# Santana v. Mount Vernon City School District/ Board of Education

> District Court, S.D. New York · April 7, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10350236

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. New York
- **Decided:** April 7, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10350236

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- explaining that “[h]ostile environment claims are different in kind from discrete acts” because “[t]heir very nature involves repeated conduct”
- characterizing plaintiff’s allegation that he “discovered that many entry level candidates selected or hired by [Defendant] were younger and less qualified than [him]” as “conclusory, naked, and devoid of further factual enhancement” (internal quotations omitted)

## Opinion text

Usb SUVINY
DOCUMENT
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT ELECTRONICALLY FILED
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK DOC #:
DATE FILED: __ 4/7/2023
RAY SANTANA and BRENDAN DUFFY,
Plaintiffs,
-against-
MOUNT VERNON CITY SCHOOL
DISTRICT/BOARD OF EDUCATION;
KENNETH HAMILTON, Superintendent of
Schools; DENISE GAGNE-KURPIEWSKI,
Assistant Superintendent for Human 20-cv-3212 (NSR)
Resources; FELICIA GAON, Director of
Student Services; RONALD GONZALEZ, AMENDED OPINION & ORDER
Mount Vernon High School Principal;
PAULINE PALMER-PEARCE, Mount
Vernon High School Assistant Principal;
ERICA NAUGHTON, Mount Vernon High
School Mathematics Department Supervisor;
SATISH JAGNANDAN, District Supervisor
of Mathematics and Science,
Defendants.

NELSON S. ROMAN, United States District Judge:
Plaintiffs Raymond Santana (“Santana”) and Brendan Duffy (“Duffy” and, together with
Santana, “Plaintiffs”), initiated this action on April 23, 2020 alleging violations of the Americans
with Disabilities Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12112 (“ADA”), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of
1967, 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq. (“ADEA”), and N.Y. Executive Law § 296 (““NYSHRL”), against
the Mount Vernon City School District and Board of Education (the “District”), Superintendent of
Schools Kenneth Hamilton, Assistant Superintendent for Human Resources Denise Gagne-
Kurpiewski, Director of Student Services Felicia Gaon, Mount Vernon High School Principal
Ronald Gonzalez, Mount Vernon High School Assistant Principal Pauline Palmer-Pearce, Mount
Vernon High School Mathematics Department Supervisor Erica Naughton, and District Supervisor
of Mathematics and Science Satish Jagnandan (collectively, “Defendants”). (Complaint, ECF No.

1.) In an Opinion & Order dated September 30, 2021 (“First Opinion & Order”) (ECF No. 43),
this Court granted in part and denied in part Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint.
This Court denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff Santana’s ADA claims for failure to
accommodate and retaliation. (Id.) This Court dismissed Plaintiffs’ remaining claims without
prejudice, granting Plaintiffs leave to replead their dismissed claims in an Amended Complaint.
(Id.) Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint on November 30, 2021 (“Am. Compl.”) (ECF No.
44), and Defendants now move to dismiss all claims other than Plaintiff Santana’s ADA claims for
failure to accommodate and retaliation (ECF No. 54).

Presently before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Id.) For the following reasons, Defendants’ motion is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
BACKGROUND
The following facts are derived from the Amended Complaint and the documents appended
thereto and are assumed to be true for the purposes of this motion. Although the facts alleged in
the Amended Complaint bear resemblance to the facts alleged in the original Complaint, for the
sake of clarity this Court outlines below the facts as alleged in the Amended Complaint.
I. Ray Santana

Santana is a 65-year-old, disabled Vietnam war veteran who previously served in the U.S.
Air Force. (Am. Compl. ¶ 17.) While serving in the Air Force, on September 23, 1975, Santana
injured his left knee. (Id. ¶ 18.) He was honorably discharged from service due to his injuries,
and he was later classified by the U.S. Veterans’ Administration with dysthymic disorder. (Id. ¶
19.)
Beginning in September 2001, Santana worked for the Mount Vernon City School District
as a technology teacher, special education teacher, and library media specialist. (Id. ¶ 20.) He
obtained permanent certifications from the New York State Department of Education for
elementary education and special education, as well as certification as a school media specialist.
(Id. ¶¶ 21–22.) On December 8, 2011, Santana sustained additional injuries to his left knee while
breaking up a fight between students. (Id. ¶¶ 18, 44.) From September 6, 2016 to June 24, 2017,
Santana served as a school librarian and media specialist at the District’s Mandella Zollicoffer
Alternative High School. (Id. ¶ 23.) On multiple occasions, Santana was praised for his work as
a school librarian, where he also received a “glowing” letter of recommendation from his
supervisor. (Id. ¶¶ 24–26.)

In September 2017, due to a program reduction, the District assigned Santana to work as a
special education teacher at Mount Vernon High School despite Santana’s request that he remain
in a librarian position. (Id. ¶ 27.) Instead of granting Santana’s request, the District hired “several
new librarians who were at least 10 years younger” than Santana, including librarians who are
aged 28, 28, 32, 46, and 48, respectively. (Id. ¶ 28.)
When he reported to his new position in September 2017, Santana found that he was
assigned to a room filled with trash and missing chairs, desks, computers, and a blackboard. (Id.
¶ 29.) Given these issues, he reached out to Defendant Gonzalez about the missing furniture, but
Gonzalez did not respond. (Id. ¶ 30.) Santana followed up several days later by email, to which

Gonzalez replied, “You are expected to deliver instruction to your students. You do not need a
teacher’s desk to provide instruction.” (Id. ¶ 31.)
On September 20, 2017, Santana met with Defendant Hamilton regarding Santana’s
employment status. (Id. ¶ 32.) They discussed the conditions of Santana’s classroom, and
Hamilton called Gonzalez to discuss Santana’s complaints. (Id.) Hamilton then informed Santana
that Gonzalez wanted to see Santana in his office. (Id.) Santana met with Gonzalez, who was in
“an extremely agitated state,” “berating” Santana for teaching in the wrong room. (Id. ¶ 33.) When
Santana showed Gonzalez the paperwork that assigned him to the room he was using, Gonzalez
told him to use a different room instead. (Id.)
In September 2018, Santana was assigned “five non-regents mathematics courses as the
special education teacher at Mount Vernon High School.” (Id. ¶ 37.) Although Gonzalez was
aware of Santana’s work-related injuries, Gonzalez and Defendants Palmer-Pearce and Naughton
assigned him approximately 186 students over five periods of the school day, averaging 37 students
per class. (Id. ¶ 39.) A typical class consists of 24 students. (Id. ¶ 40.) Four of the five classes
were non-compliant with New York State special education regulations because they each

consisted of more than twelve special needs students (or over one quarter of each class consisted
of special needs students). (Id.) Santana emailed Gonzalez, Palmer-Pearce, and Naughton
multiple times requesting a reduction in student class size, but they took no action. (Id. ¶¶ 42–43.)
Additionally, Santana’s injury prevented him from using the stairs, so he could not retrieve the
statistics textbooks needed for one of the classes. (Id. ¶ 43.)
In November 2018, Santana underwent knee replacement surgery as a result of his prior
injury. (Id. ¶ 44.) He was out of work from November 1, 2018 to March 15, 2019. (Id.) When he
returned, his assigned workload remained virtually unchanged. (Id. ¶ 45.) From March 15, 2019
through June 12, 2019, Santana sent a total of ten emails to Defendant Palmer-Pearce, detailing

nineteen days where no teaching assistance was provided. (Id. ¶ 47.)
On March 18, 2018 and again on October 8, 2019, Santana requested several
accommodations by completing and filing documents with the District’s Human Resources
Department and Gonzalez. (Id. ¶¶ 56.) The forms were filled out by Santana’s primary physician
and included requests for (1) no stair climbing; (2) repositioning every 10-15 minutes; (3) no
prolonged sitting or standing; (4) ergonomic seating; (5) the use of a cane for assistance with
locomotion; and (6) placement with students with stable behavioral outlooks. (Id. ¶¶ 57–58.)
Santana also sought accommodations as a “disabled Vietnam Veteran” based on a letter from the
Director of the Danbury Veterans’ Center, requesting (1) ergonomic seating; (2) additional time
for reports; (3) voice to text assistance; (4) quiet area during authorized break; and (5) supportive
staff when available. (Id. ¶ 59.) Santana did not receive any of the requested accommodations.
(Id. ¶¶ 57, 59.) On April 1, 2019, Santana filed a discrimination charge with the New York State
Division of Human Rights (“SDHR”) and the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
(“EEOC”), alleging disability and age discrimination and retaliation. (Id. ¶ 48.)
On June 8, 2019, Santana was scheduled to proctor an exam on the second floor. (Id. ¶

