F.2d 220, 222 (2d
Cir. 1984). Here, complainant reported Decedent’s attempt to rob her from her car with
her children inside. Witnesses saw Decedent run into the Walgreens after being
confronted by an ambulance driver (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Statement ¶¶ 36-38, 39;
see also Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 18-19). Whether Decedent had the

capability to form the mens rea for the offenses charged we will never know, but for
purposes of probable cause for his arrest and detention and this case, that determination
does not need to be made. The Tonawanda officers had probable cause to arrest
decedent and that probable cause is a complete defense to plaintiff’s false arrest claims.
So much of the Town Defendants’ Motion (Docket No. 85) on these claims are granted.

The County Defendants separately argue that the town judge’s order rendered
Decedent’s confinement with the County privileged (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo.
at 19-20; see Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. FF, Commitment Order). Plaintiff points out
part of that order of confinement that called for a mental health evaluation (Docket No. 94,
Pl. Memo. re County Defs. Motion at 9). This condition was met by the initial screening
conducted by nurse Sinclair (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶¶ 34-39, 62,
Exs. K, L). Kelli Ghani sought to evaluate Decedent on May 3 upon the request of the
classification deputy who had concerns that Decedent appeared to be acting “odd” (id.
¶ 63). Decedent thus had two mental health evaluations, the latter leading to his transfer

to ECMC.
The operative part of the order (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. FF), however,
placed Decedent into the Erie County Sheriff’s custody. A confinement is privileged under
New York law for a false imprisonment claim, “to the extent that it is imposed ‘under color
of law or regulation, specifically in accordance with regulations,’” Nelson v. State of N.Y.,
20 Misc.3d 1125(A), 867 N.Y.S.2d 376, 376 (Ct. Cl. 2008). Plaintiff here does not argue

that the town judge’s order was not imposed under color of law or not in accordance with
regulations. Decedent’s confinement was not conditioned upon his evaluation (only bail
was not set until that forensic evaluation, Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. FF), even though
the evaluations were conducted.
Decedent’s confinement by the County from May 2-3, 2012, was privileged, Kemp
v. Waldron, 125 Misc.2d 197, 199, 479 N.Y.S.2d 440, 441 (Sup. Ct. Schenectady County
1984), aff’d, 115 A.D.2d 869, 497 N.Y.S.2d 158 (3d Dep’t 1985); see N.Y. Corr. L. § 500-
c (4), (9) (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 19). Therefore, plaintiff’s Ninth Cause
of Action is dismissed.

Correction Law § 500-c gives the Sheriff exclusive control over the jail and its
inmates pursuant to commitment orders are in the Sheriff’s custody, N.Y. Corr. L. § 500-
c (4), (9) (Erie County provision). The Sheriff is exclusively responsible for the custody,
treatment, care, and control of inmates, Edwards v. Onondaga County, 39 Misc.2d 443,
445, 290 N.Y.S. 789, 791 (Sup. Ct. Cayuga County 1963); Kemp, supra, 125 Misc.2d at
199, 479 N.Y.S.2d at 441. A federal court held that the Sheriff’s duty of reasonable care
is to protect inmates from foreseeable risks of harm, Pizzuto v. County of Nassau, 239 F.
Supp. 2d 301, 312 (E.D.N.Y. 2003). Thus, it is proper for the County Defendants to argue

(see Docket No. 81, County Defs. Statement ¶ 5) that plaintiff’s claims fail because she
did not sue the Sheriff, the person exclusively responsible for Decedent and his care
during his detention at the Holding Center.
G. Plaintiff’s Expert Opinion

