# Rodrigue v. Lowe's Home Centers, LLC

> District Court, E.D. New York · August 27, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10306713

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. New York
- **Decided:** August 27, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10306713

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- concluding that punitive damages award was constitutionally excessive and remanding case for “[t]he proper calculation of punitive damages” in light of constitutional limits
- declining to take notice of an agency guidance letter where defendants “obtained a copy of [the] letter, not from the [agency]’s website, but from a Freedom Information Act request”
- describing the Supreme Court’s three “‘guideposts’ for courts reviewing [punitive damages] awards”

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
----------------------------------------------------x

SERGE RODRIGUE,

Plaintiff,
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
-against- 20-CV-1127 (RPK) (RLM)

LOWE’S HOME CENTERS, LLC, and
LOWE’S COMPANIES, INC.

Defendants.
----------------------------------------------------x
RACHEL P. KOVNER, United States District Judge:
In an amended class action complaint, Serge Rodrigue sues Lowe’s Home Centers, LLC,
and Lowe’s Companies, Inc., under New York Labor Law (“NYLL”). Plaintiff alleges that
defendants were required to pay manual workers weekly, but instead paid him and other manual
workers every two weeks. Plaintiff further alleges that defendants were required to provide manual
workers with wage statements showing their weekly hours, but instead provided wage statements
showed hours for two-week periods. Defendants move to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
Because the amended complaint states a claim for untimely payments but not for improper wage
statements, the motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in part.
BACKGROUND
The following facts come from the amended complaint and documents attached as exhibits.
The allegations in the amended complaint are “accept[ed] as true” on a motion to dismiss.
Hamilton v. Westchester Cnty., 3 F.4th 86, 90-91 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Dane v.
UnitedHealthcare Ins. Co., 974 F.3d 183, 188 (2d Cir. 2020)).
A. Factual Background
Since May 2016, plaintiff Serge Rodrigue has been employed as a “Customer Service
Associate” by Lowe’s Home Centers, LLC, and Lowe’s Companies, Inc. Am. Compl. ¶ 36. In
that position, plaintiff spends at least a quarter of his time performing physical tasks, including
stocking shelves, stacking boxes, unpacking boxes, carrying trash, sweeping floors, and arranging

inventory. Id. ¶ 38. Plaintiff alleges that defendants compensate him on a “bi-weekly basis,”
meaning that defendants pay him every two weeks for two weeks of work. Id. ¶ 39. Plaintiff has
attached a representative wage statement to his complaint. See Am. Compl., Ex. A (Dkt. #18-1).
B. Procedural History
Plaintiff filed the operative class action complaint against Lowe’s Home Centers, LLC,
and Lowe’s Companies, Inc., on June 2, 2020. See Am. Compl. at 9. The first cause of action
alleges that defendants failed to pay timely wages in violation of N.Y.L.L. § 191(1)(a) because
they paid plaintiff on a biweekly basis. See id. ¶¶ 44-47. Plaintiff seeks liquidated damages as
well as reasonable attorneys’ fees, costs, pre-judgment interest, and post-judgment interest. See
id. ¶ 47. The second cause of action alleges that defendants failed to provide accurate wages

statements in violation of N.Y.L.L. § 195(3) because their wage statements specified the hours
worked by plaintiff in a two-week period, rather than the hours worked per week. See id. ¶¶ 48-51.
Plaintiff seeks statutory penalties of two hundred and fifty dollars for each workday where
defendants failed to provide accurate wage statements as well as reasonable attorneys’ fees and
costs. Id. ¶ 51.
Defendants moved to dismiss the operative complaint for failure to state a claim under Rule
12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Defs.’ Notice of Mot. (Dkt. #20). Alongside
defendants’ memorandum of law, defendants have attached a letter dated April 6, 1999 from the
New York State Department of Labor. See Decl. of Howard M. Wexler, Esq., Ex. A. (Dkt. #20-2).
The letter states that the Department of Labor “grant[s] authorization for Lowe’s Home Centers,
Inc., to pay wages to its manual workers employed in New York State on a biweekly basis.” Ibid.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To survive a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a complaint
must state “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content
that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct
alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). This means, for example, that a complaint
is properly dismissed where, as a matter of law, “the allegations in a complaint, however true,
could not raise a claim of entitlement to relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 558. A complaint is also
properly dismissed “where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the
mere possibility of misconduct.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679.
DISCUSSION
Defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in part. Plaintiff has stated a claim for untimely
wages under Section 191 of the New York Labor Law but not for improper wage statements under