50.) After informing Gonzalez that he could not access that floor, a school safety officer was sent
to his classroom to ensure Santana attended to his proctoring duties. (Id.) Through a walkie-talkie,
Gonzalez demanded Santana proctor the exam. (Id.) Santana was forced to use the stairs, which
caused him pain. (Id.) Santana also claims he was not accommodated as the District did not
consider him for a more sedentary, librarian position. (Id. ¶ 51.)
Santana was assigned to teach special education classes for the 2019–2020 school year.
(Id. ¶ 53.) At this time, Santana was recovering from left hip replacement surgery, which was
made necessary by Santana’s knee injury. (Id. ¶ 52) On the first day of school, Gonzalez changed
Santana’s class schedule so that Santana would teach lower functioning special needs and

alternative education students. (Id. ¶ 54.) On October 9, 2019, Santana presented Gonzalez with
a letter from his physician requesting that Santana be placed with students with stable behavior
outlooks to reduce Santana’s risk of injury. (Id. ¶ 57.) Gonzalez refused to amend Santana’s
schedule. (Id.) Then, on October 10, 2019, Palmer-Pearce informed Santana that the Sundown
Academy would schedule him as a resource room teacher for part of the school day. (Id. ¶ 60.)
The Sundown Academy is a segregated learning program within the high school for students with
“particular unstable emotional behavioral issues and academic deficiencies.” (Id.)
On October 17, 2019, Santana began to send emails to Gonzalez and Palmer-Pearce
discussing the “hostile and unsuitable educational environment” of one of his classrooms that
contained broken desks, chairs, and computers, as well as piles of trash. (Id. ¶ 61.) He also sent
Gonzalez and Palmer-Pearce photographs of his classroom. (Id.) Additionally, he was denied a
key to access one of his classrooms, and as a result he and his class had to wait in the hallway until
someone came to unlock it. (Id.)
On November 4, 2019, Santana was notified by the District’s Human Resources Division
that his accommodation requests were deemed unreasonable. (Id. ¶ 62.) He received an email

from Defendant Gaon summarizing why this decision was made, including “threats of disciplinary
action” “alleging insubordination” for “not properly performing his job duties.” (Id. ¶ 63.)
On January 6, 2020, Santana’s classroom had a “very strong” chlorine smell. (Id. ¶ 64.)
Upon inspection, Santana observed a white film across the classroom’s chairs and desks. (Id. ¶
65.) As a result of this incident, Santana developed respiratory problems and a severe headache.
(Id.) Santana eventually received an email from the District’s attorney stating the air quality test
run 29 days after the chlorine incident showed no airborne contaminants and therefore the matter
was closed. (Id. ¶ 68.)
On January 8, 2020, Gonzalez changed Santana’s classroom assignment, which resulted in

Santana traveling between three rooms each day. (Id. ¶ 66.) Additionally, on February 24, 2020,
Gonzalez sent a disciplinary letter to Santana reprimanding him for missing a parent-teacher
conference. (Id. ¶ 67.) In response, Santana provided Gonzalez an email he sent to Palmer-Pearce
indicating that he was ill that day, and he requested Gonzalez undo the disciplinary action. (Id.)
Gonzalez did not respond to Santana’s request. (Id.)
Santana requested and received a right to sue letter from the EEOC, dated January 28,
2020. (Id. ¶ 69.) Since filing the original federal complaint in this action on April 23, 2020,
Santana alleges he has “suffer[ed] additional acts of retaliation.” (Id. ¶ 70.)
On April 12, 2021, Santana advised his special education supervisor that he was scheduled
to undergo knee replacement surgery as a long-term consequence of his workplace injury sustained
on December 8, 2011. (Id. ¶ 71.) A Human Resources officer responded to Santana,
“admonishing” him “as to the timing of the knee revision surgery.” (Id.) The officer’s response
“intimdate[d]” Santana and caused him “undue anxiety.” (Id.) Later that month, the District “cut

off” Santana’s salary “without notice” and “under the guise that he had no sick days left in his sick
bank.” (Id. ¶ 72.) Observing that his pay stubs indicated “negative sick days which essentially
had not changed from the beginning of December 2020,” Santana demanded “an accounting of his
sick day file as well as credits that should have been awarded to him due to his injuries.” (Id. ¶¶
72–73.) The District never responded. (Id. ¶ 73.)
On September 7, 2021, Santana again requested an ergonomic chair, which was one of his
prior accommodation requests. (Id. ¶ 75.) Although the District’s attorneys indicated that Santana
had already received an ergonomic chair (as well as two teaching assistants), Santana characterized
the attorneys’ statements as “false and misleading.” (Id.) On October 8, 2021, Santana was

“severely injured when he fell off the only chair provided to him in the classroom”—one which
was neither “ergonomic” nor “safe.” (Id. ¶ 76.) Because of his injuries, Santana “was not able to
return to school for several weeks,” and he remains “under the care of medical specialists who are
actively helping him to recover from his injuries.” (Id.) Santana reiterated his concerns about
seating in a November 27, 2021 email to the District, in which he included a photo of the chair
which caused his injuries. (Id. ¶ 78.) Santana also complained “there are not enough handicap
parking spaces” for the high school, and as a result, Santana has endured additional “physical
pain.” (Id. ¶ 77.)
II. Brendan Duffy
Duffy is a 56-year-old tenured mathematics teacher who began working for the District in
August 2005. (Id. ¶¶ 79–80.) In January 2010, he had arthroscopic meniscus surgery to repair his
right knee. (Id. ¶ 80.) He also sustained injuries to his neck and knees when he was attacked by
students on October 17, 2013. (Id. ¶ 81.)
Duffy worked as a mathematics teacher at Mount Vernon High School for the 2010–2011

school year. (Id. ¶ 82.) In August 2010, he requested an accommodation for a classroom on the
first floor. (Id.) In October 2010, Duffy was selected to participate in a technology training
program on the second floor of the school. (Id. ¶ 83.) Duffy asked for an accommodation so he
could attend the program, but he was told multiple times by the technology supervisor that it was
not his job to accommodate Duffy, and therefore Duffy was unable to participate in the entire
program. (Id.) On April 9, 2011, Duffy filed a formal complaint with the EEOC based on disability
discrimination. (Id. ¶ 84.)
In September 2011, Gonzalez became principal, and moved the math department to the
second floor. (Id. ¶ 85.) Duffy was placed in a ground-floor classroom with mold and live

