# Brubach v. Commissioner of Social Security

> District Court, N.D. New York · May 9, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10315838

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. New York
- **Decided:** May 9, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

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- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10315838

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding the ALJ properly considered the plaintiff’s varied daily activities in formulating the RFC

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
______________________________________________________________________

KIMBERLY B.,
Plaintiff,
v. 5:22-CV-350
(ATB)

COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.
______________________________________________________________________

JUSTIN M. GOLDSTEIN, ESQ., for Plaintiff
NATASHA OELTJEN, Special Asst. U.S. Attorney, for Defendant

ANDREW T. BAXTER, U.S. Magistrate Judge

MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER
This matter was referred to me, for all proceedings and entry of a final judgment,
pursuant to the Social Security Pilot Program, N.D.N.Y. General Order No. 18, and in
accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), Fed. R. Civ. P. 73, N.D.N.Y.
Local Rule 73.1, and the consent of the parties. (Dkt. Nos. 4, 5).
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On or about April 15, 2020, plaintiff protectively filed concurrent applications for
Disability Insurance Benefits (“DIB”) and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”),
alleging disability beginning January 9, 2019. (Administrative Transcript (“T”) 14,
106, 107). Plaintiff’s applications were denied initially on August 14, 2020 (T. 162-
179), and upon reconsideration on September 22, 2020 (T. 186-208). On January 4,
2021, Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Jeremy Eldred conducted a hearing during
which plaintiff and vocational expert (“VE”) Christine DiTrinco testified. (T. 26-50).
1
On February 1, 2021, the ALJ issued an order denying plaintiff’s claim. (T. 10-19).
This decision became the Commissioner’s final decision when the Appeals Council
denied plaintiff’s request for review on February 15, 2022. (T. 1-3).
II. GENERALLY APPLICABLE LAW

A. Disability Standards
To be considered disabled, a plaintiff seeking DIB or Supplemental Security
Income benefits must establish that she is “unable to engage in any substantial gainful
activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which
can be expected to result in death, or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than twelve months . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). In
addition, the plaintiff’s
physical or mental impairment or impairments [must be] of such severity that
he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering his age,
education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of substantial
gainful work which exists in the national economy, regardless of whether such
work exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or whether a specific job
vacancy exists for him, or whether he would be hired if he applied for work.
42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(B).
The Commissioner uses a five-step process, set forth in 20 C.F.R. sections
404.1520 and 416.920, to evaluate disability insurance and SSI disability claims.
First, the [Commissioner] considers whether the claimant is currently engaged
in substantial gainful activity. If he is not, the [Commissioner] next considers
whether the claimant has a “severe impairment” which significantly limits his
physical or mental ability to do basic work activities. If the claimant suffers
such an impairment, the third inquiry is whether, based solely on medical
evidence, the claimant has an impairment which meets or equals the criteria
of an impairment listed in Appendix 1 of the regulations. If the claimant has
such an impairment, the [Commissioner] will consider him disabled without
considering vocational factors such as age, education, and work experience .
2
. . . Assuming the claimant does not have a listed impairment, the fourth
inquiry is whether, despite the claimant’s severe impairment, he has the
residual functional capacity to perform his past work. Finally, if the claimant
is unable to perform his past work, the [Commissioner] then determines
whether there is other work which the claimant can perform.
Berry v. Schweiker, 675 F.2d 464, 467 (2d Cir. 1982); see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520,
416.920. The plaintiff has the burden of establishing disability at the first four steps.
However, if the plaintiff establishes that her impairment prevents her from performing
her past work, the burden then shifts to the Commissioner to prove the final step. Id.
B. Scope of Review
In reviewing a final decision of the Commissioner, a court must determine
whether the correct legal standards were applied and whether substantial evidence
supported the decision. Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 417 (2d Cir. 2013); Brault v.
Soc. Sec. Admin., Comm’r, 683 F.3d 443, 448 (2d Cir. 2012); 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” Talavera v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir.
2012). It must be “more than a scintilla” of evidence scattered throughout the
administrative record. Id. However, this standard is a very deferential standard of
review “– even more so than the ‘clearly erroneous standard.’” Brault, 683 F.3d at 448.
“To determine on appeal whether an ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial
evidence, a reviewing court considers the whole record, examining the evidence from
both sides, because an analysis of the substantiality of the evidence must also include
that which detracts from its weight.” Williams ex rel. Williams v. Bowen, 859 F.2d 255,
258 (2d Cir. 1988). However, a reviewing court may not substitute its interpretation of
the administrative record for that of the Commissioner if the record contains substantial

