# Einsohn v. New York City Department of Education

> District Court, E.D. New York · March 30, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10307805

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** March 30, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10307805

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding plaintiff alleged adverse employment action on basis of disproportionate workload where assignment “exceed[ed] [school] [d]istrict policy” (internal quotation marks omitted)
- noting that five months could be sufficient temporal proximity to establish causation at prima facie stage
- finding summary judgment may be granted where nonmoving party’s evidence is “merely colorable” or “not significantly probative”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
---------------------------------------------------------x
MARC EINSOHN,

Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

v. 19-CV-2660 (RPK) (RER)

NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION and HOWARD KWAIT,

Defendants.
---------------------------------------------------------x
RACHEL P. KOVNER, United States District Judge:
Plaintiff Marc Einsohn brings this action alleging that defendants Howard Kwait and the
New York City Department of Education (“DOE”) discriminated and retaliated against him
because of his disability, in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C.
§ 12101 et seq., and the New York City Human Rights Law (“NYCHRL”), N.Y.C. Admin. Code
§ 8-101 et seq. Defendants also allegedly retaliated against plaintiff for engaging in protected
speech. See Compl. (Dkt. #1). Defendants have moved for summary judgment on all of
plaintiff’s claims. See Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (Dkt. #35) (“Defs.’ Mem.”).
For the reasons that follow, defendants’ motion is granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual Background
The following facts are taken from defendants’ Rule 56.1 statement and relevant portions
of the record and are undisputed unless otherwise noted.
Plaintiff is employed by the DOE as an assistant principal at John Browne High School
(“JBHS”) in New York. Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 1 (Dkt. #34). Principal Howard Kwait
was plaintiff’s supervisor from September 2010 to May 11, 2018. Id. ¶ 4. Plaintiff is in charge
of the JBHS foreign languages department. See id. ¶ 1.
On June 7, 2017, plaintiff informed Kwait that plaintiff “would be taking off . . . June
12[] and June 13[] . . . for immediate medical care.” Id. ¶ 14. Kwait approved plaintiff’s request
for leave. Id. ¶ 15.
Sometime later that month, Kwait and plaintiff met to talk about plaintiff’s teaching

responsibilities for the upcoming school year. Id. ¶ 13. Plaintiff had scheduled himself to teach
one second-period Spanish class during the 2017-2018 school year. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin
Ex. B at 18:4-8 (Dkt. #33-2). But Kwait assigned plaintiff to teach two Spanish classes during
periods six and eight. See Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 17; Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. H (Dkt.
#33-8); id. Ex. I (Dkt. #33-9). Plaintiff’s period six class was scheduled in Room 150 and his
period eight class was scheduled in a trailer outside the school building. Defs.’ Rule 56.1
Statement ¶ 20. Plaintiff’s office was in Room 252. Id. ¶ 21.
During the 2017-2018 school year, plaintiff was the only assistant principal assigned to
supervise the JBHS foreign languages department and the only assistant principal licensed to
teach Spanish at JBHS. Id. ¶¶ 2-3. That year, JBHS enrolled 3,600 students. Id. ¶ 10. Due to

high enrollment, some classes were held in trailers, and students started and ended the school day
at three different times. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. F at 50:18-51:3 (Dkt. #33-6); Defs.’
Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 11-12.
Plaintiff sent Kwait an email on August 28, 2017, asking that Kwait reduce plaintiff’s
teaching load to one class. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. I. The record does not include
Kwait’s response. But Kwait appears to have denied plaintiff’s request. See id. Ex. H.
Two days later, plaintiff emailed Kwait about a surgery that plaintiff had scheduled for
September 5, 2017. Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 22. Plaintiff told Kwait that plaintiff would
need about six weeks to recover. See id. ¶ 23. Plaintiff anticipated that he would return to work
on November 1, 2017. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. C (Dkt. #33-3). The DOE subsequently
approved plaintiff’s request for sick leave. See Defs,’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 26. While plaintiff
was on leave, Kwait assigned other teachers to cover plaintiff’s classes. Id. ¶ 29.
On September 5, 2017, plaintiff had the right side of his colon surgically removed. See

id. ¶ 7; Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B at 19:7-13. Dr. Owen Su performed the surgery. See
Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B at 19:14-15; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 27. Plaintiff states that
he suffered from complications that limited his ability to walk, bend, and stand. See Decl. of
Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B. at 20:17-21; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 8, 30.
Dr. Su faxed a letter to Kwait’s payroll secretary on November 1, 2017, explaining that
plaintiff could return to work that day. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. E (Dkt. #33-5). The
letter stated that plaintiff could not “participate in hall duty or hall patrol and may not be given
more than one teaching assignment.” Ibid. Kwait scheduled a meeting for November 10, 2017,
to discuss the proposed accommodations with plaintiff and plaintiff’s union representative.
Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 32.

