# Dennis-Pendarvis v. Commissioner of Social Security

> District Court, E.D. New York · September 30, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10308707

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** September 30, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10308707

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding that remand was not necessary even though the ALJ did not seek a medical opinion from a treating physician because the medical records were extensive and sufficient to assess the plaintiff’s RFC.
- finding remand “particularly appropriate” where the ALJ failed to obtain adequate information from treating physicians and potentially relevant information from other doctors

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
--------------------------------------------------------------
TARA K. DENNIS-PENDARVIS,
Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM & ORDER
20-CV-05481 (MKB)
v.
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY,
Defendant.
--------------------------------------------------------------
MARGO K. BRODIE, United States District Judge:
Plaintiff Tara K. Dennis-Pendarvis commenced the above-captioned action on November
11, 2020, against the Commissioner of Social Security (the “Commissioner”). (Compl., Docket
Entry No. 1.) Plaintiff seeks review of a final decision of the Commissioner denying Plaintiff’s
claim for Social Security disability insurance benefits under the Social Security Act (the “SSA”),
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). (Compl. ¶ 1.) Plaintiff moves for judgment on the pleadings
pursuant to Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, claiming that Administrative Law
Judge Robert R. Schriver (the “ALJ”) failed to properly develop the record and that his residual
functional capacity (“RFC”) determination was unsupported by substantial evidence. (Pl.’s Mot.
for J. on the Pleadings (“Pl.’s Mot.”), Docket Entry No. 13; Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot.
(“Pl.’s Mem.”), annexed to Pl.’s Mot., Docket Entry No. 13-1; Pl.’s Reply to Resp. to Mot.
(“Pl.’s Reply”), Docket Entry No. 17.) The Commissioner cross-moves for judgment on the
pleadings, arguing that the ALJ properly considered the licensed clinical social worker’s
opinions and adequately developed the record. (Comm’r Cross-Mot. for J. on the Pleadings
(“Comm’r Mot.”), Docket Entry No. 16; Comm’r Mem. in Supp. of Comm’r Mot. (“Comm’r
Mem.”), annexed to Comm’r Mot. Docket Entry No. 16-1.)
For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies the Commissioner’s cross motion for
judgment on the pleadings, grants Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, and orders
the case be remanded for further administrative action.
I. Background

Plaintiff is a fifty-one-year-old woman with a Bachelor of Science in Social Work.
(Certified Admin R. (“R.”) 34, Docket Entry No. 11.) While working as a Parole Officer,
Plaintiff injured her right hand. (R. 35, 37–38.) Plaintiff filed a claim for disability benefits due
to right hand nerve damage, diabetes, and panic attacks on July 31, 2018, with an alleged
disability onset date of March 9, 2017. (R. 10.) Her claim was denied on December 10, 2018.
(R. 10.) Plaintiff requested a hearing before an ALJ, (R. 79–80), which was held on October 22,
2019. (R. 28–57.) At the hearing, Plaintiff was represented by counsel and amended her
application to a closed period of disability from March 9, 2017 to August 16, 2019. (R. 30–31.)
By decision dated November 25, 2019, the ALJ denied Plaintiff’s claim, concluding that
Plaintiff’s date last insured was December 31, 2017, and that Plaintiff was “not disabled under

sections 216(i) and 223(d) of the Social Security Act through” her DLI. (R. 7–20.) Plaintiff
requested review by the Appeals Counsel, (R. 135–37), which denied her request for review on
September 9, 2020, thus making the Commissioner’s decision final, (R. 1–3). Plaintiff filed a
timely appeal with the Court. (Compl.)
a. Hearing before the ALJ
Plaintiff appeared in-person at an October 22, 2019 hearing before the ALJ with counsel.
(R. 30.) During the hearing, the ALJ heard testimony from Plaintiff and a vocational expert,
Marian R. Marracco. (R. 28–57.)

i. Plaintiff’s testimony
Plaintiff was a parole officer for approximately two and a half years before she stopped
working. (R. 35.) Prior to that, she worked with New York State Children and Family Services
for about four months, inspecting group facilities, (R. 35–36); as a child protective specialist at
the Administration for Children Services (“ACS”) for New York City, making home visits
throughout Queens, for approximately eight and a half years, (R. 36–37); and as a family social
worker at Episcopal Family Services, (R. 37).
Plaintiff suffered an injury in July of 2016 while working as a parole officer and
monitoring a parolee who stated that he was having seizures. (R. 37–38.) In the “process of
preventing [the parolee] from hurting himself,” the parolee pinned Plaintiff’s right hand between

his head and the kitchen table. (R. 38.) Plaintiff is right-handed. (R. 38.) After the incident,
Plaintiff was referred to an orthopedist and returned to work in November of 2016 following
occupational therapy. (R. 38.) Plaintiff initially did not want surgery because it “would
incapacitate [her],” but ultimately requested surgery because it was difficult for her to keep her
firearm on her right side as required for her job. (R. 38–39.) Her request for surgery was not
approved until March of 2017. (R. 39.) Plaintiff continued working up until the week before
surgery, when she had a panic attack on the job. (R. 39.) About a year and a half later, Plaintiff
had another surgery on her hand due to nerve pain. (R. 39.) After the surgery, “the pain
lessened,” and Plaintiff had occupational therapy due to “issues with small motor movements.”
(R. 39.) Plaintiff also had injections in her hand prior to surgery. (R. 39.) Plaintiff testified that
she “kept dropping things” and had difficulty lifting and carrying things. (R. 39–40.)
In April of 2018, Plaintiff had surgery on her knee. (R. 40.) Her knee improved after
surgery, but she experiences issues with her other knee as well. (R. 40–41.) She also

