# Yuan v. AA Forest, Inc.

> District Court, E.D. New York · March 28, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10307676

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** March 28, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10307676

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- finding that the economic reality test “governs how a relationship is to be characterized in relation to the FLSA”—not “[a]n employer’s characterization of an employee” (citing Brock, 840 F.2d at 1059)
- finding that an independent contractor designation in an agreement is “pertinent to the ‘parties’ beliefs about the nature of the relationship,’” but is “not controlling” (quoting Estate of Suskovich v. Anthem Health Plans of Va., Inc., 553 F.3d 559, 564 (7th Cir. 2009
- finding Zheng’s functional control factors relevant when determining whether a contractor and subcontractor have joint employer status
- describing the Brock factors as relevant for “distinguishing between independent contractors and employees”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
--------------------------------------------------------------- X
:
QUNBIN YUAN et al.,
:
Plaintiffs,
: MEMORANDUM DECISION AND
ORDER
– against – :
20-CV-5484 (AMD) (MMH)
:
AA FOREST, INC. et al.,
:
Defendants.
:
--------------------------------------------------------------- X

ANN M. DONNELLY, United States District Judge:

On November 15, 2020, the plaintiffs brought this putative collective and class action,

asserting claims under the Federal Labor Standards A ct (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201 et seq. and

the New York Labor Law (“NYLL”), N.Y. Lab. Law § 650 et seq., against AA Forest, Inc. (“AA

Forest”), LaserShip, Inc. (“LaserShip”), You Liang Guo and Brett Bissell (together, the

“defendants”).1 Before the Court are the defendants’ motions to dismiss for failure to state a
claim. (ECF Nos. 32, 33.) As explained below, the m otions are granted.
BACKGROUND
AA Forest is a New York-based business that provides delivery services for LaserShip, a
Virginia-based business that, in turn, provides delivery services for corporate clients, including
Amazon. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 11-14, 26.) The individual defendants, You Liang Guo and Brett
Bissell, are AA Forest’s owner and LaserShip’s CEO, respectively. (Id. ¶¶ 15, 22.) The
defendants hired the named plaintiffs as delivery drivers for short periods in July 2020—one

1 The plaintiffs initially named Amazon.com, Inc. as a defendant, but voluntarily dismissed Amazon from
the case on January 4, 2021. (ECF No. 12.)
plaintiff worked for only two days, and the most any plaintiff worked was six days.2 (Id. ¶¶ 7-
10.) The plaintiffs assert that the defendants are “joint employers and constitute an enterprise”
within the meaning of the FLSA and NYLL, and that their employment was “directly essential”
to the defendants’ joint business. (Id. ¶ 24 (citing 29 U.S.C. § 203(r)); id. ¶ 27.) As for Guo and

Bissell, the plaintiffs allege that each had the “power to hire and fire employees, . . . supervised
and controlled employee work schedules or conditions of employment, . . . determined the rate
and method of payment, and . . . maintained employee records at” their respective companies.
(Id. ¶¶ 15, 23.) The plaintiffs further allege that Guo hired each of them, and paid “all
employees, on a Monday.” (Id. ¶¶ 16-20.)
The plaintiffs claim that the defendants, collectively, did not pay them a minimum wage,
overtime or spread-of-hours pay for workdays lasting longer than ten hours. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 31, 36.)
According to the complaint, the plaintiffs arrived at the defendants’ “company warehouse” in
Queens, and then were dispatched to make deliveries in Brooklyn. (Id. ¶¶ 38, 43, 63, 77, 89, 94,
97.) Despite “promis[ing]” them fixed daily rates from $160 to $200, the defendants paid them

only $80 or less each day. (Id. ¶¶ 44-48, 65-66, 78-79, 96-100.) The plaintiffs incurred various
expenses for which they were not reimbursed, including gasoline and costs to operate the cars
they drove. (Id. ¶¶ 39-42, 55-57, 59-62, 71-73, 75-76, 86-88, 90-93, 107-09.) In addition, the
plaintiffs allege that the defendants did not provide information related to their pay as required
under New York law. (Id. ¶¶ 33-35, 37.)
The plaintiffs raise claims against the defendants under the FLSA and NYLL for unpaid
wages (id. ¶¶ 120-28), and unpaid overtime. (Id. ¶¶ 129-41.) They also assert claims solely

