# Gordon v. Commissioner of Social Security

> District Court, N.D. New York · October 18, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10314211

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. New York
- **Decided:** October 18, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

NOUNRITTHEEDR SNT DAITSETSR DICISTT ORFIC NTE CWO YUORRTK
______________________________________________________________________
JEFFREY G.,
Plaintiff,
v. 5:20-CV-1016
(ATB)

COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.
______________________________________________________________________
KENNETH R. HILLER, ESQ., for Plaintiff
MOLLY CARTER, Special Asst. U.S. Attorney for Defendant
ANDREW T. BAXTER, U.S. Magistrate Judge
MEMORANDUM-DECISION and ORDER
This matter was referred to me, for all proceedings and entry of a final judgment,
pursuant to the Social Security Pilot Program, N.D.N.Y. General Order No. 18, and in
accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), Fed. R. Civ. P. 73, N.D.N.Y.
Local Rule 73.1, and the consent of the parties. (Dkt. Nos. 4, 7).
I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On June 1, 2017, plaintiff protectively filed an application for Supplemental
Security Income (“SSI”), alleging disability beginning February 18, 2015.
(Administrative Transcript (“T”) 70, 72). Plaintiff’s application was denied initially on
August 17, 2017. (T. 84-87). Plaintiff requested a hearing, which was held before
Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) Elizabeth W. Koennecke on February 12, 2019. (T.
40-57). Plaintiff testified at the initial hearing, after which ALJ Koennecke determined
that the opinion of a vocational expert (“VE”) was necessary. (Id.). On June 19, 2019,
a second hearing was held at which ALJ Koennecke took testimony from VE Erbacher.
(T. 59-69). On March 11, 2019, the ALJ issued a decision denying plaintiff’s claim.
(T. 11-22). The ALJ’s decision became the Commissioner’s final decision when the
Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s request for review on July 8, 2020. (T. 1-4).
II. GENERALLY APPLICABLE LAW
A. Disability Standard
To be considered disabled, a plaintiff seeking disability insurance benefits or SSI
disability benefits must establish that he is “unable to engage in any substantial gainful
activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which

can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a
continuous period of not less than twelve months . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). In
addition, the plaintiff’s
physical or mental impairment or impairments [must be] of such severity
that he is not only unable to do his previous work but cannot, considering
his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of
substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy, regardless
of whether such work exists in the immediate area in which he lives, or
whether a specific job vacancy exists for him, or whether he would be
hired if he applied for work.
42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(B).
The Commissioner uses a five-step process, set forth in 20 C.F.R. sections
404.1520 and 416.920, to evaluate disability insurance and SSI disability claims.
First, the [Commissioner] considers whether the claimant is currently
engaged in substantial gainful activity. If he is not, the [Commissioner]
next considers whether the claimant has a “severe impairment” which
significantly limits his physical or mental ability to do basic work
activities. If the claimant suffers such an impairment, the third inquiry is
whether, based solely on medical evidence, the claimant has an impairment
wthhei rcehg muleaetitos nosr. e Iqfu tahles cthlaei mcraitnetr ihaa so fs uacnh i manp aimirmpaeinrmt leisntte, dth ien Appendix 1 of
[Commissioner] will consider him disabled without considering vocational
factors such as age, education, and work experience . . . . Assuming the
claimant does not have a listed impairment, the fourth inquiry is whether,
despite the claimant’s severe impairment, he has the residual functional
capacity to perform his past work. Finally, if the claimant is unable to
perform his past work, the [Commissioner] then determines whether there
is other work which the claimant can perform.
Berry v. Schweiker, 675 F.2d 464, 467 (2d Cir. 1982); see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520,
416.920. The plaintiff has the burden of establishing disability at the first four steps.
However, if the plaintiff establishes that her impairment prevents her from performing
her past work, the burden then shifts to the Commissioner to prove the final step. Id.
B. Scope of Review
In reviewing a final decision of the Commissioner, a court must determine
whether the correct legal standards were applied and whether substantial evidence
supported the decision. Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 417 (2d Cir. 2013); Brault v.
Soc. Sec. Admin, Comm’r, 683 F.3d 443, 448 (2d Cir. 2012); 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)).
Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.” Talavera v. Astrue, 697 F.3d 145, 151 (2d Cir.
2012). It must be “more than a scintilla” of evidence scattered throughout the
administrative record. Id. However, this standard is a very deferential standard of
review “ – even more so than the ‘clearly erroneous standard.’” Brault, 683 F.3d at 448.
“To determine on appeal whether an ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial
evidence, a reviewing court considers the whole record, examining the evidence from
both sides, because an analysis of the substantiality of the evidence must also include
that which detracts from its weight.” Williams on behalf of Williams v. Bowen, 859
F.2d 255, 258 (2d Cir. 1988). However, a reviewing court may not substitute its
interpretation of the administrative record for that of the Commissioner, if the record
contains substantial support for the ALJ’s decision. Id. See also Rutherford v.
Schweiker, 685 F.2d 60, 62 (2d Cir. 1982).
An ALJ is not required to explicitly analyze every piece of conflicting evidence
in the record. See, e.g., Mongeur v. Heckler, 722 F.2d 1033, 1040 (2d Cir. 1983); Miles
v. Harris, 645 F.2d 122, 124 (2d Cir. 1981) (we are unwilling to require an ALJ
explicitly to reconcile every conflicting shred of medical testimony). However, the ALJ