3
support for the ALJ’s decision. Id. See also Rutherford v. Schweiker, 685 F.2d 60, 62
(2d Cir. 1982).
An ALJ is not required to explicitly analyze every piece of conflicting evidence
in the record. See, e.g., Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1040 (2d Cir. 1983); Miles

v. Harris, 645 F.2d 122, 124 (2d Cir. 1981) (“[W]e are unwilling to require an ALJ
explicitly to reconcile every conflicting shred of medical testimony[.]”). However, the
ALJ cannot “‘pick and choose’ evidence in the record that supports his conclusions.”
Cruz v. Barnhart, 343 F. Supp. 2d 218, 224 (S.D.N.Y. 2004); Fuller v. Astrue, No. 09-
CV-6279, 2010 WL 5072112, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2010).
III. FACTS
Plaintiff was thirty-four years old on the date of the administrative hearing. (T.
26, 29). She graduated from high school in regular education with accommodations.
(T. 556). She also has an associate degree in hospitality management and studied
accounting at BOCES. (Id.). Her prior employment included work as an appointment
coordinator at multiple car dealerships, a demo specialist at a big-box store, a cashier at

both a construction store and a department store, a janitor at religious and educational
institutions, and a cashier/food prep worker at an educational institution. (T. 29-33,
305).
On April 15, 2016, plaintiff twisted her back while lifting a box of tiles at a
construction store. (T. 33, 654). Plaintiff went to Urgent Care the next day and had
physical therapy once or twice a week for a month following the injury. (T. 654). On
February 1, 2019, PA Arnam diagnosed plaintiff with lumbar degenerative disc disease.
(T. 361). Plaintiff consistently complained of lower back pain radiating down her left

4
leg between March 2, 2018 and August 14, 2020. (T. 371, 376, 381, 386, 410, 415,
420, 425, 429, 433, 639, 644). However, at her October 12, 2018 New York Spine and
Wellness Center visit she stated, “her low[er] back was feeling better” and “she does
have less intense pain.” (T. 390). Plaintiff’s lower back injury appeared to improve for

some period of time (T. 394, 398, 402, 406); however, after November 28, 2018,
plaintiff again started complaining about lower back pain and pain radiating down her
leg. (T. 410, 415, 420, 425, 429, 433, 639, 644).
Plaintiff also reported allergy and asthma complications. Plaintiff testified that
she has severe allergies that cause her to have throat problems. (T. 34-37). To alleviate
this condition, plaintiff was constantly drinking fluids causing her to require numerous
bathroom breaks. (T. 35). She conducted five sinus rinses a day, in addition to taking
three different allergy medications. (T. 36). Plaintiff testified that her allergies affected
her ability to sleep because of the sneezing. (T. 35). In addition to her allergy and
asthma issues, plaintiff also testified that she has type 2 diabetes. (T. 37). Plaintiff took
Metformin daily, along with a weekly shot to control her blood sugar levels. (Id.). She

testified that the medication “seems to help . . . but [her diabetes is] still not completely
under control.” (Id.).
Plaintiff testified she has difficulties bending, twisting, sitting, and standing for
more than a short period of time. (T. 33). She is unable to run and has a hard time with
hills and steps. (Id.). She is only able to walk for fifteen to twenty minutes before
stopping. (T. 35). She testified that she can only lift up to fifteen pounds and does not
use any assistive devices. (T. 36, 40).

5
The ALJ’s decision provides a detailed statement of the medical and other
evidence of record. (T. 10-19). Rather than reciting this evidence at the outset, the
court will discuss the relevant details below, as necessary to address the issues raised by
plaintiff.

IV. THE ALJ’S DECISION
The ALJ first determined that plaintiff met the insured status requirements for
DIB through March 31, 2024. (T. 12). The ALJ then found, at step two of the
sequential evaluation, that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since
her alleged onset date of January 9, 2019. (Id.). Next, the ALJ found that plaintiff has
the following severe impairments: lumbar degenerative disc disease, asthma, allergic
rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, and type 2 diabetes. (Id.). At the third step, the ALJ
determined that plaintiff’s impairments did not meet or medically equal the criteria of
any listed impairments in Appendix 1 to 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P. (T. 14).
At step four, the ALJ found that plaintiff had the residual functional capacity
(“RFC”) for light work as defined in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b) with the following

specific limitations: “she can climb, stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl no more than
occasionally, must avoid exposure to concentrated dust, odors, fumes, or gases, and is
unable to do work that is done outdoors or with animals.” (T. 15). In making the RFC
determination, the ALJ stated that he considered all of the plaintiff’s symptoms, and the
extent to which those symptoms could “reasonably be accepted as consistent with the
objective medical evidence and other evidence, based on the requirements of 20 C.F.R.
[§§] 404.1529 and 416.929” and Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 16-3p. (T. 15). The
ALJ further noted that he considered “the medical opinion(s) and prior administrative

6
medical finding(s)” pursuant to 20 C.F.R. [§§] 404.1520(c), 416.920c. (Id.). After
considering plaintiff’s statements regarding his symptoms, along with the other
evidence of record, the ALJ concluded the plaintiff’s “statements concerning the
intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not entirely consistent

with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record.” (Id.). The ALJ then
determined that plaintiff could perform her past relevant work as an appointment clerk.
(T. 18). Accordingly, the ALJ ruled that plaintiff was not disabled from the alleged
onset date of January 9, 2019, through the date of the ALJ’s decision. (Id.).
V. ISSUES IN CONTENTION
Plaintiff raises three arguments:
1. The ALJ failed to identify substantial evidence supporting the RFC.
(Plaintiff’s Brief (“Pl.’s Br.”) at 12-25) (Dkt. No. 13).

2. The ALJ failed to properly evaluate the medical opinions of Lauren Krisak,
Thomas Griffiths, Rita Figueroa, S. Gandhi, and I. Seok. (Pl.’s Br. at 1,
13-24).