2 Yuan worked from July 8, 2020 to July 13, 2020 for a total of 67.33 hours (id. ¶ 43); Liu worked from
July 15, 2020 to July 17, 2020 for a total of 33.6 hours (id. ¶ 63); Gao worked from July 11, 2020 to July
17, 2020 for a total of 73.5 hours (id. ¶ 77); and Xiang worked from July 9, 2020 to July 13, 2020 for a
total of 55.75 hours. (Id. ¶ 94.)
under the NYLL for failure to provide time-of-hire wage notices (id. ¶¶ 142-46), failure to
provide wage statements (id. ¶¶ 147-150), and failure to pay “delivery experts ‘working on the
road.’” (Id. ¶¶ 151-54.) On behalf of themselves and others similarly situated,3 the plaintiffs
seek declaratory relief, injunctive relief, recovery of unpaid wages and unpaid overtime pay,

statutory penalties, liquidated damages and attorneys’ fees. (Id. at 27-28.)
On May 20, 2021, the defendants moved to dismiss all claims against them in two
separately-filed motions—one by LaserShip and Bissell, and the other by AA Forest and Guo.
(ECF Nos. 32, 33.) The plaintiffs oppose, and in the alternative, request leave to amend. (ECF
Nos. 34-38.)
LEGAL STANDARD
To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), “a
complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Hogan v. Fischer, 738 F.3d 509, 514 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). A claim is plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content
that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the

misconduct alleged.” Matson v. Bd. of Educ. of City Sch. Dist. of N.Y., 631 F.3d 57, 63 (2d Cir.
2011) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678) (internal quotation marks omitted). Although
detailed factual allegations are not required, the pleading standard “requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of a cause of action’s elements will not do.” Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (noting that courts “are not bound to accept as true
a legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation”).

3 The plaintiffs seek to certify the case as a collective action under the FLSA, as well as a class action for
their state law claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23. (ECF No. 1 ¶ 110-19.)
DISCUSSION
Although they state their arguments in different terms, both sets of defendants argue in
essence that the complaint does not adequately allege an employer-employee relationship within
the meaning of the FLSA and NYLL. AA Forest and Guo argue that the plaintiffs’ allegations in
support of their employer status are conclusory and merely restate the applicable standards.

(ECF No. 33-1 at 6-7; ECF No. 40 at 6-9.) They also assert that the plaintiffs were independent
contractors and therefore not subject to the FLSA. (ECF No. 33-1 at 7-10; ECF No. 40 at 8-11.)
LaserShip and Bissell argue that the complaint does not adequately allege that LaserShip or
Bissell jointly employed them (ECF No. 32-1 at 9-14; ECF No. 39 at 6-9), and that the plaintiffs’
allegations of a single joint enterprise are deficient. (ECF No. 32-1 at 15-17; ECF No. 39 at 10-
11.)
Only an employer may be held liable for violations of the FLSA and NYLL. In
accordance with the Act’s remedial purpose, the FLSA broadly defines an “employee” as “any
individual employed by an employer,” 29 U.S.C. § 203(e)(1), an “employer” as “any person
acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in relation to an employee,” id. §

203(d), and to “employ” as including “to suffer or permit to work.”4 Id. § 203(g); see Herman v.
RSR Sec. Servs. Ltd., 172 F.3d 132, 139 (2d Cir. 1999) (“The Supreme Court has emphasized the

4 The NYLL defines “employee” and “employer” in similarly broad terms. See N.Y. Lab. Law § 651(5)
(defining “employee” as “any individual employed or permitted to work by an employer in any
occupation”); id. § 651(6) (“employer” includes “any individual, partnership, association, corporation,
limited liability company, business trust, legal representative, or any organized group of persons acting
as employer”). Accordingly, “[c]ourts have interpreted the definition of ‘employer’ under the [NYLL]
coextensively with the definition used by the FLSA.” Fermin v. Las Delicias Peruanas Rest., Inc., 93 F.
Supp. 3d 19, 37 (E.D.N.Y. 2015); Hong v. JP White Plains, Inc., No. 19-CV-5018, 2021 WL 1226566,
at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 31, 2021) (“[A]nalysis of the employment relationship under both statutes is based
on the same factors.”); Hart v. Rick’s Cabaret Int’l, Inc., 967 F. Supp. 2d 901, 924 (S.D.N.Y. 2013)
(“[T]here appears to have never been a case in which a worker was held to be an employee for purposes
of the FLSA but not the NYLL (or vice versa).”). Therefore, my analysis of the defendants’ employer
status under the FLSA applies equally to the plaintiffs’ NYLL claims.
‘expansiveness’ of the FLSA’s definition of employer.” (citing Falk v. Brennan, 414 U.S. 190,
195 (1973))); Herman, 172 F.3d at 139 (“[T]he remedial nature of the statute further warrants an
expansive interpretation of its provisions so that they will have ‘the widest possible impact in the
national economy.’” (quoting Carter v. Dutchess Cmty. Coll., 735 F.2d 8, 12 (2d Cir. 1984))).

