# Eldars v. State University of New York at Albany

> District Court, N.D. New York · May 19, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10312846

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. New York
- **Decided:** May 19, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10312846

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding that individuals could not be held liable under Title VI in either his or her personal or official capacity
- holding that Congress did not intend for a state to qualify as a “person” for the purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and did not clearly express intent to abrogate the states’ sovereign immunity

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
____________________________________________
SHERINE ELDARS,
Plaintiff,
v. 1:19-CV-0801
(GTS/DJS)
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT ALBANY;
SHAO LIN, Ph.D.; DANIELLE E. GRASSO, M.S.;
PATRICK J. PARSONS, Ph.D.; KATHLEEN A.
McDONOUGH, Ph.D.; and AMELIA BARBADORO,
Ph.D., J.D.,
Defendants.
_____________________________________________
APPEARANCES: OF COUNSEL:
SHERINE ELDARS
Plaintiff, Pro Se
4281 Express Lane, Suite M5596
Sarasota, FL 34249
HON. LETITIA A. JAMES BRIAN W. MATULA, ESQ.
Attorney General for the State of New York
Counsel for Defendants
The Capitol
Albany, NY 12224
GLENN T. SUDDABY, Chief United States District Judge
DECISION and ORDER
Currently before the Court, in this pro se civil rights action filed by Sherine Eldars
(“Plaintiff”) against the State University of New York at Albany (“SUNY Albany”), Dr. Shao
Lin, Danielle E. Grasso, Dr. Patrick J. Parsons, Dr. Kathleen A. McDonough, and Dr. Amelia
Barbadoro (“Defendants”), is Defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint for failure to
state a claim upon which relief can be granted. (Dkt. No. 14.) For the reasons set forth below,
Defendants’ motion is granted, although the Court finds that the pro se Plaintiff should be
afforded an opportunity to amend part of her Complaint before the dismissal of this action.
I. RELEVANT BACKGROUND
A. Plaintiff’s Complaint

Generally, in her Complaint, Plaintiff asserts five claims arising from her treatment as an
international graduate student in the Environmental Health and Sciences Ph.D. program at the
School of Public Health of SUNY Albany between the fall of 2015 and spring of 2019: (1) a
claim that Defendants violated her rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment; (2) a claim that Defendants violated her rights under the Equal Protection Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment; (3) a claim that Defendant Barbadoro discriminated against her on
the basis of her national origin in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C.

§ 2000d et seq.) by refusing to report the violation of Plaintiff’s civil rights; (4) a claim that
Defendants Lin, Grasso, and SUNY Albany violated her rights under the Due Process Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment by depriving her of her intellectual property rights; and (5) a claim
that Defendants engaged in a conspiracy under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 to violate her constitutional
rights. (Dkt. No. 1 [Pl.’s Compl.].)
B. Parties’ Briefing on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
1. Defendants’ Memorandum of Law
Generally, in their motion to dismiss, Defendants make five arguments. (Dkt. No. 14,

Attach. 1, at 3-11 [Defs.’ Mem. of Law].) First, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s claims against
Defendant SUNY Albany must be dismissed because Defendant SUNY Albany is an agency of
the State of New York and thus immune from suit under the Eleventh Amendment. (Id. at 3.)
2
Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim pursuant to the Due
Process Clause because (a) the process required for dismissals based on curriculum standards are
minimal, (b) Plaintiff has failed to allege facts plausibly suggesting that Defendants interfered
with her due process rights in that she is challenging the ultimate outcome of the proceedings

rather than the proceedings themselves, and (c) her own Complaint alleges that she availed
herself of the process provided by appealing the initial decision against her. (Id. at 3-6.)
Defendants also argue that a claim under the Due Process Clause is not available because
Plaintiff had the ability to pursue an Article 78 proceeding to resolve her grievances and such
proceedings have been found to constitute sufficient post-deprivation process. (Id.)
Third, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to state an equal protection claim because
she has failed to allege any facts plausibly suggesting the existence of a similarly situated person

who was treated differently from her, and she has failed to allege facts plausibly suggesting that
any of Defendants’ actions were motivated by her national origin; the fact that she alleged that
Defendant Barbadoro treated her differently because she had an international phone number does
not plausibly suggest a discriminatory motivation because of her membership in a protected
class. (Id. at 6-7.)
Fourth, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to state a discrimination claim because
(a) the university conducted an investigation into her complaint and provided findings based on
that investigation, (b) the fact that Defendant Barbadoro’s office did not conduct that

investigation does not plausibly suggest discrimination by Defendant Barbadoro, and (c) Plaintiff
has not alleged facts plausibly suggesting that she was harmed or that Defendant Barbadoro’s
actions were taken based on discriminatory animus. (Id. at 7-9.) Additionally, Defendants argue
3
that this claim must be dismissed because Plaintiff has asserted it against only Defendant
Barbadoro, and Title VI claims cannot be asserted against an individual. (Id.)
Fifth, Defendants argue Plaintiff’s claims against the individual Defendants must be
dismissed because Plaintiff has failed to allege facts plausibly suggesting their personal

