# Yarrington v. Candor Central School District

> District Court, N.D. New York · March 27, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10312698

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. New York
- **Decided:** March 27, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

AMANDA YARRINGTON,
Plaintiff,

v. 3:18-CV-1250
(FJS/ML)
CANDOR CENTRAL SCHOOL DISTRICT;
JEFFREY J. KISLOSKI, individually and in
his Official Capacity as Superintendent of Schools
for the Candor Central School District; BERN
SMITH, individually and in his Official Capacity
as Director of Operations for the Candor Central
School District; DAREN JENSEN, individually
and in his Official Capacity as Transportation
Supervisor for the Candor Central School
District; and GREG NICHOLS, individually and
in his Official Capacity as Mechanic for the Candor
Central School District,

Defendants.

APPEARANCES OF COUNSEL

LAW OFFICES OF RONALD R. BENJAMIN RONALD R. BENJAMIN, ESQ.
126 Riverside Drive
P.O. Box 607
Binghamton, New York 13902
Attorneys for Plaintiff

THE LAW FIRM OF FRANK W. MILLER CHARLES C. SPAGNOLI, ESQ.
499 S. Warren St. Suite 3050 FRANK W. MILLER, ESQ.
Syracuse, New York 13057 GIANCARLO FACCIPONTE, ESQ.
Attorneys for Defendants

SCULLIN, Senior Judge
MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER
I. INTRODUCTION
Amanda Yarrington (“Plaintiff”), a bus driver for the Candor Central School District
(“Defendant District”), brought this action based on gender discrimination against Defendant

District, its Superintendent (“Defendant Kisloski”), its Director of Operations (“Defendant
Smith”), its Transportation Supervisor (“Defendant Jensen”), and its former Chief Mechanic
(“Defendant Nichols”) seeking compensatory damages, punitive damages, and attorney’s fees.
See generally Dkt. No. 1, Compl. Pending before the Court are Defendants’ motion for
judgment on the pleadings, see Dkt. No. 13, and their motion for summary judgment, see Dkt.
No. 58, pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.1

II. BACKGROUND
The majority of Plaintiff’s gender-discrimination claims stem from issues with Defendant
Nichols.2 Plaintiff worked for Defendant District for four or five years before she began having
issues with Defendant Nichols in 2005. See Dkt. No. 58-2, Defs’ Stmt. of Facts, at ¶¶ 1, 8, 15.3

1 Defendants filed the pending motion for judgment on the pleadings on February 25, 2019.
The parties conducted discovery while awaiting the Court’s decision on that motion, and
Defendants later filed the pending motion for summary judgment on January 31, 2020. The
Court addresses both motions in this Memorandum-Decision and Order.

2 Although, in her complaint, Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant Smith engaged in gender-
based discrimination for using the word “cunt” in the workplace, saying women bus drivers
were “cancer” within Defendant District, and making a comment that women should be born
without tongues so that they cannot talk but can still perform oral sex. See id. at ¶ 24; see also
Dkt. No. 1 at ¶¶ 25-26. However, Plaintiff admits that she never reported Smith’s remarks to
anyone. See Dkt. No. 58-2, Defs’ Stmt. of Facts, at ¶ 24. She also never made any complaints
about Defendants Jensen or Kisloski and admits that Defendant Kisloski never used any
inappropriate language in the workplace. See id. at ¶¶ 29-30.
3 The Court references Plaintiff’s Response to Defs’ Stmt. of Material Facts, see Dkt. No. 60-1,
when there are minor discrepancies, such as word-choice or conclusions of law; but the Court
emphasizes that all of the facts in this section are undisputed.
Generally, those issues included Defendant Nichols being silent to her, leaving notes on her bus
to clean it, giving her the finger once while they were driving past each other, swearing at her,
raising his voice, slamming doors, and once throwing a ladder (though Plaintiff admits she was
not at work when the ladder was supposedly thrown). See id. at ¶¶ 16-18, 20. Plaintiff

complained of these issues to her first-level supervisor, Defendant Jensen, her second level
supervisor, Defendant Smith, and later to Defendant Kisloski. See id. at ¶¶ 13, 16, 35-38.
Plaintiff admits, however, that she never made any accusations against Defendant Nichols of
gender-based discrimination. See id. at ¶ 34. Plaintiff met with all three of her supervisors in
February of 2016 about her issues with Defendant Nichols, in which Defendant Kisloski
informed her that the two would learn to get along or one or both of them would be fired. See
id. at ¶ 44. After this meeting, Plaintiff tried to “avoid” Defendant Nichols, but there was no
substantial change in their relationship, and they continued to have problems. See id. at ¶¶ 52,
58-59, 64-65.
Two events in particular ultimately led to Plaintiff’s termination. First, sometime in October

of 2016, Plaintiff deviated approximately four miles in total from her bus route while
transporting children from TST BOCES in Ithaca back to Defendant District so that she could
look for recycled glass bottles to use for crafts. See id. at ¶¶ 73, 83; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 73.
Plaintiff did not have permission to deviate from her route in that manner. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at
¶ 80.
Second, on December 6, 2016, Plaintiff parked her bus in front of a garage bay door, thus
blocking the entrance and exit; and Defendant Nichols told her she could not leave her bus
there. See id. at ¶ 86; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 86. The parties argued, and Plaintiff testified that
Defendant Nichols was “loud” and used profanity during the dispute. See Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 86.
Plaintiff admits that she was aware that she was not supposed to leave her bus in front of the
garage bay door in that manner and that Defendant Jensen eventually moved the bus for her
during the incident in an attempt to diffuse the situation. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶¶ 87-88. After

Defendant Smith arrived at the bus garage, he directed Plaintiff to sit in her car; and she refused
before ultimately complying with his direction. See id. at ¶ 96.
Plaintiff met with Defendants Kisloski and Smith on December 8, 2016, to discuss her
detour from her bus route in October and the incident on December 6th. See id. at ¶ 105. At the
meeting, Plaintiff admitted to the facts surrounding the October 2016 detour; and, as a result of
her admission, she was placed on administrative leave. See id. at ¶¶ 105, 110. In late
December of 2016, Defendant District notified Plaintiff that she was subject to disciplinary
charges and would be provided a Civil Service Law Section 75 hearing. See id. at ¶ 114.
Defendant District filed four disciplinary charges against Plaintiff on December 20,
2016, all stemming from her bus route deviation in October 2016 and her altercation with

Defendants Nichols and Smith on December 6, 2016. See id. at ¶ 115. The section 75
disciplinary hearing took place on January 20, 2017, before a hearing officer. See id. at ¶ 123.
During the hearing, Plaintiff was represented by counsel, had the ability to examine and cross-
examine witnesses, and testified on her own behalf. See id. at ¶¶ 123-124, 126. On March 3,
2017, the hearing officer found that Plaintiff was guilty of misconduct because she (1) took an
unauthorized detour in October of 2016, (2) acted “unprofessionally” with Defendant Nichols
on December 6, 2016, and (3) was insubordinate when she did not comply with Defendant
Smith’s first directive to leave the building on December 6, 2016. See generally Dkt. No. 58-
20, Ex. N, Hearing Officer’s Findings of Fact and Recommendation. On March 7, 2017,
Defendant District’s Board of Education adopted the hearing officer’s findings of fact and
terminated Plaintiff’s employment. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 193.
During the course of these events, Plaintiff filed two complaints with the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”), which were also filed with the New York
State Division of Human Rights (“NYSDHR”), alleging discrimination and retaliation.4

Plaintiff’s retaliation claim stemmed from a report Defendant Kisloski received on January 25,
2017, that Plaintiff had carried a pistol in her purse while driving her bus in 2014 or 2015. See
Dkt. No. 13-5, Ex. F. The NYSDHR found no probable cause for either claim. See Dkt. Nos.
13-6, Ex. F and 13-7, Ex. H. Plaintiff then filed her complaint in the instant action on October
23, 2018. See generally Dkt. No. 1.5

III. DISCUSSION
A. Legal standards
“The standard for granting a Rule 12(c) motion for judgment on the pleadings is identical to
that of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a claim.” Patel v. Contemporary Classics of
Beverly Hills, 259 F.3d 123, 126 (2d Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). Thus, when considering
such a motion, a court must “‘construe plaintiff[’s] complaint liberally, accepting all factual
allegations in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiff[’s]
favor.’” Selevan v. N.Y. Thruway Auth., 584 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted).

4 There is some dispute regarding the dates on which Plaintiff filed these complaints. The Court
addresses this issue later in the Memorandum-Decision and Order.

5 Plaintiff’s complaint is drafted so poorly that the Court cannot discern what causes of action
she is alleging. Relying on the arguments set forth in the parties’ submissions, the Court
surmises that her causes of action are based on gender discrimination, retaliation, and a hostile
work environment pursuant to Title VII and individual and municipal liability based on gender
discrimination brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See generally Dkt. No. 1.
Although a plaintiff is not required to plead “detailed factual allegations,” a plaintiff is required
to plead “more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause
of action…” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929
(2007) (citation omitted). Finally, in deciding a motion for judgment on the pleadings, a court

may consider the pleadings, documents attached thereto as exhibits, documents incorporated by
reference, documents that are integral to the complaint, and matters upon which the court may
take judicial notice. See Holland v. City of New York, No. 10 Civ. 2525 (PKC) (RLE), 2011
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 144941, *9 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 16, 2011) (quotations and other citations omitted).
Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure governs motions for summary judgment.
Under this Rule, the entry of summary judgment is warranted “if the movant shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). When deciding a summary judgment motion, a court must resolve
any ambiguities and draw all reasonable inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving
party. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986) (citation omitted).

B. Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings
1. Exhaustion of administrative remedies
The only issue Defendants raised in their motion for judgment on the pleadings that they did
not reargue in their motion for summary judgment was whether the Court should dismiss some
of Plaintiff’s claims for failure to exhaust her administrative remedies. Specifically, Defendants
argue that Plaintiff did not include claims for disparate impact or pattern or practice
discrimination in her EEOC complaint and that these claims are not reasonably related to the
instances of discrimination that she alleged in her complaint. See Dkt. No. 25, Defs’ Reply in
Support of Mot. on Pleadings, at 8-9. Defendants also assert that Plaintiff is limited to the
factual allegations of acts of discrimination included in her EEOC complaint. See id. at 9.
“A plaintiff may bring an employment discrimination action under Title VII … only
after filing a timely charge with the EEOC or with ‘a State or local agency with authority to

grant or seek relief from such practice.’” Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., Inc., 258 F.3d 62, 82-83
(2d Cir. 2001) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)) (other citation omitted). “Exhaustion of
remedies is a precondition to suit … and a plaintiff typically may raise in a district court
complaint only those claims that either were included in or are ‘reasonably related to’ the
allegations contained in her EEOC charge.” Id. at 83 (citations omitted). “A claim raised for
the first time in the district court is ‘reasonably related’ to allegations in an EEOC charge
‘where the conduct complained of would fall within the scope of the EEOC investigation which
can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of discrimination.’” Id. (quoting Butts [v.
City of New York Dep’t of Hous. Pres. & Dev.], 990 F.2d [1397,] 1402 [(2d Cir. 1993)] (internal
quotation marks omitted)). The Second Circuit has “described this as ‘essentially an allowance

of loose pleading.’” Id. (citing [Butts, 990 F.2d at 1402]) (footnote omitted). The Supreme
Court in Patsy v. Bd. of Regents, however, “held very broadly that exhaustion of administrative
remedies is not required in a § 1983 action.” Branch v. Guilderland Cent. Sch. Dist., 239 F.
Supp. 2d 242, 251 n.6 (N.D.N.Y. 2003) (Hurd, J.) (citing [Patsy v. Bd. of Regents,] 457 U.S.
[496] 516, 102 S. Ct. 2557, [(1982)]).
Thus, to avoid dismissal based on failure to exhaust administrative remedies, Plaintiff
must have complained about gender-based discrimination, retaliation, and the alleged hostile
work environment in her complaints to the NYSDHR and EEOC. However, Plaintiff was not
required to allege facts supporting her individual or municipal liability claims against
Defendants for gender discrimination brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
In her first EEOC complaint, Plaintiff stated that she was a female and a qualified
individual with a disability (a heart condition) who had worked as a bus driver for Defendant