experienced problems with her elbows and shoulders at the time. (R. 40.) An orthopedist
recommended that Plaintiff have shoulder surgery, but she did not want the surgery because it
“would really incapacitate [her].” (R. 40.) Plaintiff also had back problems and had a series of
epidural steroid injections in her back for nerve pain in her back and hips. (R. 40–41.) The last
time Plaintiff saw an orthopedist was July 16, 2019, when she saw Dr. Mitgang and he
recommended physical therapy. (R. 41.) Since then, Plaintiff’s hand and arm are “about the
same.” (R. 41.) From March 2017, when Plaintiff stopped working, until shortly after her
orthopedist appointment in July of 2019, she could not have gone back to any of her jobs on a
full-time basis because they all require “being able to use [her] hand fully.” (R. 41–42.) In her
role as a parole officer, she would need to be able to “grab things” like her gun, pepper spray,

and baton. (R. 42.) Plaintiff testified that as a parole officer, “[t]hey don’t allow desk work” and
“[y]ou can’t just sit at a desk.” (R. 42.) She also testified that she would not have been able to
do a job where she had to use her hands “eight hours a day, five days a week.” (R. 42–43.)
Plaintiff’s diabetes is stable and under control. (R. 43.) She had never had a panic attack
until the one she had during her last week of work, but since then she has continued to have
panic attacks. (R. 43.) Because the first panic attack was “very debilitating,” she began working
with Ms. Goldstein so that she would not have future panic attacks. (R. 43.) Plaintiff is not on
any medication for her panic attacks. (R. 43–44.)
From March of 2017 to August of 2019, Plaintiff did not engage in any “outside activities
outside the home.” (R. 43–44.) On a typical day, she would wake her children up and walk her

daughter to the corner for school. (R. 44.) She would then “do some of [her] exercises for [her]
hand and basically just rest.” (R. 44.) Plaintiff was not doing any of the household chores at that
time. (R. 44.) She has looked into going back to school to get a graduate degree in teaching to
teach elementary school students because teachers “take breaks” and don’t have to “constantly
be writing, all the time.” (R. 44–45.)
Following her injury, Plaintiff developed a “habit of dropping things,” like cups or food
from the fridge. (R. 45.) She did not lift or carry heavy things because “it bothered [her].” (R.
45.) During the relevant period, Plaintiff was not able to sit or stand without changing position
for more than ten minutes. (R. 46.) She was unable to walk farther than “[to] the corner.” (R.
46.)

ii. Marian R. Marracco, vocational expert
Vocational expert Marian R. Marracco (the “VE”) testified at the hearing. (R. 48.) The
VE said that Plaintiff had “essentially two jobs in the relevant period”: caseworker, which has a
specific vocational preparation (“SVP”) of seven and was performed at a light exertional level;
and parole officer, which also has a SVP of seven and was performed at a light exertional level.
(R. 48–49.) The VE considered “caseworker” to cover both Plaintiff’s position with the New
York Child and Family Services and her position with ACS. (R. 49.)
The ALJ asked the VE if a hypothetical individual (“Hypothetical Individual 1”) of
Plaintiff’s same age and education level, who was “limited to work at the light exertional level,”
could only occasionally “climb, crouch, crawl, kneel, stoop, or balance” or “reach overhead with
either arm,” and “could frequently use their right hand for grasping, handling, and fingering”
could perform any of Plaintiff’s past jobs. (R. 49–50.) The VE responded that Hypothetical
Individual 1 could perform both of these jobs. (R. 50.) The ALJ asked if an individual with the

same capacities but who could only occasionally grasp, handle, or finger with the right hand
(“Hypothetical Individual 2”) could perform these jobs. (R. 50.) The VE responded that
Hypothetical Individual 2 could perform these jobs as well. (R. 50.) The ALJ asked whether an
individual who could only use their right hand occasionally and could only work at the sedentary
exertional level (“Hypothetical Individual 3”) could perform Plaintiff’s past jobs. (R. 50.) The
VE said that both of Plaintiff’s past jobs would exceed Hypothetical 3’s exertional limitations.
(R. 50–51.) She added that although overhead reaching is not addressed in the Dictionary of
Occupational Titles (“DOT”), neither of Plaintiff’s previous jobs “would require anything more
than occasional overhead reaching with either arm.” (R. 50–51.)
The ALJ then asked if Hypothetical Individual 3 would be able to “perform other work in

the national economy.” (R. 51.) The VE said that Hypothetical Individual 3 would be able to
work as a “clerk for customer service,” an “information clerk or greeter,” and a “security system
monitor,” although this position was “controversial.” (R. 51.) The ALJ asked what the VE’s
opinion about overhead reaching was based on, since it was not specifically addressed in the
DOT. (R. 51–52.) The VE replied that it was based on her “professional credentials” and “in
[her] opinion.” (R. 52.)
Plaintiff’s counsel asked the VE which of the jobs she had mentioned would be available
for an individual “who only had less than occasional use of the dominant right upper extremity.”
(R. 52.) The VE replied that that the only job that would remain would be video surveillance
monitor. (R. 52.) Plaintiff’s counsel then asked what the VE had meant when she said that
surveillance monitor was a “controversial” position. (R. 52.) The VE replied that “people say
that the job doesn’t exist anymore as it is described in the DOT,” which is “partly true.” (R. 53.)
The job is described as occurring in a bus station, but its “current iteration is actually more in,