cannot “‘pick and choose’ evidence in the record that supports his conclusions.” Cruz
v. Barnhart, 343 F. Supp. 2d 218, 224 (S.D.N.Y. 2004); Fuller v. Astrue, No.
09-CV-6279, 2010 WL 5072112, at *6 (W.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2010).
III. FACTS
Plaintiff was born on August 6, 1965, making him 53 years old on the date of the
administrative hearing. (T. 45). He had a driver’s license and could operate a vehicle
on his own, although he did not drive often. (T. 54). Plaintiff lived in an “upstairs”
apartment requiring the use of stairs. (T. 53). After graduating high school, plaintiff
pursued a vocational study in welding. (Id.). He also became certified in splicing fiber

optics. (Id.). Plaintiff was most recently employed repairing boats, a position he
described as “fairly physical.” (T. 46-47).
Plaintiff testified that he had spinal stenosis and several herniated discs in his
neck. (T. 49). Although he had already undergone a “triple spinal fusion,” his surgeon
was recommending another surgery. (Id.). Plaintiff continued to suffer from pain
above and below the site of his fusion, and testified that the surgery “didn’t take
correctly.” (T. 50). At the time of the hearing plaintiff was treated for his cervical pain
with injections. (T. 50). Plaintiff’s neck pain was exacerbated by a previously
suffered broken collarbone. (T. 50-51). Plaintiff experienced neck pain every day. (T.
51).
In addition, plaintiff injured his ankle in 1997 at work and still experienced
“serious” problems, including bone spurs. (T. 49). Plaintiff testified to having
approximately seven surgeries on his ankle, none of which were successful. (T. 49).
His doctor recommended a total ankle replacement. (T. 49-50). Plaintiff testified that

he had to be “really careful . . . how [he walked] with the ankle,” because sliding or
rotating it caused him pain. (T. 51). He used supportive shoes, arch supports, braces
and ice to alleviate his ankle pain. (Id.). He also took pain medication for his neck,
back and ankle pain. (T. 51-52).
With respect to plaintiff’s other medical issues, he had “cancer blood screenings”
every six months due to a past diagnosis of prostate cancer. (T. 54). Plaintiff suffered
from incontinence as a result of a related surgery. (T. 54-55). He also testified that he
was legally blind in his right eye, and suffered from tinnitus. (T. 55-56).
Plaintiff testified that he had “a lot of problems looking down.” (T. 52). He was

limited in his ability to do housework and sit at a desk to write. (T. 52, 55-56). He
estimated that he could walk approximately 50 feet before “really” starting to aggravate
his pain. (T. 52-53). He sometimes used a motorized cart while grocery shopping. (T.
54).
IV. THE ALJ’S DECISION
After reviewing the procedural history of the plaintiff’s application and stating
the applicable law, the ALJ found that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful
activity (“SGA”) since June 1, 2017, his application date. (T. 13). At step two of the
sequential evaluation, the ALJ found that plaintiff’s degenerative disc disease of the
cervical and thoracic spine constituted severe impairments. (Id.). The ALJ explained
that plaintiff’s “residuals of his prostate cancer, residuals of his right ankle fracture, and
visual impairments” were “non-severe,” because plaintiff did not demonstrate that they
caused significant functional limitations. (T. 14). The ALJ also found that plaintiff had

not demonstrated that his “arthritis in his right shoulder, status post collarbone and right
rib fracture, tinnitus, headaches, and carpal tunnel syndrome” were medically
determinable impairments. (Id.). In doing so, the ALJ recognized the reference to an
electromyography/nerve conduction study positive for carpal tunnel syndrome in the
record. (Id.). However, in addition to noting that the study itself was not included in
the record, the ALJ stated that there were no other objective signs that the claimant’s
carpal tunnel syndrome was a medically determinable impairment. (Id.).
At step three, the ALJ found that plaintiff did not have an impairment or
combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of a Listed

Impairment. (T. 15).
At step four, the ALJ found that plaintiff had the RFC to perform a modified
range of light work. (T. 15, 21). Plaintiff could lift, carry, push and/or pull 20 pounds
occasionally and 10 pounds frequently. (T. 15). The ALJ further concluded that
plaintiff could perform no overhead work, but could perform reaching in all other
limitations in regard to sitting, standing and walking; could perform all postural tasks

on at least an occasional basis; and was capable of turning his head from side-to-side
and looking up and down. (Id.).
Next, the ALJ found that plaintiff was unable to perform any past relevant work.
(T. 20). However, at step five, using the Medical Vocational Guidelines as a
“framework,” and the VE’s testimony, the ALJ found that plaintiff was “capable of
making a successful adjustment to other work that exists in significant numbers in the
national economy.” (T. 21). Thus, the ALJ found that plaintiff was not disabled. (T.
22).