In addition, Kwait and Superintendent Elaine Lindsey requested a medical evaluation of
plaintiff pursuant to New York Education Law § 2568. Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶ 33-34.
That statute permits superintendents of certain school districts in New York to require employees
“to submit to a medical examination by a physician or school medical inspector of the board[] in
order to determine the mental or physical capacity of such person to perform his duties.” N.Y.
Educ. Law § 2568. Plaintiff’s evaluation was eventually scheduled for December 13. Defs.’
Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 37.
Plaintiff’s condition worsened, and on November 10, 2017, Dr. Su faxed Kwait a letter
stating that plaintiff was “unable to work” and asking Kwait to “extend [plaintiff] all reasonable
considerations.” Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. G (Dkt. #33-7); see id. Ex. B at 31:1-9. Eleven
days later, plaintiff emailed Kwait a request to take leave until January 2, 2018. Defs.’ Rule 56.1
Statement ¶ 38. Kwait endorsed and the DOE approved plaintiff’s request. See id. ¶¶ 39-40.
The DOE’s medical inspector examined plaintiff on December 13, 2017, in accordance

with Section 2568. See id. ¶ 41. As reported in the DOE’s records, plaintiff requested “[n]o
more than [one] teaching assignment in a location near office in [e]arly part of the day[] [and]
[n]o participation in [h]all duty/[h]all [p]atrol.” Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. M (Dkt. #33-13).
The DOE doctor found that plaintiff’s functional limitations were to “[a]void excessive
walking[] [and] long term standing/[b]ending (due to mobility [i]ssue).” Ibid. The doctor
concluded that plaintiff’s accommodation request should be sent to the DOE’s Office of Equal
Opportunity and Diversity (“OEO”) “to determine whether the request can be reasonably
accommodated.” Ibid.; Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 44.
Plaintiff’s accommodation request was then forwarded to the deputy director of the OEO,
Matthew Riordan. Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 45. Riordan asked Kwait whether plaintiff’s

requests could be accommodated. Id. ¶ 46. Kwait responded by email that some of plaintiff’s
accommodation requests were feasible but others put “an undue burden and hardship onto the
school.” See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. H.
Kwait said that plaintiff’s classes could be relocated from Room 150 and the outside
trailer to Room 245—classroom much closer to plaintiff’s office in Room 252. Ibid. Kwait also
permitted plaintiff to remain seated while teaching. Ibid.
But Kwait explained that plaintiff’s request to teach one class could not be
accommodated because JBHS was “already short licensed Spanish teachers.” Ibid. Kwait also
noted that during plaintiff’s leave, his classes were “taught by teachers in other departments at a
cost of $12,500 per teacher.” Ibid. Kwait suggested that the “best interests of . . . students” and
the “school budget” prevented further accommodation. Ibid.
Kwait also rejected plaintiff’s request to teach at an earlier time. See ibid. Kwait
explained that due to plaintiff’s and students’ schedules, plaintiff’s request to teach at an earlier

time could only be accommodated if his classes were in periods two and three. Kwait said that
he could not “accommodate this [modification] based on the needs of our school,” and that the
granting the request would cause “an undue hardship.” Ibid. He did not explain further why that
was so. Ibid.
Finally, Kwait stated that the school could not accommodate plaintiff’s request to be
relieved from hall duty. See ibid. Kwait pointed out that there had been a stabbing at JBHS in
April 2017 and a gun in the building in November. See ibid. And Kwait noted that the DOE’s
Office of Safety and Youth Development had conducted a “comprehensive safety review” of
JBHS and had “stated the need for [assistant principals] to serve as a part of floor teams to help
contribute to a safe and secure learning environment.” Ibid. But Kwait thought that plaintiff

could be accommodated “by placing a chair in the corridor for the minutes before classes let out,
passing[,] and a few minutes into the period until the hallways clear” so that plaintiff could serve
“as another pair of eyes with a radio who can assist from [a] seated position . . . if mobility may
be an issue.” Ibid.
Following Kwait’s email, the OEO accommodated plaintiff by moving his classes to
Room 245, “permitting [plaintiff] to sit as needed during instructional time, and providing
[plaintiff] with a chair so that he can be seated when performing hall duty.” Id. Ex. N (Dkt. #33-
14). The OEO found that plaintiff’s other requested accommodations “would present an undue
hardship for the school.” Ibid.
On January 21, 2018, plaintiff went back to work with the accommodations provided by
the OEO. Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶ 65. In early May, Kwait was removed from JBHS and
replaced with a different principal. Id. ¶¶ 66-67. Plaintiff’s performance was rated
“satisfactory” for the 2017-2018 school year. Id. ¶ 68.

II. Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed a charge of disability discrimination with the United States Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) against the DOE and Kwait, id. ¶ 69, and the
EEOC issued plaintiff a “right-to-sue” letter, id. ¶ 71.
Plaintiff then filed this suit. See Compl. He brings three causes of action against Kwait
and the DOE. Plaintiff first claims that defendants violated the ADA. See id. ¶¶ 21-23. Second,
plaintiff alleges that by discriminating against plaintiff, defendants engaged in an unlawful
discriminatory practice in violation of the NYCHRL. See id. ¶¶ 26-29. Third, plaintiff brings a
claim entitled “Violation of Article 1 Section 8 of the New York State Constitution,” in which he
alleges that defendants “violat[ed] … Plaintiff’s rights to free speech as guaranteed under the
First Amendment to the United States Constitution.” Id. ¶¶ 24-25. Plaintiff elsewhere states that

defendants violated plaintiff’s right to free speech under Article I, Section 8 of the New York
State Constitution by “unlawfully discriminat[ing] and retaliat[ing]” against plaintiff. Id. ¶ 25.
Plaintiff seeks damages, unspecified injunctive relief, and attorney’s fees and costs. Id. at 8.
At the close of discovery, defendants moved for summary judgment on all of plaintiff’s
claims.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “An issue
of fact is genuine if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the
nonmoving party.” Frost v. N.Y.C. Police Dep’t, 980 F.3d 231, 242 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting SCR
Joint Venture L.P. v. Warshawsky, 559 F.3d 133, 137 (2d Cir. 2009)). “A fact is material if it
might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law.” Ibid. The movant bears the burden
of “demonstrat[ing] the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). Where “the burden of persuasion at trial would be on the non-moving
party,” the movant “may satisfy his burden of production” either “(1) by submitting evidence
that negates an essential element of the non-moving party's claim, or (2) by demonstrating that
the non-moving party’s evidence is insufficient to establish an essential element of the non-
moving party's claim.” Nick’s Garage, Inc. v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co., 875 F.3d 107, 114 (2d
Cir. 2017) (citation omitted).
In assessing the record, I consider cited “depositions, documents, electronically stored
information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations . . . , admissions, [and] interrogatory
answers[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). I view “the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.” Tracy v. Freshwater,