maybe casinos, department stores, like retail stores.” (R. 53.) Plaintiff’s counsel asked if
surveillance monitors “may have some other security duties, as well.” (R. 53.) The VE replied
that “it could be” but that “generally it is just, literally watching the screens for . . . something
like shoplifting,” and then “using a phone or some sort of two-way device to alert someone else
that the activity is in fact going on.” (R. 53.) She said that the last time she had seen the job
being performed was four years ago in New Jersey, when she saw one such job in a department
store and another in a casino. (R. 54.) Plaintiff’s counsel said that he would submit “an article
concerning surveillance system monitors” which states that “in the current labor market” the job
is combined “with the responsibilities of other jobs, including loss prevention agent and security
officer.” (R. 54–55.) The article concludes that “there is no evidence that the surveillance

system monitor occupation exists in the U.S. economy as sedentary and unskilled and as
classified in the last edition of the” DOT. (R. 55.) Plaintiff’s counsel also claimed that Plaintiff
“certainly had less than occasional use of her dominant right upper extremity throughout this
period,” and that because the surveillance monitor job does not exist as described in the DOT,
“there is no alternative work that [Plaintiff] could have performed during that period.” (R. 56.)
b. Medical evidence
i. Paula Goldstein, LCSW
Paula Goldstein, LCSW, submitted an undated statement about Plaintiff. (R. 201.) She
stated that Plaintiff’s initial reason for coming to her office was “panic attacks from work related
issues due to a very demanding supervisor.” (R. 201.) The stress “caused elevated blood
pressure.” (R. 201.) Plaintiff has a “history of migraines and” diabetes, and her job stress causes
her diabetes “to go up and down.” (R. 201.) Ms. Goldstein wrote that Plaintiff had come to her
“a month after hand surgery” due to an incident when a parolee “allegedly had a seizure” and

injured Plaintiff. (R. 201.) She stated that “[a]t this time [Plaintiff] cannot handle a gun.” (R.
201.) Plaintiff had had surgery on her right hand and wrist and was “awaiting approval from
workers comp” to have a second surgery. (R. 201.) Plaintiff also had a “record of surgery
recently due to torn meniscus . . . and arthritis in her knees.” (R. 201.) She also experienced
“lower back pain in both hips.” (R. 201.) It was very difficult for Plaintiff to “sit too long” due
to pain in her hand, wrist, knees, and hips. (R. 201.)
Ms. Goldstein also submitted a medical assessment of Plaintiff dated October 20, 2019.
(R. 430–32.) The assessment stated that Plaintiff had a “fair” ability to follow work rules, relate
to coworkers, deal with the public, use judgment, function independently, and maintain
concentration. (R. 430.) However, her ability to interact with supervisors and deal with work

stresses was “poor or none.” (R. 430.) The assessment stated that job stress causes Plaintiff’s
“diabetes numbers to go up and becomes a dangerous situation and affects her concentration and
attention.” (R. 430.) Plaintiff also has hypertension, which is affected by stress, which in turn
causes migraines, “so stress can be dangerous to her” and “affects her judgment.” (R. 430.)
Plaintiff has “trouble dealing with other workers including supervisors” and also “suffers from
panic attacks.” (R. 430.)
The assessment states that Plaintiff finds it “very difficult to drive a long way . . . to work
due to pain in her hand, wrist, knees + hips.” (R. 431.) Ms. Goldstein stated that it was her
“professional opinion that [Plaintiff] is unable to work at this time.” (R. 431.) She rated
Plaintiff’s ability to understand, remember, and carry out complex or detailed job instructions as
fair, and her ability to understand, remember, and carry out simple job instructions as good. (R.
432.) She described Plaintiff’s limitations as her diabetes and hypertension causing confusion in
stressful situations. (R. 432.) Ms. Goldstein rated Plaintiff’s ability to maintain personal

appearance and behave in an emotionally stable manner as good, and her ability to demonstrate
reliability as fair. (R. 432.) Finally, Ms. Goldstein stated that Plaintiff is able to manage benefits
in her own best interest. (R. 432.)1
c. Non-medical evidence
i. Disability Determination Explanation
The record includes a Disability Determination Explanation completed by G. Feldman
and P. Kennedy-Walsh and dated December 7, 2018. (R. 59–64.) The explanation states that
Plaintiff has a medically determinable impairment, namely “Dysfunction – Major Joints.” (R.
62.) However, it finds that there is “insufficient evidence to evaluate” Plaintiff’s claim under
listing 1.02, “Dysfunction – Major Joints.” (R. 63.) It also states that there is insufficient

evidence to substantiate the presence of anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorders. (R. 62.) It
concludes that Plaintiff is not disabled. (R. 64.)
ii. Function report
The record includes a function report completed by Plaintiff and dated September 24,
2018. (R. 157–66.) In the report, Plaintiff states that she lives with her family. (R. 157.) In the
morning, she wakes up, wakes up her kids, and takes them to school. (R. 157.) She does her
rehab exercises and rests during the day. (R. 157.) When her kids come home from school, she