Section 195 of that statute.
I. Plaintiff has stated a claim for untimely wages under Section 191.
Plaintiff has stated a claim that defendants violated Section 191 of the New York Labor
Law and that he is entitled to liquidated damages as a result. Section 191(1)(a) states that “[a]
manual worker shall be paid weekly and not later than seven calendar days after the end of the
week in which the wages are earned” unless the Commissioner of the New York Department of
Labor has “authorized” the employer to pay the worker less frequently. Section 198(1-a) of the
New York Labor Law permits an “employee to recover the full amount of any underpayment” of
wages. “In any action instituted in the courts upon a wage claim by an employee . . . in which the
employee prevails, . . . unless the employer proves a good faith basis to believe that its
underpayment of wages was in compliance with the law,” the employee may also recover “an

additional amount as liquidated damages equal to one hundred percent of the total amount of the
wages found to be due.” Defendants do not contest plaintiff’s allegations that he was a “manual
worker” paid “biweekly,” Am. Compl. ¶ 39, or his allegations that, at least once, he was paid more
than seven calendar days after the end of the week in which his wages were earned, see Am.
Compl., Ex. A. But defendants argue that plaintiff has failed to state a claim because the
Commissioner of the New York Department of Labor authorized defendants to pay manual
workers every two weeks. In the alternative, they argue that plaintiff’s Section 191 claim should
be dismissed because no private right of action is available to enforce that provision when wages
are paid; because liquidated damages are unavailable for such violations; and because liquidated
damages would be unconstitutional. Defendants’ arguments do not persuade at this early stage.

A. I decline to consider defendants’ purported authorization letter.
Defendants first move to dismiss the complaint on the grounds that the Commissioner for
the New York Department of Labor authorized them to pay manual workers on a biweekly basis.
The Commissioner may authorize such biweekly payments if the employer has “employed an
average of one thousand or more persons” in New York for the past three years, or has employed
an average of one thousand or more persons in New York for the preceded year, and has
“furnishe[d] satisfactory proof . . . of its continuing ability to meet its payroll responsibilities.”
N.Y.L.L. § 191(1)(a)(i). In arguing that they are entitled to dismissal on this ground, defendants
rely on a letter from the New York State Department of Labor to Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc., that
defendants have submitted with their motion to dismiss. The letter, which is dated April 6, 1999,
states that it “grant[s] authorization . . . to pay wages to . . . manual workers employed in New
York State on a biweekly basis.” Decl. of Howard M. Wexler, Esq., Ex. A.,
Defendants are not entitled to dismissal of the complaint based on the purported
authorization letter, which is neither integral to the complaint nor amenable to judicial notice.

“Because a Rule 12(b)(6) motion challenges the complaint as presented by the plaintiff, taking no
account of its basis in evidence,” Goal v. Bunge, Ltd., 820 F.3d 554, 559 (2d Cir. 2016), a court
is “normally required to look only to the allegations on the face of the complaint,” United States
v. Strock, 982 F.3d 51, 63 (2d Cir. 2020) (quoting Roth v. Jennings, 489 F.3d 499, 509 (2d Cir.
2007)). The narrow exceptions for “extrinsic material that the complaint ‘incorporate[s] by
reference,’ that is ‘integral’ to the complaint, or of which courts can take judicial notice,” Lively v.
WAFRA Inv. Advisory Grp., Inc., 6 F.4th 293, 2021 WL 3118943, at *6 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting
Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 153 (2d Cir. 2002)), do not cover defendants’ letter.
The letter does not appear on the face of the amended complaint, nor did plaintiff attach the letter
as an exhibit to the complaint or otherwise incorporate the letter by reference.