District since May 17, 2001. See Dkt. No. 13-4, Ex. E, at 4. Plaintiff alleged that, beginning on
or about 2006 and continuing to date, she was subjected to “unwelcome comments and actions
because of [her] gender.” See id. Plaintiff claimed that there was a “boy’s club” atmosphere
where profanity was common, and someone had gone through her locker and personal items.
See id. Plaintiff further alleged that, on or about December 6, 2016, she was in a verbal
altercation with her boss and she was “falsely accused of insubordination[.]” See id. Plaintiff
claimed that the symptoms of her disability became very severe and she asked for time to calm
down as a reasonable accommodation in order to seek medical assistance. See id. Plaintiff
alleged that her request was denied, and she was told to go sit in her car. See id.
Plaintiff further alleged that, as a result, she was hospitalized and taken out of work. See

id. at 6. Plaintiff claimed that, when she turned in her doctor’s excuse for her absence,
Defendant Kisloski requested that she report to his office the next day. See id. Plaintiff claimed
that she was served papers and put on administrative leave within minutes of turning in her sick
leave papers. See id. Plaintiff also alleged that, when she returned to work, she was accused of
confrontation, insubordination, and going off-route. See id. Plaintiff claimed that, when she
spoke with the Defendant Kisloski, he threatened her and told her to resign. See id. Plaintiff
further complained that she had been subjected to a hostile, offensive, and intimidating work
environment because of her gender and disability in willful violation of Title VII and the ADA.
See id.
In Plaintiff’s second complaint with the EEOC, she stated that “[o]n or about January
12, 2017, I filed an [EEOC] charge of discrimination” and, “[o]n or about January 25, 2017, I
was informed that [Defendant District] had pressed criminal charges against me for carrying a
pistol on a bus.” See Dkt. No. 13-5, Ex. F, at 4. Plaintiff alleged that such accusation was

“absolutely false.” See id. However, Plaintiff claimed she was told that, if she resigned from
her position and withdrew her charge with the EEOC, the criminal charges would be dropped.
See id. Plaintiff further claimed that, on or about March 7, 2017, she was terminated. See id. at
6. Plaintiff alleged that she “believed [Defendant District] falsely accused [her] of carrying a
pistol, pressed criminal charges against [her] and terminated [her] in retaliation for having filed
a prior EEOC charge…” See id.
Under the “loose” pleading standard described in Holtz, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s
additional allegations in her complaint in this action were “reasonably related” to her
complaints to the NYSDHR and EEOC that she was discriminated and retaliated against
because of her gender and that she suffered a hostile work environment. Regarding Defendants’

claims that Plaintiff did not allege a “policy or practice” in these complaints, this does not
preclude her from bringing claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in federal court as there is “no
exhaustion of remedies” requirement. See Branch, 239 F. Supp. 2d at 251 n.6. Thus, the Court
denies Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings based on the theory of failure to
exhaust administrative remedies.

C. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment
1. Collateral estoppel
Defendants argue that Plaintiff is bound by the section 75 hearing officer’s findings of
fact and recommendation. See Dkt. No. 58-1, Defs’ Memorandum in Support Mot. Summ. J, at
7-10. “State law governs the preclusive effects in federal court of a state administrative
agency’s quasi-judicial findings.” Matusick v. Erie Cnty. Water Auth., 757 F.3d 31, 45 (2d Cir.
2014) (citations omitted). “‘New York courts give quasi-judicial administrative fact-finding
preclusive effect where there has been a full and fair opportunity to litigate.’” Id. (quoting

Burkybile v. Bd. of Educ. of Hastings-On-Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 411 F.3d 306, 310 (2d
Cir.), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1062, 126 S. Ct. 801, 163 L. Ed. 2d 628 (2005)). “This rule applies
to findings made by administrative officers after conducting section 75 hearings.” Id. (citing
e.g., In re Cheeseboro, 84 A.D.3d 1635, 1636, 923 N.Y.S.2d 772, 773 (3d Dep’t 2011)
(deciding that a finding of fact by a section 75 hearing officer that unemployment-insurance
applicant had been terminated from prior employment for cause had preclusive effect with
regard to a denial of a benefits application)).
“Like a prior judicial finding of fact, in order to have preclusive effect over a subsequent
fact-finding or legal analysis, a prior administrative determination must have resolved the
identical issue, and the issue must have been actually and finally decided in the prior

adjudication.” Id. (citing Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27 (1982)) (footnote omitted).
“But even if an identical issue was necessarily decided in the prior proceeding, issue preclusion
does not apply unless there was ‘a full and fair opportunity [for the party against whom
preclusion is sought] to contest the decision now said to be controlling.’” Id. at 45-46 (quoting
Buechel v. Bain, 97 N.Y.2d 295, 304, 766 N.E.2d 914, 919, 740 N.Y.S.3d 252, 257 (2001)).
In Matusick, the section 75 hearing related to the defendant’s articulated basis for
terminating the plaintiff. See id. at 47-48. The Second Circuit noted that there was no
indication that the hearing officer was ever presented with evidence that the charges against the
plaintiff were motivated, even in part, by an intent to discriminate, which was “at the heart” of
the disparate treatment claims in the federal case. See id. at 48. Furthermore, the court stated
that there was no indication that, had the hearing officer heard the evidence, it would have been
within his statutorily defined authority to review that allegation, or that he would have found
that the plaintiff’s termination was warranted. See id. This is because “[a] section 75 hearing

officer’s sole responsibility is to consider whether the state employee facing charges has been
‘incompeten[t] or [committed] misconduct.’” Id. at 48 n.11 (quoting N.Y. Civ. Serv. Law
§ 75(1)).
Nonetheless, the Second Circuit ruled that the hearing officer made findings of fact that
bore on the issues raised on appeal, i.e., that the plaintiff “had actually committed misconduct
and that his conduct at work evinced an incompetence and carelessness not befitting his role as
a dispatcher for a water authority.” Id. at 48. The court found that, because the section 75
framework substantially differs from the legal framework for state and federal employment
discrimination law, the hearing officer’s conclusions did not preclude the jury from finding that
the plaintiff was terminated for other, additional reasons, such as discrimination or retaliation.