V. ISSUES IN CONTENTION
Plaintiff’s arguments contesting the ALJ’s decision may be summarized as
follows:
1. The ALJ erred at step two in concluding that plaintiff’s carpal tunnel
syndrome was not a medically determinable impairment. (Plaintiff’s Brief
(“Pl.’s Br.”) at 16-20) (Dkt. No. 14-1).
2. The ALJ failed to support the RFC determination with substantial evidence
and improperly relied on her own lay judgment with respect to her
evaluation of Dr. Lorensen’s opinion. (Pl.’s Br. at 23-27).
3. The ALJ failed to develop the record before rejecting the opinion of PA
Bossi. (Pl.’s Br. at 27-28).
The Commissioner contends that the ALJ sufficiently evaluated the evidence of record,
and that her decision was supported by substantial evidence. (Defendant’s Brief
(“Def.’s Br.”) at 3-23) (Dkt. No. 15). For the following reasons, this court agrees with
DISCUSSION
VI. MEDICALLY DETERMINABLE IMPAIRMENT
A. Legal Standards
In order to be found disabled, a claimant must show that he is unable to perform
any substantial gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable physical or

mental impairment that can be expected to result in death or that has lasted or can be
expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months. 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1505(a), 416.905(a). “Consequently, only impairments that are ‘medically
determinable impairments’ can be considered in the disability analysis.” Flower v.
Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:16-CV-1084 (GTS), 2018 WL 895579, at *5 (N.D.N.Y.

Feb. 13, 2018).
In order to qualify as a medically determinable impairment, an impairment “must
result from anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities which can be
shown by medically acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques1” from an
acceptable medical source. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1521, 416.921; §§ 404.1529, 416.929;
Woodard v. Berryhill, No. 3:17-CV-1124, 2018 WL 3536084, at *4 (D. Conn. July 23,

2018) (internal quotation marks, citations and brackets omitted). Furthermore, the
evidence must “show the existence of a medical impairment(s) . . . which could
reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged.” 20 C.F.R. §§

1“Diagnostic techniques include chemical tests (such as blood tests), electrophysiological
studies (such as electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms), medical imaging (such as X-rays),
and psychological tests.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1502(g), 416.902(g).
a medically determinable impairment. Woodard v. Berryhill, 2018 WL 3536084, at *4.
The existence of a medically determinable impairment is not established by a claimant’s
“statement of symptoms, a diagnosis, or a medical opinion[.]” 20 C.F.R. §§
404.1529(b), 416.929(b).
B. Analysis
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred at step two when she “improperly relied on an

obvious gap in the record to find that plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome was not a
medically determinable impairment.” (Pl.’s Br. at 16). Plaintiff also argues that the
ALJ erred by failing to “develop the record or consider any functional limitations
caused by plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome throughout the balance of her analysis.”
(Id).

Plaintiff points to the following medical evidence in support of his position that
he had carpal tunnel syndrome that qualified as a medically determinable impairment.
On January 12, 2016, neurosurgeon Dr. Galgano evaluated plaintiff in conjunction with
complaints of chronic neck pain. (T. 341). Plaintiff also reported “occasional
numbness of his first three fingers” in both arms. (Id.). In the medical record reflecting
this visit, Dr. Galgano references an electromyogram and nerve conduction study

(“EMG/NCS”) revealing “. . . mild to moderate [right] carpal tunnel, and mild [left]
carpal tunnel.” (Id.). Upon neurological examination that day, Dr. Galgano found that
plaintiff displayed full strength in both upper extremities, and exhibited a positive
“carpal tunnel syndrome” under the list of plaintiff’s diagnoses or in his past medical
history (T. 341-42), nor did he discuss treatment for a diagnosis of carpal tunnel
syndrome in his assessment and plan (T. 342-43). The EMG/NCS itself is not
contained in the record before this court. It is also not cited by any other provider.
Plaintiff further claims to have reported “carpal tunnel symptoms” to multiple
providers during the “relevant period” of alleged disability. (Pl.’s Br. at 17-18). On

April 16, 2015, plaintiff complained of chronic neck pain along with “decreased”
numbness and tingling in both arms to physician’s assistant (“PA”) Gabrielle Canal of
Neurosurgical Associates of Northern NY. (T. 357, 362). At an August 27, 2015 visit
to the same practice, plaintiff complained of back pain with numbness and tingling in
both arms, but denied shooting pain. (T. 351, 355-56).

Plaintiff returned for follow-up treatment on September 10, 2015, with
complaints of pain and numbness in his fingertips. (T. 345). Upon neurological
examination, Dr. Montgomery found that plaintiff exhibited 4-5/5 strength in his upper
extremities, with some diminished sensation to light touch. (T. 349). Dr. Montgomery
addressed plaintiff’s complaints, noting his concern that “some of [plaintiff’s]
discomfort is coming from continued problems with the potential for pseudoarthrosis

and a lack of complete union. We are going to send him for EEG nerve conduction

2“‘Hoffman’s sign is present if tapping the nail on the third or fourth finger elicits involuntary
flexion of the distal phalanx of the thumb and index finger,’ which indicates spinal cord compression.”
Dale v. Astrue, No. 4:10-CV-632, 2011 WL 2621539, *3 n. 3 (E.D. Mo. July 5, 2011) (citing The
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 325 (18th ed. 2006)).
The next medical record cited by plaintiff is a neurosurgical follow-up dated
April 28, 2017. (T. 332). At that time, carpal tunnel syndrome was still not listed in
plaintiff’s medical history, nor did PA Smith assess it as a current condition. Plaintiff
did complain to PA Smith of neck and arm pain, with “only occasional[ ]. . . numbness
in hands.” (T. 335). Neurological examination revealed full upper extremity motor
strength and upper extremity sensation to light touch within normal limits. (T. 336-