Accordingly, “the determination of whether an employer-employee relationship exists for
purposes of the FLSA [and NYLL] should be grounded in ‘economic reality rather than technical
concepts.’” Barfield v. N.Y.C. Health & Hosp. Corp., 537 F.3d 132, 141 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting
Goldberg v. Whitaker House Coop., Inc., 366 U.S. 28, 33 (1961)). “The ‘economic reality’ test
applies equally to whether workers are employees and to whether managers or owners are
employers.” Irizarry v. Catsimatidis, 722 F.3d 99, 104 (2d Cir. 2013). However, as discussed
below, courts rely on factors that vary “depending on the FLSA question at issue and the context
in which it arises.” Brown v. N.Y.C. Dep’t of Educ., 755 F.3d 154, 167 (2d Cir. 2014); Barfield,
537 F.3d at 142-43 (noting that various tests “provide a nonexclusive and overlapping set of
factors to ensure that the economic realities test mandated by the Supreme Court is sufficiently

comprehensive and flexible to give proper effect to the broad language of the FLSA” (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted)).
The first test determines whether an alleged employer exercises “formal control” over a
worker. Carter, 735 F.2d at 12. Under Carter, courts consider whether the defendant: “(1) had
the power to hire and fire the employees, (2) supervised and controlled employee work schedules
or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of payment, and (4) maintained
employment records.” Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 104 (quoting Carter, 735 F.2d at 12). While “formal
control over employees is sufficient” to allege an employer relationship, “it is not necessary[.]”
Xiaoyan Liu v. Canteen 82 Inc., No. 17-CV-7862, 2018 WL 6067228, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 20,
2018).
Under a second test, courts analyze whether a defendant has functional control over
workers in the absence of formal control. Zheng v. Liberty Apparel Co., Inc., 355 F.3d 61, 72

(2d Cir. 2003). Relevant factors include:
(1) whether [the alleged employers’] premises and equipment were used for the
plaintiffs’ work; (2) whether the [subcontractors] had a business that could or did
shift as a unit from one putative joint employer to another; (3) the extent to which
plaintiffs performed a discrete line job that was integral to [the alleged employers’]
process of production; (4) whether responsibility under the contracts could pass
from one subcontractor to another without material changes; (5) the degree to which
[the alleged employers] or their agents supervised plaintiffs’ work; and (6) whether
plaintiffs worked exclusively or predominantly for [the alleged employers].
Id. The Second Circuit has clarified that the Zheng factors are relevant in cases alleging joint
employment by multiple defendants. Id. at 67; see also Greenawalt v. AT & T Mobility LLC,
642 F. App’x 36, 38 (2d Cir. 2016) (finding Zheng’s functional control factors relevant when
determining whether a contractor and subcontractor have joint employer status). “‘[J]oint
employers are responsible, both individually and jointly, for compliance with all the applicable
provisions of the FLSA.’” Olvera v. Bareburger Grp. LLC, 73 F. Supp. 3d 201, 204-05
(S.D.N.Y. 2014) (quoting 29 C.F.R. § 791.2(a)).
In the context of multiple employers, district courts have also applied the “single
integrated enterprise” test “to assess whether a group of distinct but closely affiliated entities
should be treated as a single employer for FLSA purposes.” Juarez v. 449 Rest., Inc., 29 F.
Supp. 3d 363, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 2014) (collecting cases).5 Courts applying this test “examine

5 While “there is some disagreement among district courts” within the Second Circuit “with respect to
whether the single-integrated-enterprise theory . . . is appropriate in the FLSA context,” Juarez, 29 F.
Supp. 3d at 368 n.3, the parties do not dispute its applicability in this case. (ECF No. 32-1 at 10-13;
ECF No. 34 at 16-18.)
whether the companies have (i) ‘interrelation of operations,’ (ii) ‘common management,’ (iii)
‘centralized control of labor relations,’ and (iv) ‘common ownership or financial control.’” Chen
Lin v. Dolar Shop Rest. Grp., LLC, No. 16-CV-2474, 2021 WL 681075 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 22,
2021) (quoting Juarez v. 449 Rest., Inc., 29 F. Supp. 3d 363, 367 (S.D.N.Y. 2014)). The test “is