623 F.3d 90, 95 (2d Cir. 2010). “It is a settled rule that credibility assessments, choices between
conflicting versions of the events, and the weighing of evidence are matters for the jury, not for
the court on a motion for summary judgment.” McClellan v. Smith, 439 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks, alterations, and citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
Defendants move for summary judgment on plaintiff’s ADA and NYCHRL claims for
failure to accommodate, disparate treatment, hostile work environment, and retaliation. See
Defs.’ Mem. Defendants also move for summary judgment on plaintiff’s retaliation claims
under the First Amendment and the New York State Constitution. See ibid. Defendants’ motion
is granted with respect to plaintiff’s ADA disparate-treatment claim and any First Amendment
claim. Plaintiff’s ADA claim against Kwait, his state constitutional claim, and his hostile work
environment claims are withdrawn and therefore dismissed without prejudice. See Pl.’s Mem. in
Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. 1 n.1 (Dkt. #37) (“Pl.’s Mem.”); Camilli v. Grimes, 436 F.3d

120, 123 (2d Cir. 2006). Defendants’ motion is denied with respect to plaintiff’s remaining
claims.
I. Failure-to-Accommodate Claims
Factual disputes preclude summary judgment on plaintiff’s failure-to-accommodate
claims under the ADA and the NYCHRL.
A. ADA
“The ADA . . . require[s] an employer to afford reasonable accommodation of an
employee’s known disability unless the accommodation would impose an undue hardship on the
employer.” Noll v. Int'l Bus. Machs. Corp., 787 F.3d 89, 94 (2d Cir. 2015) (citing 42 U.S.C. §
12112(b)(5)(A)). To establish a prima facie case of disability discrimination arising from a
failure to accommodate, a plaintiff must demonstrate that “(1) he is a person with a disability

under the meaning of the ADA; (2) an employer covered by the statute had notice of his
disability; (3) with reasonable accommodation, the employee could perform the essential
functions of the job at issue; and (4) the employer has refused to make such accommodations.”
Ibid. (alterations and citation omitted). If the plaintiff proves his prima facie case, the burden
“shifts to the defendant to rebut the reasonableness of the proposed accommodation,” which “is
in essence equivalent to the burden of showing, as an affirmative defense, that the proposed
accommodation would cause the defendant to suffer an undue hardship.” Wright v. N.Y. State
Dep't of Corr., 831 F.3d 64, 76 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks, citations and alterations
omitted).
An employer that has taken or offered measures to accommodate a plaintiff’s disability
“is entitled to summary judgment if, on the undisputed record, the existing accommodation is
‘plainly reasonable.’” Noll, 787 F.3d at 94 (citation omitted). A reasonable accommodation is
not necessarily “a perfect accommodation or the very accommodation most strongly preferred by

the employee.” Id. at 95. Rather, “[t]he hallmark of a reasonable accommodation is
effectiveness.” Dean v. Univ. at Buffalo Sch. of Med. & Biomedical Scis., 804 F.3d 178, 189 (2d
Cir. 2015). A “reasonable accommodation” therefore “enable[s] an individual with a disability .
. . to perform the essential functions of [her] position” or “enjoy equal benefits and privileges of
employment as are enjoyed by . . . other similarly situated employees without disabilities.” 29
C.F.R. § 1630.2(o)(1); see Noll, 787 F.3d at 94 (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(o)(1)); Norman v.
NYU Langone Health Sys., No. 20-3624-cv (L), 20-3745-cv (XAP), 2021 WL 5986999, at *3 (2d
Cir. Dec. 17, 2021) (summary order). Whether an accommodation is reasonable is “a ‘fact-
specific’ question” that is rarely suited for disposition on summary judgment. Noll, 787 F.3d at
94.

Here, defendants argue that summary judgment is warranted because the
accommodations provided to plaintiff were plainly reasonable and because plaintiff’s proposed
accommodations would have placed an undue burden on the school. See Defs.’ Mem. 5-9.
Because factual disputes remain about both the reasonableness of the accommodations and the
burden of plaintiff’s proposal, summary judgment is denied.
A reasonable factfinder could conclude that the accommodations that defendants
provided to plaintiff were not reasonable. Defendants moved plaintiff’s classes closer to his
office, let plaintiff sit while teaching, and gave plaintiff a chair for hall duty. See Decl. of Isaac
S. Baskin Ex. N. But those accommodations fell short of those recommended by plaintiff’s
physician, who stated that plaintiff should not teach more than one class or participate in hall
duty at all. Id. Ex. E; cf. Williams v. Geiger, 447 F. Supp. 3d 68, 83 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (finding
accommodations that were consistent with physician’s opinion plainly reasonable); Wenc v. New
London Bd. of Educ., No. 14-CV-840 (VAB), 2016 WL 4410061, at *15 (D. Conn. Aug. 16,