337). PA Smith assessed plaintiff with, among other things, “cervical spondylosis with
radiculopathy” and “pseudoarthrosis of the cervical spine.” (T. 334-335). He referred
plaintiff for cervical injections and physical therapy. (T. 335).
Last, plaintiff cites to a July 12, 2018 neurosurgical follow-up with PA Irvin. (T.
657). At this visit, plaintiff complained of neck pain radiating into his shoulder blades,

along with numbness and tingling in his fingers, weakness in his upper extremities, and
clumsiness of grip. (T. 660). Based on plaintiff’s complaints and the results of his
examination, PA Irvin ordered an EMG and nerve conduction study of plaintiff’s upper
extremities, “to assess for acute vs. chronic nerve irritation.” (Id.).
As previously discussed, the ALJ explicitly considered whether carpal tunnel
syndrome was a medically determinable impairment for purposes of plaintiff’s

disability analysis. (T. 14). After careful consideration of the parties’ arguments and
the evidence of record, this court finds that the ALJ’s decision to omit carpal tunnel

3It is certainly possible that the tests ordered by Dr. Montgomery on September 10, 2015 are the
same as those referred to by Dr. Galgano on January 12, 2016.
At the outset, the majority of evidence cited by plaintiff significantly precedes the
relevant disability period. Plaintiff applied for SSI benefits on June 1, 2017. His claim
for benefits was not retroactive to the date his application was filed, thus the ALJ was
under no obligation to consider plaintiff’s alleged disabilities existing outside of the
period under consideration. See SSR 18-1p; Baladi v. Barnhart, 33 F. App’x 562, 564
(2d Cir. 2002) (“Because SSI benefits . . . can only be granted prospectively, the only

issue to be determined . . . was whether plaintiff was disabled as of the date of his
application . . . .”). Otherwise put, evidence of plaintiff’s condition prior to his June 1,
2017 application date was not relevant to the ALJ’s inquiry at step two, to the extent it
did not indicate an ongoing impairment.
The ALJ based her decision to omit carpal tunnel syndrome as a medically

determinable impairment, in part, on the absence of the EMG/NCS from the record. (T.
14). If the EMG/NCS had been performed during the relevant period of disability,
perhaps the plaintiff would be in a stronger position to argue that the ALJ’s failure to
follow-up and obtain this evidence constituted error warranting remand. However, it is
clear that the test preceded the disability period in question by over a year. Thus, even
if the EMG/NCS results referenced by Dr. Galgano were in the record, and showed that

plaintiff suffered from “mild to moderate” carpal tunnel syndrome in early 2016, it
would not have compelled an alternative finding by the ALJ.
A comprehensive review of the record demonstrates that the ALJ’s decision at
step two is supported by substantial evidence from the relevant period of alleged
“medically acceptable clinical or laboratory diagnostic techniques from an acceptable
medical source” showing that plaintiff had carpal tunnel syndrome between June 1,
2017 and the date of the ALJ’s decision. This is consistent with plaintiff’s longitudinal
medical records immediately preceding, as well as during, the period at issue, which do
not identify carpal tunnel syndrome in plaintiff’s medical history, nor assess the
condition as a current diagnosis or ongoing problem. Moreover, the medical evidence

indicates that plaintiff generally displayed full strength and range of motion in both
upper extremities, with his sensation to light touch measured within normal limits. (T.
336-37, 599-600, 656, 659).
It also bears noting that plaintiff did not list carpal tunnel syndrome as a physical
condition that limited his ability to work in his initial application (T. 208), nor is it

identified in the list of medically determinable impairments contained in his attorney’s
January 10, 2018 pre-hearing brief (T. 251-52). See Piatt v. Colvin, No. 13-CV-6436,
2015 WL 274180, *9-10 (W.D.N.Y. 2015) (ALJ did not err by failing to consider
plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome or restless leg syndrome at step two where those
impairments were not listed in the application for benefits and where there was no
evidence that plaintiff received treatment for those impairments); Vega v. Astrue, No.

08-CV-01525, 2009 WL 961930, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 6, 2009) (“[T]he Court cannot
fault the ALJ for failing to address physical impairments that [plaintiff] never indicated
[he] had[.]”), report and recommendation adopted in part, 2010 WL 2365851 (June 10,
2010).
consistent with a diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome, including plaintiff’s complaints
of numbness and tingling in his fingers and decreased grip strength. Nevertheless,
plaintiff’s subjective complaints alone are insufficient to satisfy his burden of proving a
medically determinable impairment, and the record is devoid of any diagnostic test
results during the period in question indicating the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome.
See Gaugette v. Colvin, No. 14-CV-70, 2015 WL 6000258, at *6 (D. Vt. Oct. 14, 2015)