electrical wiring, away from his colleagues. (Id.) Duffy notified Gonzalez about these conditions,
but nothing was done. (Id.) After approximately two months, Duffy was relocated to a different
classroom. (Id. ¶ 86.) On November 3, 2011, Duffy noticed broken pieces of wood and shattered
glass in his new room, which he removed for safety. (Id. ¶ 87.) In response, Duffy received a
disciplinary letter for damaging school property. (Id. ¶ 88.)
On September 4, 2012, Gonzalez informed Duffy that he was being involuntarily
transferred to A.B. Davis Middle School (the “Middle School”). (Id. ¶ 90.) At the Middle School,
Duffy was observed twelve times by the math department supervisor, in violation of the teacher
observation policy. (Id. ¶ 90.) Duffy also received a disciplinary letter that falsely claimed he was
not tenured. (Id. ¶ 91.) In response, a meeting was scheduled with union representatives, who
informed the supervisor that she had violated Duffy’s teachers’ contract. (Id.) Additionally,
throughout the year, Duffy was reprimanded for sitting on a radiator during cafeteria duty, which
he needed to do to rest his leg. (Id. ¶ 92.)
At the beginning of the 2013–2014 school year, Duffy was assigned to a classroom on the
second floor. (Id. ¶ 94.) He notified his union immediately but was left without a classroom for

several days. (Id.) On September 20, 2013, Duffy submitted a harassment complaint to the
District’s Human Resources Department detailing the “hostile work environment” he was
subjected to at the Middle School. (Id.) He did not receive a response until 2016. (Id.)
Duffy also was not informed of math department meetings. (Id. ¶ 93.) On September 24,
2013, Duffy went to sign into a math department meeting but noticed his name was marked
“absent.” (Id. ¶ 96.) His name was the only one with this marking. (Id.) Additionally, in October
2013, Duffy asked for a key to his classroom, but was refused. (Id. ¶ 97.)
On October 17, 2013, Duffy was assaulted by two students and sustained permanent
injuries to his neck and knees. (Id. ¶ 98.) He filed claims and was granted workers’ compensation.

(Id.) Duffy was out of school from October 21, 2013 until the end of the 2013–2014 school year
due to these injuries. (Id. ¶ 99.)
At the beginning of the 2014–2015 school year, Duffy was assigned a classroom on the
third floor. (Id. ¶ 100.) Duffy was eventually given access to a school elevator. (Id.) On April 13,
2015, Defendant Jagnandan conducted an unannounced observation in a math class that Duffy was
co-teaching. (Id. ¶ 101.) Although his co-teacher was in charge of teaching that day, it was Duffy
who was described as “ineffective” and “developing.” (Id.) On June 25, 2015, the principal falsely
reported that he observed Duffy on the last day of school, even though no students were in
attendance. (Id. ¶ 102.) Duffy received a final rating of “ineffective.” (Id.) Duffy appealed this
rating, and the rating was eventually changed to “incomplete.” (Id.)
For the 2015–2016 school year, Duffy was transferred back to Mount Vernon High School.
(Id. ¶ 103.) His assigned classroom “was never completely repaired” and was not a “viable
teaching environment.” (Id. ¶ 104.) As a result, Duffy was assigned an additional classroom and
had to travel between two different rooms all year. (Id.)
On June 6, 2016, Duffy received a letter response to his hostile work environment

grievance against his former math supervisor for the 2012–2013 school year. (Id. ¶ 105.) The
District conducted an investigation and concluded harassment did not occur. (Id.) The District,
however, also concluded that the supervisor had engaged in “inappropriate verbal discourse” that
would be addressed. (Id.) Duffy received an “ineffective” annual teacher rating from Gonzalez,
even though his students’ test scores showed he should have received an “effective” rating. (Id. ¶
106.)
Duffy returned to Mount Vernon High School for the 2016–2017 school year. (Id. ¶ 107.)
On September 20, 2016, Defendant Naughton tried to put Duffy on a Teacher Improvement Plan
(“TIP”) even though this was not required based on his teaching skills. (Id. ¶ 108.) A stabbing

also occurred later during the school year, and Duffy and his students were unaware of the safety
protocol due to a broken loudspeaker in Duffy’s classroom. (Id. ¶ 109.) Although Duffy had
warned Gonzalez regarding the classroom’s speaker system, Gonzalez never responded, “put[ting]
. . . the safety of [Duffy’s] students in jeopardy.” (Id.) In addition, from December 5, 2016 through
January 23, 2017, Duffy was absent from work due to his neck and knee injuries. (Id. ¶ 110.)
When he returned, he learned that the padlock on his closet door was cut at the direction of
administration. (Id. ¶ 111.) His class assignment was taken away, and he was made a substitute
teacher. (Id.)
On March 20, 2017, Duffy had a meeting with his union representative, Gonzalez, and
Palmer-Pearce to discuss his “ineffective” rating for the 2015–2016 school year. (Id. ¶ 112.)
Gonzalez became “hostile” towards Duffy after Duffy requested to see the spreadsheet used to
calculate his score. (Id.)
On March 9, 2017, Duffy was assigned to take attendance at detention in a room with black
mold and a foul odor. (Id. ¶ 113.) On April 3, 2017, Duffy was told by a security officer that

administrators were instructing employees to “spy on” Duffy. (Id. ¶ 114.) Duffy also continued
to have issues with evaluations. In late April 2017, Naughton “fraudulently” reported that she had
pre-observation meetings with Duffy that did not occur. (Id. ¶ 115.) Then, on May 12, 2017, a
math supervisor from another high school conducted an unannounced formal observation of Duffy
and rated him “ineffective” while Duffy was supervising students in detention. (Id. ¶ 116.) Duffy
was rated “ineffective” for the 2016–2017 school year, but this was changed to “incomplete” upon
appeal. (Id. ¶ 117.)
Duffy again returned to Mount Vernon High School for the 2017–2018 school year. (Id. ¶
118.) He had multiple items stolen out of his classroom during the year. (Id. ¶ 119.) Although he

reported these missing items to Gonzalez, Palmer-Pearce, and Naughton, he was “ignored” and
did not receive reimbursement. (Id.) He also continued to have multiple problems specifically
with Gonzalez, including that Gonzalez (i) removed two math classes from Duffy’s schedule and
assigned him two financial management classes outside of his teaching license area; (ii) “harassed”
Duffy for his workers’ compensation documents and told him he had to use sick days to cover any
absences due to workers’ compensation time; (iii) intentionally withheld keys to the restroom from
Duffy; (iv) “lied” at a meeting about Duffy’s actions during a lockdown drill, later stating that
Duffy would receive a disciplinary letter and referring to Duffy as a “clown” in front of other
employees; (v) told Duffy he was not allowed to schedule his formal observation and conducted a
formal observation the same day of the pre-observation meeting, both of which are violations of
the teachers’ contract; (vi) interrupted Duffy’s lunch during the observation by stating, “I tell you
when you can eat lunch”; and (vii) “lied” during a meeting with a union representative by stating
Duffy could not have the representative present and then proceeding to give Duffy low evaluative
scores. (Id. ¶¶ 119, 121–126.) Duffy received an “ineffective” rating for the 2017–2018 school
year, which was changed to an “incomplete” rating upon appeal. (Id. ¶ 126.)