usually used to determine whether employers at different arms of a corporate family shared a
common employer.” Hsieh Liang Yeh v. Han Dynasty, Inc., No. 18-CV-6018, 2019 WL 633355,
at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 14, 2019).
Finally, to determine whether an individual is an employee or an independent contractor,
courts consider the following non-exclusive factors:
(1) the degree of control the employer exercises over the workers, (2) the workers’
opportunity for profit or loss and their investment in the employer’s business, (3)
the degree of skill and independent initiative required to perform the work, (4) the
permanence or duration of the working relationship between the employer and
employee, and (5) the extent to which the work is an integral part of the employer’s
business.
Brock v. Sup. Care, Inc., 840 F.2d 1054, 1058-59 (2d Cir. 1988) (noting the test allows courts to
judge whether, “as a matter of economic reality, the workers depend upon someone else’s
business for the opportunity to render service or are in business for themselves”); Greenawalt,
642 F. App’x at 38 (describing the Brock factors as relevant for “distinguishing between
independent contractors and employees”).
Although a court can consider each of these overlapping factors, no single factor is
dispositive, and a court must make its determination “on a case-by-case basis by review of the
totality of the circumstances.” Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 104. With these principles in mind, I
consider whether the plaintiffs have adequately alleged an actionable employment relationship
with respect to each defendant. For the reasons below, I find that the plaintiffs’ allegations do
not survive a motion to dismiss.
Kevin Guo
Guo and AA Forest argue that the plaintiffs’ allegations of an employment relationship
are too general to state a claim for relief, and that the plaintiffs were hired as independent
contractors, not “employees,” as demonstrated by an agreement—signed by each named
plaintiff—that designates them as independent contractors. (ECF Nos. 33-1, 40.) Guo and AA

Forest included the agreement and a supporting affidavit from Guo as exhibits to their motion to
dismiss. (ECF Nos. 33-2, 33-3.)
As an initial matter, the Court may not consider the agreement or the Guo declaration at
this stage. In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, courts can consider materials outside of the
pleadings if they are incorporated by reference into the complaint, or “where the complaint
‘relies heavily upon its terms and effect,’ which renders the document ‘integral’ to the
complaint.” Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002) (quoting Int’l
Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995)). Conceding that
the complaint does not mention the agreement, AA Forest and Guo nevertheless urge the Court
to consider it because each plaintiff received and signed a copy, and because certain allegations

in the complaint are “consistent” with terms in the agreement. (ECF No. 33-1 at 8-9 (arguing
that the complaint is “framed upon this Agreement”).) These reasons are unavailing. See Tubbs
v. Stony Brook Univ., No. 15-CV-0517, 2016 WL 8650463, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 4, 2016) (“A
document is not ‘integral’ simply because its contents are highly relevant to a plaintiff’s
allegations, but only when it is clear that the plaintiff relied on the document in preparing his
complaint.”).
Moreover, even if the agreement could be considered at this stage, it would be not
dispositive. See Saleem v. Corp. Transp. Grp., Ltd., 854 F.3d 131, 141 (2d Cir. 2017) (finding
that an independent contractor designation in an agreement is “pertinent to the ‘parties’ beliefs
about the nature of the relationship,’” but is “not controlling” (quoting Estate of Suskovich v.
Anthem Health Plans of Va., Inc., 553 F.3d 559, 564 (7th Cir. 2009) and Brock, 840 F.2d at
1059)); Ansoumana v. Gristede’s Operating Corp., 255 F. Supp. 2d 184, 190 (S.D.N.Y. 2003)
(finding that the economic reality test “governs how a relationship is to be characterized in

relation to the FLSA”—not “[a]n employer’s characterization of an employee” (citing Brock,
840 F.2d at 1059)). In any event, I can determine whether plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged an
employer-employee relationship without considering the agreement.
The plaintiffs’ allegations about Guo are these: he was an “Owner” at AA Forest who
“had the power to hire and fire employees;” he “supervised and controlled employee work
schedules or conditions of employment;” he “determined the rate and method of payment;” and
he “maintained employee records at [AA Forest].” (ECF No. 1 ¶ 15.) The other factual
allegations are that Guo hired each plaintiff, and paid “all employees[] on a Monday.” (Id. ¶¶
16-20.)
These allegations do not adequately demonstrate that Guo possessed the “power to