involvement in the remaining alleged violations. (Id. at 10-11.) Specifically, Defendants argue
that Plaintiff has failed to allege facts plausibly suggesting that any of the individual Defendants
interfered with her due process rights related to her intellectual property or participated in a
conspiracy to violate her rights. (Id.)
2. Plaintiff’s Opposition Memorandum of Law
Generally, in her opposition memorandum of law, Plaintiff makes five arguments. (Dkt.
No. 17, at 3-26 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) First, Plaintiff argues that Defendant SUNY

Albany should not be dismissed based on the doctrine of sovereign immunity because she has
alleged facts plausibly suggesting that the SUNY Defendants violated her rights and injured her.
(Id. at 3.)
Second, Plaintiff argues that her due process claim should not be denied because each of
the individual Defendants violated her rights in the following ways: (a) Defendant Lin withheld
her course grades in a manner that did not accord with internal rules for grading (resulting in her
eventual dismissal from the Ph.D. program), compelled her to perform work for Defendant Lin’s
courses without following the internal rule for assignments of student intellectual property, and

defamed her by saying that she acted unethically regarding her Student Poster Day assignment
without following the proper procedures for reporting breaches of academic integrity; (b)
Defendant Grasso both allowed Defendant Lin to withhold her grades and initiated her dismissal
4
from the program despite being aware that Defendant Lin’s actions were in violation of the
university’s internal policies; (c) Defendant Parsons approved and signed her dismissal from the
Ph.D. program without inquiring into the irregular circumstances; (d) Defendant McDonough
excluded her reports about Defendant Lin’s actions from “the School of Public Health

Committee review”; and (e) Defendant Barbadoro refused to address her complaint. (Id. at 3-6.)
Plaintiff also argues that she was not required to file an Article 78 action because she is alleging
constitutional violations, and that Defendants violated her due process rights primarily by failing
to abide by their own internal standards and policies related to grading and other actions. (Id. at
6-7.)
Third, Plaintiff argues that she has alleged facts plausibly stating a claim for a violation of
her equal protection rights. (Id. at 8-11.) More specifically, Plaintiff argues that (a) the fact that

she is alleging that Defendants failed to follow the university’s internal policies relieves her of
any need to allege a similarly situated comparator because the deviation from the standard policy
shows that she was singled out for different treatment, and (b) she has alleged that Defendant Lin
acted with a malicious or bad faith intent to injure her when withholding her grades to force her
to do Defendant Lin’s work and when punishing her for her submission to the Student Poster
Day. (Id.)
Fourth, Plaintiff argues that she has alleged facts plausibly stating a claim for national
origin discrimination for the following reasons: (a) it was the responsibility of Defendant

Barbadoro to handle her complaint because it pertained to illegal treatment rather than mere
academic concerns; (b) she did not receive a formal decision based on the investigation, and the
informal results that were communicated to her are contradicted by the evidence of Defendant
5
Lin’s conduct; and (c) because no explanation has been provided for the treatment to which she
was subjected, that treatment was presumably based on her national origin. (Id. at 11-13.)
Plaintiff also requests that she be permitted to amend her Complaint to assert this claim against
Defendant SUNY Albany. (Id. at 13-14.)

Fifth, Plaintiff argues that she has alleged facts plausibly suggesting that each of the
individual Defendants was personally involved in the alleged violations of her rights in the
following ways: (a) Defendant Lin directly participated in the violations; (b) Defendant Grasso
was grossly negligent in supervising Defendant Lin; (c) Defendant Parsons was grossly negligent
and deliberately indifferent in supervising Defendant Lin and Defendant Grasso; (d) Defendant
McDonough directly participated in the violations or failed to remedy the violations after she
became aware of them; and (e) Defendant Babadoro failed to remedy the violations when she

became aware of them. (Id. at 14-17.) Plaintiff argues that all of these Defendants would have
known that the alleged actions violated her civil rights and internal university policies. (Id.)
Plaintiff also argues that (a) as to her intellectual property rights, Defendant Lin forced her to
give up her rights by withholding her grades and Defendant Grasso ignored that this was
happening, and (b) her allegations that Defendants acted contrary to the university policies
plausibly suggest that Defendants agreed or conspired to deprive her of her constitutional rights.
(Id.)
II. GOVERNING LEGAL STANDARDS