2016) (same), aff’d, 702 F. App’x 27 (2d Cir. 2017). Dr. Su did not explain that opinion. See
Bielski v. Green, 674 F. Supp. 2d 414, 425 (W.D.N.Y. 2009). But plaintiff gave additional detail
to support the recommendation against hall duty, stating that he could not risk any contact with
the area surrounding his wound and that thousands of students moved through the halls during
passing times. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B at 39:2-3, 52:4-11. Given that record
evidence, a reasonable jury could conclude that the sitting accommodations did not “sufficiently
address the limitations of the disabled employee,” Kaganovich v. McDonough, 547 F. Supp. 3d
248, 270 (E.D.N.Y. 2021) (citation omitted), and were not “effective[],” Dean, 804 F.3d at 189.
There are also genuine disputes about whether that proposed accommodation posed an
“undue hardship” to defendants. Wright, 831 F.3d at 76. The ADA defines “undue hardship” as

“an action requiring significant difficulty or expense” in light of “the nature and cost of the
accommodation,” “the overall financial resources of the facility[,] . . . the number of persons
employed at [the] facility[,] the effect on expenses and resources, or the impact otherwise of
[the] accommodation [on] the operation of the facility,” among other factors. 42 U.S.C. §
12111(10); see Sivio v. Vill. Care Max, 436 F. Supp. 3d 778, 791-92 (S.D.N.Y. 2020). The
employer must make “a detailed showing” that the proposed accommodation would require
significant difficulty or expense. Rodal v. Anesthesia Grp. of Onondaga, P.C., 369 F.3d 113,
121-22 (2d Cir. 2004).
A genuine dispute of material fact exists as to whether exempting plaintiff from hall duty
would have imposed an undue hardship. Defendants argue that they “could not exempt plaintiff
from participating in hall duty entirely[] due to school safety concerns.” Defs.’ Mem. 6. Yet
Kwait’s email to Riordan only indicated that other assistant principals participated in hall duty,

as recommended by a safety review of JBHS—not that all assistant principals had to take shifts
to ensure school safety. See Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. H. And Kwait merely testified that if
plaintiff “could be seated with a walkie-talkie,” then plaintiff could serve as “another pair of eyes
and ears, recognizing [that] . . . [JBHS] had a stabbing and a gun in the school.” Id. Ex. F. at
11:9-12. Defendants do not explain why student safety required every single assistant principal
to participate in hall duty, or why plaintiff’s shift could not have been covered by another faculty
member. Nor have defendants produced other “concrete evidence indicating the likely impact of
[plaintiff’s] accommodation” on school operations. Rodal, 369 F. 3d at 122. Even assuming that
the “not-insignificant responsibilities” of hall duty would fall on other school employees if
plaintiff were exempted, I cannot “conclude as a matter of law that the burden was so

disproportionately heavy as to absolve [defendants] from [their] . . . obligations under the ADA.”
Ibid. Since genuine issues of material fact exist concerning at least this one accommodation,
summary judgment is denied on plaintiff’s failure-to-accommodate claim under the ADA.
B. NYCHRL
For the same reasons, defendants are not entitled to judgment on plaintiff’s NYCHRL
claim for failure to accommodate his disability. The same basic framework governs failure-to-
accommodate claims under the ADA and NYCHRL. See Frilando v. N.Y.C. Transit Auth., 463
F. Supp. 3d 501, 514 (S.D.N.Y. 2020). But claims under the NYCHRL must be considered
“independently from and more liberally than their federal . . . counterparts.” Wells v.
Achievement Network, No. 18-CV-6588 (KPF), 2021 WL 810220, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 2,
2021) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Loeffler v. Staten Island Univ. Hosp., 582 F.3d
268, 278 (2d Cir. 2009)). Under the NYCHRL, “the employer bears the burden of proving that
the [plaintiff’s proposed] accommodation was overly burdensome or that the plaintiff could not
perform the job even with a reasonable accommodation.” Stryker v. HSBC Secs. (USA), No. 16-

CV-9424 (JGK), 2020 WL 5127461, at *12 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 31, 2020). For substantially the
reasons that defendants have not shown there is no genuine dispute of material fact about the
reasonableness of plaintiff’s proposed accommodation or its burdensomeness with respect to
plaintiff’s ADA claim, defendants have not carried their summary-judgment burden with respect
to plaintiff’s analogous NYCHRL claim.
Defendants argue that plaintiff abandoned his NYCHRL failure-to-accommodate claim
because plaintiff failed to address defendants’ motion for summary judgment on that claim. See
Defs.’ Reply 2 (Dkt. #40). “Federal courts may deem a claim abandoned when a party moves for
summary judgment on one ground and the party opposing summary judgment fails to address the
argument in any way.” Taylor v. City of New York, 269 F. Supp. 2d 68, 75 (E.D.N.Y. 2003);

Kovaco v. Rockbestos-Suprenant Cable Corp., 834 F.3d 128, 143 (2d Cir. 2016) (“[W]hen
appropriate,” a “court may . . . infer from a party’s partial opposition that relevant claims . . . that
are not defended have been abandoned” on summary judgment). Plaintiff does not mention the
NYCHRL failure to accommodate claim in his summary judgment papers. See Pl.’s Mem. But
plaintiff affirmatively withdrew certain claims, while making no such withdrawal request with
respect to the NYCHRL failure-to-accommodate claim. See id. at 1 n.1, 14. Moreover, as I just
explained, the analysis for ADA and NYCHRL failure to accommodate claims is essentially the
same. And plaintiff did respond to defendants’ arguments with respect to the ADA. Therefore, I
do not infer that plaintiff abandoned the NYCHRL claims.
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the NYCHRL failure-to-accommodate
claim is denied.
II. Disparate Treatment Claims
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is granted on plaintiff’s disparate-treatment
claims under the ADA and denied on plaintiff’s disparate-treatment claims under the NYCHRL.