control the workers in question.” Herman, 172 F.3d at 139. The allegations in the complaint—
that Guo had the power to hire, fire, set wages, set work conditions and maintain employment
records—are merely restatements of the four Carter factors, and are thus too conclusory to
establish a claim for relief. See Chen Lin, 2021 WL 681075, at *8 (collecting cases dismissing
complaints “when they merely allege in allege terms that a defendant performed the functions
described as relevant in Carter”); Jianjun Chen v. 2425 Broadway Chao Rest., LLC, No. 16-CV-
5735, 2017 WL 2600051, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 15, 2017) (“[B]oilerplate recitation of the four
Carter factors is not entitled to the assumption of truth” (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678)). Nor can
I infer an employer-employee relationship based on the allegation that Guo was an “Owner.”
Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 109 (holding that “[e]vidence that an individual is an owner or officer of a
company, or otherwise makes corporate decisions that have nothing to do with an employee’s
function, is insufficient to demonstrate ‘employer’ status”); Han Dynasty, Inc., 2019 WL
633355, at *7 (“[T]he allegation that [an individual defendant] held ownership positions does not

by itself make them [an] employer.” (citations omitted)).
The remaining two allegations—that Guo hired each named plaintiff and paid “all
employees” on Mondays (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 16-20)—plead minimal facts relating to the first and
third Carter factors. But there is almost no factual detail that would support a finding that Guo
controlled the plaintiffs’ employment. See Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 109 (“[T]o be an ‘employer,’ an
individual defendant must possess control over a company’s actual ‘operations’ in a manner that
relates to a plaintiff's employment.”). The complaint does not allege facts showing that Guo
supervised the plaintiffs, controlled their working conditions, maintained employment records or
interacted with them. The absence of these allegations weighs against a finding that an
employment relationship exists. See, e.g., Kaplan v. Wings of Hope Residence, Inc., No. 18-CV-

2972, 2020 WL 616630, at *7 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 7, 2020) (finding plaintiffs’ claims insufficient
where they alleged some hiring and firing authority but did not “raise any allegations pertaining
to two of the four prongs of the Carter test”).6

6 A comparison to other cases that have denied motions to dismiss demonstrates the deficiencies in the
plaintiffs’ allegations against Guo. See, e.g., Jianjun Chen, 2017 WL 2600051, at *4 (finding that
plaintiffs adequately alleged individual defendant was their “employer,” where complaint alleged,
among other things, that defendant made hiring decisions, “made regular weekly visits to the
[business],” provided direction on how to manage and discipline workers, “dispatched [plaintiffs] to
deliver customer orders,” and “scheduled them to distribute flyers”); Stewart v. Hudson Hall LLC, No.
20-CV-885, 2020 WL 8732875, at *8-*9 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 19, 2020) (holding that plaintiffs sufficiently
pled an individual was an FLSA employer where, in addition to alleging that defendant had hiring, firing
and supervisory powers, also alleged “specific examples of [defendant’s] exercise of control over
employees”), report and recommendation adopted, 2021 WL 735244 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 24, 2021).
While the Carter factors are not a “rigid four-part test” that must be met for a defendant
to qualify as an employer, Zheng, 355 F.3d at 69, the plaintiffs have not satisfied the other
economic reality tests, either. Indeed, the complaint does not plead any facts specific to Guo
relating to the functional control test in Zheng, or to the independent-contractor inquiry in Brock,

which “effectively disables the Court from applying” the factors described as relevant in those
tests. Han Dynasty, Inc., 2019 WL 633355, at *8. The plaintiffs respond in their opposition that
“Kevin Guo required [plaintiffs] and their coworkers to purchase LaserShip uniforms at their
own expense,” and “demanded Plaintiffs to give him a $100 deposit before starting work.” (ECF
No. 34 at 15 (citing ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 50, 81, 134, 47, 79, 105, 132).)7 The plaintiffs claim that these
allegations show that “defendants controlled the extent and conditions of Plaintiff and his co-
workers’ employment” (id.), which they argue supports the first Brock factor. See Brock, 840 F.
2d at 1058 (describing “the degree of control exercised by the employer over the workers” as one
relevant factor for determining whether individuals are employees covered by the FLSA).
Even if these statements established control, they do not reflect what is actually alleged in

the complaint. The paragraphs that discuss the uniform and the $100 deposit do not mention
Guo; rather, they refer to “the employer” and to the “Defendants,” collectively. (See, e.g., ECF
No. 1 ¶ 39 (“To begin work for Defendants, Plaintiff [] had to give a $100 deposit to the
employer”); id. ¶ 42 (“Plaintiff [] also had to pay $15 for a piece of LaserShip uniform.”).) The
complaint does not specify who collected the deposit, who required them to buy uniforms or who
was otherwise responsible for controlling the plaintiffs’ work environment. The plaintiffs have

7 Paragraphs 39, 42, 59, 62, 75, 90 and 93 of the complaint contain allegations relating to the uniform and
the $100 deposit. The paragraphs that the plaintiffs cite in their opposition brief do not contain these
allegations.
thus failed to allege an employer-employee relationship with Guo, and the claims against him are
dismissed.