3. The ALJ failed to properly evaluate plaintiff’s subjective complaints.
(Pl.’s Br. at 1, 24-25).

Defendant contends that the Commissioner’s determination should be affirmed because
it was supported by substantial evidence. (Defendant’s Brief (“Def.’s Br.”) at 4-22)
(Dkt. No. 17). For the reasons stated below, this court agrees with the defendant and
finds the ALJ’s decision was supported by substantial evidence.

7
DISCUSSION
VI. RFC/EVALUATING MEDICAL EVIDENCE/EVALUATING
SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOMS
A. Legal Standards
1. RFC
RFC is “what [the] individual can still do despite his or her limitations.
Ordinarily, RFC is the individual’s maximum remaining ability to do sustained work
activities in an ordinary work setting on a regular and continuing basis . . . .” A “regular

and continuing basis” means eight hours a day, for five days a week, or an equivalent
work schedule. Balles v. Astrue, No. 3:11-CV-1386 (MAD), 2013 WL 252970, at *2
(N.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2013) (citing Melville v. Apfel, 198 F.3d 45, 52 (2d Cir. 1999)
(quoting SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *2)); Babcock v. Berryhill, No. 5:17-CV-
00580 (BKS), 2018 WL 4347795, at *12-13 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2018); Tankisi v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 521 F. App’x 29, 33 (2d Cir. 2013); Stephens v. Colvin, 200 F.
Supp. 3d 349, 361 (N.D.N.Y. 2016).
In rendering an RFC determination, the ALJ must consider objective medical
facts, diagnoses, and medical opinions based on such facts, as well as a plaintiff’s
subjective symptoms, including pain and descriptions of other limitations. 20 C.F.R.

§§ 404.1545, 416.945. See Martone v. Apfel, 70 F. Supp. 2d 145, 150 (N.D.N.Y. 1999)
(citing LaPorta v. Bowen, 737 F. Supp. 180, 183 (N.D.N.Y. 1990)); Kirah D. v.
Berryhill, No. 3:18-CV-0110 (CFH), 2019 WL 587459, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Feb 13, 2019);
Genier v. Astrue, 606 F.3d 46, 49 (2d Cir. 2010). An ALJ must specify the functions
plaintiff can perform and may not simply make conclusory statements regarding a
plaintiff’s capacities. Roat v. Barnhart, 717 F. Supp. 2d 241, 267 (N.D.N.Y. 2010);
8
Martone v. Apfel, 70 F. Supp. 2d at 150 (citing Ferraris v. Heckler, 728 F.2d 582, 588
(2d Cir. 1984); LaPorta v. Bowen, 737 F. Supp. at 183, Stephens v. Colvin, 200 F. Supp.
3d 349, 361 (N.D.N.Y. 2016); Whittaker v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 307 F. Supp. 2d 430,
440 (N.D.N.Y. 2004). The RFC assessment must also include a narrative discussion,

describing how the evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusions, citing specific medical
facts, and non-medical evidence. Natashia R. v. Berryhill, No. 3:17-CV-01266 (TWD),
2019 WL 1260049, at *11 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2019) (citing SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL
374184, at *7).
2. Evaluation of Medical Opinion Evidence
The regulations regarding the evaluation of medical evidence have been amended
for claims filed after March 27, 2017, and several of the prior Social Security Rulings,
including SSR 96-2p, have been rescinded. According to the new regulations, the
Commissioner “will no longer give any specific evidentiary weight to medical opinions;
this includes giving controlling weight to any medical opinion.” Revisions to Rules

Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence (“Revisions to Rules”), 2017 WL
168819, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844, at 5867-68 (Jan. 18, 2017), see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a),
416.920c(a). Instead, the Commissioner must consider all medical opinions and
“evaluate their persuasiveness” based on the following five factors: supportability;
consistency; relationship with the claimant; specialization; and “other factors.” 20
C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a)-(c), 416.920c(a)-(c).
Although the new regulations eliminate the perceived hierarchy of medical
sources, deference to specific medical opinions, and assigning “weight” to a medical

9
opinion, the ALJ must still “articulate how [he or she] considered the medical opinions”
and “how persuasive [he or she] find[s] all of the medical opinions.” Id. at
§§ 404.1520c(a) and (b)(1), 416.920c(a) and (b)(1). The two “most important factors
for determining the persuasiveness of medical opinions are consistency and

supportability,” which are the “same factors” that formed the foundation of the treating
source rule. Revisions to Rules, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844-01 at 5853. An ALJ is specifically
required to “explain how [he or she] considered the supportability and consistency
factors” for a medical opinion. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2). With
respect to “supportability,” the new regulations provide that “[t]he more relevant the
objective medical evidence and supporting explanations presented by a medical source
are to support his or her medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s),
the more persuasive the medical opinions or prior administrative medical finding(s) will
be.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(c)(1), 416.920c(c)(1). The regulations provide that with
respect to “consistency,” “[t]he more consistent a medical opinion(s) or prior
administrative medical finding(s) is with the evidence from other medical sources and

nonmedical sources in the claim, the more persuasive the medical opinion(s) or prior
administrative medical finding(s) will be.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(c)(2), 416.920c(c)(2).
Under the new regulations an ALJ must consider, but need not explicitly discuss,
the three remaining factors in determining the persuasiveness of a medical source’s
opinion. Id. at §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2). However, where the ALJ has found
two or more medical opinions to be equally well supported and consistent with the
record, but not exactly the same, the ALJ must articulate how he or she considered