See id. at 49. The Second Circuit ultimately held that the plaintiff was precluded from arguing
that he had failed to perform some of his duties, and “[t]he factual findings supporting the
hearing officer’s ultimate conclusion” must be accepted by the jury, even if the jury found that
defendants terminated the plaintiff for illegal reasons. Id. (emphasis in original).
In other words, a plaintiff “is precluded from arguing that she did not engage in
‘misconduct/insubordination’” but she is not precluded from arguing that she “’was also’ …
terminated ‘at least in part because’ of discrimination or retaliation.” Imperato v. Otsego Cnty.
Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. 3:13-cv-1594 (BKS/DEP), 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 50155, *41 (N.D.N.Y.
Apr. 14, 2016) (quotation omitted).
Here, the hearing officer made several findings of fact, including that Plaintiff
committed misconduct by knowingly deviating from her bus route in October of 2016, without
approval from anyone in Defendant District, in hopes of finding discarded wine bottles at “The
Barn” that she could use to make tiki torches. See Dkt. No. 58-20, Ex. N at 5-6. The hearing

officer also found that Plaintiff’s failure to move her bus from in front of the garage door
constituted misconduct and that she “created an unnecessary problem” by leaving her bus out
front. See id. at 7-9. Furthermore, the hearing officer found that Plaintiff’s reaction to
Defendant Nichols’s request that she move the bus amounted to “an unprofessional verbal
tirade” which was “inappropriate and unprofessional.” See id. Finally, the hearing officer
found that Plaintiff’s failure to follow Defendant Smith’s first directive to leave the building on
December 6, 2016, to diffuse the situation, constituted insubordination and misconduct. See id.
at 10-11.
The hearing officer also considered Plaintiff’s claim that the disciplinary proceeding was a
pretext for discrimination on the basis of disability. See id. at 13. The hearing officer found no

credible evidence that Defendant District officials had sufficient knowledge of Plaintiff’s
disability, and the medical notes lacked specificity and provided no indication that she had an
impairment that substantially limited a major life activity. See id. at 13-14.
The hearing officer ultimately found that “[t]he totality of [Plaintiff’s] conduct indicates a
significant and continuing unwillingness to adhere to the basic and reasonable expectations of
her employer that she safely transport students, that she cooperate with co-workers and that she
follow instructions from supervisors. Her conduct is unacceptable in the workplace and
warrants termination.” See id. at 14. Based on the above-stated facts and caselaw, the Court
finds that it must accept the hearing officer’s findings of fact, including his findings that
Plaintiff committed misconduct warranting termination. However, because the hearing officer
did not consider whether Plaintiff was also terminated because of discrimination or retaliation,
Plaintiff is not precluded from claiming that Defendants discriminated or retaliated against her
because of her gender or that she suffered a hostile work environment.

2. Plaintiff’s Title VII hostile work environment claim
“In order to state a claim for a hostile work environment under Title VII, the underlying
harassment alleged ‘must be sufficiently severe or pervasive,’ both subjectively and objectively,
‘to alter the conditions of [the plaintiff’s] employment and create an abusive working
environment.” Seale v. Madison Cnty., 929 F. Supp. 2d 51, 66 (N.D.N.Y. 2013) (Suddaby, J.)
(quoting Redd [v. New York Div. of Parole,] 678 F.3d [166,] 175 [(2d Cir. 2012)] (quoting
Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 67, 106 S. Ct. 2399, 91 L. Ed. 2d 49 (1986);
Harris, 510 U.S. at 21-22, 114 S. Ct. 367)). “Further, the plaintiff must allege facts plausibly
suggesting that the hostile or abusive treatment was because of his or her membership in a class
of persons protected by Title VII.” Id. (citing Redd, 678 F.3d at 175). “The types of workplace
conduct that may be actionable on a claim for hostile work environment based on sex ‘include
unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of
a sexual nature.’” Id. (quoting Meritor [Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson,] 477 U.S. [57,] 65, 106 S. Ct.
2399 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 1604.11(a) (1985))). “A determination of whether an environment is

objectively hostile or abusive requires an evaluation of all the circumstances, such as ‘the
frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or
humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an
employee’s work performance.’” Id. (quoting Redd, 678 F.3d at 175) (citing Harris, 510 U.S.
at 23, 114 S. Ct. 367)).
“It is important to keep in mind, however, that ‘while the central statutory purpose of
Title VII was eradicating discrimination in employment, Title VII does not set forth a general
civility code for the American workplace.’” Id. (quotation omitted). “Title VII is ‘meant to
protect individuals from abuse and trauma that is severe[, but is] not intended to promote or

enforce civility, gentility or even decency.’” Id. (quoting Taylor v. New York City Dep’t of
Educ., No. 11-CV-3582, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108319, *8 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2012) (quoting
Curtis v. DiMaio, 46 F. Supp. 2d 206, 213-14 (E.D.N.Y. 1999))).6
Here, Plaintiff does not dispute Defendants’ contention that her complaint boils down to
“petty personality conflicts” with Defendant Nichols, who was not in a supervisory position
over her. See Dkt. No. 58-1 at 12. In fact, Plaintiff admitted that the totality of her issues with
Defendant Nichols amounted to the following: (1) his being silent to her in the workplace; (2)
raising his voice; (3) slamming doors; (4) once throwing a ladder, even though she was not
present when it was thrown; (5) leaving notes on her bus to clean it; (6) giving her the middle
finger once when they were driving by each other, though she does not recall when; (7) using

profanity in the workplace, though she admits that men and women – including herself – used
foul language in the workplace; and (8) reacting negatively when she brought mechanical issues
with her bus to his attention. See Dkt. No. 62, Defs’ Reply in Support of Mot. Summ J., at 8;
see also Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶¶ 16-18, 20; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶¶ 16-18, 20. Defendants contend that
these issues were “nothing more than gender neutral instances of minor incivility.” See Dkt.