1 Although there is other medical evidence in the record, because the Court decides this
motion on the basis of Plaintiff’s mental impairment, the Court does not include other evidence
in this decision.
supervises their homework, makes dinner, spends time with her kids, and puts them to bed. (R.
157.) She reads or watches TV before going to bed. (R. 157.) If she has a scheduled medical
appointment, her husband takes her. (R. 157.)
Plaintiff’s son has taken over responsibilities for the dog and cat and Plaintiff’s children

and husband “have had to take over [and] participate more due to [Plaintiff’s] medical issues.”
(R. 158.) Before Plaintiff’s medical issues, she “was able to care for [herself and] kids [without]
much help from them or [her] husband.” (R. 158.) Now, her kids “must do more for
themselves” and her husband “must work more due to [Plaintiff] not working.” (R. 158.)
Plaintiff’s nerve pain is worse at night and makes it difficult “to get to sleep, stay asleep and
have a restful sleep,” and she sleeps at most five hours a night. (R. 158.) Plaintiff has “difficulty
putting on pants due to hip [and] back pain,” and her injury makes “washing up, [and] washing
hair difficult due to pain” and mobility issues. (R. 158.) “Some hand movements [are] very
difficult.” (R. 158.) She also uses hair styles that do not require frequent brushing or combing
as “brushing, combing is difficult.” (R. 158.) Plaintiff has had no difficulty feeding herself,

remembering to take care of her personal needs, or remembering to take medicine. (R. 158–59.)
Plaintiff usually eats once a day and makes “something simple[,] salad [and] meat.” (R.
159.) The kids heat up their meals in the microwave or Plaintiff makes soup. (R. 159.) She
along with her husband and kids prepare meals “daily.” (R. 159.) Since her medical issues
began, Plaintiff make “meals more infrequently” and the kids have started making meals for
themselves. (R. 159.)
Plaintiff is able to do laundry and load the dishwasher. (R. 159.) She needs her husband
to carry laundry to the basement. (R. 160.) Due to her hand, knee, hip, and back pain, Plaintiff
does not do yard work. (R. 160.) Housework takes a very long time and requires her husband’s
help, such that Plaintiff can “only do it when he is not working.” (R. 160.)
Plaintiff only goes outside once or twice a day, either driving or riding in a car. (R. 160.)
She can go outside alone and had a driver’s license. (R. 160.) However, her husband has the car

“99% of the time” and will usually drive her where she needs to go. (R. 160.) Plaintiff shops for
groceries and “stuff for family” whenever necessary. (R. 160.)
Plaintiff is able to pay bills, count change, and handle a savings account, and her ability
to handle money has not changed since her medical issues began. (R. 161.) Her medical issues
have not affected her interest in reading. (R. 161.) Plaintiff does not do social activities or go to
social events on a regular basis. (R. 161.) She has no problem getting along with others, but
reported that she does not interact with people as much as she did before her medical issues
because she does not “go out or talk on the phone.” (R. 162.)
Plaintiff has difficulty lifting due to hand, back, and hip pain, and requires help lifting
things. (R. 162.) Hip and back pain also make it difficult to stand up for relatively long periods.

(R. 162.) She also experiences hip and knee pain when walking long distances. (R. 162.)
Plaintiff can only sit on a cushion and frequently gets up due to back and hip pain. (R. 162.) She
tries not to take the stairs often due to knee, back, and hip issues. (R. 162.) Because her knee is
tender from surgery and she sometimes gets fluid on her knee, Plaintiff does not kneel. (R. 162.)
She also finds squatting difficult due to her knee injury. (R. 162.) Reaching can be difficult
“due to tears in both shoulders” and arthritis. (R. 162.) Using her right hand is also difficult due
to injury, and she frequently drops things due to mobility and flexibility issues accompanied by
nerve pain. (R. 162.) She has no issues seeing, hearing, or talking. (R. 163.) She does not
know how long she can walk without having to stop and rest because she tries “not to walk
often.” (R. 163.) She guesses that she would have to rest for fifteen minutes before she could
continue walking. (R. 163.) Plaintiff does not have problems paying attention, but sometimes
cannot finish what she started because she takes breaks due to pain. (R. 163.) Plaintiff can
follow spoken and written instructions, does not have difficulty getting along with authority

figures, and has never lost a job due to problems getting along with people. (R. 164.) When her
work stress became too much, she had a panic attack, and has not worked since the panic attack.
(R. 164.) Plaintiff does not have trouble remembering things. (R. 164.)
After two months of increasing job stress, Plaintiff had a panic attack and was taken to
the hospital. (R. 164.) She believes the panic attacks are stress related and occur when she is
under mental and emotional duress. (R. 164.) During a panic attack, she is unable to breathe or
talk, experiences tunnel vision, has difficulty walking, and her blood pressure goes up. (R. 164.)
She tries to calm herself during panic attacks by talking to herself and distracting herself. (R.
165.) Due to increased stress “from being out of work and dealing [with] workers comp,” she
experiences a panic attack at least once a month. (R. 165.) However, she works hard to calm

herself and talks to her therapist. (R. 165.) The panic attacks do not last long as long as she gets
away from or distracts herself from the trigger. (R. 165.) Plaintiff can travel by herself, but
during an attack she is not able to do things like shop or drive. (R. 165.) Once the symptoms
lessen, she needs quiet time and a place to be alone for about fifteen to thirty minutes in order to
“mentally regroup [and] calm down.” (R. 165.) Plaintiff sees Ms. Goldstein for this condition
but does not take medication. (R. 165.) The condition caused her to have difficulty socializing
with “work related people, i.e. supervisors.” (R. 165.)
d. The ALJ’s decision
In a decision dated November 25, 2019, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled.
(R. 7–23.) The ALJ conducted the five-step sequential analysis as required by the SSA.2 He

first found that Plaintiff had not worked from March 9, 2017, through her date last insured,
December 31, 2017. (R. 12–13.) Second, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had suffered from the
following severe impairments through the date last insured: right thumb arthritis, de Quervain’s
tenosynovitis of the right wrist, degenerative joint disease of the right knee, osteoarthritis and
internal derangement of the left knee, internal derangement of the right shoulder, degenerative
disc disease of the lumbar spine, lumbar radiculopathy, and obesity. (R. 13.) The ALJ also
stated:
In addition, diabetes, migraine headaches and anxiety attacks were
impairments mentioned in statements by a social worker, Paula
Goldstein. . . . They were not established in the treatment notes in
the medical evidence, and have not required treatment or
medication. As a social worker, Ms. Goldstein is not qualified to
make such an acceptable diagnosis under the Regulations. I