10
those factors contained in paragraphs (c)(3) through (c)(5). Id. at §§ 404.1520c(b)(3),
416.920c(b)(3).
3. Evaluation of Subjective Symptoms
In evaluating a plaintiff’s RFC for work in the national economy, the ALJ must

take the plaintiff’s reports of pain and other symptoms into account. Genier v. Astrue,
606 F.3d 46, 49 (2d Cir. 2010). The ALJ must “‘carefully consider’ all the evidence
presented by claimants regarding their symptoms, which fall into seven relevant factors
including ‘daily activities’ and the ‘location, duration, frequency, and intensity of [their]
pain or other symptoms.’” Del Carmen Fernandez v. Berryhill, No. 18-CV-326, 2019
WL 667743, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 19, 2019) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(3); Social
Security Ruling (“SSR”) 16-3p, Titles II and XVI: Evaluation of Symptoms in Disability
Claims, 2016 WL 1020935, 81 Fed. Reg. 14166-01 at 14169-70, (Mar. 16, 2016)).
In 2016 the Commissioner eliminated the use of the term “credibility” from the
“sub-regulatory policy” because the regulations themselves do not use that term. SSR
16-3p, 81 Fed. Reg. at 14167. Instead, symptom evaluation tracks the language of the

regulations.1 The evaluation of symptoms involves a two-step process. First, the ALJ
must determine, based upon the objective medical evidence, whether the medical
impairments “could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms
alleged . . . .” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(a), (b); 416.929(a), (b).

1 The standard for evaluating subjective symptoms has not changed in the regulations. Rather, the
term “credibility” is no longer used, and SSR 16-3p makes it clear that the evaluation of the plaintiff’s
symptoms is not “an evaluation of the claimant’s character.” 81 Fed. Reg. at 14167. The court will
remain consistent with the terms as used by the Commissioner.
11
If so, at the second step, the ALJ must consider “‘the extent to which [the
plaintiff’s] alleged functional limitations and restrictions due to pain or other symptoms
can reasonably be accepted as consistent with the [objective medical evidence] and
other evidence to decide how [the plaintiff’s] symptoms affect [her] ability to work.’”

Barry v. Colvin, 606 F. App’x 621, 623 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing inter alia 20 C.F.R. §
404.1529(a); Genier v. Astrue, 606 F.3d at 49)) (alterations in original).2
If the objective medical evidence does not substantiate the plaintiff’s symptoms,
the ALJ must consider the other evidence. Cichocki v. Astrue, 534 F. App’x 71, 76 (2d
Cir. 2013). The ALJ must assess the plaintiff’s subjective complaints by considering
the record in light of the following symptom-related factors: (1) plaintiff’s daily
activities; (2) location, duration, frequency, and intensity of plaintiff’s symptoms; (3)
precipitating and aggravating factors; (4) type, dosage, effectiveness, and side effects of
any medication taken to relieve symptoms; (5) other treatment received to relieve
symptoms; (6) any measures taken by the plaintiff to relieve symptoms; and (7) any
other factors concerning plaintiff’s functional limitations and restrictions due to

symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)(3), 416.929(c)(3).
B. Summary of Medical Opinion Evidence
In this case, the ALJ considered both treating source and consulting opinions
related to plaintiff’s physical and mental limitations. Plaintiff has challenged the ALJ’s

2 The court in Barry also cited SSR 96-7p, 1996 WL 374186, at *2 (July 2, 1996) which was
superceded by SSR 16-3p. As stated above, the factors considered are the same under both rulings.
The 2016 ruling has removed the emphasis on “credibility.”
12
evaluation of these opinions. A summary of the opinion evidence and the ALJ’s
findings are set out below.
1. Thomas Griffiths, Ph.D.
On January 11, 2007, Dr. Griffiths issued a report evaluating plaintiff’s

neuropsychological capabilities. (T. 354-58). Dr. Griffiths administered multiple
intelligence tests and interviewed plaintiff. (T. 354-56). He diagnosed plaintiff with
reading and written expression disorders. (T. 356). Dr. Griffiths noted “there was
evidence of weakness in the areas of attention, concentration, and conceptual tracking.”
(T. 357).
The ALJ did not explicitly determine whether Dr. Griffiths’s 2007 opinion was
persuasive but did implicitly evaluate his findings. (T. 13, 14 (citing Ex. 1F at 5). The
ALJ cited contrary mental health evaluations of plaintiff in 2020 which indicated that
she had no mental limitations, and “only mild limitation in her ability to understand,
remember, or apply information; no limitation in her ability to interact with others; no
limitation in her ability to concentrate, persist, or maintain pace; and no limitation in her

ability to adapt or manage herself.” (T. 13). Moreover, the ALJ found that plaintiff’s
work history included employment that could not be performed by someone with
significant deficits in reading and writing. (T. 14).
2. Consultative Examiner Dr. Rita Figueroa
Dr. Rita Figueroa performed a consultative physical examination of plaintiff on
August 5, 2020. (T. 562-566). Prior to the examination, plaintiff reported chronic low
back pain, history of asthma, and type 2 diabetes. (T. 562-63). During the examination,
plaintiff demonstrated a normal gait, but declined to walk on her heels and toes to avoid