6 “In addition to establishing that she was subjected to a hostile work environment, [a]
[p]laintiff must also establish that the conduct which created the hostile environment should be
imputed to the employer.” Shiner v. State Univ. of N.Y., No. 11-CV-01024, 2012 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 157728, *11 (W.D.N.Y. Nov. 2, 2012) (citing Leopold v. Baccarat, Inc., 239 F.3d 243,
245 (2d Cir. 2001)). However, because the Court ultimately finds that Plaintiff has not
established a prima facie case for her hostile work environment claim, it need not determine
whether the complained of conduct should be imputed to Defendant District.
No. 62 at 8. Furthermore, Plaintiff conceded that Defendant Nichols never used any negative
gender-based language towards her or touched her in an inappropriate manner due to her
gender. See id.; see also Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 19; 60-1 at ¶ 19.
The only issue that Plaintiff alleged was gender-based was that Defendant Nichols “did

not treat the male employees the way he treated the female employees, when men reported
problems with their busses.” See Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 17-a. However, Plaintiff conceded that
Defendant Nichols had frequent confrontations with male employees, including Randy Murray.
See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 21; 60-1 at ¶ 21. Plaintiff’s witnesses, Rachel Shaver and Pamela
Krause, testified that there were often conflicts between Defendants Nichols and Jensen and that
Defendant Nichols confronted Michael Middaugh in the workplace. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at
¶¶ 170-72, 189; see also Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶¶ 170-72, 189, 189-a. As Defendants aptly describe
him, Defendant “Nichols was an equal opportunity unpleasant coworker.” See Dkt. No. 58-1 at
14. The Court finds that these facts show that Defendant Nichols treated both males and
females in the workplace equally and that any harassment that Defendant Nichols directed

towards Plaintiff was gender-neutral and not so severe or pervasive as to create a hostile work
environment.
Defendant Smith is the only other Defendant whom Plaintiff alleges created a hostile
work environment. Plaintiff claims that he called Rene Shaver a “cunt,” told a “whole bunch”
of employees that women were cancer on the school, and made a crude comment that women
should be born without tongues. See Dkt. No. 60, Pl’s Memorandum in Opposition Mot.
Summ. J, at 4. However, Plaintiff admitted that none of this language was directed at her, but
rather at other individuals, and she just happened to be present to overhear it. See Dkt. No. 58-2
at ¶ 24; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 24. Furthermore, those comments were made prior to February of
2016, more than 300 days before she filed the instant complaint, and she admits she never
reported them to anyone. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 24; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 24. Regarding the crude
comment about women’s tongues, Shaver testified that the comment took place in 2003 or
2004, more than fifteen years ago; and Defendant Smith apologized to Shaver. See Dkt. No.

58-2 at ¶ 169; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 169.
Based on these undisputed facts, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not met her burden to
show that she experienced a hostile work environment under Title VII because the alleged facts
did not create an environment of abuse that was so severe or pervasive as to alter the conditions
of her employment. Thus, the Court grants Defendants’ motion for summary judgment with
respect to this claim.

3. Plaintiff’s Title VII gender-based discrimination claim
Employment discrimination cases are analyzed using the “McDonnell Douglas test,” a
three-stage, burden shifting framework established in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411
U.S. 792 (1973). Under the “McDonnell Douglas test,” a plaintiff must first establish a prima
facie case of discrimination by showing that “’(1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she
is qualified for her position; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and (4) the
circumstances give rise to an inference of discrimination.’” Vega v. Hempstead Union Free
Sch. Dist., 801 F.3d 72, 83 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33,

42 (2d Cir. 2000) (citing McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S. Ct. 1877)).
After a plaintiff has established a prima facie case, “a presumption arises that more likely
than not the adverse conduct was based on the consideration of impermissible factors.” Id.
(citing Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253-54, 101 S. Ct. 1089, 67 L. Ed.
2d 207 (1981)). At that point, the burden shifts to the employer to “’articulate some legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason’ for the disparate treatment.” Id. (quoting McDonnell Douglas, 411
U.S. at 802, 93 S. Ct. 1817). If the employer can articulate such reasons for its actions, then
“the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove that the employer’s reason ‘was in fact pretext’
for discrimination.” Id. (quoting [McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S.] at 804, 93 S. Ct. 1817) (other

citation omitted).
The parties do not dispute that Plaintiff is a woman, and thus she is a member of a protected
class, nor do they dispute that she was qualified for her position with Defendant District.
Although Defendants contend that Plaintiff did not allege an adverse employment action,
Defendant District’s Board of Education terminated Plaintiff’s position on March 7, 2017. See
Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 193. Plaintiff’s termination clearly establishes an adverse employment
action to satisfy the third element of her prima facie claim of discrimination. See Vega, 801
F.3d at 85
Finally, the parties dispute whether Plaintiff has established the fourth element of her
prima facie claim, i.e., that the relevant circumstances give rise to an inference of

discrimination. Plaintiff argues that men were permitted to deviate from their bus route and
make personal stops. See Dkt. No. 60 at 13 (citing Dkt. No. 58-17, Krause Depo, at 40).
Plaintiff also claims that she was not able to keep personal items on her bus while males were
allowed to do so, she was compelled to write a letter stating that she enjoyed her job when she
attempted to complain about the discriminatory conduct to which “all female drivers” were
subjected, and her supervisor, Defendant Smith, once made a crude statement that women
should be born without tongues. See id. at 14.
Plaintiff cites to Pamela Krause’s deposition testimony to support her allegation that
male drivers were permitted to make personal stops while transporting students. However, this
is a mischaracterization of Ms. Krause’s testimony. She did not testify that males were
permitted to make personal stops while transporting students during the day. See generally Dkt.
No. 58-17. Ms. Krause stated that on field trips or sports trips bus drivers (both male and
female) could use the bus for personal pursuits such as traveling to a shopping mall or place to