(finding the absence of a proper diagnosis for carpal tunnel syndrome to be substantial
evidence supporting a finding that there was no medically determinable impairment).
Furthermore, the ALJ’s step two decision did not result in the ALJ’s failure to
consider those functional limitations plaintiff presently associates with carpal tunnel
syndrome. On the contrary, the ALJ explicitly considered plaintiff’s historical

complaints of numbness and tingling in his upper extremities. The ALJ discussed these
symptoms in conjunction with plaintiff’s cervical spine condition at subsequent steps of
the disability analysis, in light of her finding that plaintiff’s degenerative disc disease
was severe. This is consistent with the opinion of plaintiff’s own treating providers,
who often associated his upper extremity complaints with his cervical condition and
surgery. (T. 334-35, 349, 660). Since the ALJ’s decision regarding the medical

determinabililty of plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome is supported by substantial
evidence, remand is not required on this basis.
A. Legal Standards
1. RFC
RFC is “what [the] individual can still do despite his or her limitations.
Ordinarily, RFC is the individual’s maximum remaining ability to do sustained work
activities in an ordinary work setting on a regular and continuing basis. . . .” A “regular

and continuing basis” means eight hours a day, for five days a week, or an equivalent
work schedule. Balles v. Astrue, No. 3:11-CV-1386 (MAD), 2013 WL 252970, at *2
(N.D.N.Y. Jan. 23, 2013) (citing Melville v. Apfel, 198 F.3d 45, 52 (2d Cir. 1999)
(quoting SSR 96–8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *2)); Babcock v. Berryhill, No. 5:17-CV-
00580 (BKS), 2018 WL 4347795, at *12-13 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2018); Tankisi v.

Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 521 F. App’x 29, 33 (2d Cir. 2013); Stephens v. Colvin, 200 F.
Supp. 3d 349, 361 (N.D.N.Y. 2016).
In rendering an RFC determination, the ALJ must consider objective medical
facts, diagnoses, and medical opinions based on such facts, as well as a plaintiff’s
subjective symptoms, including pain and descriptions of other limitations. 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1545, 416.945. See Martone v. Apfel, 70 F. Supp. 2d 145, 150 (N.D.N.Y. 1999)

(citing LaPorta v. Bowen, 737 F. Supp. 180, 183 (N.D.N.Y. 1990)); Kirah D. v.
Berryhill, No. 3:18-CV-0110 (CFH), 2019 WL 587459, at *8 (N.D.N.Y. Feb 13, 2019);
Genier v. Astrue, 606 F.3d 46, 49 (2d Cir. 2010). An ALJ must specify the functions
plaintiff is capable of performing, and may not simply make conclusory statements
regarding a plaintiff’s capacities. Roat v. Barnhart, 717 F. Supp. 2d 241, 267
728 F.2d 582, 588 (2d Cir. 1984); LaPorta v. Bowen, 737 F. Supp. at 183, Stephens v.
Colvin, 200 F. Supp. 3d 349, 361 (N.D.N.Y. 2016); Whittaker v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
307 F. Supp. 2d 430, 440 (N.D.N.Y. 2004). The RFC assessment must also include a
narrative discussion, describing how the evidence supports the ALJ’s conclusions,
citing specific medical facts, and non-medical evidence. Natashia R. v. Berryhill, No.
3:17-CV-01266 (TWD), 2019 WL 1260049, at *11 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2019) (citing

SSR 96-8p, 1996 WL 374184, at *7).
2. Evaluating Medical Evidence
The regulations regarding the evaluation of medical evidence have been amended
for claims filed after March 27, 2017, and several of the prior Social Security Rulings,
including SSR 96-2p, have been rescinded. According to the new regulations, the

Commissioner “will no longer give any specific evidentiary weight to medical opinions;
this includes giving controlling weight to any medical opinion.” Revisions to Rules
Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence (“Revisions to Rules”), 2017 WL
168819, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844, at 5867–68 (Jan. 18, 2017), see 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a),
416.920c(a). Instead, the Commissioner must consider all medical opinions and
“evaluate their persuasiveness” based on the following five factors: supportability;

consistency; relationship with the claimant; specialization; and “other factors.” 20
C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a)-(c), 416.920c(a)-(c).
Although the new regulations eliminate the perceived hierarchy of medical
sources, deference to specific medical opinions, and assigning “weight” to a medical
and “how persuasive [he or she] find[s] all of the medical opinions.” Id. at
§§ 404.1520c(a) and (b)(1), 416.920c(a) and (b)(1). The two “most important factors
for determining the persuasiveness of medical opinions are consistency and
supportability,” which are the “same factors” that formed the foundation of the treating
source rule. Revisions to Rules, 82 Fed. Reg. 5844-01 at 5853. An ALJ is specifically
required to “explain how [he or she] considered the supportability and consistency

factors” for a medical opinion. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2). With
respect to “supportability,” the new regulations provide that “[t]he more relevant the
objective medical evidence and supporting explanations presented by a medical source
are to support his or her medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s),
the more persuasive the medical opinions or prior administrative medical finding(s) will