AA Forest
The allegations against AA Forest are similarly inadequate. The plaintiffs allege that AA
Forest, a New York corporation, and LaserShip, are “joint employers” based on the theory that
they are a single “enterprise” under the FLSA. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 11, 24.) The plaintiffs say that
AA Forest and LaserShip shared staff, paid the plaintiffs regardless of where they performed
their work, advertised themselves as an enterprise, and “are otherwise engaged in related
activities performed through unified operation and/or common control for a common business
purpose, and are co-owned by the same partners.” (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 11, 24.) They further allege
that AA Forest “delivered exclusively” for LaserShip, who in turn “exclusively delivered
Amazon Prime packages” (id. ¶ 26), and that “the work performed by Plaintiffs was directly

essential to the business operated” by AA Forest and LaserShip. (Id. ¶ 27.)
These allegations do not plausibly establish that AA Forest and LaserShip jointly
employed the plaintiffs under a single enterprise theory. Although sharing employees is a fact
courts consider in determining whether there is a single enterprise, see Khereed v. W. 12th St.
Rest. Grp. LLC, No. 15-CV-1363, 2016 WL 590233, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 11, 2016), the
plaintiffs do not identify any other “shared” staff except themselves. They do not make any
other plausible allegations, except in conclusory fashion, that would allow me to infer a single
enterprise between AA Forest and LaserShip. The allegations that the two defendants held
themselves out as an enterprise, as well as share ownership and a common business purpose are
conclusory, and thus insufficient. See Apolinar v. R.J. 49 REST., LLC, No. 15-CV-8655, 2016

WL 2903278, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2016) (dismissing claim premised on single enterprise
theory it “rel[ied] on a number of conclusory allegations that merely plead the presence of the
relevant factors necessary to establish common control and joint employer status”); Lopez v.
Acme Am. Envtl. Co., No. 12-CV-511, 2012 WL 6062501, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 6, 2012)
(“Allegations of common ownership and common purpose, without more, do not answer the

fundamental question of whether each corporate entity controlled Plaintiffs as employees.”).
In any event, the complaint does not provide an adequate factual basis to infer that AA
Forest exercised control over the plaintiffs. See Han Dynasty, Inc., 2019 WL 633355, at *8
(“Courts will dismiss a complaint against defendants within a broader alleged enterprise that lack
a nexus suggesting control of the plaintiff at hand.”). While the plaintiffs allege facts about their
individual delivery schedules and how they began each day at “the company warehouse,” which
they say was operated by “Defendant,” they do not identify which “Defendant” or “company”
operated the warehouse. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 12, 43, 63, 77, 94.) The complaint states that a few
named plaintiffs were “employed by Defendants to work as a LaserShip deliveryman” (ECF No.
1 ¶¶ 38, 58, 89), but this is a “legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation,” and thus not

entitled any weight. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. The plaintiffs do not make any factual allegations
about who supervised them, set their delivery schedules, controlled their work conditions or
other facts bearing on their relationship with AA Forest. Although “[e]mployer status does not
require continuous monitoring of employees, looking over their shoulders at all times, or any sort
of absolute control,” Irizarry, 722 F.3d at 110, the complaint contains barely any non-conclusory
factual detail that would allow me to evaluate the extent of AA Forest’s control, whether formal
or functional. See Weng v. HungryPanda US, Inc., No. 19-CV-11882, 2022 WL 292799, at *5
(S.D.N.Y. Jan. 31, 2022) (dismissing claims against corporate defendant where complaint’s
limited information precluded court from “analyzing Plaintiff’s relationship with [defendant]”
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Stewart, 2020 WL 8732875, at *6 (same).
Finally, the plaintiffs maintain that they were AA Forest’s employees under the Brock
test (ECF No. 34 at 10, 11-12), which is used to decide whether “as a matter of economic reality,

the workers depend upon someone else’s business for the opportunity to render service or are in
business for themselves.” Brock, 840 F.2d at 1058. The plaintiffs say they “depend upon
Defendant’s business for the opportunity to render service, as they had to get packages from
Defendant’s warehouse in order to carry out their job duties.” (Id. at 12.) Seeking to show that
the defendants controlled their work conditions, the plaintiffs point to allegations saying they
were required to bear the cost of a delivery vehicle, gasoline, a $30 systems fee, and that Kevin
Guo required them to make additional payments.8 (Id.)
The plaintiffs’ arguments are difficult to follow and, in any event, unpersuasive. As
explained above, the complaint contains little detail that is specific to AA Forest, and the generic
references to the “defendants,” “effectively disable[s]” the Court from gauging the degree of