At the beginning of the 2018–2019 school year, Duffy’s math posters in his classroom were
stolen. (Id. ¶ 128.) Defendant Naughton stated she would look into the theft, but she never got
back to him. (Id.) Duffy was also denied his request to wear shorts, which he wears for medical
reasons pursuant to a doctor’s note, and he was assigned five, non-regents integrated co-teaching
classes alongside Santana. (Id. ¶¶ 129–130.) As discussed supra, these classes exceeded the
standard number of students per teacher and the proportion of students with disabilities. (Id. ¶
131.) During Santana’s work absence, the District did not provide Duffy with replacement
teaching assistance and made no accommodations to provide Plaintiffs with their required
textbooks. (Id. ¶¶ 132–34.) On January 29, 2019, Palmer-Pearce conducted a formal observation

of Duffy and rated him “ineffective,” even though his co-teacher was absent. (Id. ¶ 136.) Duffy
also did not receive accommodations to proctor the Regents’ exams in January 2019, which took
place on the second floor. (Id. ¶ 135.)
Due to his injuries, Duffy missed work from April 1, 2019 until April 22, 2019. (Id. ¶ 137.)
On Duffy’s first day back, Palmer-Pearce conducted an unannounced formal observation, which
violated a union contract provision, and she rated him “ineffective.” (Id.) Duffy was rated
“ineffective” for the 2018-2019 school year, which was again reversed upon appeal and changed
to “incomplete.” (Id. ¶ 138.)
On September 4, 2019, Gonzalez called Duffy into a meeting and notified him verbally and
in writing that he was being transferred to the Parker School. (Id. ¶ 139.) That same day, Duffy
attended a meeting at the Parker School where he was assigned to teach mathematics in three
second-floor classrooms. Although Duffy explained his disabilities and requested a ground-floor
classroom as a reasonable accommodation for his mobility limitations, Principal Natalie Dweck
denied his request. (Id. ¶ 140.) In light of his denied accommodation request, Duffy asked Dweck

and Assistant Principal Albins for a current elevator certificate of inspection. (Id. ¶ 141.) Duffy
also asked multiple times for the District’s evacuation plan “in the event of a fire or an emergency
where the elevator is out of service, not usable, or not an option.” (Id.) The District did not respond
to either of Duffy’s requests. (Id.) From September 5, 2019 through November 15, 2019, Duffy
taught classes between three different classrooms on the second floor. (Id. ¶ 142.) As a result of
this schedule, Duffy aggravated his pre-existing injuries and was forced to take off work from
November 18, 2019 through March 27, 2020. (Id. ¶ 143.)
Duffy filed a charge of discrimination against the District with the EEOC on January 23,
2020, based on discrimination, retaliation, and an ongoing hostile work environment. (Id. ¶ 144.)

He received a right to sue letter dated February 15, 2020. (Id. ¶ 145.) He then commenced the
instant federal lawsuit on April 23, 2020. (Id. ¶ 148.)
Duffy was cleared by his doctor and returned to work on March 30, 2020. (Id. ¶ 146.)
From March 30, 2020 through June 17, 2020, Duffy worked full-time remotely due to the COVID-
19 pandemic. (Id. ¶ 147.) Duffy, however, was not paid for days worked between March 30, 2020
and April 16, 2020. (Id.) Duffy contested this non-payment, but the District’s payroll staff has
refused to respond to Duffy’s inquiries regarding non-payment. (Id.) Moreover, the District
reported only six months of service credit for the 2019–2020 school year to Duffy’s retirement
account, and the District also failed to restore Duffy’s sick days to his “sick bank.” (Id. ¶ 149.)
Duffy returned to the Parker School for the 2020–2021 school year, and he was greeted by
new administrators who again assigned him to a second-floor classroom. (Id. ¶¶ 150–151.) Duffy
requested an accommodation to work in a ground-floor classroom, but Principal Jacqueline Green
and Assistant Principal Troy Newbey rejected his request. (Id. ¶ 151.) Duffy also requested a
laptop and internet hotspot so he could work remotely. (Id. ¶ 153.) Whereas “teachers who were
younger than him” were issued laptops and granted permission to work remotely, Duffy was

“treated differently” and not granted such permission. (Id.) On September 16, 2020, while
working in-person at the school, Duffy was infected by the COVID-19 virus. (Id. ¶ 154.) Duffy
missed the next six months recovering from the virus—for which he was hospitalized in October
2020—and “his Workers’ Compensation injuries.” (Id. ¶ 155.) Upon his return to work in March
2021, Duffy again requested a laptop and hotspot to enable him to work remotely. (Id. ¶ 156.) He
also requested permission to not wear a mask when teaching in-person. (Id.) The District denied
both of Duffy’s requests. (Id. ¶¶ 156, 158.) The District credited Duffy zero months of service for
the 2020–2021 school year. (Id. ¶ 159.) Duffy also alleges he lost $23,968.75 in retirement savings
“due to the District’s failure to provide [him] reasonable accommodations.” (Id.)

Duffy was back to work at the Parker School for the 2021–2022 school year, where he was
again assigned to teach a second-floor classroom and subsequently denied an accommodation
request for a ground-floor classroom. (Id. ¶ 160.) He also again requested permission to not wear
a mask “due to cardiological medical reasons,” i.e., “cardiological paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia and mitral valve prolapse syndrome.” (Id. ¶¶ 162, 164.) In denying Duffy’s latest
request, Principal Green and Assistant Principal Newbey “spoke about [Duffy’s] medical condition
in the main entrance of the school which is a public space where a teacher’s aide, a security officer,
and a custodian were a few feet away and could clearly hear the entire conversation.” (Id. ¶ 164.)
Prinicpal Green and Assistant Principal Newbey also did not allow Duffy to work remotely, as they
had allowed “other younger District teachers” to do. (Id. ¶ 165.) As a result of the District’s
“failure to accommodate” Duffy’s requests, Duffy has not worked since September 10, 2021 and
thus has not “been paid for over fourteen months.” (Id. ¶¶ 164–165.)
LEGAL STANDARDS
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), dismissal is proper unless the complaint
“contain[s] sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on

its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When there are well-pled factual allegations in the complaint, “a court
should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement
to relief.” Id. at 679.
While the Court must take all material factual allegations as true and draw reasonable
inferences in the non-moving party’s favor, the Court is “not bound to accept as true a legal
conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” or to credit “mere conclusory statements” or
“[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 662, 678 (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). The critical inquiry is whether the plaintiff has pled sufficient facts to

nudge the claims “across the line from conceivable to plausible.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. A
motion to dismiss will be denied where the allegations “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable
inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.
DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs Santana and Duffy each bring claims pursuant to the ADA, ADEA, and NYSHRL
for discrimination, retaliation, and hostile work environment. Defendants move to dismiss all of
Plaintiffs’ claims except for those this Court allowed to proceed in its previous opinion: Plaintiff
Santana’s ADA claims for discrimination—in particular, failure to accommodate—and retaliation.
Before turning to Plaintiffs’ claims which Defendants now seek to dismiss, this Court assesses
which of Plaintiffs’ claims are time-barred.
I. Statute of Limitations
A plaintiff who wishes to bring a claim under the ADEA or ADA must first file an EEOC
discrimination charge within 300 days of the date of the alleged unlawful practice. See Tewksbury
v. Ottaway Newspapers, 192 F.3d 322, 325–29 (2d Cir. 1999); Harris v. City of New York, 186 F.3d
243, 247–48 (2d Cir. 1999). If not filed within this timeframe, the claim is time-barred. Staten v.

City of New York, No. 14 CIV. 4307(ER), 2015 WL 4461688, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. July 20, 2015) (citing
Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 109 (2002)).
There is a “continuing violation” exception to the statute of limitations for discrimination
claims. Harris, 186 F.3d at 248. The continuing violation doctrine states that if “a plaintiff has
experienced a continuous practice and policy of discrimination, . . . the commencement of the
statute of limitations period may be delayed until the last discriminatory act in furtherance of it.”
Washington v. County of Rockland, 373 F.3d 310, 317 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting Fitzgerald v.
Henderson, 251 F.3d 345, 349 (2d Cir. 2001)). “To qualify as continuing, the claimed actions must
not be ‘discrete acts,’ but ‘repeated conduct’ that ‘occurs over a series of days or perhaps years.’”