It has long been understood that a dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which relief
can be granted, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), can be based on one or both of two grounds:
(1) a challenge to the "sufficiency of the pleading" under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); or (2) a
6
challenge to the legal cognizability of the claim. Jackson v. Onondaga Cnty., 549 F. Supp.2d
204, 211 nn. 15-16 (N.D.N.Y. 2008) (McAvoy, J.) (adopting Report-Recommendation on de
novo review).
Because such dismissals are often based on the first ground, some elaboration regarding

that ground is appropriate. Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a
pleading contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) [emphasis added]. In the Court’s view, this tension between
permitting a “short and plain statement” and requiring that the statement “show[]” an entitlement
to relief is often at the heart of misunderstandings that occur regarding the pleading standard
established by Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2).
On the one hand, the Supreme Court has long characterized the “short and plain” pleading

standard under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) as “simplified” and “liberal.” Jackson, 549 F. Supp. 2d at
212 n.20 (citing Supreme Court case). On the other hand, the Supreme Court has held that, by
requiring the above-described “showing,” the pleading standard under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)
requires that the pleading contain a statement that “give[s] the defendant fair notice of what the
plaintiff’s claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Jackson, 549 F. Supp. 2d at 212 n.17
(citing Supreme Court cases) (emphasis added).
The Supreme Court has explained that such fair notice has the important purpose of
“enabl[ing] the adverse party to answer and prepare for trial” and “facilitat[ing] a proper decision

on the merits” by the court. Jackson, 549 F. Supp. 2d at 212 n.18 (citing Supreme Court cases);
Rusyniak v. Gensini, 629 F. Supp. 2d 203, 213 & n.32 (N.D.N.Y. 2009) (Suddaby, J.) (citing
Second Circuit cases). For this reason, as one commentator has correctly observed, the “liberal”
7
notice pleading standard “has its limits.” 2 Moore’s Federal Practice § 12.34[1][b] at 12-61 (3d
ed. 2003). For example, numerous Supreme Court and Second Circuit decisions exist holding
that a pleading has failed to meet the “liberal” notice pleading standard. Rusyniak, 629 F. Supp.
2d at 213 n.22 (citing Supreme Court and Second Circuit cases); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129

S. Ct. 1937, 1949-52 (2009).
Most notably, in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, the Supreme Court reversed an appellate
decision holding that a complaint had stated an actionable antitrust claim under 15 U.S.C. § 1.
Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007). In doing so, the Court “retire[d]” the
famous statement by the Court in Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957), that “a complaint
should not be dismissed for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the
plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.”

Twombly, 127 S. Ct. at 560-61, 577. Rather than turn on the conceivability of an actionable
claim, the Court clarified, the "fair notice" standard turns on the plausibility of an actionable
claim. Id. at 555-70. The Court explained that, while this does not mean that a pleading need
“set out in detail the facts upon which [the claim is based],” it does mean that the pleading must
contain at least “some factual allegation[s].” Id. at 555. More specifically, the “[f]actual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level [to a plausible
level],” assuming (of course) that all the allegations in the complaint are true. Id.
As for the nature of what is “plausible,” the Supreme Court explained that “[a] claim has

facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009). “[D]etermining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for
8
relief . . . [is] a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial
experience and common sense. . . . [W]here the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to
infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged–but it has not
show[n]–that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1950 (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted). However, while the plausibility standard “asks for more than a sheer
possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully,” id., it “does not impose a probability
requirement.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556.
Because of this requirement of factual allegations plausibly suggesting an entitlement to
relief, “the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in the complaint
is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action,
supported by merely conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. Similarly,

a pleading that only “tenders naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement” will not
suffice. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (internal citations and alterations omitted). Rule 8 “demands
more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. (citations
omitted).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Whether Defendant SUNY Albany Is Immune from Suit Based on the
Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity
After careful consideration, the Court answers this question in the affirmative for the
reasons stated in Defendants’ memorandum of law. (Dkt. No. 14, at 3 [Defs.’ Mem. of Law].)
To those reasons, the Court adds the following analysis.
The Eleventh Amendment bars suit against the states and their instrumentalities unless

9
the state has waived its sovereign immunity or Congress has validly abrogated that immunity.
Virginia Office of Protection and Advocacy v. Stewart, 563 U.S. 247, 253-54 (2011). Courts
within the Second Circuit have held that SUNY (including its individual constituent universities)
“is an agency of the State of New York and thus cannot be sued in federal court absent the