control it exercised. Han Dynasty, Inc., 2019 WL 633355, at *8. The plaintiffs do not attempt to
argue how they satisfy other factors of the Brock test (ECF No. 34 at 12), which treats as
material “the degree of skill and independent initiative required to perform the work,” “the
permanence or duration of the working relationship,” and “the extent to which the work is an
integral part of the employer’s business.” Brock, 840 F.2d at 1059. Although the allegation that
the plaintiffs’ work was “directly essential” to the defendants relates to the “extent to which the
work is an integral part of the employer’s business,” the plaintiffs include no factual content at

8 As explained earlier, the plaintiffs’ arguments about Guo misstate what is alleged in the complaint.
all. The Court cannot conclude that the plaintiffs have pled the existence of an employer-
employee relationship with AA Forest based on this record.
Accordingly, the plaintiffs do not plausibly allege that AA Forest was part of a single
enterprise with LaserShip, or that it maintained either formal or functional control over the

plaintiffs’ employment.
Brett Bissell
Nor do the plaintiffs adequately allege that Bissell was their employer. Indeed, the
complaint makes even fewer allegations against Bissell than it makes against Guo. The plaintiffs
repeat the same boilerplate allegation, claiming that Bissell “as Owner . . . and CEO of
[LaserShip], (1) had the power to hire and fire employees, (2) supervised and controlled
employee work schedules or conditions of employment, (3) determined the rate and method of
payment, and (4) maintained employee records at [LaserShip].” (ECF No. 1 ¶ 22.) As explained

in connection with Guo, these allegations are insufficient because they summarily recite the
Carter factors without any factual support, and because a defendant’s managerial or executive
role at a company, without more, does not make him an employer under FLSA. See Chen Lin,
2021 WL 681075, at *8; Han Dynasty, Inc., 2019 WL 633355, at *7.
Because the complaint makes no additional allegations against Bissell, it does not
plausibly establish that he was their employer within the meaning of the FLSA.
LaserShip
The allegations against LaserShip are also deficient. The plaintiffs allege that LaserShip,

a New York corporation with a Virginia address, is part of a single enterprise with AA Forest
because they share staff, ownership, operations and a common business purpose. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶
13, 24.) With the exception of Changli Gao,9 each plaintiff alleges that he was “employed by
Defendants to work as a LaserShip deliveryman,” and was required to buy a “LaserShip
uniform.” (Id. ¶¶ 38, 42, 58, 62, 89, 93.)
For reasons explained above, the plaintiffs’ allegations of a single integrated enterprise

between AA Forest and LaserShip are too thin and conclusory to allow the Court to infer that
one exists at this stage. Similarly, the plaintiffs have not met their pleading burden in showing,
as they try to argue in their opposition brief, that LaserShip and AA Forest, as “joint employers
. . . exercised formal control and functional control over Plaintiffs.” (ECF No. 34 at 16-19.)
The plaintiffs do not allege any facts showing that LaserShip exercised formal control
over them. While the complaint asserts that the plaintiffs were “employed by Defendants to
work as [] LaserShip delivery[e]n” (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 38, 58, 89), it does not include any details to
support that allegation, much less any other facts specific to LaserShip that are relevant to the
formal control factors described in Carter.
Instead, the plaintiffs focus on the functional control factors in Zheng (ECF No. 34 at 19-

22), but these arguments are not persuasive. For example, in an effort to show that AA Forest
and LaserShip exercised control, they refer in their brief to a “navigation system” that LaserShip
allegedly developed and was installed on their phones to track their location as they made
deliveries. (ECF No. 34 at 21.) But this detail is not included in the complaint,10 and the Court
may not consider these extra-pleading allegations on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Emmons v.
City Univ. of N.Y., 715 F. Supp. 2d 394, 405 (E.D.N.Y. 2010), modified (July 2, 2010). Second,