13
pain. (T. 564). She used no assistive devices and did not require any assistance
changing for the examination, getting on and off the examination table, or rising from a
chair. (Id.).
Upon her examination, Dr. Figueroa observed a limited range of motion in

plaintiff’s lumbar spine, left hip, and left knee, but a full range of motion in her arms,
ankles, right hip, and right knee. (T. 564-65). She further observed plaintiff was
hypersensitive to a pinprick sensation in her left arm and leg, but dull in her right leg.
(T. 565). Based on her examination, Dr. Figueroa opined that plaintiff would have
moderate limitations bending, lifting, carrying, twisting, walking, standing, kneeling,
squatting, and crawling. (T. 566). No limitation with respect to sitting was noted by
Dr. Figueroa. The ALJ found this opinion to be persuasive, as it was “well supported
by the detailed findings from [Dr. Figueroa’s] physical examination of the [plaintiff].”
(T. 17). The ALJ also found the opinion persuasive because it was “consistent with the
record as a whole, including . . . [plaintiff’s] subjective complaints.” (T. 18).
3. State Agency Consultants Gandhi and Seok

Drs. Gandhi and Seok reviewed plaintiff’s then-current medical records and
prepared opinions on plaintiff’s functional limitations. (T. 104-127, 130-154). Based
on their review, Drs. Gandhi (in August 2020), and Seok (in September 2020) opined
that plaintiff could occasionally lift or carry up to twenty pounds and could frequently
lift or carry up to ten pounds. (T. 111, 123, 137, 150). The consultants further opined
that plaintiff could stand or walk for a total up to six hours and could sit for the same
length of time each workday. (T. 111, 123, 138, 151). Drs. Gandhi and Seok found no
limitations with regard to plaintiff’s ability to push or pull. (Id.).

14
Drs. Gandhi and Seok opined, plaintiff could only occasionally climb ramps,
stairs, ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. (T. 112, 123-24, 138, 151). The consultants further
opined that plaintiff could occasionally stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl, but had no
limitations with regard to balance. (Id.). They also opined that plaintiff had no

manipulative, visual, or communicative limitations, but needed to avoid concentrated
exposure to fumes, odors, dusts, gases, and poor ventilation. (T. 112, 124, 139, 152).
The ALJ found Gandhi and Seok’s opinions persuasive because they were “both
supported by a detailed narrative rationale” and “consistent with the record as a whole,
including . . . [plaintiff’s] subjective complaints.” (T. 17-18).
4. PA Lauren Krisak
PA Lauren Krisak provided a medical source statement dated November 12,
2020. (T. 604-06). In the opinion, PA Krisak indicated she saw plaintiff “every three
months for three months,” and diagnosed plaintiff with lumbar DDD, herniated disc,
and radiculopathy. (T. 604). PA Krisak opined that plaintiff could only sit for twenty
minutes at a time, and needed a job that permitted shifting position at will from sitting,

standing, or walking. (Id.). She also opined that plaintiff could sit and stand/walk for a
total of four hours in an eight-hour workday with normal breaks. (Id.). She further
opined that plaintiff could not lift more than ten pounds and can only rarely lift less than
ten pounds. (Id.).
PA Krisak opined plaintiff needed to take ten-to-fifteen-minute breaks every
twenty minutes. (T. 605). She further opined plaintiff would likely be absent from
work more than four days a month because of her impairments or treatment. (T. 606).
She noted that plaintiff’s severe allergies prevented her from working in a factory,

15
outside, or anywhere with large amounts of dust. (Id.). She also noted plaintiff needed
to be close to a restroom due to diabetes. (Id.).
The ALJ found PA Krisak’s opinion unpersuasive because “it was not well
supported by reference to objective medical evidence and it is inconsistent with other

evidence in the record, including the activities of daily living and other factors
discussed . . . in the evaluation of the [plaintiff’s] subjective complaints.” (T. 18). The
ALJ also noted that PA Krisak’s “few written comments indicate that her conclusions
are simply based on the [plaintiff’s] own comments.” (Id.).
C. Analysis
Plaintiff first argues that the ALJ failed to properly evaluate the medical opinions
of Thomas Griffiths, Rita Figueroa, S. Gandhi, I. Seok, and Lauren Krisak. (Pl.’s Br. at
1, 13-24). At the outset, it is well settled that the ALJ was entitled to rely on Drs.
Gandhi, Seok, and Figueroa’s opinions because state agency consultants and
consultative examiners are qualified experts in the field of social security disability. 20
C.F.R. § 404.1527(e); Cobb v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:13-CV-0591 (LEK/TWD),

2014 WL 4437566, at *6 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 9, 2014) (“[T]he report of a consultative
examiner may constitute substantial evidence to support an ALJ’s decision.”) (quoting
Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1039 (2d Cir. 1983)); Heaman v. Berryhill, 765 F.
App’x 498, 500 (2d Cir. 2019) (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ’s RFC
determination was not supported by substantial evidence because the ALJ relied on the
opinions of the consultative examiner and the medical expert, which contradicted the
opinions of treating sources, but were otherwise supported by the record). Dr. Gandhi
and Dr. Seok, after reviewing the then-available medical evidence, opined that plaintiff

16
was able to meet the exertional requirements of light work, with some additional
limitations. 3 Dr. Figueroa’s opinion, that plaintiff had no more than moderate
exertional limitations further supported the ALJ’s light-work RFC. See, e.g., Rayshown
M. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:20-CV-7001, 2022 WL 4298263, at *4 (W.D.N.Y.