State’s consent.” Gentleman v. State Univ. of New York–Stony Brook, 16-CV-2012, 2017 WL
2468963, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. June 6, 2017); see Dube v. State Univ. of New York, 900 F.2d 587, 594
(2d Cir. 1990) (“For Eleventh Amendment purposes, SUNY ‘is an integral part of the
government of the State of New York and when it is sued the State is the real party.’”); accord,
Wolff v. State Univ. of New York College at Cortland, 13-CV-1397, 2016 WL 9022503, at *16
(N.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2016) (Sannes, J.) (collecting cases); Benbow v. State Univ. of New York–New
Paltz, 11-CV-0870, 2014 WL 1871863, at *10 (N.D.N.Y. May 8, 2014) (Kahn, J.) (collecting

cases); Barsumian v. Williams, 29 F. Supp. 3d 303, 311 (W.D.N.Y. 2014). As a result, unless
this immunity has been waived by the State of New York or abrogated by Congress, Plaintiff’s
claims against Defendant SUNY Albany must be dismissed.
There is no indication that New York has consented to lawsuits pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §
1983 against the state (or its agencies) in federal court. See Kisembo v. New York State Office of
Children and Family Servs., 285 F. Supp. 3d 509, 519 (N.D.N.Y. 2018) (Hurd, J.) (“[T]he State
of New York has not waived its sovereign immunity from § 1983 claims in federal court.”);
Jackson v. Battaglia, 63 F. Supp. 3d 214, 220 (N.D.N.Y. 2014) (Hurd, J.) (“New York has not

waived its sovereign immunity from ADA, § 1981, § 1983, or NYSHRL claims in federal
court.”). Additionally, it is well established that Congress did not express an intent to abrogate
the states’ sovereign immunity for cases arising under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Will v. Michigan
10
Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 64-67 (1989) (holding that Congress did not intend for a state
to qualify as a “person” for the purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and did not clearly express intent
to abrogate the states’ sovereign immunity); Dube, 900 F.2d at 594-95 (holding that the Eleventh
Amendment precluded an action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against SUNY).

Because SUNY is an agency of the State of New York and there is no indication that
either the State of New York or Congress have expressed any intent to override New York’s
sovereign immunity in cases brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the Court finds that
Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant SUNY Albany are precluded by the Eleventh Amendment.1
B. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated a Due Process Claim Upon Which Relief Can
Be Granted
After careful consideration, the Court answers the above question in the negative for the
reasons stated in Defendants’ memorandum of law. (Dkt. No. 14, Attach. 1, at 3-6 [Defs.’ Mem.
of Law].) To those reasons, the Court adds the following analysis.
It is well established that, with regard to claims based on “random, unauthorized acts by
state employees,” “the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment is not violated when a

state employee intentionally deprives an individual of property or liberty, so long as the State
1 The Court notes that the result would be different with regard to Plaintiff’s claim
for discrimination brought pursuant to Title VI. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000d-7(a)(1) (explicitly stating
that “[a] State shall not be immune under the Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of the
United States from suit in Federal court for a violation of . . . title VI of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, or the provision of any other Federal statute prohibiting discrimination by recipients of
Federal financial assistance”). Granted, in her Complaint, Plaintiff did not assert her Title VI
claim against Defendant SUNY Albany. (Dkt. No. 1, at ¶¶ 79-80 [Pl.’s Compl.].) However, in
her opposition memorandum of law, Plaintiff requests to be allowed to amend her Complaint to
assert that claim against SUNY Albany. (Dkt. No. 17, at 13-14 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].)
Because the Eleventh Amendment does not facially bar such a claim, the Court will discuss the
specifics of a claim against Defendant SUNY Albany below in Part III.D. of this Decision and
Order.
11
provides a meaningful postdeprivation remedy.” Hellenic American Neighborhood Action
Committee v. City of New York, 101 F.3d 877, 880 (2d Cir. 1996) (citing Hudson v. Palmer, 468
U.S. 517, 531 [1984]). The Second Circuit has repeatedly recognized that “an Article 78
proceeding is a perfectly adequate postdeprivation remedy” because it “provides both a hearing

and a means of redress for petitioners.” Hellenic American Neighborhood Action Committee,
101 F.3d at 881 (collecting cases); accord, Locurto v. Safir, 264 F.3d 154, 175 (2d Cir. 2001).
Additionally, the mere availability of an Article 78 proceeding is sufficient; the fact that such an
action might at a certain time become barred by the applicable statute of limitations does not
mean that a plaintiff is deprived of due process simply because she has failed to avail herself of
the opportunity to bring such a claim. Id.; see Horton v. Westling, 765 F. App’x 531, 533 (2d
Cir. 2019) (finding that Article 78 provided a meaningful opportunity to challenge the procedures

during suspension and appeal hearings even though the plaintiff did not actually file an Article 78
action); accord, Sindone v. Kelly, 254 F. App’x 58, 59-60 (2d Cir. 2007).
As stated above in Part I.B.2. of this Decision and Order, Plaintiff argues that the
availability of an Article 78 proceeding should not foreclose her ability to seek relief in this Court
under the Due Process Clause because she is alleging violations of her constitutional rights.
(Dkt. No. 17, at 6 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) However, the Second Circuit has indicated
clearly that “constitutional issues can be decided in Article 78 proceedings.” Hellenic American
Neighborhood Action Committee, 101 F.3d at 881. Similarly, Plaintiff’s arguments about

whether or not she exhausted internal or state remedies (and whether or not she was required to
do so) are immaterial because the established law indicates that there exists no constitutional
violation (and thus no basis for a claim pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983) “where there is an