2 The five-step sequential process outlined by the SSA considers:
(1) whether the claimant is currently engaged in substantial gainful
activity; (2) whether the claimant has a severe impairment or
combination of impairments; (3) whether the impairment meets or
equals the severity of the specified impairments in the Listing of
Impairments; (4) based on a ‘residual functional capacity’
assessment, whether the claimant can perform any of his or her past
relevant work despite the impairment; and (5) whether there are
significant numbers of jobs in the national economy that the
claimant can perform given the claimant’s residual functional
capacity, age, education, and work experience.
Demars v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 841 F. App’x 258, 260–61 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Estrella v.
Berryhill, 925 F.3d 90, 94 (2d Cir. 2019)).
therefore find that these impairments are not medically diagnosed
impairments.
(R. 13.)
Third, the ALJ found that Plaintiff “did not have an impairment or combination of
impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20
[C.F.R.] Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1.” (R. 13.) Plaintiff “was evaluated under the criteria
for listings 1.02 for joint disorders and 1.04 for back impairments,” but did not “meet the
severity requirements for the listings.” (R. 13.) Nor did the severity of Plaintiff’s obesity
“contribute to marked functional limitations in other related medical conditions.” (R. 13–14.)
Fourth, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the RFC to perform light work as defined in 20

C.F.R. 404.1567(b), “except that she could only occasionally climb, crouch, crawl, kneel, stoop,
balance, or reach overhead with either arm; and could frequently use her right hand for grasping,
handling, and fingering.” (R. 14.) In reaching this conclusion, the ALJ reviewed the medical
evidence in the record, (R. 14–17), as well as the Disability Determination Explanation. (R. 17.)
The ALJ noted Ms. Goldstein’s statements, but stated that “the problems discussed by Ms.
Goldstein do not rise to the level of a psychiatric impairment” because it was “not a diagnosis
provided by an appropriate medical source under the regulations,” (R. 16), and further stated
that:
[Ms. Goldstein’s opinion] was not [a] persuasive opinion, since a
diagnosis provided by Ms. Goldstein would not establish a
psychiatric condition under the Regulations, and the opinions
expressed were not consistent with what was seen in the medical
record, since [Plaintiff] has not received any manner of psychiatric
treatment. Considering all of that, the findings presented by Ms.
Goldstein, of good and fair capabilities in almost all categories,
would not be consistent with an individual with severe mental
limitations.
(R. 17.)
The ALJ then followed a two-step process in which he first “determined whether there is
an underlying medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s) . . . that could reasonably
be expected to produce [Plaintiff’s] pain or other symptoms,” and then evaluated the intensity,
persistence, and limiting effects of Plaintiff’s symptoms “to determine the extent to which they
limit [Plaintiff’s] work-related activities.” (R. 18.) The ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “medically
determinable impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms.” (R. 18.)
However, he also found that Plaintiff’s “statements concerning the intensity, persistence and

limiting effects of [those] symptoms are not entirely consistent with the medical evidence and
other evidence in the record.” (R. 18.) He stated that the medical evidence had not identified an
impairment that would explain Plaintiff’s alleged degree of pain and limitation, noting “the lack
of ongoing treatment, the medical treatment for pain, and the indications . . . that most disorders
were treated and resolved prior to” the date last insured. (R. 18.) Plaintiff had right hand surgery
in May 2017 and another surgery in October of 2018; the ALJ stated that “[p]ost-surgical
treatment records suggest that these conditions effectively resolved with surgery, with only
minimal limitations seen on subsequent physical examinations.” (R. 18.) Plaintiff was also
evaluated for intermittent back pain. (R. 18.) While Plaintiff was obese throughout the period,
“there were no related restrictions seen in the physical examinations.” (R. 18.) The ALJ

incorporated limitations from Plaintiff’s shoulder issues into his determination of her RFC but
noted that “the most significant shoulder problems were not identified until August 2018.” (R.
19.) The treatment record also indicated “a short period” of alleged hip problems. (R. 19.)
Plaintiff’s pain complaints were “frequently described as a level 5 out of 10,” but did not require
“extensive pain management.” (R. 19.) Plaintiff was also able to ambulate without assistance.
(R. 19.) The ALJ concluded that Plaintiff had “made significant improvements in her functional
capacity” and that prior to Plaintiff’s DLI, she “retained sufficient functional capacity to allow her
to perform a wide range of sedentary and light exertional activities.” (R. 19.)

At step five, the ALJ determined, consistent with the testimony of the VE, that Plaintiff
was capable of performing past relevant work as a parole officer and a case worker. (R. 19.) He
concluded that Plaintiff was not under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, any time
from March 9, 2017 to the date last insured. (R. 19–20.)
II. Discussion
a. Standard of review
“In reviewing a final decision of the Commissioner, a district court must determine
whether the correct legal standards were applied and whether substantial evidence supports the
decision.” Butts v. Barnhart, 388 F.3d 377, 384 (2d Cir. 2004), as amended on reh’g in part,
416 F.3d 101 (2d Cir. 2005); see also Selian v. Astrue, 708 F.3d 409, 417 (2d Cir. 2013) (per

curiam). “Substantial evidence means more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Sczepanski v.
Saul, 946 F.3d 152, 157 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Moran v. Astrue, 569 F.3d 108, 112 (2d Cir.
2009)); see also Lesterhuis v. Colvin, 805 F.3d 83, 87 (2d Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (same);
McIntyre v. Colvin, 758 F.3d 146, 149 (2d Cir. 2014) (same). Once an ALJ finds facts, the court
“can reject those facts only if a reasonable factfinder would have to conclude otherwise.”
Talyosef v. Saul, 848 F. App’x 47, 48 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Brault v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 683
F.3d 443, 448 (2d Cir. 2012)). In deciding whether substantial evidence exists, the court
“defer[s] to the Commissioner’s resolution of conflicting evidence.” Smith v. Berryhill, 740 F.
App’x 721, 726 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting Cage v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 692 F.3d 118, 122 (2d Cir.
2012)). If, however, the Commissioner’s decision is not supported by substantial evidence or is
based on legal error, a court may set aside the Commissioner’s decision. See Ewen v. Saul, No.
19-CV-9394, 2021 WL 1143288, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 23, 2021) (citing Moran, 569 F.3d at