Sept. 19, 2022) (“[C]ourts in this Circuit have repeatedly upheld an ALJ’s decisions that
a claimant could perform light work when there was evidence that the claimant had
moderate difficulties in prolonged standing, walking, sitting, bending, or lifting.”)
(collecting cases). As set forth in defendant’s brief, the ALJ also detailed other record
evidence supporting his RFC, noting a lack of objective medical evidence supporting
plaintiff’s claim of more severe limitations from her lower back condition; the
conservative nature of her treatment for various medical issues; the success of
medication and treatment in effectively controlling her asthma, sinus infections, and
diabetes; plaintiff’s “reasonable activity level”; and the fact that she left her most recent
job because the position was eliminated, not because of her medical condition. (Def.’s
Br. at 5-6 (citing the administrative record)).

The ALJ’s decision reflects his consideration of the relevant regulatory factors in
weighing the medical opinions from these sources. (T. 17-18). For example, with
respect to supportability, the ALJ properly noted Drs. Gandhi, Seok, and Figueroa

3 “Light work involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of
objects weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted may be very little, a job is in this
category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting most of the
time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls . . . .” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b). Social
Security Ruling (“SSR”) 83-10 elaborates on the requirements of light work, the relevant portions
which indicate “the full range of light work requires standing or walking, off and on, for a total of
approximately six hours in an eight-hour workday.” 1983 WL 31251 at *6.
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provided “detailed narrative rationales” that all cited to “supporting objective medical
evidence and other evidence from the record.” (T. 17). He also acknowledged that Dr.
Figueroa’s opinion was “well supported by the detailed finding from her physical
examination of the [plaintiff.]” (Id.). The ALJ also considered the consistency factor

noting that all three opinions were “consistent with the record as a whole, including the
evidence . . . [of plaintiff’s] subjective complaints.” (T. 18).
With respect to plaintiff’s treating sources, the ALJ found PA Krisak’s opinion
unpersuasive because “it was not well supported by reference to objective medical
evidence and it is inconsistent with other evidence, including the activities of daily
living and other factors discussed above in the evaluation of the [plaintiff’s] subjective
complaints.” (T. 18). The ALJ also noted that “the few written comments indicated
that her conclusions are simply based on the [plaintiff’s] own comments.” (Id.). It
appears PA Krisak only treated plaintiff on one occasion. (T. 607, 611-624). With
respect to supportability, the ALJ clearly considered that PA Krisak did not support her
findings with objective medical evidence or supporting explanations. With respect to

consistency, the ALJ specifically noted that PA Krisak’s opinion was not consistent
with other evidence in the record. (T. 16-18).
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ failed to identify any specific evidence that was
“inconsistent with or unsupportive of” Krisak’s opinions, including that plaintiff would
frequently be absent from work and would need long and frequent breaks during the
workday. (Pl.’s Br. at 14, 19). However, PA Krisak provided the only medical opinion
in the record regarding plaintiff’s absenteeism and need for breaks (T. 604-06) and

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many of her other restrictive findings were more directly contradicted by the opinions
of Drs. Gandhi, Seok, and Figueroa, and other record evidence.
The ALJ implicitly found PA Krisak’s opinion inconsistent with her daily
activities. (T. 18). PA Krisak opined that plaintiff could not lift over ten pounds and

could rarely lift less than ten pounds. (T. 605). However, plaintiff testified that she
could lift items that weigh less than fifteen pounds. (T. 36). Moreover, plaintiff
testified that she could walk fifteen to twenty minutes without stopping, while PA
Krisak opined that could only walk one city block without resting. (T. 35. 604). PA
Krisak opined that plaintiff could only sit for twenty minutes at a time without changing
positions (T. 604), but Dr. Figueroa did not make any finding regarding sitting
limitations and Drs. Gandhi and Seok found plaintiff could meet the sitting requirement
for light work.
PA Krisak did not cite to any evidence to support her conclusion that plaintiff
would need a fifteen-to-twenty-minute break every twenty minutes or that plaintiff
would miss more than four days of work per month. (T. 604-06). There is so little

explanation that the court is unable to know which ailments would cause the breaks or
absences. (Id.). Furthermore, it appears PA Krisak only treated plaintiff on one
occasion. (T. 607, 611-624). As PA Krisak did not provide supporting explanations,
the ALJ properly discounted her opinion. Marie R. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:21-
CV-775 (CFH), 2022 WL 2180989, at *16 (N.D.N.Y June 14, 2022) (citing 20 C.F.R. §
404.1527(c)(3) (“The more a medical source presents relevant evidence to support a
medical opinion, particularly medical signs and laboratory findings, the more weight we
will give that medical opinion. The better an explanation a source provides for a