Dash v. Bd. of Educ. of City Sch. Dist. of N.Y., 238 F. Supp. 3d 375, 388 (E.D.N.Y. 2017) (quoting
Morgan, 536 U.S. at 115). Examples of discrete acts “include disparate disciplining, negative
performance reviews, termination, failure to promote, and denial of a preferred job position,”
Zoulas v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 400 F. Supp. 3d 25, 50 (S.D.N.Y. 2019), as well as “disparate pay,
denials of accommodation and performance evaluations,” McGuirk v. Swiss Re Fin. Servs., Corp.,
No. 14 Civ. 9516 (CM), 2016 WL 10683305, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. June 17, 2016). “[M]ultiple incidents
of discrimination, even similar ones, that are not the result of a discriminatory policy or mechanism
do not amount to a continuing violation.” Zabar v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., No. 18 Civ. 6657 (PGG),
2020 WL 2423450, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. May 12, 2020) (quoting Lambert v. Genesee Hosp., 10 F.3d
46, 53 (2d Cir. 1993)).
Here, Plaintiff Santana filed his EEOC complaint on April 1, 2019 (Am. Compl. ¶ 48), and
Plaintiff Duffy filed his EEOC complaint on January 23, 2020 (id. ¶ 144). To the extent that
Santana and Duffy make allegations that took place prior to June 5, 2018 and April 1, 2019,
respectively, those allegations are untimely. In the First Opinion & Order, this Court concluded
these untimely allegations do not amount to a “continuing violation” and cannot form the basis for

an exception to the statute of limitations. (First Opinion & Order at 13–15.) The Court sees
nothing in the Amended Complaint to disturb its ruling, but nonetheless offers a clarification.
Although Plaintiffs argue that a series of reasonable accommodation denials—e.g., library
positions, classroom assignments—represent a “continuing chain and pattern of ill treatment”
(Plaintiff’s Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (“Plf. Opp.”), at 5, ECF No. 58), a review
of Second Circuit caselaw shows “failure to accommodate claims are not continuing violations but
discrete actions.” Kane v. Carmel Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 12 CV 5429 VB, 2014 WL 7389438, at
*12 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 15, 2014) (collecting cases); see Morgan, 536 U.S. at 114 (identifying
“termination, failure to promote, denial of transfer, or refusal to hire” as “easy to identify” “discrete

acts”). In other words, Plaintiffs’ reasonable accommodation denials cannot resurrect the untimely
allegations insofar as those allegations support a timely reasonable accommodation or retaliation
claim. See, e.g., Beharry v. City of New York, No. 18-CV-2042 (AJN), 2019 WL 634652 (S.D.N.Y.
Feb. 14, 2019) (barring acts of discrimination or retaliation “if a plaintiff does not file a charge of
discrimination with the EEOC or a qualified state or local fair employment practice agency within
300 days after the alleged unlawful employment practice.”) These time-barred allegations,
however, can support a hostile work environment claim “[p]rovided that an act contributing to the
claim occurs within the filing period.” Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117 (explaining that “[h]ostile
environment claims are different in kind from discrete acts” because “[t]heir very nature involves
repeated conduct”). As such, to the extent Santana and Duffy make allegations that took place
prior to June 5, 2018 and April 1, 2019, respectively, the Court will consider these otherwise
untimely allegations solely for the purpose of assessing Plaintiffs’ hostile work environment
claims. The Court will not consider these untimely allegations for the purpose of assessing
Plaintiffs’ discrimination or retaliation claims. See Spence v. Bukofzer, No. 15 CIV. 6167 (ER),
2017 WL 1194478, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2017) (citing Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117) (agreeing to

consider untimely allegations when assessing hostile work environment claim, but otherwise
declining to consider same untimely allegations when assessing discrimination and retaliation
claims). As such, this Court dismisses with prejudice any discrimination or retaliation claims
arising out of allegations that took place prior to June 5, 2018, for Santana, or April 1, 2019, for
Duffy.
II. ADA Reasonable Accommodation Claims
The ADA provides that, “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified
individual with a disability because of the disability of such individual in regard to job application
procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job

training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). An
employer may violate the ADA by failing to provide a reasonable accommodation. A plaintiff
states a prima facie failure to accommodate claim by demonstrating that
(1) Plaintiff is a person with a disability under the meaning of the ADA; (2) an
employer covered by the statute had notice of his [or her] disability; (3) with
reasonable accommodation, plaintiff could perform the essential functions of
the job at issue; and (4) the employer has refused to make such
accommodations.
McBride v. BIC Consumer Prods. Mfg. Co., 583 F.3d 92, 97 (2d Cir. 2009). A reasonable
accommodation to a disability is one that enables the employee “with a disability who is qualified
to perform the essential functions of that position.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(o)(1)(ii). A reasonable
accommodation may include job restructuring, modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant
position, acquiring or modifying work equipment, or trainings and policies, among other things.
42 U.S.C. § 12111(9)(B).
In the First Opinion & Order, this Court denied Defendants’ motion to dismiss as to Plaintiff
Santana’s ADA discrimination claims. (First Opinion & Order at 16–18.) In view of this Court’s

prior decision, Defendants do not move to dismiss Plaintiff Santana’s ADA discrimination claims
alleged in the Amended Complaint.1 (Defendants’ Memorandum of Law in Support of
Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss at 1 n.1, ECF No. 56.) Instead, Defendants move to dismiss
Plaintiff Duffy’s ADA discrimination claims, which this Court previously dismissed in the First
Opinion & Order. (First Opinion & Order at 18.)
In its First Opinion & Order, this Court dismissed Duffy’s ADA discrimination claims
because none of his allegations were timely. (Id.) In the Amended Complaint, however, Duffy
partially fixes this problem. He alleges that on September 4, 2019, he attended a meeting at the
Parker School, where he had been “involuntarily transferred.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 139.) At the

meeting, he “explained that he had to work in one classroom on the floor of the building at ground
level as he could [not] go up or downstairs due to his Workers’ Compensation injuries to his neck
and bilateral knees sustained on October 17, 2013.” (Id. ¶ 140.) Despite his request to work in
one classroom on the school’s ground floor, Principal Natalie Dweck rejected Duffy’s request,

1 As such, Santana may advance on any discrimination claims arising from allegations that
took place on June 5, 2018 or later, including those arising after Santana filed his EEOC complaint
on April 1, 2019, see infra at 20–22 (citing Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 151 (2d Cir. 2003)
(allowing courts to consider unexhausted claims to the extent those unexhausted claims are
“reasonably related” to the claims in an EEOC complaint)).
along with Duffy’s ensuing requests for information on how to use the school’s elevator in the
event of an emergency. (Id. ¶¶ 140–41.) Although Duffy cloaks his allegations in passive language
so as to render unclear to whom he requested this accommodation (see id. ¶ 140), he nonetheless
provides information sufficient to show the date of his request, its contents, and the District’s
subsequent denial, including Principal Dweck and Assistant Principal Albins’ involvement in the
denial. Taken together alongside Duffy’s numerous prior accommodation requests, the District
had actual notice of Duffy’s leg injuries which limited his mobility. Colas v. City of Univ. of New
York, No. 17CV4825NGGJO, 2019 WL 2028701, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. May 7, 2019) (denying motion

to dismiss, even where plaintiff did not specify who she made accommodation request to, because
plaintiff had requested numerous accommodations and defendants had sufficient notice of
plaintiff’s disability). Moreover, Duffy is qualified to perform the essential functions of a math
teacher, as evidenced by his tenured status and decades-long career as a math teacher in the
District—including several years in which Duffy has taught despite his disabilities, cf. Brown v.
New York City Dep't of Educ., No. 20CV2424VECOTW, 2021 WL 4943490, at *10 (S.D.N.Y.
Aug. 31, 2021) (granting motion to dismiss where plaintiff did not “plead any facts as to how or
whether she was able to complete her job since the onset of her disability . . ., when she alleges
that she began experiencing discrimination”), report and recommendation adopted, No. 20-CV-