be.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(c)(1), 416.920c(c)(1). The regulations provide that with
respect to “consistency,” “[t]he more consistent a medical opinion(s) or prior
administrative medical finding(s) is with the evidence from other medical sources and
nonmedical sources in the claim, the more persuasive the medical opinion(s) or prior
administrative medical finding(s) will be.” Id. at §§ 404.1520c(c)(2), 416.920c(c)(2).
Under the new regulations an ALJ must consider, but need not explicitly discuss,

the three remaining factors in determining the persuasiveness of a medical source’s
opinion. Id. at §§ 404.1520c(b)(2), 416.920c(b)(2). However, where the ALJ has
found two or more medical opinions to be equally well supported and consistent with
the record, but not exactly the same, the ALJ must articulate how he or she considered
416.920c(b)(3).
B. Analysis
Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s evaluation of certain medical evidence of record,
claiming that it resulted in an unsupported RFC for modified light work. Specifically,
plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s evaluation of the opinions rendered by consultative
examiner Dr. Lorensen (Pl.’s Br. 20-24) and PA Bossi (Pl.’s Br. 24-25). For the

following reasons, this court finds that the ALJ’s evaluation of the medical evidence
and ultimate RFC determination was supported by substantial evidence, and remand is
not warranted on these bases.
1. Dr. Lorensen
Dr. Elke Lorensen performed a consultative physical examination of plaintiff on

July 20, 2017. (T. 597-600). Prior to the examination, plaintiff complained of neck
pain, back pain, prostate cancer, blindness in his right eye, and ankle pain. (T. 597).
Plaintiff reported that he cooked five times a week and cleaned once a week, but did not
do his own laundry. (T. 598). He also reported shopping twice a week, showering
three times a week, and dressing himself daily. (Id.).

Upon examination, Dr. Lorensen observed plaintiff to be in no acute distress. (T.
598). Plaintiff walked with a normal gait, however declined to squat or walk on his
heels and toes. (Id.). Plaintiff did not require help changing for the exam or getting on
and off the examination table. (Id.). He was able to rise from the chair without
difficulty. (Id.). Plaintiff exhibited some decreased range of motion in his cervical and
Plaintiff exhibited forward elevation and abduction of the shoulders “100 degrees
bilaterally.” (Id.). His right ankle exhibited some decreased range of motion, while his
left ankle exhibited full range of motion. (Id.). Plaintiff’s neurological examination
was unremarkable, indicating deep tendon reflexes physiologic and equal in upper and
lower extremities, no sensory deficits, and full strength in the upper and lower
extremities. (Id.). Plaintiff displayed intact hand and finger dexterity, with full grip

strength. (T. 600).
At the conclusion of her examination, Dr. Lorensen opined that plaintiff had “no
gross limitation” for sitting, standing, walking or handling small objects. (Id.). She
further opined that plaintiff had “moderate limitations” for bending, lifting, reaching,
and turning his head. (Id.).

Plaintiff contends that the ALJ’s RFC for modified light work is incongruous
with Dr. Lorensen’s medical opinion. Plaintiff claims that despite Dr. Lorensen’s
opined moderate limitations for bending and reaching, the ALJ’s RFC did not include
any specific limitation for bending and only limited plaintiff to frequent reaching and
no overhead work. Plaintiff also points out that the RFC does not include any
limitation for head turning, despite Dr. Lorensen’s opinion for moderate limitations as

to this function. Because the ALJ found Dr. Lorensen’s opinion to be “persuasive,”
plaintiff essentially argues that the ALJ’s failure to adopt all of Dr. Lorensen’s findings
was error warranting remand.
For the following reasons, the ALJ’s analysis of Dr. Lorensen’s opinion and
considered Dr. Lorensen’s examination in her written decision, beginning with an
examination of the “supportability” and “consistency” factors pursuant to 20 C.F.R. §
416.920c(b)(2). (T. 19). First, the ALJ found that Dr. Lorensen’s detailed narrative
report adequately supported her opinions as to plaintiff’s functional limitations. (Id.).
See 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920c(c)(1)(Supportability). The ALJ then stated that the
limitations opined by Dr. Lorensen were consistent with plaintiff’s history of

orthopedic treatment for on-going pain associated with degenerative disc disease. (Id.).
See 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920c(c)(2)(Consistency). Last, the ALJ considered that Dr.
Lorensen was an acceptable medical source who had an opportunity to examine the
claimant (see 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920c(c)(3) (Relationship with the claimant)), as well as
the consultative examiner’s understanding of disability program policies and

evidentiary requirements (see 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920c(c)(5) (Other factors)).
The ALJ went on to qualify her evaluation of Dr. Lorensen’s opinion as it related
to plaintiff’s ability to turn his head. Recognizing the evidence that plaintiff displayed
reduced cervical range of motion, the ALJ countered that there was no medical
evidence in the record demonstrating that the plaintiff was unable to turn his head from
side to side, or look up and down. (Id.). The ALJ cited to plaintiff’s admitted ability to

drive a car, suggesting that he could sufficiently turn his head to perform basic driving
tasks. (Id.).
Plaintiff attempts to characterize the ALJ’s analysis of Dr. Lorensen’s opinion as
internally inconsistent – claiming the ALJ failed to actually adopt those opinions which
most, if not all, of the limitations opined by Dr. Lorensen in finding that plaintiff
retained an RFC to perform modified light work. As defendant points out, courts in this
district have consistently found that moderate exertional limitations are consistent with
an ability to perform the full range of light work. See Thola J.W. v. Comm’r of Soc.
Sec., No. 5:19-CV-1068 (GLS), 2021 WL 981589, at *2 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2021)
(finding RFC for a full range of light work was consistent with moderate limitations in