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medical opinion, the more weight we will give that medical opinion.”); Lajason L. v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:20-CV-6884, 2023 WL 2480577, at *6 (W.D.N.Y Mar. 13,
2023) (“[B]ecause the record does not support Ms. McVay’s conclusion regarding
Plaintiff’s absenteeism, the Court finds that the ALJ properly omitted such a limitation

from Plaintiff’s RFC.”). See also Sandra D. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:20-CV-1067
(LEK/ATB), 2022 WL 344058, at *2, 6 n.1 (N.D.N.Y. Feb. 4, 2022) (finding no error
in the ALJ’s conclusion that a time off task limitation “was speculative and not
supported by any objective evidence[ ]” because it was “the only opinion to specifically
address off-task time” and “the record does address the issue, but conspicuously lacks
any mention of the necessity of greater limitation[.]”)
While the ALJ did not identify specific evidence that was inconsistent with PA
Krisak’s opinion in the brief part of his decision addressing that opinion, he did discuss
conflicting evidence in other sections of the decision. (T. 13-18). “[T]he court is ‘able
to look to other portions of the ALJ’s decision and to clearly credible evidence in
finding that [his] determination was supported by substantial evidence.’” Beth F. v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:17-CV-723 (ATB), 2019 WL 1517036, at *10 (N.D.N.Y
Apr. 8, 2019) (quoting Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1040 (2d Cir. 1983)).
Indeed, the ALJ’s decision indicates a thorough review of plaintiff’s medical
records with analysis that is supported by that evidence. (T. 16-17). In analyzing the
severity of the plaintiff’s impairments, the ALJ relied on the medical opinions in the
record. (T. 13-18). In determining plaintiff’s RFC, the ALJ cited to objective evidence
including the very limited outpatient treatment records completed by PA Krisak. (T.
18-21 (citing Exs. 3A, 4A, 7A, 8A, 3E, 2F, 3F, 5F, 6F, 7F, 11F, 12F, 13F, 18F, T. 114,

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126, 144, 154, 294-99, 359, 361, 420, 423, 497, 499, 501, 502, 523, 540, 562-566, 611-
12, 625, 642, 644, 647, 649). The ALJ noted that while the plaintiff reported left-sided
lumbar pain radiating down her left leg, she also deferred injection therapy and reported
that medication was effective in controlling the pain. (T. 16, 420, 423). He further

noted that plaintiff’s examinations at multiple appointments reported normal gaits,
despite plaintiff’s complaints of lower back pain. (T. 16, 361, 418, 423, 428, 431, 436,
647).
The ALJ observed that plaintiff’s diabetes was well controlled and “she reported
excellent blood glucose monitoring compliance, a generally healthy diet, and daily
exercise. (T. 16, 611-12). The ALJ further noted that plaintiff’s asthma was well
controlled, her Spirometry tests were normal, and she rarely used her inhaler. (T. 16,
497, 501-03, 508, 514, 534, 537, 539-40, 545, 590, 611). The ALJ accounted for
plaintiff’s allergies by adding a restriction to her RFC prohibiting her from “exposure to
concentrated dust, odors, fumes, or gases, and . . . work that that is done outdoors or
with animals. (T. 15, 649). This court’s review of the record supports the ALJ’s

analysis of the opinion of PA Krisak.
Plaintiff further contends that the ALJ failed to explain which of the plaintiff’s
subjective complaints were unsupported and failed to identify the evidence
contradicting plaintiff’s allegations. (Pl.’s Br. at 25). However, the ALJ adequately
explained why he found that plaintiff’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence,
and limiting effects of her symptoms were not entirely consistent with the medical
evidence and other evidence in the record. (T. 19, 667, 682-83, 717, 741-42, 744, 750,
799, 804, 806). The ALJ “identified a number of specific record-based reasons for

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finding [p]laintiff’s statement not entirely consistent with other evidence.” (Def.’s Br.
at 7-8). Specifically, the ALJ noted that plaintiff’s treatment history was “relatively
benign” and conservative. (T. 17). He also acknowledged that plaintiff maintained a
reasonable activity level, as evidenced by her daily activities. (Id.). The ALJ further

acknowledged plaintiff’s “diabetes and asthma are both described as ‘without
complication’” (Id.) and her back pain was treated with “conservative treatments” (Id.).
The ALJ also noted that plaintiff’s pain medications were adjusted to inhibit any side
effects they may have caused. (Id.). This analysis shows that the ALJ considered the
nature, frequency of plaintiff’s symptoms and how the objective evidence detracts from
her allegations. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)(3)(ii), 416.929(c)(3)(ii).
The ALJ also explained that the objective evidence in the record, as well as
plaintiff’s daily activities, failed to support the level of severity alleged by plaintiff. (T.
15-18). The ALJ relied on the plaintiff’s function report and consultative examination
reports to determine the plaintiff’s daily activities. (T. 17). Plaintiff’s daily activities
included walking her dog, preparing meals, doing small loads of laundry, mowing grass,

driving for short distances, shopping in stores, and doing light household cleaning
chores. (T. 17, 292-304, 558-59, 563). Under the regulations, plaintiff’s daily activities
are a factor the ALJ may properly consider. 20 C.F.R. § 416.929(c)(3). See also
Cichocki v. Astrue, 729 F.3d 172, 178 (2d Cir. 2013) (finding the ALJ properly
considered the plaintiff’s varied daily activities in formulating the RFC); Herrington v.
Berryhill, No. 3:18-CV-315, 2019 WL 1091385, at *7 (D. Conn. Mar. 8, 2019)
(affirming that activities of daily living, including childcare, are appropriate factors for
an ALJ to consider when assessing a plaintiff’s claimed symptoms and limitations).