Plaintiff produced the opinion of Michael Levine in opposition to defendants’
motions (e.g., Docket No. 93, Pl. Atty. Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. A; see also Docket No. 74, Pl.
Expert Disclosure (Levine)). Mr. Levine is one of several experts disclosed by plaintiff
(see Docket Nos. 50 (initial expert disclosure for economist Dr. Ronald Reiber), 61
(plaintiff’s list of expert witnesses)), including two medical doctors, psychiatrist Dr. Joseph
and cardiac specialist Dr. Bergmann, and sociological expert Dr. Charles Patrick Ewing,
Ph.D. (Docket No. 61). Plaintiff, however, only produced the opinion of Levine in
opposition to these Motions (but cf. Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. TT, expert disclosure
of Dr. Brian Joseph, Ex. SS, expert disclosure of Dr. Charles Patrick Ewing). The Town
Defendants submitted expert disclosure from Lt. Brian Gould of the Cheektowaga Police
Department (id., Ex. QQ, report at 9-12, 27-32) and nurse Barbara Mariano (id., Ex. RR,
report at pages 13 of 15 to 15 of 15), concluding that they took appropriate steps while

Decedent was in their custody for less than 24 hours.
Michael Levine, as initially described in plaintiff’s expert witness list (Docket
No. 61, at 1-2), is a consultant and investigator and a law enforcement instructor. Levine
is an expert on law enforcement practices and is offered to testify “to standards and
training of law enforcement in the handling of the mentally ill, as well as law enforcement
procedures and protocol in general” (id. at 2). Plaintiff later filed a more detailed statement
of Levine’s proffered testimony, including his expert report (Docket Nos. 74, 93, Pl. Atty.

Decl. Ex. A). Levine
“is expected to testify that Defendants’ actions were in reckless disregard for the
health and safety of the decedent, Kristian Woods. He will testify that the conduct
of the Defendants were [in] [sic] direct violation of national and professional
standards as they relate to the use of police force and authority. The Defendants
were careless/reckless and/or negligent by forcefully incarcerating the decedent
in lieu of seeking qualified medical aid in light of the readily available and much
publicized training programs regard the appropriate handling of suspected
Excited Delirium Syndrome. He will testify regarding his history in law
enforcement and training. He will testify regarding the national standards in
regard to police procedures and police use of force. He will testify regarding
police training as it relates to Excited Delirium Syndrome. He will testify how most
documented cases occurred in police custody and that a significant percentage
of those cases when not treated with rapid medical intervention, result in death.
He will testify how the training, which has been readily available for years, has
saved lives and such training is currently part of mandated training for officers
throughout the US. He will testify that the use of force by the Defendants was
not reasonable and was not applied in good faith but was applied maliciously and
for the purpose of causing harm. He will testify that the Defendants’ conduct was
in violation of all professional and national standards and those actions hastened
Mr. Woods’ death by using massive restraining force instead of seeking qualified
Medical help that might have saved his life; the weight of multiple full grown men
holding decedent down, using confrontational tactics when all recommendations
and training mandate a trained professional be used to talk him down, calm him
using [sic?] excessive restraint; and failing to obtain the necessary medical
attention. He will testify that the appropriate course of conduct for the police and
the Erie County Holding Center Personnel was to seek immediate medical
attention for Mr. Woods. He will testify that there was a lack of appropriate
training for the police and a failure to appropriately notify the EMTs of the
requirements to seek immediate medical attention for a person exhibiting
indications of Excited Delirium Syndrome. He will also comment on the testimony
of other experts testifying in this matter. He will comment and provide opinions
on evidence produced at trial and any subsequent evidence that may come to
light as it relates to the foregoing.”

(Docket No. 74, Pl. Expert Disclosure (Levine) at 2-3). Levine bases his expert testimony
upon the review of documents and materials listed in his report, “along with his training,
experience and expertise in law enforcement over nearly fifty (50) years” (id. at 3). Levine
had a 25-year career with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration and made
over 3,000 arrest and attended or taught training over his career in the use of force
(including arrests of emotionally disturbed persons) (id. at 3-4, Ex. B, Levine’s curriculum
vitae, Ex. A, Levine Report at 3-14).
Plaintiff later concedes that Levine is not a medical doctor and she is not relying
upon his expert testimony to render a medical opinion or diagnosis (Docket No. 93, Pl.
Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 24). She contends that Levine is experienced with
Excited Delirium Syndrome from his years in law enforcement, including dealing with
persons “exhibiting bizarre behavior” (id.). She further claims that the materials Levine
reviewed are helpful because they discuss police training and responses in dealing with
those undergoing a mental breakdown (id. at 23-24). Defendants oppose consideration
of Levine’s report precisely because he is not a medical doctor and appears to make
medical diagnoses (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 38; Docket No. 81, County Defs.
Memo. at 24). The journals cited by Levine are police-related publications and not
medical journals (Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 24). Levine in his expert report
describes Excited Delirium Syndrome as described in “police crises training and other
related literature” (Docket No. 74, Ex. A, Levine Report at 21), some written by medical