A. ADA
Plaintiff cannot prove a prima facie case of disparate-treatment discrimination under the
ADA. The McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework applies to such claims. See Fox v.
Costco Wholesale Corp., 918 F.3d 65, 71 (2d Cir. 2019). To establish a prima facie case of
disparate treatment on the basis of disability, a plaintiff must show, among other things, that “he
suffered [an] adverse employment action because of his disability.” Ibid. (quoting McMillan v.
City of New York, 711 F.3d 120, 125 (2d Cir. 2013)). An adverse employment action in this
context is “a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment.” Vale v.
Great Neck Water Poll. Control Dist., 80 F. Supp. 3d 426, 434 (E.D.N.Y. 2015); Davis v. N.Y.C.
Dep’t of Educ., 804 F.3d 231, 235 (2d Cir. 2015); Vega v. Hempstead Union Free Sch. Dist., 801

F.3d 72, 85 (2d Cir. 2015); Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 152 (2d Cir. 2004). Such an
action “must be more disruptive than a mere inconvenience or an alteration of job
responsibilities.” Fox, 918 F.3d at 71 (quoting Patrolmen’s Benevolent Ass’n of City of N.Y. v.
City of New York, 310 F.3d 43, 51 (2d Cir. 2002)). For example, an adverse employment action
“might be indicated by a termination of employment, a demotion evidenced by a decrease in
wage or salary, a less distinguished title, a material loss of benefits, significantly diminished
material responsibilities, or other indices unique to a particular situation.” Ibid. (alteration
omitted). Plaintiff’s evidence is insufficient to establish such a change.
Plaintiff first points to his assignment to hall duty, but this assignment does not qualify.
Other assistant principals performed hall duty, as had plaintiff in previous years. See Decl. of
Isaac S. Baskin Ex. H; Decl. of Thomas Ricotta Ex. A at 30:14-17 (Dkt. #37-3). Therefore,
plaintiff has not shown that hall duty was a materially adverse change in his employment, Vale,

80 F. Supp. 3d at 434, as opposed to the status quo, see Townsend v. First Student, No. 18-CV-
1684 (VLB), 2021 WL 4798825, at *9 (D. Conn. Oct. 14, 2021); Pinero v. Long Island State
Veterans Home, 375 F. Supp. 2d 162, 168 (E.D.N.Y. 2005); Smith v. City of New York, No. 03-
CV-1252 (NRB), 2008 WL 1970316, at *13 (S.D.N.Y. May 6, 2008).
Plaintiff’s assignment to teach two afternoon classes was not a materially adverse change
in the terms and conditions of plaintiff’s employment, either. Under certain circumstances,
assignment of a “disproportionately heavy workload” may constitute an adverse employment
action. Feingold, 366 F.3d at 153. But plaintiff has not pointed to evidence that establishes he
was assigned such a workload. Although plaintiff testified that “[i]t was common practice” that
assistant principals “always taught one class,” Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B at 62:4-5, a two-

class assignment seems consistent with plaintiff’s employment contract, which “calls for up to
[three] teaching assignments based upon the number of teachers supervised by the assistant
principal,” id. Ex. H. Plaintiff was therefore assigned less than the maximum permitted under
his job description. See Vega, 801 F.3d at 88 (finding plaintiff alleged adverse employment
action on basis of disproportionate workload where assignment “exceed[ed] [school] [d]istrict
policy” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Forest v. N.Y. State Off. of Mental Health,
672 F. App’x 42, 45 n.3 (2d Cir. 2016) (summary order) (“[A]ssignments within an employee’s
job description are generally not materially adverse” even under broader retaliation standard.);
Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B. at 65:11-24 (plaintiff’s testimony that during a later school year
not at issue in this case, plaintiff was assigned to teach the maximum load). While plaintiff
asked Kwait to reduce his teaching load after Kwait assigned him “additional supervisory
responsibilities,” Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. I, plaintiff does not argue or point to evidence that
his total volume of work exceeded what other assistant principals performed—or that the

increase in his teaching hours resulted in a heavily disproportionate workload. See, e.g., Collazo
v. County of Suffolk, 163 F. Supp. 3d 27, 44 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (granting summary judgment in
part because plaintiff had not “adduced facts that demonstrate being required to [perform a
certain task] rendered her workload ‘disproportionately heavy’”).
Unlike cases where employees put forward evidence they were reassigned a colleague’s
work, see Feingold, 366 F.3d at 153; Avillan v. Potter, No. 04-CV-9019 (PKC) (FM), 2006 WL
3103309, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 1, 2006), told to work more hours than other employees, see
Johnson v. Long Island Univ., 58 F. Supp. 3d 211, 224 (E.D.N.Y. 2014), or assigned to do alone
a job that would normally be performed by multiple employees, see Joseph v. Brooklyn Dev.
Disabilities Servs. Off., No. 12-CV-4402 (PKC) (CLP), 2016 WL 6700831, at *20 (E.D.N.Y.

Sept. 30, 2016); Pothen v. Stony Brook Univ., 211 F. Supp. 3d 486, 495 (E.D.N.Y. 2016),
plaintiff has not put forward evidence establishing more than that he was assigned a different
blend of work tasks than other assistant principals. And an alteration of job responsibilities alone
does not constitute an adverse employment action. See Davis, 804 F.3d at 235. Plaintiff’s
evidence is therefore insufficient to prove that the two-class teaching assignment was an adverse
employment action.
Likewise, Kwait’s threats to give plaintiff a poor performance rating are not enough to
establish a prima facie case. See Pl.’s Mem. 11. “[A] negative performance review, without
more, does not represent an adverse employment action.” Chung v. City Univ. of N.Y., 605 F.
App’x 20, 22 (2d Cir. 2015) (summary order). And plaintiff has not pointed to evidence that the
mere threat of a negative review had a materially adverse effect on his employment. Davis, 804
F.3d at 235.
Plaintiff’s disciplinary meetings and letters are not adverse employment actions, either.