12
adequate state postdeprivation procedure to remedy a random, arbitrary deprivation of property
or liberty.” Id. at 881-82 (citing Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 132 [1990]; Parratt v. Taylor,
451 U.S. 527, 541 [1981]; Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517 531, 533 [1984]). Plaintiff had the
opportunity to raise all of her current grievances about the alleged due process violations in an

Article 78 proceeding and thus was provided with an adequate state postdeprivation remedy.
For all of these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s due process claims must be
dismissed.2
C. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated an Equal Protection Claim Upon Which Relief
Can Be Granted
After careful consideration, the Court answers the above question in the negative for the
reasons stated in Defendants’ memorandum of law. (Dkt. No. 14, Attach.1, at 6-7 [Defs.’ Mem.
of Law].) To these reasons, the Court adds the following analysis.
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that a state shall not
“deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Constitution,
amend. XIV, § 1. Two claims exist arising from a violation of the Equal Protection Clause: (1) a

selective enforcement claim; and (2) a “class-of-one” claim.

2 The Court notes that this dismissal applies also to Plaintiff’s separately asserted
claim that her due process rights were violated by Defendants’ actions in obtaining her
intellectual property “without following SUNY at Albany regulations established for students
[sic] voluntary assignment of intellectual property.” (Dkt. No. 17, at 3-4 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of
Law].) The Court notes that the constitutional provision cited by Plaintiff as a basis for this
claim provides no individual right to intellectual property, but merely establishes Congress’
power to establish intellectual property laws. U.S. Constitution, Article I, § 8. Because
Plaintiff’s claim is, at bottom, one that Defendants deprived her of her intellectual property
without due process, the above-discussed rationale related to her more generic due process claim
(arising from her grades, her complaint, and her dismissal) applies equally to her intellectual
property-based claim.
13
“To prevail on a claim of selective enforcement, plaintiffs in this Circuit traditionally
have been required to show both (1) that they were treated differently from other similarly
situated individuals, and (2) that such differential treatment was based on ‘impermissible
considerations such as race, religion, intent to inhibit or punish the exercise of constitutional

rights, or malicious or bad faith intent to injure a person.’” Harlen Assocs. v. Inc. Vill. of
Mineola, 273 F.3d 494, 499 (2d Cir. 2001); accord, AYDM Assocs., LLC v. Town of Pamelia,
205 F. Supp. 3d 252, 265 (N.D.N.Y. 2016) (D’Agostino, J.). For a selective enforcement claim,
the plaintiff must identify comparators who are “roughly equivalent” but there need not be an
exact correlation between the plaintiff and the comparators. AYDM Assocs., LLC, 205 F. Supp.
3d at 265.
By comparison, a class-of-one claim can be brought where “a plaintiff is intentionally

treated differently from others similarly situated and ‘there is no rational basis for the difference
in treatment.’” AYDM Assocs., LLC, 205 F. Supp. 3d at 268 (quoting Vill. of Willowbrook v.
Olech, 528 U.S. 562, 564 [2000]). For a class-of-one claim, the plaintiff must “show an
extremely high degree of similarity between themselves and the persons to whom they compare
themselves,” such that “the plaintiff and the comparator must be ‘prima facie identical in all
relevant respects.’” AYDM Assocs., LLC, 205 F. Supp. 3d at 268.
Plaintiff argues that she is not required to allege facts plausibly suggesting that she was
treated differently than other individuals because she is alleging that Defendants selectively

enforced their own policies with respect to her and her grades, and that the mere fact that they
failed to follow their own policies with respect to her is sufficient to show that she was
intentionally treated differently than everyone else to whom the policies were faithfully applied.
14
(Dkt. No. 17, at 8 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) As can be seen from the Court’s recitation of the
relevant law applicable to both the selective enforcement and class-of-one theories, Plaintiff is
incorrect that she is not required to allege the existence of similarly situated comparators, but
rather must do so (to varying degrees) regardless of which theory she is proceeding under.

As Defendants argue, Plaintiff has not alleged any potential comparators in her
Complaint; in particular, she offers no factual allegations plausibly suggesting that other students
in her specific Ph. D. program were not subject to similar conduct (i.e., having grades withheld
and/or being assigned to complete work related to their professor’s classes without intellectual
property agreements). The fact that Defendants allegedly deviated from the university’s own
policies with respect to her does not, by itself, plausibly suggest an equal protection claim
without any factual allegations that those same rules were applied as written to other similarly

situated individuals. Consequently, because Plaintiff has failed to make any allegations about
comparators, she has not stated an equal protection claim as a matter of law. See C.T. v. Valley
Stream Union Free Sch. Dist., 201 F. Supp. 3d 307, 322 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (dismissing equal
protection claim where the plaintiff provided only a conclusory assertion that he was treated
differently than his nondisabled peers but failed to identify any similarly situated comparator).
For all of these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s equal protection claim must be
dismissed.
D. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated a Discrimination Claim Upon Which Relief
Can Be Granted
After careful consideration, the Court answers this question in the negative for the
reasons stated in Defendants’ memorandum of law. (Dkt. No. 14, Attach. 1, at 7-9 [Defs.’ Mem.