professionals (id. at 21-22, 26-29, 32-34, articles by Drs. Jeffrey Ho, Brian Roach, Kelsey
Echols, and Aaron Burnett).
Plaintiff counters that Levine’s testimony will focus on police procedures, on how
the defendants should have handled a person with obvious mental illness “including
Excited Delirium Syndrome” (Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 23).

Levine opined that defendant officers who forcefully incarcerated Decedent in lieu
of providing medical aid ignored national training programs “that alert law enforcement to
a fatal condition now referred to as Excited Delirium Syndrome (ESD [sic]), whose
symptoms were being manifested by off-duty Fireman, KRISTIAN WOODS” (Docket
No. 74, Ex. A at 38), that Decedent manifested “ALL the classic symptoms of a life-
threatening mental condition during a 48 hour period as a result of which he fell into a
coma and subsequently died, amounted to death by torture” (id.). Levine further opines
that the totality of reports from the scene of Decedent’s arrest “indicate, beyond a

reasonable certainty, that throughout these events DECEDENT’s bizarre actions and
statements were entirely consistent with him suffering with EXCITED DELIRIUM
SYNDROME” (id. at 42). The report continues with similar opinions as to Decedent’s
injuries and defendants’ actions (and inaction) concluding that defendants’ conduct fell
below professional standards.
Defendants urge that this Court disregard Levine’s opinion because it is beyond
his areas of expertise, it is not based on accurate facts, and it contains sensational
statements designed (as the Town Defendants contends) to “shock the conscience”
(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Memo. at 38-39; Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 24).

Levine discusses use of force and use of deadly force and state events that did not occur
(such as Decedent being placed in a straitjacket, although none was ever used (id. at 51;
but cf. Docket No. 81, County Defs. Memo. at 24)). Levine reviewed Dr. Joseph’s expert
report but fails to reference any diagnosis in that report (Docket No. 85, Town Defs.
Memo. at 38); Dr. Joseph opined that Decedent did not suffer from Excited Delirium
Syndrome but instead agitated manic delirium and/or a reaction to synthetic marijuana
(id. at 39 n.142; No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. TT, Expert Disclosure of Dr. Brian Joseph). This
Court notes that defense expert, Lt. Gould (also not medically trained) concluded that
Decedent did not display all the symptoms for Excited Delirium Syndrome and, had he
done so, would not have been able to have been transported during his detention (Docket

No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. QQ, at 28-29) and that Decedent’s behavior during the arrest and
at the ECHC “does not look similar to any of the cases of Excited Delirium Syndrome that
have been documented” (id. at 29). Lt. Gould also noted that the situation with Decedent
during May 1-3, 2012, “represented a constantly changing level of emergency” (id. at 29-
31).
Both sides focus on Federal Rule of Evidence 702 (see Docket Nos. 85, Town

Defs. Memo. at 36-37; 81, County Defs. Memo. at 23, 94, Pl. Memo. re County Defs.
Motion at 11-12), the rule authorizing the admission of expert testimony. Pursuant to this
Court’s gatekeeper role, see Daubert v. Merrell Down Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993),
this Court determines if a purported expert’s testimony is admissible. At summary
judgment, this Court can “‘decide questions regarding the admissibility of evidence,
including expert opinion evidence,’” Foley v. United States, 294 F. Supp. 3d 83, 91
(W.D.N.Y. 2018) (Larimer, J.) (quoting Bah v. Nordson Corp., No. 00-cv-9060, 2005 U.S.