2424 (VEC), 2021 WL 4296379 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2021). Common sense dictates that teaching
in a classroom on the ground floor would not render Duffy any less qualified to perform the
essential functions of a math teacher. As such, Duffy has stated a discrimination claim as to his
September 2019 accommodation request.
Duffy also states a discrimination claim as to his accommodation requests for a ground-
floor classroom in September 2020 and 2021. Ordinarily, “claims not raised in an EEOC complaint
. . . may be brought in federal court if they are ‘reasonably related’ to the claim filed with the
agency.” Williams v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 458 F.3d 67, 70 (2d Cir. 2006). An unexhausted claim is
“reasonably related” to claims raised in an EEOC complaint where (1) “the conduct complained
of would fall within the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to
grow out of the charge of discrimination”; (2) “the complaint is ‘one alleging retaliation by an
employer against an employee for filing an EEOC charge’”; or (3) “the complaint ‘alleges further
incidents of discrimination carried out in precisely the same manner alleged in the EEOC charge.’”
Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 151 (2d Cir. 2003) (quoting Butts v. City of New York Dep't of
Hous. Pres. & Dev., 990 F.2d 1397, 1402–03 (2d Cir. 1993)). Although Duffy’s September 2020

and 2021 requests postdate his EEOC complaint, the requests are “reasonably related” to his EEOC
complaint as they both “fall within the scope of the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be
expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination” and “allege further incidents of
discrimination carried out in precisely the same manner alleged in the EEOC charge.” See Terry,
336 F.3d at 151. As he was in 2019, Duffy was assigned to teach in a second-floor classroom and
responded by requesting a ground-floor classroom to accommodate his limited mobility. (Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 140, 151, 160.) The only difference between these requests is that they were directed
to new administrators. Given that the requests are identical, it follows that any investigation into
the 2019 accommodation request would likely have unearthed details of the 2020 and 2021

requests. See Terry, 336 F.3d at 151. Moreover, the District “carried out” its alleged discrimination
in the “same manner alleged in the EEOC charge,” see id.: (1) ignoring Duffy’s known injury in
assigning him to the second floor, and (2) denying his accommodation request for a ground-floor
classroom. As such, Duffy states a discrimination claim insofar as he alleges the District denied
his reasonable accommodation request for a ground-floor classroom during the 2020–2021 and
2021–2022 school years.
Duffy’s other requests do not give rise to a discrimination claim. Requests prior to April
1, 2019 are time-barred, as discussed supra, and thus cannot sustain a discrimination claim. These
time-barred claims are dismissed with prejudice. In addition, pandemic-related requests, which
were submitted by Duffy after he filed his EEOC charge, cannot sustain a discrimination claim as
Duffy has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. These requests, such as Duffy’s requests
to not wear a mask or to work remotely, are not “reasonably related” to his mobility requests,
discussed above, as Duffy’s pandemic-related requests involve a different disability altogether.
See Chandler v. AMR Am. Eagle Airline, 251 F. Supp. 2d 1173, 1178 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) (citing Butts,

990 F.2d at 1402–03) (dismissing unexhausted failure to accommodate claim for plaintiff’s
prostate condition where accommodations for plaintiff’s condition “differ significantly in kind and
scope from those asserted in relation to plaintiff’s back and leg injuries,” which were the subject
of plaintiff’s EEOC complaint filed two years earlier). Moreover, his requests could not “grow
out of the charge of discrimination” filed in January 23, 2020 because few but the most prescient
could have anticipated the spread of a global pandemic that would so transform a teacher’s
responsibilities and assignments. See id. (citing Butts, 990 F.2d at 1402–03). Duffy’s
discrimination claims are limited to the denial of his reasonable accommodation requests in
September 2019, 2020, and 2021. Duffy’s pandemic-related discrimination claims are dismissed

without prejudice.
III. ADEA Discrimination Claims
Under the ADEA, it is “unlawful for an employer . . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge
any individual or otherwise discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation,
terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s age.” 29 U.S.C. §
623(a)(1). This protection covers “individuals who are at least 40 years of age.” Id. § 631(a). To
state an ADEA discrimination claim, a plaintiff must allege that (1) he or she was “within the
protected age group,” (2) he or she was “qualified for the position,” (3) he or she “experienced
adverse employment action,” and (4) “such action occurred under circumstances giving rise to an
inference of discrimination.” Green v. Town of East Haven, 952 F.3d 394, 403 (2d Cir. 2020)
(quoting Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 107 (2d Cir. 2010)). On a motion to
dismiss, a court “need determine only ‘whether the allegations in the complaint give plausible
support to the reduced prima facie requirements that arise . . . in the initial phase of a litigation.’”
Miller v. Dep’t of Educ., No. 17-CV-594 (JPO), 2018 WL 1468703, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2018)
(quoting Dressler v. City Sch. Dist., No. 15-cv-3696 (JPO), 2016 WL 4367967, at *3 (S.D.N.Y.

Aug. 15, 2016)). In general, a plaintiff must provide “at least minimal support for the proposition
that the employer was motivated by discriminatory intent.” Luka v. Bard Coll., 263 F. Supp. 3d
478, 484–85 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (quoting Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 311 (2d Cir.
2015)). “An inference of discrimination can arise from a variety of circumstances, including but
not limited to, the employer’s criticism of the plaintiff’s performance in . . . degrading terms based
on [his or] her protected characteristic; [] its invidious comments about others in the employee’s
protected group; [] the more favorable treatment of employees not in the protected group; or the
sequence of events leading to the plaintiff’s discharge.” Pustilnik v. Battery Park City Auth., No.
18-CV- 9446 (RA), 2019 WL 6498711, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 2019) (internal quotation and

citation omitted).
Plaintiffs do not state age discrimination claims. Santana alleges the District hired, instead
of him, “several new librarians who were at least 10 years younger.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 28.) These
allegations are untimely, as discussed supra, but even if they were not, Santana fails to allege how
these new librarians were less qualified than him, see Ndremizara v. Swiss Re Am. Holding Corp.,
93 F. Supp. 3d 301, 315–19 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (dismissing ADEA claim where plaintiff failed to
allege that position was filled “with a person significantly younger and/or less qualified than
Plaintiff” and did not include information about the younger candidates’ respective qualifications),
and the fact that two of the five librarians are also old enough to fall within the ambit of ADEA
protection undercuts Santana’s claims, see, e.g., Spires v. MetLife Grp., Inc., No. 18-CV-4464
(RA), 2019 WL 4464393, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2019) (“Although the ADEA does not
necessarily foreclose an age-discrimination claim when a plaintiff was over forty years old when
first hired, this substantially weakens any inference of discrimination on Defendants’ part.”).
Duffy’s allegations are likewise deficient. Duffy alleges younger teachers received more favorable
reviews and assignments (see generally Am. Compl. ¶ 177), but he only identifies one such

comparator and provides no information as to his comparator’s age and their respective
qualifications. Duffy also alleges younger teachers were allowed to work remotely and granted
access to additional resources, such as a laptop and internet hotspot. (Id. ¶¶ 153, 165.) Duffy,
however, proffers only conclusory allegations and does not provide any details about the other
teachers who were allowed to work remotely and their respective qualifications and
responsibilities relative to Duffy. See Ndremizara, 93 F. Supp. 3d at 316 (characterizing plaintiff’s
allegation that he “discovered that many entry level candidates selected or hired by [Defendant]
were younger and less qualified than [him]” as “conclusory, naked, and devoid of further factual
enhancement” (internal quotations omitted)). In addition, neither Plaintiff puts forth any