Nor is defendants’ purported letter integral to the amended complaint. A document is
“integral” to the complaint when the complaint “relies heavily upon its terms and effect.”
Chambers, 282 F.3d at 153; see Lively, 2021 WL 3118943, at *6 (explaining that under Chambers,
“a document is ‘integral to the complaint’ only if the plaintiff himself ‘relied on the terms and
effect of the document in drafting the complaint”) (alterations omitted). Here, plaintiff represents
that he was not aware of the purported authorization letter, and he did not rely on the letter while
drafting the complaint. See Pl.’s Mem. of L. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n)
at 6 (Dkt. #21). The letter is therefore not integral to the complaint. Cf. United States v. Strock,
982 F.3d 51, 63 (2d Cir. 2020) (concluding that a report from the Government Accountability
Office (“GAO”) was not integral to the complaint because “the complaint does not rely on the
GAO report at all”); Glob. Network Commc’ns, Inc. v. City of New York, 458 F.3d 150, 156 (2d
Cir. 2006) (concluding that testimony in a criminal proceeding was not integral to the complaint
because it “was neither mentioned nor relied upon by [plaintiff] in drafting its complaint”).

In any event, “[e]ven where a document is considered ‘integral’ to the complaint,” the
document is appropriately considered on a motion to dismiss only if it is “clear that there exist no
material disputed issues of fact regarding the relevance of the document.” Nicosia v. Amazon.com,
Inc., 834 F.3d 220, 231 (2d Cir. 2016). Here, plaintiff disputes that the letter covers the defendants
(as opposed to a predecessor company), see Pl.’s Opp’n at 10, and plaintiff does not concede the
authorization letter remains in effect, see id. at 7-8; cf. Nicosia, 834 F.3d at 235 (concluding that
relevance was disputed where “the parties disagree about whether and how [an] account
registration relates to [their] contractual relationship”). It would be inappropriate to deem the
authorization letter integral to the complaint in light of these disputes over its relevance.
Nor are the contents of the authorization letter amenable to judicial notice. Judicial notice

is appropriate only as to matters “not subject to reasonable dispute” because they are “generally
known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction” or “can be accurately and readily determined
from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). “Because
the effect of judicial notice is to deprive a party of the opportunity to use rebuttal evidence, cross-
examination, and argument to attack contrary evidence, caution must be used in determining that
a [matter] is beyond controversy under Rule 201(b).” Int’l Star Class Yacht Racing Ass’n v.
Tommy Hilfiger U.S.A., Inc., 146 F.3d 66, 67 (2d Cir. 1998). Defendants do not suggest that the
fact that the Department of Labor authorized Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc. to pay manual workers
in New York State on a biweekly basis is “generally known.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b).
Instead, defendants suggest that this permission can be “accurately and readily determined
from sources whose accuracy reasonably be questioned”—namely, the authorization letter, which
defendants describe as a “public record.” Defs.’ Mem. of L. in Supp. of Their Rule 12(b)(6) Mot.
to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Memo”) at 3-4 (Dkt. #20-5). But the “public records” of which courts

commonly take notice are documents that have been made available to the public. See, e.g., Apotex
Inc. v. Acorda Therapeutics, Inc., 823 F.3d 51, 60 (2d Cir. 2016) (noticing agency guidance letter
“because the [g]uidance is publicly available and its accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned”);
Richardson v. New York City Bd. of Educ., 711 F. App’x 11 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order) (taking
notice of a “publicly available” regulation and two “publicly available” collective bargaining
agreements); Bristol v. Nassau Cnty., 685 F. App’x 26, 28 (2d Cir. 2017) (summary order)
(affirming notice of decisions in related state criminal proceedings because such records were
“self-authenticating” and “publicly available”); Canale v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 258 F. Supp. 3d
312, 321 n.8 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (instructing that letters from an agency would not be subject to notice
“unless they were publicly available”).