112); see also Prince v. Astrue, 514 F. App’x 18, 19–20 (2d Cir. 2013) (citing Burgess v. Astrue,
537 F.3d 117, 128 (2d Cir. 2008)). “In making such determinations, courts should be mindful
that ‘[t]he Social Security Act is a remedial statute which must be ‘liberally applied’; its intent is
inclusion rather than exclusion.’” McCall v. Astrue, No. 05-CV-2042, 2008 WL 5378121, at *8
(S.D.N.Y. Dec. 23, 2008) (alteration in original) (quoting Rivera v. Schweiker, 717 F.2d 719, 723
(2d Cir. 1983)).
b. The ALJ failed to develop the record
Plaintiff argues that if the ALJ was dissatisfied with Ms. Goldstein’s findings, “he had an
affirmative duty to further develop the record with regard to Plaintiff’s limitations and their
effect on her ability to work before finding Ms. Goldstein’s opinion not persuasive.” (Pl.’s

Mem. 18–19.) Further, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by failing to question Plaintiff about
the impact of her mental impairments on her ability to interact with others and function in the
workplace. (Id. at 19, 21.)
In response, the Commissioner argues that no further development of the record was
necessary because “no further development is required where the evidence of record is adequate
for the ALJ to make a disability determination.” (Comm’r Mem. at 15–16.) The Commissioner
argues that the ALJ “reasonably found that the evidence did not establish a medically
determinable mental impairment,” noting Plaintiff’s concessions that she did not see a
psychiatrist, take medications for a mental condition, or have difficulties getting along with
others, paying attention, following instructions, or remembering things. (Id. at 17.)
A district court must ensure that the ALJ has adequately developed the record in
accordance with 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(3), which requires an ALJ to consider all evidence in
the case record when making a determination or decision on a claimant’s disability. See Lamay

v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 562 F.3d 503, 508–09 (2d Cir. 2009) (“[I]t is the rule in our circuit that
the [social security] ALJ, unlike a judge in a trial, must [on behalf of all claimants] . . .
affirmatively develop the record in light of the essentially non-adversarial nature of a benefits
proceeding.” (alterations in original) (quoting Tejada v. Apfel, 167 F.3d 770, 774 (2d Cir.
1999))). Although a “claimant has the general burden of proving that he or she has a disability
within the meaning of the Act,” Sczepanski, 946 F.3d at 158 (citing McIntyre, 758 F.3d at 149),
“[b]ecause a hearing on disability benefits is a nonadversarial proceeding, the ALJ generally has
an affirmative obligation to develop the administrative record,” Burgess, 537 F.3d at 128
(alteration in original) (quoting Melville v. Apfel, 198 F.3d 45, 51 (2d Cir. 1999)); see
also Yucekus v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 829 F. App’x 553, 558 (2d Cir. 2020) (“[W]here there are

deficiencies in the record, an ALJ is under an affirmative obligation to develop a claimant’s
medical history even when the claimant is represented by counsel[.]” (alterations in original)
(quoting Rosa v. Callahan, 168 F.3d 72, 79 (2d Cir. 1999))); Tankisi v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 521
F. App’x 29, 33 n.1 (2d Cir. 2013) (“Unlike a judge at trial, the ALJ has a duty to ‘investigate
and develop the facts and develop the arguments both for and against the granting of benefits.’”
(quoting Vincent v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 651 F.3d 299, 305 (2d Cir. 2011))). This duty is
present “[e]ven when a claimant is represented by counsel.” Moran, 569 F.3d at 112 (collecting
cases); see also Eusepi v. Colvin, 595 F. App’x 7, 9 (2d Cir. 2014) (“[T]he ALJ’s general duty to
develop the administrative record applies even where the applicant is represented by
counsel . . . .” (citing Rosa, 168 F.3d at 79)); Rockwood v. Astrue, 614 F. Supp. 2d 252, 279
(N.D.N.Y. 2009) (“[A]n ALJ has an affirmative duty to develop the record, even if the claimant
is represented by counsel, if the medical record is ambiguous or incomplete.” (first citing Tejada,
167 F.3d at 774; and then citing Rosa, 168 F.3d at 79)). In addition, the ALJ must attempt to fill

in gaps in the record. See Blash v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 813 F. App’x 642, 645 (2d Cir.
2020) (“When there is an obvious or ‘clear gap[]’ in the record, the ALJ is required to seek out
missing medical records, even when a party is represented by counsel.” (alteration in original)
(quoting Rosa, 168 F.3d at 79)); Rosa, 168 F.3d at 79 & n.5 (explaining that the ALJ must
attempt to fill “clear gaps” in the record, but “where there are no obvious gaps . . . and where the
ALJ already possesses a ‘complete medical history,’” the ALJ is under no obligation to seek
additional information (quoting Perez v. Chater, 77 F.3d 41, 48 (2d Cir. 1996))).
The duty to develop obligates the Commissioner “to develop a complete medical record,”
Blash, 813 F. App’x at 645 (quoting Pratts v. Chater, 94 F.3d 34, 37 (2d Cir. 1996); and then
citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1512(b)), which is “detailed enough to allow the ALJ to determine the