statements by Defendants (or even non-parties) to suggest the alleged discrimination was at all
motivated by Plaintiffs’ respective ages. See Arciuolo v. Tomtec Inc., No. 3:14-CV-00624 (JAM),
2015 WL 6384598, at *3 (D. Conn. Oct. 22, 2015) (dismissing ADEA claim where “plaintiffs’
claims of age discrimination are wholly conclusory and bereft of any connection to allegations of
specific statements or acts by any defendant”). As such, Plaintiffs’ claims for age discrimination
are dismissed with prejudice.
IV. ADA and ADEA Retaliation
It is well settled that retaliation claims under the ADEA and ADA are analyzed under the
same framework. Smith v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., No. 18 Civ. 8545 (PGG), 2019 WL 6307471, at
*11 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 25, 2019). For a retaliation claim to survive a motion to dismiss, “the plaintiff
must plausibly allege that: (1) defendants discriminated—or took an adverse employment action—
against [him or her], (2) ‘because’ he [or she] has opposed any unlawful employment practice.”
Riddle v. Citigroup, 640 F. App’x 77, 79 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Vega v. Hempstead Union Free
Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 90 (2d Cir. 2015)). In the context of a retaliation claim, an adverse
employment action is one that “well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or

supporting a charge of discrimination.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe R.R. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53,
68 (2006) (internal quotations omitted). This is broader than the adverse action element of
employment discrimination claims. Moore v. Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc., No. 00 Civ.
7384(PAC), 2007 WL 831807, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2007).
To plead causation, a plaintiff must allege “that his [or her] protected activity was the but-
for cause of the adverse employment action.” Ninying v. N.Y.C. Fire Dep’t, 807 F. App’x 112, 115
(2d Cir. 2020). At this stage, “a plaintiff can rely solely on temporal proximity to establish the
requisite causal connection between her [or his] protected activity and the materially adverse action
that she [or he] allegedly suffered in retaliation for engaging in that activity.” Wang v. Palmisano,

157 F. Supp. 3d 306, 327 (S.D.N.Y. 2016). Although there is no bright line rule “to define the
outer limits beyond which a temporal relationship is too attenuated to establish a causal
relationship,” Gorman-Bakos v. Cornell Coop. Extension, 252 F.3d 545, 554 (2d Cir. 2001), the
“temporal proximity must be very close.” Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273
(2001)). To that end, “courts in this Circuit generally hold that a gap longer than two months
severs the inferred causal relationship.” Graham v. Macy’s, Inc., No. 14 Civ. 3192 (PAE), 2016
WL 354897, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 28, 2016); see also Knox v. Town of Southeast, No. 11 Civ.
8763(ER), 2014 WL 1285654, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2014) (“Indeed, many of the decisions in
this Circuit that have addressed the issue have held that a passage of more than two months
between the protected activity and the adverse employment action does not allow for an inference
of causation.”).
In assessing Plaintiffs’ retaliation claims, the Court will focus only on conduct that occurred
after the alleged protected activity. See Laface v. Eastern Suffolk BOCES, 349 F. Supp. 3d 126,
150 (E.D.N.Y. 2018) (holding that there can be no retaliation for an ADA retaliation claim where
the adverse action occurred prior to the protected activities). As discussed supra, this Court will

not consider Duffy’s retaliation claims to the extent they arise from conduct occurring prior to
April 1, 2019. This Court, however, will consider Duffy’s retaliation claims insofar as they arise
from conduct occurring after Duffy filed his EEOC complaint on January 23, 2020. These claims
are “reasonably related” to the claims in Duffy’s EEOC complaint—and thus need not be
administratively exhausted—because they allege “retaliation by an employer against an employee
for filing an EEOC charge.” See Terry v. Ashcroft, 336 F.3d 128, 151 (2d Cir. 2003).
Nonetheless, Duffy fails to state a retaliation claim. As this Court observed when it
previously dismissed Duffy’s retaliation claims, Duffy “fails to plead causation” (First Opinion &
Order at 24), leaving the Court no basis upon which to infer the Defendants’ alleged retaliatory

conduct was motivated primarily—let alone at all—by Duffy’s filing of an EEOC complaint or
federal lawsuit. Duffy fails to map a causal connection between any adverse action and his
protected activity, see Ninying v. New York City Fire Dep’t, 807 F. App’x 112, 115 (2d Cir. 2020)
(affirming lower court’s dismissal of retaliation claim where plaintiff failed to allege plaintiff’s
protected activity was the “but-for cause” of the adverse employment action), and even if he did,
a number of factors would dilute the strength of that connection, including (1) adverse actions
which took place both before and after protected activity, see Pinero v. Long Island State Veterans
Home, 375 F. Supp. 2d 162, 168 (E.D.N.Y. 2005) (citing Slattery v. Swiss Reinsurance Am. Corp.,
248 F.3d 87, 95 (2d Cir. 2001)), and (2) the lack of temporal proximity between Duffy’s EEOC
complaint and the alleged retaliatory activity, e.g., alleged denials of reasonable accommodations
in September 2020, March 2021, and September 2021, which took place several months later, see
Langella v. Mahopac Cent. Sch. Dist., No. 18-CV-10023 (NSR), 2020 WL 2836760, at *11
(S.D.N.Y. May 31, 2020) (“To that end, courts in this Circuit generally hold that a gap longer than
two months severs the inferred causal relationship.” (internal quotations and citations omitted)).
Accordingly, Duffy’s retaliation claims are dismissed with prejudice.

V. ADA and ADEA Hostile Work Environment Claims
An ADEA hostile work environment claim is governed by the same standards applicable
to hostile work environment claims under the ADA. Murtha v. New York State Gaming Comm’n,
No. 17 CIV. 10040 (NSR), 2019 WL 4450687, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 17, 2019). To plead a prima
facie hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must plead “(1) that the harassment was
sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of his [or her] employment and create an
abusive working environment, and (2) that a specific basis exists for imputing the objectionable
conduct to the employer.” Fox v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 918 F.3d 65, 74 (2d Cir. 2019) (internal
quotation marks omitted). “This standard has both objective and subjective components: the

conduct complained of must be ‘severe or pervasive enough’ that a reasonable person would find
it hostile or abusive, and the victim must also subjectively perceive the work environment as
abusive.” O’Hara v. Bd. of Coop. Educ. Servs., No. 18-CV-8502 (KMK), 2020 WL 1244474, at
*14 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2020) (citing Fox, 918 F.3d at 74.)
Additionally, a plaintiff must also allege that the conduct created such an environment
“because of” his or her disability. Id. The Court must evaluate the totality of the circumstances,
including “the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it [was] physically
threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interfere[d]
with [the plaintiffs’] work performance.” Harris v. Forklift Sys., 510 U.S. 17, 23 (1993).
At the outset, denials of reasonable accommodations alone cannot sustain a hostile work
environment claim. See Murtha v. New York State Gaming Comm’n, No. 17 CIV. 10040 (NSR),
2019 WL 4450687, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 17, 2019) (“[A] defendant’s failure to provide a
reasonable accommodation does not in itself constitute evidence of a parallel claim for
discriminatory termination or hostile work environment.” (citing Berger v. New York City Police
Dep’t, 304 F. Supp. 3d 360, 368 (S.D.N.Y. 2018)); see also Greenbaum v. New York City Transit

Auth., No. 20CV771 (DLC), 2021 WL 2650509, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. June 25, 2021) (dismissing
hostile work environment claim because failure to provide plaintiff with an ergonomic keyboard
constituted a failure to accommodate a disability, not a hostile work environment), reversed on
other grounds, No. 21-1777, 2022 WL 3347893 (2d Cir. Aug. 15, 2022). Aside from these denials,
none of Plaintiffs’ other allegations allow an inference that the allegedly abusive environment was
“because of” Plaintiffs’ disabilities or ages. See O’Hara, 2020 WL 1244474, at *14. Plaintiffs
allege, among other things, they were subject to negative reviews, assigned to teach classes with
excessive numbers of students, denied much-need resources and support, issued occasional verbal
or written reprimands from District officials, and transferred between District schools. (See, e.g.,