Disciplinary measures rise to adverse employment actions only where they affect the terms and
conditions of plaintiff’s employment. See Farina v. Branford Bd. of Educ., 458 F. App’x 13, 17
(2d Cir. 2011) (summary order); see Buon v. Spindler, No. 19-CV-6760 (NSR), 2021 WL
1056010, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2021) Adams-Martin v. Conn. Dep’t of Dev. Servs., No. 10-
CV-99 (VLB), 2012 WL 878306, at *9-10 (D. Conn. Mar. 14, 2012); Gear v. Dep’t of Educ.,
No. 7-CV-11102 (NRB), 2011 WL 1362093, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 30, 2011).
Plaintiff’s only argument that disciplinary measures had such an effect here is his claim
that the disciplinary letters “barred him from [pre]-session work, and thus cost him income.”
Pl.’s Mem. 9. That argument appears to be based on plaintiff’s testimony that the disciplinary
letters rendered plaintiff ineligible for “[pre-session] opportunities,” or “opportunities to

supervise other activities and other programs.” Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B at 66:3-20. But
no further details appear in the record about what opportunities plaintiff might have been denied,
the application process for those opportunities, or the effect of disciplinary letters on that
process. Nor is there any evidence that plaintiff even attempted to obtain “pre-session work” and
was denied because of the disciplinary letters. Such a vague and conjectural allegation in
plaintiff’s deposition testimony does not raise a triable issue of fact about the effects of the
disciplinary letters. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986) (finding
summary judgment may be granted where nonmoving party’s evidence is “merely colorable” or
“not significantly probative”).
Finally, plaintiff is wrong that defendants’ actions, “taken as a whole, created an
atmosphere of adverse employment actions” sufficient to prove a prima facie case. Pl.’s Mem. 9.
Plaintiff relies on a Second Circuit case that held, in the context of a First Amendment retaliation
claim, that “seemingly minor incidents” may combine “to form the basis of a constitutional

retaliation claim once they reach a critical mass.” Phillips v. Bowen, 278 F.3d 103, 109 (2d Cir.
2002). But even assuming “minor incidents” can also be aggregated to establish an adverse
employment action in the ADA context, an adverse employment action must still have a
materially adverse effect on the terms and conditions of employment. Vega, 801 F.3d at 85;
Davis, 804 F.3d at 235. Whether the incidents plaintiff describes are considered separately or
together, plaintiff has not pointed to sufficient evidence of such a material effect. Accordingly,
defendants are entitled to summary judgment on plaintiff’s claim of disparate treatment under the
ADA.
B. NYCHRL
Plaintiff’s disparate-treatment claims survives summary judgment under the more liberal
standards of the NYCHRL. To prove an NYCHRL claim for disparate treatment, a plaintiff

“need only demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that she has been treated less well
than other employees because of a protected trait.” Duarte v. St. Barnabas Hosp., 265 F. Supp.
3d 325, 346 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[D]ifferential
treatment” that is actionable under the NYCHRL “may take the form of tangible employment
actions such as hiring or firing,” Forrester v. Corizon Health, Inc., 278 F. Supp. 3d 618, 626
(E.D.N.Y. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted, emphasis added), but “the
challenged conduct need not . . . be ‘tangible,’” Mihalik v. Credit Agricole Cheuvreux N. Am.,
Inc., 715 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). “[E]ven a single comment may be
actionable in the proper context, for purposes of the NYCHRL.” Syeed v. Bloomberg L.P., --- F.
Supp. 3d ----, 2021 WL 4952486, at *14 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 25, 2021) (citation omitted).
In addition to demonstrating differential treatment, the plaintiff must establish that
discrimination was “one of the motivating factors, even if it was not the sole motivating factor,

for [plaintiff’s] unequal treatment.” Ibid. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Once
plaintiff establishes disparate treatment, defendants are therefore entitled to summary judgment
only where “the record establishes as a matter of law that discrimination played no role in [their]
actions.” Bacchus v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 137 F. Supp. 3d 214, 246 (E.D.N.Y. 2015) (internal
quotation marks and alteration omitted) (quoting Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 110 n.8).
A reasonable jury could conclude that defendants treated plaintiff “less well” than his
colleagues by giving plaintiff a double course load, and that discrimination played at least some
role in that assignment. During the 2017-2018 school year, all other assistant principals taught
one class except for plaintiff and a “Mr. Perry” who “taught a double period class[] by choice.”
Decl. of Isaac S. Baskin Ex. B at 61:14-23. And plaintiff testified that “[i]t was common

practice” that assistant principals “always taught one class.” Id. Ex. B at 62:4-5. Plaintiff also
testified that another assistant principal who came back from leave was assigned one class. Id.
Ex. B at 53:14-18. Although defendants have articulated non-discriminatory reasons for giving
plaintiff two classes, including the limited number of JBHS teachers licensed to teach Spanish,
see id. Ex. H, a jury could still conclude that disability discrimination played some role in
plaintiff’s assignment—particularly in light of the timing of plaintiff’s assignment. Plaintiff
testified that he notified Kwait about his surgery in June 2017, and plaintiff appears to have
received his teaching assignment over the summer. See id. Ex. B at 19:2-6; id. Ex. I. Since
plaintiff had always taught one class before the summer 2017 assignment, see id. Ex. B at 63:18,
and no other assistant principal was forced to teach two classes, a rational factfinder could
conclude that plaintiff’s disability contributed to the double load.
Plaintiff has not abandoned the NYCHRL disparate-treatment claim for similar reasons
as discussed with respect to his NYCHRL failure-to-accommodate claim. See Defs.’ Reply 2.