eat “within reason.” See id. at 41. Ms. Krause clarified, however, that, while driving on a
regular bus run delivering children to school and picking them up from school, bus drivers were
not allowed to make personal stops. See id. at 40-41. Therefore, this does not show an
inference of discrimination surrounding the circumstances of Plaintiff’s termination; and, in
fact, supports Defendants’ legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for terminating her.
Furthermore, Plaintiff does not point to any evidence to support her claim that she was
unable to keep personal items on her bus while males were allowed to do so. In fact, Plaintiff
admitted that she left personal items on her bus in violation of workplace policy. See Dkt. No.
58-2 at ¶ 65 (citing Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A, Pl’s Depo, at 59); Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 65. Defendant
Nichols repeatedly directed Plaintiff to remove those items from her bus, and she reported those

requests to Defendant Smith. As a result, Plaintiff met with Defendants Smith and Nichols and
addressed the topic. See Dkt. 58-2 at ¶ 65 (citing Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A at 60-61); Dkt. No. 60-1
at ¶ 65. Plaintiff further admitted that Defendant Nichols posted a note to all bus drivers
indicating that, if an item did not fit in their cubby, it could not be left on the bus and he warned
her and five other drivers about leaving personal items on their buses after a run was complete.
See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶¶ 66, 67; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶¶ 66, 67. Thus, this example does not reveal
an inference of gender-based discrimination.
Regarding the letter, Plaintiff testified at her deposition that, in February of 2016, she
met with Defendant Kisloski, and he asked her “to write a letter in order to keep [her] job”
about why she “liked [her] job.” See Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A at 62. During the meeting, Plaintiff
alleges that Defendant Kisloski told her that, if she and Defendant Nichols could not get along,
he was going to fire one or both of them. See id. at 63. In Plaintiff’s letter, dated February 9,
2016, she wrote to Defendant Kisloski “you asked me to spend some time to reflect and think

about 2 questions. The first question: Do I like my job and the second: What do I need to
happen to remain a positive part of our educational environment.” See Dkt. No. 58-12, Ex. F.
The context of this meeting and Plaintiff’s letter do not show that she was compelled to write
the letter as a form of discrimination or instead of making a complaint. It appears that
Defendant Kisloski asked her to write the letter as a response to her complaints, to reflect on
and recommend changes in the workplace. Furthermore, Plaintiff does not allege that she was
singled out to write the letter because she was a woman or to keep her from complaining about
discrimination. Thus, this example does not reveal Defendants’ discriminatory intent.
Finally, with respect to Defendant Smith’s remark about women being born without
tongues, the remark was made fifteen years ago, not in Plaintiff’s presence, and has absolutely

nothing to do with her termination. For all of these reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff has
not satisfied the final element of her prima facie case of showing that the circumstances
surrounding her termination allow an inference of discrimination and grants Defendants’ motion
for summary judgment with respect to this claim.

4. Plaintiff’s Title VII gender-based retaliation claim
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 includes an anti-retaliation provision, making it
unlawful “for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees … because [the
employee] has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an
investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this subchapter.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a). This
provision “is intended to further the goals of the anti-discrimination provision ‘by preventing an
employer from interfering (through retaliation) with an employee’s efforts to secure or advance
enforcement of Title VII’s basic guarantees.’” Hicks v. Baines, 593 F.3d 159, 164 (2d Cir.
2010) (quoting [Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Ry. v.] White, 548 U.S. [53,] 63, 126 S. Ct.

2405 [(2006)]). Courts evaluate Title VII retaliation claims under the three-step burden-shifting
analysis set out in McDonnell Douglas. See id.
“First, the plaintiff must establish a prima facie case of retaliation by showing: ‘”(1)
participation in a protected activity; (2) that the defendant knew of the protected activity; (3) an
adverse employment action; and (4) a causal connection between the protected activity and the
adverse employment action.”’”7 Id. (quotation omitted). The plaintiff’s burden in proving a
prima facie case is “de minimis.” Id. It is the court’s role in evaluating a summary judgment
motion “’to determine only whether proffered admissible evidence would be sufficient to permit
a rational finder of fact to infer a retaliatory motive.’” Id. (quotation omitted).
If the plaintiff sustains this initial burden, “’a presumption of retaliation arises,’” and the

burden shifts to the defendant. Id. (quotation omitted). Once the burden shifts to the defendant,
it must then “’articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the adverse employment
action.’” Id. (quotation omitted). If the defendant can do this, then the “presumption of
retaliation dissipates” and the burden shifts back to the employee to show that the retaliation
“’was a substantial reason for the adverse employment action.’” Id. (quotation omitted). “A

7 Defendants appear to use a different standard, one for post-employment retaliation, but it
includes these same elements. Because Plaintiff alleges that Defendants’ retaliation occurred
before she was terminated on March 7, 2017, the Court finds that the regular Title VII
retaliation standard is appropriate.
plaintiff can sustain this burden by proving that ‘a retaliatory motive played a part in the
adverse employment actions even if it was not the sole cause. . . .’” Id. (quotation omitted).
Plaintiff’s second EEOC complaint, received by the EEOC on May 17, 2017, alleges
that Plaintiff filed her first EEOC complaint of discrimination on January 12, 2017.8 See Dkt.