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With respect to Dr. Thomas Griffiths’s opinion, the ALJ was not required to
evaluate his opinions because they were based on an examination of plaintiff more than
a decade before her alleged onset date. See, e.g., Carway v. Colvin, No. 13
Civ. 2431, 2014 WL 1998238, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 14, 2014) (“[M]edical evidence

that predates the alleged disability onset date is ordinarily not relevant to evaluating a
claimant’s disability.”). In any event, as noted above, the ALJ presented much more
recent evaluations of plaintiff’s mental health limitations that were inconsistent with Dr.
Griffiths’s dated diagnosis. (T. 13, 14). Moreover, the ALJ found that plaintiff’s work
history “could not be successfully performed by an individual with significant deficits
in reading and writing,” again citing evidence contrary to Dr. Griffiths’s 2007 findings.
(Id.).
Moreover, Dr. Griffiths’s report does not qualify as a “medical opinion” that
requires close analysis. See Michael H. v. Saul, No. 5:20-CV-417(MAD), 2021 WL
2358257, at *6 (N.D.N.Y June 9, 2021). Under the current regulations, a medical
opinion is defined as “a statement from a medical source about what you can still do

despite your impairment(s) and whether you have one or more impairment-related
limitations or restrictions in the following abilities.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(a)(2)(ii),
416.913(a)(2)(ii). For mental limitations the regulations provide that a medical opinion
will discuss “[y]our ability to perform mental demands of work activities, such as
understanding; remembering; maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace; carrying
out instructions; or responding appropriately to supervision, co-workers, or work
pressures in a work setting.” (Id.).

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Dr. Griffiths’s 2007 report was limited only to plaintiff’s mental abilities and his
findings did not opine on what plaintiff could still do despite her limitations. (T. 354-
57). For example, Dr. Griffiths concluded that plaintiff’s “use of attention,
concentration, and conceptual tracking represents a relative weakness,” but he did not
discuss her ability to perform tasks despite the limitation. (Id.).4

Even in the absence of detailed discussion of the regulatory factors, the ALJ’s
decision can be affirmed if “‘a searching review of the record’ assures us ‘that the
substance of the [regulation] was not traversed.’” Loucks v. Kijakazi, No. 21-1749,
2022 WL 2189293, at *2 (2d Cir. June 17, 2022) (citations omitted). The ALJ’s
analysis of the overall treatment record, the medical opinion evidence, and plaintiff’s
own description of his functional limitations allows for meaningful review because this
court can glean the rationale of the ALJ’s RFC determination and his decision that
plaintiff could perform her former work as an appointment clerk. See Coleman v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:14-CV-1139 (GTS/WBC), 2015 WL 9685548, at *5
(N.D.N.Y. Dec. 11, 2015) (holding that “an ALJ is not required to discuss in depth

every piece of evidence contained in the record, so long as the evidence of record

4 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s passing reference to a 2016 Workers’ Compensation independent
medical examination (“IME”) constituted error. (Pl.’s Br. at 22-23; T. 18). Following his analysis of
the other medical evidence relevant to RFC (T.15-18), the ALJ commented that the independent
medical examiner concluded that plaintiff could work “with a 20 pound weight restriction.” (T. 18;
see T. 656, 668). The ALJ remarked that this IME assessment was generally consistent with lifting
limitation of light work and provided “additional support” for his RFC finding. (T. 18). However, the
ALJ did not purport to rely heavily on the 2016 assessment, recognizing that it was offered “well
before the period at issue in this case.” (T. 18). As defense counsel notes, the ALJ did not assess the
persuasiveness of the IME, nor was he required to do so because it pre-dated the alleged onset date of
plaintiff’s liability. (Def.’s Br. at 18-19). Given the other substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s
RFC determination, the ALJ’s reference to this evidentiary makeweight is not error, or is harmless.
24
permits the court to glean the rationale of an ALJ’s decision.”’) (quoting LaRock ex rel.
v. Astrue, No. 10-CV-1019, 2011 WL 1882292, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 29, 2011)).
To the extent that plaintiff disagrees with how the ALJ weighed the evidence, it is not
the proper role of this court to reweigh that evidence. Shyla D. v. Kijakazi, No. 3:20-
CV-1295 (DJS), 2022 WL 798158, at *3 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2022) (collecting cases).
Where, as here, “the ALJ’s conclusions find reasonable support in the record, courts
‘will defer to the ALJ’s resolution’ regarding the appropriate weight to be afforded to
various medical opinions.” /d. (quoting Teresa L. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:19-
CV-682, 2020 WL 6875254, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Nov. 23, 2020)).
In sum, the court concludes that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s RFC
determination and his ultimate finding that the plaintiff could perform her past relevant
work as an appointment clerk. The court also concludes that the ALJ properly assessed
the medical opinion evidence and plaintiff’s subjective symptoms.
WHEREFORE, based on the findings above, it is
ORDERED, that the Commissioner’s decision is AFFIRMED, and plaintiff's
complaint its DISMISSED, and it is
ORDERED, that the Clerk enter JUDGMENT FOR DEFENDANT.

Dated: May 9, 2023 {| RB
Andrew T. oh
U.S. Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10315838. Public record. Not legal advice.