Although the substantive standards for NYCHRL and ADA disparate-treatment claims differ, the
legal analysis is similar enough that plaintiff’s arguments with respect to the ADA could be
understood as applying the NYCHRL. Plaintiff also affirmatively withdrew some claims but not
the NYCHRL disparate treatment claim. Therefore, I do not infer that plaintiff had abandoned
the NYCHRL disparate treatment claim. See Kovaco, 834 F.3d at 143.
III. Retaliation Claims
Summary judgment is denied on plaintiff’s retaliation claims.
A. ADA
Retaliation claims under the ADA are analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas burden-
shifting framework. See Treglia v. Town of Manlius, 313 F.3d 713, 719 (2d Cir. 2002). To
establish a prima facie case of retaliation, plaintiff must establish that “(1) he engaged in an

activity protected by the ADA; (2) the employer was aware of this activity; (3) the employer took
adverse employment action against him; and (4) a causal connection exists between the alleged
adverse action and the protected activity.” Ibid. Importantly, the adverse employment action
must occur “after” and be “causally connected to” plaintiff’s “engagement in a protected
activity.” Fox, 918 F.3d at 72.
Adverse employment actions are defined more broadly for purposes of an ADA
retaliation claim than a disparate-treatment claim. Sherman v. County of Suffolk, 71 F. Supp. 3d
332, 352-53 (E.D.N.Y. 2014) (collecting cases). In the retaliation context, a plaintiff need only
show “that a reasonable employee would have found the challenged action materially adverse,
which in this context means it well might have dissuaded a reasonable worker from making or
supporting a charge of discrimination.” Id. at 353 (quoting Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v.
White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006)); see Rivera v. Rochester Genesee Regional Transp. Auth., 743
F.3d 11, 25 (2d Cir. 2014).

After plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, “the burden shifts to the defendant to
articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the challenged employment decision.” Treglia,
313 F.3d at 721. If the defendant meets that burden, the plaintiff “must point to evidence that
would be sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to conclude that the employer’s explanation is
merely a pretext for impermissible retaliation.” Ibid. (citation omitted).
Factual disputes exist about whether defendants took an adverse action against plaintiff
because of plaintiff’s request for accommodations. In January 2018, after plaintiff engaged in
protected activity by requesting accommodations, see Weixel v. Bd. of Educ. of City of N.Y., 287
F.3d 138, 149 (2d Cir. 2002), Kwait met with plaintiff, and denied plaintiff’s accommodation
request in part, see Decl. of Thomas Ricotta Ex. A at 32:11-24, 33:11-15, 34:10-22. Defendants

appear to admit that Kwait also “inform[ed] [p]laintiff in January 2018 that he [might] receive an
‘Unsatisfactory’ rating at the end of the school year.” Defs.’ Reply 10. The record is unclear as
to whether Kwait made that threat at the meeting about plaintiff’s accommodation request or at
some other time in January 2018. See Decl. of Thomas Ricotta Ex. A at 34:23-35:11. But a
reasonable factfinder could conclude that this threat came close enough in time to plaintiff’s
accommodation request to support an inference of causation at first stage of the McDonnell
Douglas analysis. See, e.g., Gorzynski v. JetBlue Airways Corp., 596 F.3d 93, 110 (2d Cir.
2010) (noting that five months could be sufficient temporal proximity to establish causation at
prima facie stage). And while a threat alone is not an adverse employment action in the context
of a disparate-treatment claim, see, e.g., Early v. Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 603 F. Supp. 2d
556, 574 (S.D.N.Y. 2009), a reasonable jury could find it to be a threat under the more liberal
standards for adverse employment actions in the context of retaliation claims. That is, a
reasonable jury could conclude that Kwait’s threat may have deterred a reasonable worker from

engaging in protected activity. See Krinsky v. Abrams, No. 01-CV-5052 (SLT) (LB), 2007 WL
1541369, at *11 (E.D.N.Y. May 25, 2007), aff’d, 305 F. App’x 784 (2d Cir. 2009) (summary
order).
At the second stage of the McDonnell Douglas analysis, defendants argue that Kwait
threatened plaintiff with an unsatisfactory rating because of Kwait’s “concern[] about
[p]laintiff’s performance” and desire for plaintiff “to improve.” Defs.’ Reply 10. But assuming
that this explanation satisfies defendants’ burden “to articulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory
reason” for Kwait’s threat at the second step of McDonnell Douglas, summary judgment would
be inappropriate because a reasonable factfinder could question the plausibility of that
explanation. See Treglia, 313 F.3d at 721. As a result of his medical leave, plaintiff only

worked approximately six school days between September and late January 2018—when Kwait
threatened plaintiff with an unsatisfactory rating for the year. See Defs.’ Rule 56.1 Statement ¶¶
28, 35, 40 (explaining that plaintiff was no medical leave from September 5, 2017, to November
1, 2017, and from November 9, 2017, to January 21, 2018). And defendants have made no
specific allegations of shortcomings occurring during those days that plaintiff worked, from
November 1 to November 9, 2017. A factfinder could reasonably question the plausibility of
defendants’ performance-related explanation for Kwait’s threat, given how few days plaintiff had
worked in the academic year in which the threat was made and defendants’ failure to point to
specific shortcomings during that year.
Moreover, as noted above, Kwait allegedly threatened plaintiff around the time that the
parties met to discuss plaintiff’s accommodation request. See Defs.’ Reply 10; Decl. of Thomas
Ricotta Ex. A at 32:11-24, 33:11-15, 34:10-35:11. Such a “strong temporal correlation” between
plaintiff’s request for accommodations and Kwait’s alleged threat, coupled with a basis for the