No. 13-5, Ex. F at 4. Plaintiff then claimed that, “[o]n or about January 25, 2017, I was
informed that [Defendants] had pressed criminal charges against me for carrying a pistol on a
bus. This is an accusation that is absolutely false. I was told that if I resigned from my position
and withdrew my charge with the EEOC the criminal charges would be dropped.” See id.
Plaintiff then added that, “[o]n or about March 7, 2017, I was terminated. I believe
[Defendants] falsely accused me of carrying a pistol, pressed criminal charges against me and
terminated me in retaliation for having filed a prior EEOC charge in willful violation of Title
VII…” See id. at 6.
Plaintiff has established at least the first and third elements of a retaliation claim. She
engaged in a protected activity by filing her first complaint with the EEOC on January 12, 2017,

8 The dates surrounding Plaintiff’s two EEOC complaints cannot easily be identified by looking
at the documents. Both EEOC complaints were notarized on May 15, 2017. See Dkt. Nos. 13-
4, Ex. E and 13-5, Ex. F. However, in Plaintiff’s complaint for retaliation she specifically
addresses the EEOC complaint she made for discrimination on January 12, 2017. See Dkt. No.
13-5, Ex. F at 4. The NYSDHR Order and Determination, however, stated that the first
complaint was filed on February 27, 2017. See Dkt. No. 13-6, Ex. G at 2. In Plaintiff’s
deposition, she claimed that she filed the first complaint in either late December 2016 or early
January 2017 with the EEOC, and it appears she claims that the case was transferred to the
NYSDHR on February 27, 2017. See Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A at 129-132. The date Plaintiff first
filed her claim with the EEOC is important because her retaliation claim would be illogical if
she filed her first EEOC complaint in February 2017. Thus, for purposes of this Memorandum-
Decision and Order, the Court treats the filing date of the first EEOC complaint as January 12,
2017.
and she was terminated from her position on March 7, 2017.9 Defendants admit that Plaintiff
can prove that it had knowledge of her first EEOC complaint. See Dkt. No. 58-1 at 22. Thus,
the issue the Court must address is whether Plaintiff satisfied the fourth element, i.e., whether
there was a causal connection between Plaintiff’s filing her first EEOC complaint and her

termination.
The evidence clearly demonstrates that Defendant District sought to terminate Plaintiff’s
as early as December 8, 2016, when she was placed on administrative leave after refusing to
resign. See Dkt. No. 58-22, Ex. P at 2. In addition, Defendant District notified Plaintiff of the
disciplinary charges on December 20, 2016. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 115. For these reasons,
Plaintiff has not established a causal connection to satisfy the fourth element of her retaliation
claim.

5. Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983
a. Supervisory liability10
Courts analyze discrimination claims brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 the same as
claims brought under Title VII. Unlike Title VII, however, in § 1983 claims “[a]n individual

9 The Court does not address whether “pressing criminal charges” against Plaintiff constitutes
an adverse employment action because the facts clearly show that Defendant District only
forwarded the report to the police and took no further action. Notably, Plaintiff was already on
administrative leave, which had commenced on December 8, 2016, at the time her alleged prior
pistol possession was reported. Neither the police nor Defendant District pursued the criminal
case. See Dkt. No. 60 at 16 (citing Dkt. No. 58-9, Ex. C, Def. Kisloski Aff., at ¶ 6; Dkt. No. 60-
1 at ¶¶ 153-a, 154-a).

10 In her complaint, Plaintiff seeks to hold the named defendants liable in both their individual
and official capacities. See generally Dkt. No. 1. Plaintiff’s counsel admits that her claims
against the named Defendants in their official capacities are redundant of her claim against
Defendant District. See Dkt. No. 23 at 7, n.3. Thus, the Court addresses these claims as only
against the named Defendants in their individual capacities and dismisses any claims against
them in their official capacities.
may be held liable … only if that individual is ‘personally involved in the alleged deprivation.’”
Littlejohn v. City of New York, 795 F.3d 297, 314 (2d Cir. 2015) (quoting Back v. Hastings on
Hudson Union Free Sch. Dist., 365 F.3d 107, 127 (2d Cir. 2004)) (other citations omitted). The
Second Circuit has held that personal involvement can be established by showing the following:

“(1) the defendant participated directly in the alleged constitutional violation, (2)
the defendant, after being informed of the violation through a report or appeal,
failed to remedy the wrong, (3) the defendant created a policy or custom under
which unconstitutional practices occurred, or allowed the continuance of such a
policy or custom, (4) the defendant was grossly negligent in supervising
subordinates who committed the wrongful acts, or (5) the defendant exhibited
deliberate indifference … by failing to act on information indicating that
unconstitutional acts were occurring.”

Id. (quoting Back, 365 F.3d at 127).
If the defendant is a supervisor, then “‘a plaintiff must also establish that the
supervisor’s actions were the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s constitutional deprivation.
Finally, as with individual liability, in the § 1983 context, a plaintiff must establish that a
supervisor’s behavior constituted intentional discrimination on the basis of a protected
characteristic …’” Id. (quoting Raspardo [v. Carlone,] 770 F.3d [97,] 116 [(2d Cir. 2014)]
(citation omitted)).
Defendant Kisloski, as Superintendent of Schools, was clearly a “supervisor” in that he
had the authority to hire, fire, demote, promote, transfer, or discipline employees. See Vance v.
Ball State Univ., 570 U.S. 421, 425 (2013). Plaintiff also indicated that Defendant Smith hired
her and promoted Defendant Nichols, and thus he was a “supervisor” as well. See Dkt. No. 58-
2 at ¶ 4. She also referred to Defendant Jensen as her immediate supervisor, so the Court also
treats him as a supervisor for this claim. See id. at 13.11