lifting, carrying, pushing, and pulling); Raymonda C. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No.
3:19-CV-0178 (GTS), 2020 WL 42814, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 3, 2020) (“[C]ourts have
consistently found that a ‘moderate’ limitation in [standing, walking, lifting, and
carrying] is essentially equivalent to an ability to perform light work.” (collecting
cases)); Amanda L. v. Saul, No. 8:18-CV-01221 (NAM), 2019 WL 5865388, at *8 n.3

(N.D.N.Y. Nov. 8, 2019) (“[M]oderate limitations to repetitive lifting, bending,
reaching, pushing, pulling, or carrying are not inconsistent with an RFC for a full range
of light work.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
Plaintiff makes much of the ALJ’s conclusion that plaintiff retained the ability to
turn his head and look up and down, despite Dr. Lorensen’s opinion for moderate
limitations. However, this court is not convinced that the RFC is inapposite to Dr.

Lorensen’s opinion. See Donald P. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 6:20-CV-00216
(NAM), 2020 WL 6253606, at *9 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 23, 2020) (no error where plaintiff
failed to support his claim that moderate limitations with regard to neck movement
precluded him from performing light work); Mahon v. Colvin, No. 13 Civ. 8817, 2015
restrictions for activities requiring turning of the neck did not support plaintiff’s claim
that he lacked the exertional capacity for light work).
Even if the ALJ had effectively rejected a portion of Dr. Lorensen’s opinion in
rendering an RFC allowing for head movement, she was under no obligation to accept
the consultative examiner’s opinion as a whole. See Crumedy v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.,
No. 16-CV-1261, 2017 WL 4480184, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 6, 2017) (“[T]here is no

requirement that the ALJ accept every limitation in an opinion where portions of that
opinion are not supported by the evidence.”); Lianna M. D. v. Kijakazi, No.
8:20-CV-0615 (LEK), 2021 WL 4150102, at *7 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 13, 2021)(citing
Gough v. Saul, 799 F. App’x 12 (2d Cir. 2020)) (“It is within the province of the ALJ to
resolve conflicts in the medical evidence so long as the ALJ explains how the evidence

conflicts and how they resolve the conflict.”). Here, the ALJ explicitly discussed her
evaluation of and ultimate conclusion as to plaintiff’s retained ability to move his head,
justifying her evaluation with evidence garnered from the record.
Plaintiff’s suggestion that the ALJ impermissibly relied on her own lay judgment
in developing the RFC determination is equally unfounded. The ALJ concluded that
plaintiff was “capable of turning his head from side-to-side and looking up and down”

as would be required in a job categorized as light work. (T. 15). As previously
discussed, it was not unreasonable for the ALJ to draw this conclusion based on (1) the
moderate limitations opined by Dr. Lorensen, and (2) evidence of plaintiff’s activities
of daily living. Otherwise, the ALJ reasonably accounted for all the other limitations
based on her own interpretation of raw medical data. Accordingly, remand is not
warranted on this basis.
2. PA Bossi
The record also contains a January 30, 2019 Medical Source Statement (“MSS”)
from PA Rachel Bossi. (T. 705-07). PA Bossi indicated that she had treated plaintiff,
presumably for pain management, on three separate occasions prior to rendering her

medical opinion. (T. 705). The medical records reflecting PA Bossi’s treatment of
plaintiff were not included in the record before the ALJ, nor are they presently before
this court.
PA Bossi left many sections of her medical source statement unanswered,
indicating that they were “not applicable.” She did note that plaintiff’s diagnoses

included central canal stenosis, foraminal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease, with
a lifelong and guarded prognosis. (Id.). She also opined that plaintiff required a job
allowing him to shift positions, and would sometimes need to take unscheduled breaks
during an 8 hour work day. (T. 705). She further opined that plaintiff could
occasionally lift and carry up to 10 pounds, rarely lift 20 pounds, and never lift 50
pounds. (T. 706). PA Bossi concluded that plaintiff could occasionally use his hands

to grasp, turn, and twist objects, as well as occasionally use his fingers for fine
manipulation. (Id.). She concluded that plaintiff could never reach with his arms.
(Id.). PA Bossi opined that plaintiff’s pain would frequently interfere with his attention
and concentration, and that he would be absent more than four days per month due to
The ALJ evaluated PA Bossi’s opinion and concluded that it was “not
persuasive.” (T. 19). The ALJ pointed out that PA Bossi had not provided specific
clinical findings to support her opinion. (Id.). She also cited various examples of how
the opinion was inconsistent with other evidence of record. (Id.). Last, the ALJ
considered PA Bossi’s limited relationship to the plaintiff. (Id.).
Plaintiff argues that the ALJ improperly rejected PA Bossi’s opinion for lack of

supportability, because the ALJ did not seek out the three missing treatment notes by
PA Bossi in order to fully develop the record. Plaintiff appears to have conflated the
new standards for evaluating medical evidence with the ALJ’s duty to develop the
record.
The supportability factor under 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(c)(1) states that a medical