claimant’s RFC,” Sigmen v. Colvin, No. 13-CV-268, 2015 WL 251768, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Jan.
20, 2015) (citing Casino-Ortiz v. Astrue, No. 06-CV-155, 2007 WL 2745704, at *7 (S.D.N.Y.
Sept. 21, 2007), report and recommendation adopted, 2008 WL 461375 (Feb. 20, 2008)).
Pursuant to the SSA regulations, the Commissioner is obligated to “make every reasonable effort
to help [the claimant] get medical evidence from [his] own medical sources and entities that
maintain [his] medical sources’ evidence when [the claimant] give[s] . . . permission to request
the reports.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1512(b)(1); see also Perez, 77 F.3d at 47. The Commissioner’s
duty to make such efforts includes the duty to seek, as part of such medical evidence and reports,
a medical source statement or functional assessment detailing the claimant’s limitations. See
Robins v. Astrue, No. 10-CV-3281, 2011 WL 2446371, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. June 15, 2011) (“[SSR]
96-5p confirms that the Commissioner interprets those regulations to mean that ‘[a]djudicators
are generally required to request that acceptable medical sources provide these statements with
their medical reports.’” (alteration in original) (quoting SSR 96-5p, 1996 WL 374183 (July 2,

1996))). Failing to adequately develop the record is an independent ground for vacating the
ALJ’s decision and remanding for further findings. See Rosa, 168 F.3d at 83 (finding remand
“particularly appropriate” where the ALJ failed to obtain adequate information from treating
physicians and potentially relevant information from other doctors); see also Morris v. Berryhill,
721 F. App’x 25, 27 (2d Cir. 2018) (“Failure to develop the record warrants remand.” (first citing
Rosa, 168 F.3d at 79–80; and then citing Moran, 569 F.3d at 113–15)); Green v. Astrue, No. 08-
CV-8435, 2012 WL 1414294, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 24, 2012) (“[F]ailure to develop the record
adequately is an independent ground for vacating the ALJ’s decision and remanding the case.”
(citing Moran, 569 F.3d at 114–15)), report and recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 3069570
(July 26, 2012). Nevertheless, even where an ALJ fails to develop the opinion of a treating

physician, remand may not be required “where . . . the record contains sufficient evidence from
which an ALJ can assess the petitioner’s [RFC].” Tankisi, 521 F. App’x at 34.
The Administrative Record contains one undated page of handwritten notes from Ms.
Goldstein that indicates Plaintiff began seeing the social worker in January of 2017 but does not
indicate how long or how often Ms. Goldstein treated Plaintiff. (R. 201.) The only other
document in the Administrative Record from Ms. Goldstein is a three page “Medical Assessment
of Ability to Do Work Related Activities (Mental)” dated October 20, 2019. (R. 430–32.)
Plaintiff contends that there was an ongoing treatment relationship with Ms. Goldstein from
January of 2017 and the ALJ failed to take that long history of treatment into consideration. (Pl.
Mem. 13, 20). Plaintiff remarks in her Function Report dated October 29, 2018, that she
experiences panic attacks at least every month and talks to her therapist to deal with the attacks.
(R. 165.) The Administrative Record indicates that Plaintiff has had an ongoing treatment
relationship with Ms. Goldstein, yet there are only four pages in the record — one page of

treatment notes, and a three-page medical assessment — that the ALJ used to determine that
Plaintiff did not have a psychiatric condition under the Regulations. (R. 17.)
With only four pages of information about Plaintiff’s panic attacks and subsequent
treatment, there is not enough evidence in the Administrative Record to support any findings as
to Plaintiff’s mental limitations. The ALJ erred in not seeking additional evidence as there was
an obvious gap in the record. Eusepi, 595 F. App’x. at 9; Craig, 218 F. Supp. 3d at 267. The
“duty to develop the record . . . ensur[es] that the record as a whole is complete” so the ALJ can
effectively determine the RFC of a claimant. Sigmen, 2015 WL 251768, at *11 (citing Casino-
Ortiz, 2007 WL 2745704, at *7.
The ALJ did not attempt to obtain additional records or treatment notes from Ms.

Goldstein, or seek an evaluation from Dr. Lee, one of Plaintiff’s treating physicians, who had
noted Plaintiff’s panic attacks in his own treatment notes. (R. 392-94.) Courts within the
Second Circuit have remanded cases where the ALJ failed to make any attempts to obtain
missing treatment records that are important to the RFC determination from treating physicians
as well as social workers and mental health counselors who have a treating relationship with the
plaintiff. See Craig, 218 F. Supp. 3d at 268 (“The absence of any treatment records from [the
treating physician], with no documented attempts by the ALJ to obtain them, is such a clear
violation of the ALJ’s duty to develop the record…”); Gardner v. Colvin, No. 16-CV-2385, 2019
WL 3753797, at *17 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 8, 2019) (“The lack of psychotherapy notes also implicates
the ALJ’s decision to give [the social worker’s] findings little weight. Therefore, the ALJ should
have sought and reviewed these notes which may have impacted her determination regarding the
weight to be given to [the social worker’s] findings.” (footnote omitted)); Cannizzaro v. Saul,
No. 19-CV-690, 2020 WL 5628066, at *3–4 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 21, 2020) (“The A.L.J.’s failure to
attempt to obtain [the mental health counselor’s] treatment notes is cause for remand.”).3 Even if