11 The parties do not discuss whether Defendant Nichols should be held individually liable
under § 1983, and they concede that he was not Plaintiff’s supervisor. However, because
Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant Kisloski directly participated in any
discrimination such as making gender-based derogatory remarks or treating her differently from
men. Although in her complaint Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Kisloski, as Superintendent,
perpetuated a policy of discriminating against female bus drivers, Plaintiff provides no evidence

at this stage in the proceedings to support this contention. See Dkt. No. 1 at ¶ 68. Plaintiff’s
only complaint about Defendant Kisloski is that she reported Defendant Nichols’s conduct to
him, and she alleges that Defendant Kisloski gave her an ultimatum that she and Defendant
Nichols would get along or one or both of them would be fired. See Dkt. No. 60 at 16. As
discussed above, Plaintiff also contends that Defendant Kisloski required Plaintiff to write a
letter to keep her job. See id. According to Plaintiff, Defendant Kisloski used the December 6,
2016 incident as pretext to cover up the discriminatory conduct to which Plaintiff had been
subjected. See id.
Plaintiff reported her problems with Defendant Nichols to Defendant Kisloski, but none
of these problems stemmed from discrimination. In fact, Plaintiff admits that “during the entire

pendency of her employment with Defendant [District], she never made an accusation of sex-
based discrimination regarding [Defendant] Nichols …”. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 34 (citing Dkt.
No. 58-7, Ex. A at 125); Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 34.12 Because Defendant Kisloski did not have any

Defendant Nichols’s conduct was gender-neutral, he cannot be held individually liable under
§ 1983.

12 The Court also notes that Defendant Kisloski acted on Plaintiff’s reports of problems with
Defendant Nichols. For example, Plaintiff admits that, on October 12, 2016, she complained to
Defendant Kisloski regarding an incident where Defendant Nichols placed a screw through a
lock on her bus, rendering it inoperable. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 58; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 58. On
October 14, 2016, Defendants Jensen and Smith informed Plaintiff that Defendant Nichols was
disciplined for his actions, that he was “reflecting” on his actions for a week, and told her that
the incident was not being taken lightly. See Dkt. No. 58-2 at ¶ 59; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 59.
personal involvement in Plaintiff’s alleged discrimination, the Court dismisses her § 1983
supervisory claim against him.
Plaintiff repeatedly alleged that Defendant Smith made crude comments about women.
See Dkt. No. 23, Pl’s Memorandum in Opposition Mot. on Pleadings, at 13. Plaintiff also

claimed that Defendant Smith promoted Defendant Nichols, despite Defendant Nichols’s
regular conduct, such as using “daily sexual epithets” and “forcibly breaking into the
compartment on [ ] [P]laintiff’s bus to remove her personal items and throwing them on the
floor.” See id. However, as already addressed, Defendant Smith’s alleged offensive remarks
were made years ago, to other women, and were not personal to her. Plaintiff also admitted that
she did not complain of gender discrimination to Defendant Smith; and, whenever she did
complain to him about Defendant Nichols, he was helpful to her in working out their issues.
See Dkt. 58-1 at ¶ 37 (citing Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A at 35); Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 37. For these
reasons, the Court finds that Defendant Smith cannot be held individually liable under § 1983.
Finally, Plaintiff claimed that Defendant Jensen, her immediate supervisor, did nothing

to ameliorate the discriminatory conduct of which she complained. See Dkt. No. 23 at 16.
Plaintiff alleges that, during the incident on December 6, 2016, Defendant Jensen began
swearing at her. See id. (citing Dkt. No. 1 at ¶ 32). Plaintiff notes that in his disciplinary
proceeding testimony he admitted that “I cussed once at her[.]” See id. No reasonable fact-
finder could find that one cuss word during a tense situation would constitute “direct
participation” in violating Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. In fact, Jensen himself experienced
the same negative treatment from Defendant Nichols, even though he was male. See Dkt. No.
58-1 at 25. Plaintiff admitted that she never asked Defendant Jensen to take any action against
Defendant Nichols; although she contends that she complained to him, and Defendant Jensen
told her nothing could or would be done about Defendant Nichols’s conduct. See Dkt. No. 58-1
at ¶ 40; Dkt. No. 60-1 at ¶ 40; Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A at 46. Even the conduct about which
Plaintiff complained – that Defendant Nichols left a note on her bus telling her to park
somewhere else – was not a complaint about gender discrimination. See Dkt. No. 58-7, Ex. A

at 46. Because there is no evidence that Defendant Jensen contributed to or was aware of any
discriminatory actions and only learned of gender-neutral issues between Plaintiff and
Defendant Nichols, the Court finds that Defendant Jensen cannot be held individually liable
under § 1983.

b. Municipal liability
“Municipal entities, including school districts, are ‘persons’ within the meaning of § 1983
and therefore subject to suit under that provision.” Nagle v. Marron, 663 F.3d 100, 116 (2d Cir.
2011) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 663, 98 S. Ct. 2018, 56 L. Ed. 2d
611 (1978)) (other citation omitted). However, municipal entities “may not be sued under §
1983 for an injury inflicted solely by its employees or agents.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs.,
436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). They may be sued only when a government’s policy or custom,
made by policymakers or officials, inflicts injury. See id. The Monell court further ruled “that
Congress did not intend municipalities to be held liable unless action pursuant to official
municipal policy of some nature caused a constitutional tort.” Id. at 691.
In other words, a municipal entity like a school district cannot be held liable under

§ 1983 unless one of the officials or policymakers violated the Constitution. Defendant
Kisloski, as Superintendent, is the only individual Defendant who is a policymaking official
within Defendant District. However, as the Court noted, Plaintiff has not come forward with
any evidence that Defendant District, through its policymaker, Defendant Superintendent
Kisloski, had a policy of discriminating against female bus drivers. Thus, the Court grants
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment with regard to Plaintiff's § 1983 municipal liability
claim against Defendant District.

IV. CONCLUSION
After carefully considering the entire file in this matter, the parties’ submissions, and the
applicable law, and for the above-stated reasons, the Court hereby
ORDERS that Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings, see Dkt. No. 13, is
DENIED insofar as Defendants argue that Plaintiff has failed to exhaust her administrative
remedies and the remainder of that motion is DENIED as moot; and the Court further
ORDERS that Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, see Dkt. No. 58, is
GRANTED; and the Court further
ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in favor of Defendants and
close the case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: March 27, 2020 .
Syracuse, New York coat fof □
Senior United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10312698. Public record. Not legal advice.