opinion’s persuasiveness is based, in part, on the objective medical evidence and
supporting explanations provided by a medical source with his or her ultimate
conclusions. In this case, the ALJ properly found that within her own MSS, PA Bossi
did not cite to any evidence, or provide any commentary, supporting her opined
limitations. The MSS is rendered in the form of a check-box questionnaire, and the
only commentary provided is PA Bossi’s admission that she had not treated plaintiff’s

lower back and right ankle injuries. (T. 705). The applicable regulations clearly
permitted the ALJ to detract persuasiveness from PA Bossi’s opinion based on her
failure to support her restrictive findings with any supporting evidence. PA Bossi’s
failure to support her own opinion was, as determined by the ALJ, exacerbated by the
physical and neurological examinations by various medical sources during the relevant
disability period. (T. 19).
Plaintiff’s contention that the ALJ failed to develop the record as to PA Bossi’s
treatment notes, while a separate issue, and also meritless. At the administrative
hearing, the ALJ explicitly asked plaintiff’s counsel whether the record was complete
as to medical evidence. (T. 42-43). Counsel responded in the affirmative, and neither

plaintiff nor counsel stated that additional medical records needed to be obtained.4
Moreover, despite his present contentions it is apparent that plaintiff did not provide the
missing records to the Appeals Council after the administrative hearing, has not
provided them to this court upon judicial review, and has failed to even describe what
objective evidence these records possess. Under the circumstances, this court is hard

pressed to find that the ALJ was derelict in her duty to develop the record. See Curley
v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 808 F. App’x 41, 44 (2d Cir. 2020) (finding no failure
to develop the record where the attorney did not state at the hearing that any records
were missing, and he did not “provide them to the district court [or] describe their
contents”); Streeter v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 5:07-CV-858 (FJS), 2011 WL
1576959, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Apr. 26, 2011) (holding an ALJ had satisfied her duty to

develop the record when “the ALJ specifically asked Plaintiff’s counsel, during the
hearing, if the medical records were complete, to which Plaintiff’s counsel responded

4This is somewhat suspicious, considering that counsel had submitted PA Bossi’s opinion to the
Commissioner only one week prior to the administrative hearing.
In any event, the ALJ did not reject PA Bossi’s opinion based on what might
have been contained in the three5 missing treatment notes. Instead, the ALJ relied on
the opinion’s lack of supportability, and lack of consistency with the other evidence of
record, in concluding that the opinion was not persuasive. See Gentile v. Saul, No.
3:19-CV-01479, 2020 WL 5757656, at *7 (D. Conn. Sept. 28, 2020) (distinguishing
similar circumstances from cases where ALJ specifically used gap in the record to

discount an opinion). The ALJ also considered that PA Bossi had only treated plaintiff
on three occasions.6 Thus, even if PA Bossi’s treatment records had been before the
ALJ, there is nothing to suggest that this would have altered the ALJ’s evaluation of the
medical opinion or ultimate disability determination. See Santiago v. Astrue, No. 3:10-
CV-00937, 2011 WL 4460206, at *2 (D. Conn. Sept. 27, 2011) (“When an unsuccessful

claimant files a civil action on the ground of inadequate development of the record, the
issue is whether the missing evidence is significant. The plaintiff in the civil action

5According to PA Bossi’s MSS, plaintiff presented on “11/14” for an “initial visit,” “12/12” for
a “follow-up,” and “1/14” for an “injection. (T. 705). She prepared the opinion on January 30, 2019.
(T. 707).
6The ALJ did err in one respect, when she cited to outdated regulations in concluding that “Ms.
Bossi is not an acceptable medical source[.]” (T. 19). Under the new regulations, licensed physician
assistants are considered acceptable medical sources for impairments within his or her licensed scope
of practice. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1502(a)(8), 416.902(a)(8). Moreover, the issue of whether PA
Bossi was an acceptable medical source was not particularly relevant to the ALJ’s evaluation of the
MSS, as the new regulations require an ALJ to consider all medical opinions and evaluate their
persuasiveness based on the five factors contained in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520c(a)-(c) and 416.920c(a)-
(c)). Nevertheless, the ALJ’s improper characterization of PA Bossi is not error meriting remand. It
was incumbent on the ALJ to evaluate all of the medical opinions of record, and she did; citing
multiple bases for her conclusion that PA Bossi’s opinion lacked persuasion. Thus, even if the ALJ
had recognized that PA Bossi was an acceptable medical source, it would not have changed the
outcome of her decision.
must show that he was harmed by the alleged inadequacy of the record[.]’”) (anternal
citation omitted). Accordingly, any error in failing to obtain PA Bossi’s treatment
notes was harmless, and remand is not warranted on this basis.
WHEREFORE, based on the findings above, it is
ORDERED, that the Commissioner’s decision is AFFIRMED, and plaintiff's
complaint is DISMISSED, and it is
ORDERED, that judgment be entered for the DEFENDANT.

Dated: October 18, 2021 f L melon) ye Baker
Andrew T. Baxter
U.S. Magistrate Judge

27

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10314211. Public record. Not legal advice.