Plaintiff’s counsel represented at the hearing that the record was complete or the ALJ holds the
record open for additional records, this does not discharge the ALJ’s duty to develop the record.
Cannizzaro, 2020 WL 5628066, at *4 (“The A.L.J.’s duty to develop the record remained intact
even though Plaintiff’s counsel indicated that the record was complete.”); see also Curtis v.
Astrue, No. 11-CV-786, 2012 WL 6098258, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Oct. 30, 2012), report and
recommendation adopted, 2012 WL 6098256 (N.D.N.Y. Dec. 7, 2012); Newsome v. Astrue, 817
F. Supp. 2d 111, 137 (E.D.N.Y. 2011); Ayer v. Astrue, No. 11-CV-83, 2012 WL 381784, at *6
(D. Vt. Feb. 6, 2012).4

3 Cf., Michael K. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 20-CV-1467, 2022 WL 3346930, at *6
(W.D.N.Y. Aug. 12, 2022) (finding that the ALJ did not have a duty to develop non-medical
source records where there were only three pages missing out of a hundred total from the
vocational counselor’s report, and there were also additional medical sources for the ALJ to
evaluate.)
4 Prior to the abolition of the treating physician rule, “ALJ’s were required to obtain an
opinion from a claimant’s treating physician” for the impairments a Plaintiff claimed as part of
their duty to develop the record. Russ v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 582 F. Supp. 3d 151, 163
(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2022). The courts would frequently remand cases where the ALJ failed to do
so if the record did not contain sufficient evidence for the ALJ to effectively assess the residual
functional capacity. See, e.g., Hooper v. Colvin, 199 F. Supp. 3d 796, 815 (S.D.N.Y. 2016)
(remanding the case when the ALJ made a disability determination based on a record lacking a
complete medical opinion.); McKinley v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., No. 17-CV-6439, 2018 WL
4328840, at *7–8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 11, 2018) (remanding the case when there were obvious gaps
in the record and the ALJ failed to obtain an assessment of the plaintiff’s functional limitations
due to their mental health disorder); cf. Tankisi, 521 F. App’x at 34 (finding that remand was not
necessary even though the ALJ did not seek a medical opinion from a treating physician because
the medical records were extensive and sufficient to assess the plaintiff’s RFC.)
In order for an ALJ to make a disability determination without a medical source opinion
about the Plaintiff’s functional limitations there must be “no obvious gaps in the administrative
record” and the ALJ must “[possess] a complete medical history.” Rosa, 168 F.3d at 79 n.5.
There are obvious gaps in the record, as there is only one page of treatment notes and a three-

page medical assessment form from Ms. Goldstein who treated Plaintiff from January 2017
through October 2019. The only other mention of Plaintiff’s mental limitations was a notation
from the treating physician Dr. Lee in March of 2017. (R. 392–94.) The record was not
sufficient for the ALJ to assess Plaintiff’s functional abilities due to her panic attacks. The ALJ
made no attempts to obtain the missing records from Ms. Goldstein and in addition made no
attempts to seek out an assessment from Dr. Lee or even request a consultative examination with
a psychiatrist or psychologist with all of Ms. Goldstein’s records.5 See Marcano v. Berryhill,
No. 16-CV-8033, 2018 WL 2316340, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 30, 2018) (“If the information
obtained from medical sources is insufficient to make a disability determination, or if the ALJ is
unable to seek clarification from treating sources, the regulations also provide that the ALJ

should ask the claimant to attend one or more consultative evaluations.”).
In addition, the ALJ failed to ask Plaintiff any questions about her claim of a mental
health impairment at the hearing. Part of the ALJ’s duty to develop the record includes the duty
to question a plaintiff adequately about their subjective complaints and the impact of their
impairments on the functional capacity. See Echevarria v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 685
F.2d 751, 755–56 (2d Cir. 1982); Brown v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 709 F. Supp. 2d 248, 256

5 Dr. Kennedy-Walsh, a consultative examiner, reviewed Plaintiff’s records on
December 7, 2018 and found there was insufficient evidence to evaluate the claim. Dr.
Kennedy-Walsh only had the one-page report from Ms. Goldstein to determine if there was a
mental health impairment and determined this was not enough evidence to substantiate the
presence of a disorder. (R. 62–63.)
(S.D.N.Y. 2010). The ALJ did not ask Plaintiff any questions related to the impairments she
claimed, including her physical impairments. Remand is appropriate when the ALJ fails to
sufficiently questions the Plaintiff about their subjective complaints. See Smith v. Berryhill, No.
16-CV-6502, 2019 WL 3936736, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2019) (remanding because “the ALJ

did not adequately question the plaintiff about her subjective complaints”); Hilsdorf v. Comm’r
of Soc. Sec., 724 F. Supp. 2d 330, 352 (E.D.N.Y. 2010) (remanding because, among other
reasons, the ALJ “failed to question Plaintiff at the hearing about the nature of his activities or
limitations”).
Remand is appropriate because of the gaps in the record, to obtain a mental health
assessment from Plaintiff’s treating physician or a consultative examiner, and for the ALJ to
sufficiently question Plaintiff about her claimed limitations.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings and denies the Commissioner’s cross motion for judgment on the pleadings. The

Commissioner’s decision is vacated, and this action is remanded for further administrative
proceedings consistent with this opinion, pursuant to the fourth sentence of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).
The Clerk of Court is directed to close this case.
Dated: September 30, 2022
Brooklyn, New York
SO ORDERED:

s/ MKB
MARGO K. BRODIE
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10308707. Public record. Not legal advice.