Plf. Opp. at 15–19) Plaintiffs undoubtedly “perceive the work environment as abusive,” O’Hara,
2020 WL 1244474, at *14, and this Court acknowledges their experience—as alleged—may
impose burdens upon Plaintiffs beyond that of teachers in other districts. Plaintiffs, however, do
not show how their experience differs from that of other teachers in the District, who may be
similarly positioned with few resources to meet excessive demands on their time and energy. More
importantly, Plaintiffs do not show how the District’s work environment—assuming it is abusive—
is abusive “because of” Plaintiffs’ disabilities or age and not “because of” the inherent difficulties
encountered by an underfunded public school district. Accordingly, this Court dismisses with
prejudice Plaintiffs’ hostile work environment claims.
VI. Duffy’s NYSHRL Claim
New York Education Law § 3813(1) requires that plaintiffs file a notice of claim prior to
any action against a school district or its officers. N.Y. Educ. Law § 3813(1).
The term “school officer” means a clerk, collector, or treasurer of any school
district; a trustee; a member of a board of education or other body in control of the
schools by whatever name known in a union free school district, central school
district, central high school district, or in a city school district; a superintendent of
schools; a district superintendent; a supervisor of attendance or attendance officer;
or other elective or appointive officer in a school district whose duties generally
relate to the administration of affairs connected with the public school system.

N.Y. C.L.S. Educ. § 2(13). Principals are excluded from the statute. Mauro v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of
Educ., 19-CV-04372 (GBD) (KHP), 2020 WL 5899522, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 2020). The
notice must be filed within three months of the accrual of the claim. N.Y. Educ. Law § 3813(1).
These requirements are “construed strictly,” so “failure to abide by their terms mandates dismissal
of the action.” Smith v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 808 F. Supp. 2d 569, 578 (S.D.N.Y. 2011). This
requirement applies to claims brought under the NYSHRL. See Nelson v. Mount Vernon City Sch.
Dist., No. 15-CV-8276 (KMK), 2017 WL 1102668, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2017) (“NYSHRL
claims that are brought against a school district, board of education, or school officer are subject
to the notice of claim requirements contained in New York Education Law § 3813(1).” (internal
quotation marks omitted)).
However, an EEOC charge may satisfy the requirements of Section 3813 so long as the
EEOC charge: “(1) places the school district on notice of the precise claims alleged; and (2) is
served on the party required by [S]ection 3813 within the statutory time period.” Richard v. N.Y.C.
Dep’t of Educ., 16-CV-957 (MKB), 2017 WL 1232498, at *21 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2017).
Here, while Duffy filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC on January 23, 2020
(Am. Compl. ¶ 144), Duffy again includes no allegations regarding whether the notice contained
the precise claims alleged, or whether it was served on Defendants. Therefore, this claim is
dismissed with prejudice as to the school and its officers, including Defendants Hamilton and
Gagne-Kurpiewski. See, e.g., Harrison v. Traylor, No. 17 CIV. 6678 (NSR), 2022 WL 580773,
at *3–4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 25, 2022) (citing Rezzonico v. H & R Block, Inc., 182 F.3d 144, 149 (2d
Cir. 1999)) (dismissing plaintiff’s claim where prior opinion dismissed claim and amended
complaint did not cure deficiencies identified by the court).
The NYSHRL allows for individual liability under two theories: where the individual

defendant is considered an “employer” of the plaintiff, or where the individual defendant aided
and abetted the unlawful discriminatory acts of others. N.Y. Exec. Law § 296(1), (6); see also
Gorman v. Covidien, LLC, 146 F. Supp. 3d 509, 521–22 (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (discussing the two
theories of individual liability under the NYSHRL). An “employer” under Section 296(1) “has an
ownership interest in the relevant organization or the power to do more than carry out personnel
decisions made by others.” Townsend v. Benjamin Enters., Inc., 679 F.3d 41, 57 (2d Cir. 2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Meanwhile, the aiding and abetting provision makes it unlawful “for any person to aid,
abet, incite, compel or coerce the doing of any of the acts forbidden under this article, or attempt

to do so.” N.Y. Exec. Law § 296(6). An individual may be liable for aiding and abetting unlawful
discriminatory acts if the individual “actually participates in the conduct giving rise to a
discrimination claim,” even though that individual lacked the authority to hire or fire the plaintiff.
Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 158 (2d Cir. 2004).
Here, as observed by this Court in the First Opinion & Order (First Opinion & Order at
29), Duffy has not plausibly alleged that any of the individual Defendants are “employers” under
the NYSHRL, as “Section 2554(2) of New York Education Law vests the Board of Education with
the power to appoint a superintendent, principals, and teachers, among other employees and
personnel.” Miotto v. Yonkers Pub. Schs., 534 F. Supp. 2d 422, 427–28 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)
(“Defendants, as superintendent and principal within the District, do not have the power to hire or
fire a teacher. Even though they have supervisory positions, and may advise the Board of
Education in its personnel decisions of, that is not enough to hold them liable under § 296(1).”).
Nor does Duffy allege that any of the individual Defendants aided or abetted discriminatory
acts in violation of the NYSHRL. At the outset, Duffy has not properly established predicate
liability against the District for hostile work environment or retaliation, see supra, and thus he

cannot sustain these claims against the individual Defendants. See Falchenberq v. N.Y. State Dep't.
of Educ., 338 F. App'x. 11, 14 (2d Cir. 2009) (“Aiding and abetting is only a viable theory where
an underlying violation has taken place.”). To the extent Duffy has properly established predicate
liability against the District, he has done so for denials of reasonable accommodation requests in
September 2019, 2020, and 2021, involving Principal Dweck, Principal Green, Assistant Principal
Albins, and Assistant Principal Newbey. None of these individuals are defendants in the present
matter. And more importantly, none of the current Defendants were alleged to have any
involvement in the denial of these accommodation requests. As such, Duffy’s NYSHRL claims
are dismissed with prejudice against all Defendants.

CONCLUSION
Defendants’ motion to dismiss is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
The following of Plaintiffs’ claims are dismissed with prejudice: (1) any discrimination or
retaliation claims arising out of allegations that took place prior to June 5, 2018, for Santana, and
April 1, 2019, for Duffy; (2) Santana and Duffy’s ADEA discrimination claims; (3) Duffy’s
retaliation claims; (4) Santana and Duffy’s hostile work environment claims; and (5) Duffy’s
NYSHRL claims. The following of Plaintiffs’ claims are dismissed without prejudice: Duffy’s
discrimination claims arising out of pandemic-related accommodation requests.
The following of Plaintiffs’ claims may proceed: (1) Santana’s ADA discrimination claims
(with exception of those arising out of allegations that took place prior to June 5, 2018); (2)
Santana’s retaliation claims; and (3) Duffy’s ADA discrimination claims related to the denial of
his reasonable accommodation requests in September 2019, 2020, and 2021 (to the extent these
requests do not entail pandemic-related requests).*
Defendants are directed to answer the Amended Complaint by May 2, 2023. The Court
waives the Initial Pre-Trial Conference and directs the parties to submit a Case Management Plan
and Scheduling Order (blank form attached hereto) by May 16, 2023. After review and approval
of the Scheduling Order, the Court will issue an Order of Reference to Magistrate Judge Paul E.
Davison for general pretrial purposes. The parties are directed to contact Judge Davison within
seven (7) business days of the date of the Order of Reference to schedule a conference.
The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to terminate the motion at ECF No. 54.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: April 7, 2023
White Plains, New York
NELSON S.ROMAN
United States District Judge

? The bolded and underlined language in the “Conclusion” section denotes the only
changes made to the Court’s Second Opinion and Order, dated March 31, 2023 (ECF No. 61).
32

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10350236. Public record. Not legal advice.