9 Unlike the others, Gao alleges that he was “employed by Defendants to work as a deliveryman at 16
Stoner Ave, Apt. 3 Great Neck, NY 11021,” which, according to the complaint, is AA Forest’s address.
(ECF No. 1 ¶ 11, 74.)
10 This detail is included in the affidavits that the plaintiffs attach to their brief. (ECF No. 35 at 2-3; ECF
No. 36 at 3; ECF No. 37 at 4; ECF No. 38 at 4.)
they assert that they “relied on the warehouse operated by Defendants,” because they had to
“pick up packages from the warehouse on each workday in order to carry out their job duties.”
(ECF No. 34 at 21.) As discussed earlier, allegations about the warehouse operations refer to the
“Defendants,” collectively—without distinguishing between AA Forest and LaserShip—and are

thus too vague to support a finding that LaserShip exercised control over the plaintiffs’
employment and their delivery schedules. Third, the plaintiffs point to their cursory allegation
that their work was “directly essential” to the defendants (ECF No. 1 ¶ 27), but do not explain
how this is relevant to any of the Zheng factors. (ECF No. 34 at 21.) Finally, the plaintiffs say
that they “worked exclusively or predominantly for Defendants” (id.), which merely parrots the
sixth Zheng factor, and in any event, is an allegation that does not appear in the complaint.
Zheng, 355 F.3d at 72 (describing “whether plaintiffs worked exclusively or predominantly for
the [defendants]” as one factor in functional control analysis); (ECF No. 1 ¶ 26.)
Because the plaintiffs have not pled facts plausibly establishing that LaserShip was their
employer—under a single enterprise theory or under the control tests in Carter and Zheng—the

claims against LaserShip are dismissed.
Leave to Amend
While Rule 15(a) provides that leave to amend should be freely given “when justice so
requires,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2), it is “within the sound discretion of the district court to grant
or deny leave to amend.” McCarthy v. Dun & Bradstreet Corp., 482 F.3d 184, 200 (2d Cir.
2007). Leave is typically granted absent “‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part
of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue
prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment,

etc.’” Ruotolo v. City of N.Y., 514 F.3d 184, 191 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371
U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). A motion to amend a complaint under Rule 15(a) must set forth the
substance of the proposed amendment, and the grounds supporting the application. Horoshko v.
Citibank, N.A., 373 F.3d 248, 250 (2d Cir. 2004); Chechele v. Scheetz, 819 F. Supp. 2d 342, 351
(S.D.N.Y. 2011), aff’d, 466 F. App’x 39 (2d Cir. 2012).

In letters seeking a pre-motion conference, the defendants made essentially the same
arguments they raise in support of their motions to dismiss. (ECF Nos. 23, 26.) At the pre-
motion conference, I raised concerns about the sufficiency of the plaintiffs’ allegations, and
asked counsel whether there was a way to amend the complaint. (See ECF Nos. 23, 26; Apr. 20,
2021 Pre-Motion Conf. Tr. 6:22-7:3, 7:17-8:6, ECF No. 39-1.) The plaintiffs did not amend the
complaint. The fact that the plaintiffs were alerted to deficiencies in their pleading and given an
opportunity to fix them weighs against the plaintiffs’ request to amend. See Brown v. Cerberus
Cap. Mgmt., L.P., 703 F. App’x 11, 15 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order) (no abuse of discretion in
denying leave to amend where “Plaintiffs enjoyed a full opportunity to amend, having been
apprised of Defendants’ views of the original complaint’s shortcomings”).

The plaintiffs now seek leave to amend the complaint in the event that the “Court finds
that the Complaint does not sufficiently allege an employer-employee relationship[.]” (ECF No.
34 at 15-16.) The plaintiffs attach four affidavits from the named plaintiffs, which provide some
additional information about their work. (ECF Nos. 35-38.) According to the plaintiffs, these
allegations demonstrate that “defendants exercised a high degree of control over the employment
of Plaintiffs and their co-workers.” (ECF No. 34 at 15.) Although the plaintiffs’ request is
accompanied by some new information about their interactions with Kevin Guo and an
application by LaserShip that was installed on their phones, they do not submit a proposed
amended complaint, let alone adequately explain how their new allegations would lead to a
different result. (Id. at 15-16); Horoshko, 373 F.3d at 249 (“[A]mendment is not warranted
absent some indication as to what appellants might add to their complaint in order to make it
viable.” (internal quotation marks, alteration and citation omitted)); Chen Lin, 2021 WL 681075,
at *9 (denying leave to amend without prejudice where “plaintiffs have not explained how a

second amended complaint would cure their deficiencies in pleading”).
Accordingly, the plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend the complaint is denied without
prejudice. Any motion to amend pursuant to Rule 15(a) must be filed within 30 days of this
order, and it must set forth the substance of the proposed amended complaint, and the grounds
supporting the application.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the defendants’ motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim are
granted. The plaintiffs’ request for leave to amend the complaint is denied without prejudice.

SO ORDERED.
s/Ann M. Donnelly
___________________________
ANN M. DONNELLY
United States District Judge
Dated: Brooklyn, New York
March 28, 2022

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10307676. Public record. Not legal advice.