15
of Law].) To those reasons, the Court adds the following analysis.
The discrimination statute relied on by Plaintiff, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d, states that “[n]o
person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded
from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any

program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. However, “Title
VI claims cannot be asserted against an individual defendant because the individual is not the
recipient of federal funding.” Goonewardena v. New York, 475 F. Supp. 2d 310, 328 (S.D.N.Y.
2007) (citing Folkes v. New York College of Osteopathic Medicine, 214 F. Supp. 2d 273, 292
[E.D.N.Y. 2002]); see also Verdi v. City of New York, 306 F. Supp. 3d 532, 542 (S.D.N.Y. 2018)
(“Title VI does not provide for individual liability.”); TC v. Valley Cent. Sch. Dist., 777 F. Supp.
2d 577, 593-94 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (finding that individuals could not be held liable under Title VI

in either his or her personal or official capacity).
Plaintiff has asserted this claim against Defendant Barbadoro only. (Dkt. No. 1, at ¶¶ 79-
80 [Pl.’s Compl.].) Because Defendant Barbadoro is an individual defendant and not a recipient
of any federal funding to SUNY Albany, she cannot be held liable for any violation of Title VI.
As discussed above in note 2 of this Decision and Order, Plaintiff has requested to amend
her Complaint to add Defendant SUNY Albany to her discrimination claim, arguing in particular
that Defendant SUNY Albany is liable for the actions of Defendant Barbadoro because she was
its employee and was acting within the scope of her authority and employment. (Dkt. No. 17, at

13-14 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) As an initial matter, the Court notes that Plaintiff has not
alleged that Defendant SUNY Albany is a recipient of federal funds. (Dkt. No. 1 [Pl.’s Compl.].)
In any event, even assuming that Defendant SUNY Albany is a recipient of federal funds
16
(and that Defendant SUNY Albany is therefore not protected from this claim by sovereign
immunity), the Court finds that Plaintiff still has not stated a claim of discrimination under Title
VI. To state such a claim, a plaintiff must allege facts plausibly suggesting that (a) the defendant
discriminated against her on the basis of race, color, or national origin, (b) the discrimination was

intentional, and (c) the discrimination was a “substantial” or “motivating factor” for the
defendant’s actions. Tolbert v. Queens College, 242 F.3d 58, 69 (2d Cir. 2001) (collecting
cases).
The following allegations constitute the basis of Plaintiff’s Title VI claim: (a) she
submitted a complaint to the Office of Equity and Compliance reporting Defendant Lin’s conduct
of retaining of her grades for courses in fall 2015 and spring 2016 and assigning her to create (for
credit) materials to be used in one of Dr. Lin’s lecture courses; (b) Defendant Barbadoro initially

told her she would review her complaint and schedule a phone conversation between them for
that purpose; (c) when Plaintiff later provided an international phone number for that call,
Defendant Barbadoro stated “I did not realize that you were not in the United States at this time,”
“I think you may have been directed to the wrong office,” and “our office is not the appropriate
office to handle this matter, and I am sorry that you were improperly referred here”; and (d) the
Office of Equity and Compliance is responsible for responding to complaints of unlawful
discrimination and oversees compliance with internal, state, and federal laws that prohibit
discriminatory behaviors. (Dkt. No. 1, at ¶¶ 40-44 [Pl.’s Compl.].) Plaintiff also alleges that,

approximately a month after her last contact with Defendant Barbadoro, Assistant Dean for
Student Affairs at the School of Public Health Caitlin Reid informed her that Defendant SUNY
Albany was conducting an investigation into her complaint, the outcome of which was conveyed
17
to her in May 2019. (Id. at ¶¶ 40, 44-45.)
As noted above, Plaintiff has not alleged any basis for holding Defendant SUNY Albany
liable under Title VI other than the actions taken by Defendant Barbadoro. (Dkt. No. 17, at 13-
14 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) However, these alleged actions do not plausibly suggest that

Plaintiff was discriminated against on the basis of her national origin, much less that any such
discrimination was intentional and that the actions were substantially motivated by
discrimination. Plaintiff acknowledges that her complaint was eventually investigated by the
university, but takes issue with the fact that Defendant Barbadoro asserted that the Office of
Equity and Compliance was not the proper office to perform that investigation. However,
nothing in Plaintiff’s allegations plausibly suggests that her complaint was in fact within the
scope of that office’s responsibility. Specifically, Plaintiff acknowledges that the Office of