“trier of fact to doubt the persuasiveness of the [defendants’] proffered evidence,” is enough to
create a triable issue of fact as to pretext. Quinn v. Green Tree Credit Corp., 159 F.3d 759, 770
(2d Cir. 1998), abrogated in part on other grounds by Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan,
536 U.S. 101 (2002); see Kwan v. Andalex Grp. LLC, 847 (2d Cir. 2013). Accordingly,
summary judgment is denied on plaintiff’s ADA retaliation claim.
B. NYCHRL
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s NYCHRL retaliation claim is
also denied. To prove a retaliation claim under the NYCHRL, a plaintiff must show that he took
a protected action “and that, as a result, the employer engaged in conduct that was reasonably
likely to deter a person from engaging in such action.” Mihalik, 715 F.3d at 112 (citations
omitted). Defendants have not argued that plaintiff’s activity in requesting an accommodation

was unprotected under the NYCHRL. See Defs.’ Mem. 23-24; cf. Piligian v. Icahn Sch. of Med.
at Mt. Sinai, 490 F. Supp. 3d 707, 722 (S.D.N.Y. 2020) (describing disagreement among courts
over whether requests for accommodations were covered under the NYCHRL before 2019
amendments made such coverage explicit). Instead, defendants argue only that plaintiff’s
NYCHRL retaliation claims are deficient for the same reasons argued with respect to his ADA
retaliation claims—that defendants articulated legitimate, non-retaliatory reasons for their actions
and that plaintiff cannot demonstrate that those reasons are pretextual. Therefore, for
substantially the same reasons that factual disputes preclude summary judgment for plaintiff on
the ADA retaliation claim, factual disputes preclude summary judgment on the NYCHRL
retaliation claim.
IV. Federal Constitutional Claim
To the extent that plaintiff brings a First Amendment retaliation claim, see Compl ¶ 25
(alleging defendants’ acts violated plaintiff’s freedom of speech as guaranteed by the First

Amendment), that claim is abandoned, see Defs.’ Reply 2. Plaintiff does not address defendants’
arguments bearing on plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claims. See Defs.’ Mem. 24; Pl.’s
Mem. Indeed, plaintiff affirmatively withdrew a similar claim under the New York Constitution,
see Pl.’s Mem. 1 n.1, and it is not clear that plaintiff ever intended to bring a separate federal
constitutional claim, see Compl. ¶¶ 24-29. Based on the absence of any argument in defense of a
free-speech claim in plaintiff’s opposition brief, it is appropriate to infer that plaintiff has
abandoned any First Amendment retaliation claim. Kovaco, 834 F.3d at 143.
In any event, plaintiff has not pointed to evidence that he “spoke as a citizen on a matter
of public concern,” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 418 (2006); see Huth v. Haslun, 598 F.3d
70, 73-74 (2d Cir. 2010), as plaintiff must to prove a First Amendment retaliation claim. At

most, plaintiff appears to have engaged with defendants in a process to devise reasonable
accommodations for himself. But “speech on a purely private matter, such as an employee’s
dissatisfaction with the conditions of his employment, does not pertain to a matter of public
concern.” Sousa v. Roque, 578 F.3d 164, 174 (2d Cir. 2009) (quoting Lewis v. Cowen, 165 F.3d
154, 164 (2d Cir. 1999)). Notwithstanding the fact that plaintiff’s request for accommodations
“touch[ed] on a matter of general importance,” Montero v. City of Yonkers, 890 F.3d 386, 400
(2d Cir. 2018)—the treatment of persons with disabilities—plaintiff’s request for
accommodations “[was] motivated by and dealt with [his] individual employment situation” and
his complaints were “personal in nature,” Salpaugh v. Monroe Cmty. Hosp., 4 F.3d 134, 143 (2d
Cir. 1993) (citation omitted). The record does not indicate that plaintiff “wanted to debate issues
of [disability] discrimination, that [he] . . . sought relief against pervasive or systemic misconduct
by a public agency or public officials, or that [his] [speech] was part of an overall effort . . . to
correct allegedly unlawful practices or bring them to public attention.” Ibid. (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted); see Huth, 598 F.3d at 74-75. Defendants have therefore carried their
burden to show that plaintiff’s evidence is insufficient on an essential element of the First
Amendment retaliation claim. Nick’s Garage, Inc., 875 F.3d at 114.
For those reasons, defendants are entitled to summary judgment on any First Amendment
retaliation claim in the complaint.
CONCLUSION
Summary judgment is granted to defendants on plaintiff’s ADA disparate-treatment and
First Amendment retaliation claims. Plaintiff’s ADA claim against Kwait, his claim under the
New York State Constitution, and his hostile work environment claims are withdrawn and
therefore dismissed. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on plaintiff’s remaining claims

is denied.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Rachel Kovner
RACHEL P. KOVNER
United States District Judge

Dated: March 30, 2022
Brooklyn, New York

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10307805. Public record. Not legal advice.