Dist. LEXIS 15683 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 1, 2005)). For “[o]n a summary judgment motion, a
district court properly considers only evidence that would be admissible at trial,” Nora
Beverages, Inc. v. Perrier Grp. of Am., Inc., 164 F.3d 736, 746 (2d Cir. 1998); Foley,
supra, 294 F. Supp. 3d at 91, even if that exclusion is outcome-determinative, Berk v. St.
Vincent’s Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 380 F. Supp.2d 334, 351 (S.D.N.Y. 2005); Foley, supra,
294 F. Supp. 3d at 91. “The court performs the same role at the summary judgment
phase as at trial; an expert’s report is not a talisman against summary judgment,” Raskin
v. Wyatt Co., 125 F.3d 55, 66 (2d Cir. 1997); Berk, supra, 380 F. Supp. 2d at 351.

Rule 702 states
“A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training,
or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
“(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the
trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
“(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
“(c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
“(d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the
case.”
While Mr. Levine may be an expert in police practices and procedures and in how
the police should appropriately use force, there is no basis for him (effectively) to diagnose
Decedent at the time of this incident and then draw conclusions on how the defendants
reacted to that diagnosed condition. Levine’s opinion stresses that the police needed to
recognize the signs and symptoms of Excited Delirium Syndrome and appropriately send
the person manifesting these signs to medical treatment. But the record for these Motions
has not established that Decedent suffered from Excited Delirium Syndrome, the factual
predicate for Levine’s opinions. Non-medical personnel, such as police expert witnesses

(Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. QQ, Lt. Gould expert disclosure at 28-29), differ on
whether Decedent was suffering from that syndrome. Thus, under Rule 702(a), Levine’s
opinion does not help this Court understand the evidence or determine the facts in issue.
Also, under Rule 702(b), this opinion is not based upon facts or data. Levine envisioned
a use of force scenario in May 2012, summarized by plaintiff in the expert disclosure as
having multiple officers holding Decedent down (Docket No. 74, Pl. Expert Report
(Levine) at 2) where there was no testimony of that occurring. Absent a medical diagnosis
of Decedent suffering from Excited Delirium Syndrome, which was not provided here,
Levine has no basis to render opinions.

Plaintiff has not presented admissible proof of the diagnosis of Excited Distress
Syndrome, save Levine’s opinion. Plaintiff concedes that Levine is not a medical expert,
but police procedural expert. Levine’s opinion is introduced (responding to these motions
for summary judgment) to show material issues of fact exist as to how defendants should
have handles situation with mentally ill suspect acting out their illness, specifically Excited
Delirium Syndrome. To assist on these Motions, plaintiff needed admissible evidence of
the claimed diagnosis or Levine's opinion needed to be tailored to the general condition

of the manifestation of mental illness, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2), (4).
This Court agrees with defendants and has not relied upon Levine's opinion in
deciding defendants' Motions. Levine’s report contains speculation and conjecture and
is inadmissible under Rule 702 for these Motions, see Foley, supra, 294 F. Supp. 3d at
95. Levine’s report (Docket No. 74, Ex. A) is also unsworn and such expert reports do
not satisfy the admissibility requirements of Rule 56(c)(4) and cannot be used without
additional affidavit support to defeat a summary judgment motion, Berk, supra, 380 F.

Supp. 2d at 352-53; Foley, supra, 294 F. Supp. 3d at 99.
The Court only notes, and has not relied upon, the other non-medical opinion of
Lt. Gould (Docket No. 85, Town Defs. Ex. QQ) regarding whatever Decedent’s diagnosis
might have been.