Equity and Compliance handles complaints related to discrimination. However, nothing in her
Complaint plausibly suggests that her complaint to that office was in any way related to
discrimination; rather, all her allegations relate to the fact that Defendant Lin improperly
withheld her grades and forced her to do work that benefitted Defendant Lin. In her opposition
memorandum of law, Plaintiff notes that Defendant Barbadoro informed her that Ms. Reid’s
office would be the more appropriate office to handle such “academic concerns.” (Dkt. No. 17,
at 11-12 [Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) Although Plaintiff might have believed that her
complaint related to “illegal treatment,” there are absolutely no factual allegations plausibly

suggesting that Defendant Lin’s reported conduct was motivated by discrimination, or that
Plaintiff asserted in her complaint that those actions were based on discrimination. (Dkt. No. 1,
at ¶¶ 40-44 [Pl.’s Compl.].)
18
Indeed, Plaintiff did not allege that Defendant Barbadoro was aware of her national origin
at the time she told Plaintiff that her office was not the proper place for that complaint, only that
Plaintiff had an international phone number and was not located in the United States at that time;
Plaintiff does not even allege that Defendant Barbadoro knew what country Plaintiff’s phone

number was from. (Dkt. No. 1, at ¶ 41 [Pl.’s Compl.].) Moreover, Plaintiff has not alleged how,
in referring Plaintiff’s complaint to a different office in the university, Defendant Barbadoro
“was denying Plaintiff her right to report the violations to her legal rights.” (Dkt. No. 17, at 12
[Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. of Law].) Rather, she acknowledges in the Complaint that an investigation
was conducted by the university, the outcome of which was conveyed to her in May 2019. (Id. at
¶¶ 40, 44-45.) Plaintiff was therefore, by her own admission, not denied the ability to seek
redress on her complaint. The fact that she believes that the Office of Equity and Compliance

should have performed that investigation rather than Ms. Reid’s office does not give rise to a
discrimination claim.
Finally, even if Plaintiff had alleged sufficient facts to plausibly allege Title VI
discrimination, Plaintiff is incorrect in arguing that Defendant SUNY Albany can be held
vicariously liable for the actions of its employees in the absence of any direct involvement by it
in the conduct. Rather, “[l]iability under Title VI, which parallels that of Title IX, cannot be
imputed to institutions based on the actions of their employees.” See Goonewardena, 475 F.
Supp. 2d at 329 (finding that plaintiff’s claims against CUNY pursuant to Title VI based solely

on the actions of its employees must be dismissed due to the unavailability of vicarious liability
under that statute); Baird v. State Univ. of New York, 08-CV-0388, 2010 WL 4781305, at *7
(N.D.N.Y. Nov. 17, 2010) (Sharpe, J.) (“[T]o the extent Baird seeks to hold SUNY and Empire
19
liable for the conduct of defendants Benke or Corrigan, or any other employee, those [Title VI]
claims are dismissed.”), rev’d in part on other grounds by 2011 WL 196886 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 20,
2011) (Sharpe, J.). Because all of Plaintiff’s allegations related to the claim of discrimination are
based on the actions of Defendant Barbadoro, and because Plaintiff herself argues that the only

basis for liability against Defendant SUNY Albany is its status as Defendant Barbadoro’s
employer, Plaintiff’s request to amend her Complaint to assert her discrimination claim against
Defendant SUNY Albany is denied on the ground that such amendment would be futile.
For all of these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s discrimination claim pursuant to
Title VI must be dismissed.
E. Whether Plaintiff Has Stated a Conspiracy Claim Upon Which Relief Can Be
Granted
After careful consideration, the Court answers this question in the negative for the
reasons stated in Defendants’ memorandum of law. (Dkt. No. 14, Attach. 1, at 10-11 [Defs.’
Mem. of Law].) To those reasons, the Court adds the following analysis.
“To prove a § 1983 conspiracy, a plaintiff must show: (1) an agreement between two or

more state actors or between a state actor and a private entity; (2) to act in concert to inflict an
unconstitutional injury; and (3) an overt act done in furtherance of that goal causing damage.”
Thomas v. City of Troy, 293 F. Supp. 3d 282, 303 (N.D.N.Y. 2018) (quoting Pangburn v.
Culbertson, 200 F.3d 65, 72 [2d Cir. 1999]); see Webster v. Fischer, 694 F. Supp. 2d 163, 194
(N.D.N.Y. 2010) (Kahn, J.) (“To sustain a conspiracy claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff
must demonstrate that a defendant ‘acted in a willful manner, culminating in an agreement,
understanding or meeting of the minds, that violated the plaintiff’s rights . . . secured by the

20
Constitution or the federal courts.’”). “Conclusory, vague or general allegations of a conspiracy
to deprive a person of constitutional rights do not state a claim for relief under section 1983.”
Webster, 694 F. Supp. 2d at 194 (citing Sommer v. Dixon, 709 F.2d 173, 175 [2d Cir. 1983]).
Here, Plaintiff’s Complaint has not included any factual allegations plausibly suggesting

an agreement between any of the Defendants to take the alleged actions against Plaintiff, nor any
factual allegations plausibly suggesting that the actions taken by the individual Defendants were
anything more than separate acts; the fact that all their alleged actions were detrimental to
Plaintiff’s interests does not make them part of a conspiracy without allegations that those
actions were all part of an agreement. Because Plaintiff has offered nothing but vague and
conclusory allegations that a conspiracy existed between the Defendants, she has failed to state a
claim of conspiracy pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

For all of these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s conspiracy claim must be
dismissed.
F. Whether Plaintiff Should Pe Permitted an Opportunity to Amend Her
Complaint Before the Dismissal of Her Action
Having found that all of Plaintiff’s claims must be dismissed due to her failure to state a
claim upon which relief can be granted, the Court must consider whether, out of special
solicitude to her as a pro se litigant, Plaintiff should be afforded an opportunity to amend her
Complaint because she has indicated an ability to remedy the pleading defects identified by the
Court. See Gomez v. USAA Fed. Sav. Bank, 171 F.3d 794, 795-96 (2d Cir. 1999) (“[T]he court
should not dismiss without granting leave to amend at least once when a liberal reading of the
complaint gives any indication that a valid claim might be stated.”). After carefully considering

21
the matter, the Court finds that, before it dismisses her action, it should afford Plaintiff a further
opportunity to allege any facts she might have plausibly suggesting the existence of similarly
situated persons now that she is fully aware (as a result of this Decision and Order) that such
allegations are necessary to state an equal protection claim.

The Court notes, however, that it need not, and does not, provide Plaintiff an opportunity
to amend (a) her due process claims (including her claim based on her intellectual property
rights), (b) her claims asserted against Defendant SUNY Albany pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
(c) her discrimination claim against Defendant Barbadoro, and (d) her proposed discrimination
claim against Defendant SUNY Albany; the defects in those claims, for the reasons identified
above, cannot be cured by any amendment, and thus any opportunity to amend those claims
would be futile. The Court also finds that an opportunity to amend her conspiracy claim would

also be futile because she has provided no indication that she can allege facts plausibly
suggesting that any of the Defendants acted in accordance with an agreement; rather, the facts as
alleged in her Complaint and in her opposition memorandum of law reflect that Plaintiff’s
conspiracy claim is based on nothing more than an assumption that, because Defendants all acted
as they did, they must have agreed or conspired in their actions. Such vague allegations do not
indicate that Plaintiff can allege facts plausibly suggesting the existence of a conspiracy. These
specific claims are therefore dismissed with prejudice regardless of whether she chooses to file
an Amended Complaint.

ACCORDINGLY, it is
ORDERED that Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Dkt. No. 14) is GRANTED; and it is
further
22
ORDERED that the following claims are DISMISSED with prejudice:
(1) Plaintiffs First and Fourth Claims asserting a violation of her due process rights;
(2) Plaintiff's Third Claim asserting discrimination pursuant to Title VI; and
(3) Plaintiff's Fifth Claim asserting the existence of a conspiracy; and it is further
ORDERED that Defendant SUNY Albany is DISMISSED from this action; and it is
further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's Second Claim asserting a violation of her equal protection
rights is conditionally DISMISSED, such that that claim in the Complaint shall be DISMISSED
from this action with prejudice and without further order of this Court UNLESS, within
THIRTY (30) DAYS from the date of this Decision and Order, she files an AMENDED
COMPLAINT correcting the pleading defects as identified above in this Decision and Order;
and it is further
ORDERED that any Amended Complaint that Plaintiff chooses to file shall be a
complete pleading, which will supercede her original Complaint in all respects, and may not
incorporate any portion of her original Complaint by reference, in accordance with Local Rule
7.1(a)(4) of the District’s Local Rules of Practice;’ and it is further
ORDERED that any Amended Complaint that Plaintiff chooses to file may not reassert
any claims that have been dismissed with prejudice by this Decision and Order; and it is further
ORDERED that nothing in this Decision and Order shall preclude Defendants from

3 Plaintiff is respectfully advised to, in her Amended Complaint, repeat the relevant
factual allegations in both her Complaint and opposition memorandum of law in addition to
adding new relevant factual allegations in accordance with the Court’s decision.
23

again moving to dismiss the remaining claim in this action for failure to state a claim to the
extent that Defendants can demonstrate that Plaintiff has, in re-pleading that claim, failed to
comply with the Decision and Order.
Dated: May 19, 2020
Syracuse, New York

Hon. Glenn T. Suddaby
Chief U.S. District Judg

24

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10312846. Public record. Not legal advice.