Rule 56 allows this Court to consider materials in the record even if not asserted
by the movants or opponents, Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3). Dr. Joseph, a board-certified
psychiatrist was identified by plaintiff as her expert who reviewed Decedent’s mental
health records, Decedent’s autopsy and consultation reports, deposition transcripts of
various eyewitnesses, and interviews with plaintiff and Kara Woods (Docket No. 85, Town
Defs. Ex. TT, Dr. Joseph Expert Disclosure, at 1-5). From that material and his medical
expertise, Dr. Joseph opined that Decedent suffered from manic delirium or a psychotic
episode due to synthetic marijuana (id. at 5, 6), concluding that Town Defendants or
County Defendants should have hospitalized Decedent sooner and he would have

avoided cardiovascular collapse (id. at 6). Plaintiff, however, does not cite to this opinion
in support of identifying material issues of fact in opposition to the pending summary
judgment motions.
Dr Joseph’s opinion (id.) does not establish an issue of material fact to preclude
summary judgment. That opinion simply indicates that there may be an issue of fact but
only as to the first prong for a deliberate indifference claim under the Due Process Clause;
that is, whether defendants failed to take reasonable measures with Decedent in delaying
treatment for about 24 hours. As noted above, Decedent manifested some symptoms of
mental illness but was deemed to be well enough to be arrested and transported from
Tonawanda to the Erie County Holding Center. Or, as Lt. Gould termed it in his opinion,

Decedent’s behaviors were “constantly changing levels of emergency” (Docket No. 85,
Town Defs. Ex. QQ, at 30). Dr. Joseph’s opinion, however, does not address the second
prong, whether defendants knew or should have known that Decedent’s treatment during
those hours posed an excessive risk to his health. Decedent’s cardiac arrest occurred,
however, after he was out of defendants’ custody and was in the Erie County Medical
Center for treatment. To hold the Town and County Defendants liable despite this
intervening event would require their knowledge of the potential methods of treatment at
the Medical Center that, if Decedent became disruptive (as he did), staff at the Medical
Center would use two medicines that with the Risperdal in his system would be toxic and
ultimately fatal. Thus, Dr. Joseph’s opinion does not establish an issue of material fact

to preclude summary judgment for defendants.
H. Remaining Contentions
Defendants raise other arguments for dismissal of plaintiff’s claims and plaintiff

made countering assertions. They need not be addressed further than as explained
below. Most of these are not dispositive of plaintiff’s case. Finding above that defendants
were not deliberately indifferent to Decedent during his detention, the training of the
respective defendants (including the responsibility of the County for the training of
Sheriff’s deputies) is no longer at issue. Also, plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages
(applicable only against the remaining individual defendants in their individual capacities,
Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30 (1983); see City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, supra, 453 U.S.
at 271) is dismissed with dismissal of her overall claims.

This Court also has not addressed the defendants’ General Municipal Law
defenses about the timeliness of the Complaint relative to predicate examinations under
General Municipal Law §§ 50-h and 50-i. This Court will not delve into the New York
State law question of what constitutes the “event upon which the claim is based,” N.Y.
Gen. Mun. L. § 50-i (1), that starts the limitations period for plaintiff’s claims against
municipal defendants (cf. Docket No. 93, Pl. Memo. re Town Defs. Motion at 17-18), cf.
Sexstone v. City of Rochester, 32 A.D.2d 737, 301 N.Y.S.2d 887 (4th Dep’t 1969) (the
running of period is measured from date negligent act produced injury, not time of
negligent act)). This Court also will not comment further on the County Defendants’

defenses related to the distinction between the Sheriff (not named as a defendant) and
the County.
IV. CONCLUSION

Both groups of municipal defendants here raised numerous grounds for dismissal
of this case. As tragic as Decedent’s final days and death might be, plaintiff (on behalf of
his estate and beneficiaries) has not alleged a cognizable federal claim against these
defendants. Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment (Docket Nos. 85, 81) thus are
granted.
V. ORDERS

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, that the Town Defendants’ Amended Motion for
Summary Judgment (Docket No. 85) is GRANTED but their original Motion for Summary
Judgment (Docket No. 82) is TERMINATED in favor of the Amended Motion. IT IS
FURTHER ORDERED, that the County Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
(Docket No. 81) is GRANTED.
FURTHER, the Clerk of Court is directed to close this case.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: April 8, 2020
Buffalo, New York

s/William M. Skretny
WILLIAM M. SKRETNY
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10362212. Public record. Not legal advice.