Here, defendants suggest that the record authorization letter is publicly accessible because
the letter could be obtained by “any person or entity, without cost,” presumably under New York’s
Freedom of Information Law (“FOIL”). See Defs.’ Reply Mem. of L. in Supp. of Their Rule
12(b)(6) Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply) at 2 (Dkt. #22). But the practice of courts in this Circuit
is not to take notice of documents where they “must be obtained through a [Freedom of Information
Act] request (or state equivalent).” 105 Mt. Kisco Assocs. LLC v. Carozza, No. 15-CV-5346, 2019
WL 6998008, at *11 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 20, 2019) (collecting cases). That includes documents like
agency letters. See Casey v. Odwalla, Inc., 338 F. Supp. 3d 284, 294 (S.D.N.Y. 2018) (declining
to take notice of an agency guidance letter where defendants “obtained a copy of [the] letter, not
from the [agency]’s website, but from a Freedom Information Act request”). Following that
practice, I decline to take notice of defendants’ purported authorization letter here.*
B. Plaintiff has stated a claim for untimely payment of wages in violation of the
New York Labor Law.
Limiting my consideration to the materials appropriate at the motion-to-dismiss stage,
plaintiff has stated a claim for untimely payment of wages under the New York Labor Law. The
New York Labor Law provides that “[i]n any action instituted in the courts upon a wage claim by
an employee . . . the court shall allow such employee to recover the full amount of any
underpayment, all reasonable attorney’s fees, prejudgment interest as required under the civil
practice law and rules, and unless the employer proves a good faith basis to believe that its

underpayment of wages was in compliance with the law, an additional amount as liquidated
damages equal to one hundred percent of the total amount of wages found to be due.” N.Y.L.L.
§ 198(1-a). Defendants concede that a manual worker may bring a civil action to recover untimely
wage payments under this provision so long as the wages remain unpaid. See Defs.’ Memo at 14.
But they dispute whether a worker may recover damages for delayed payments when no wages are
due and owing. Id. at 13-17.
“When deciding a question of state law” like this one, a federal court “look[s] to the state’s
decisional law, as well as to its constitution and statutes.” Chufen Chen v. Dunkin’ Brands, Inc.,
954 F.3d 492, 497 (2d Cir. 2020). Absent a clear directive from a state’s highest court, a federal
court must “predict how the state’s highest court would resolve the uncertainty or ambiguity.” Id.

* In their reply brief, defendants suggest that if the authorization letter is not appropriately considered on a motion to
dismiss, their filing should be converted into a motion for summary judgment. See Defs.’ Reply at 5 n.1. A district
court has discretion over whether to perform such a conversion. 5C Charles A. Wright and Arthur R. Miller, Fed.
Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1366 (3d ed.); see Friedl v. City of New York, 210 F.3d 79, 83 (2d Cir. 2000); Fonte v. Board of
Managers of Continental Towers Condominium, 848 F.2d 24, 25 (2d Cir. 1988). Here, plaintiff has stated that he
would need discovery to respond to defendants’ arguments based on the authorization letter. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 7 8.
I decline to restyle defendants’ motion under these circumstances, and will instead request that the magistrate judge
overseeing pretrial matters consider expedited, targeted discovery that relates to the authorization-letter defense.
at 499. In doing so, the federal court “is bound to apply the law as interpreted by a state’s
intermediate appellate courts unless there is persuasive evidence that the state’s highest court
would reach a different conclusion.” V.S. v. Muhammad, 595 F.3d 426, 432 (2d Cir. 2010).
Here, a state intermediate court—the Appellate Division’s First Department—has held that

New York Labor Law permits employees to seek liquidated damages for the untimely payment of
wages, even if wages are no longer past due. Vega v. CM & Assocs. Constr. Mgmt., LLC, 175
A.D.3d 1144 (N.Y. App. Div. 2019). The First Department reasoned that “New York Labor Law
§ 198(1-a) expressly provides a private right of action for a violation of Labor Law § 191.” Id. at
1146. It further concluded that Section 198(1-a) allows an award of damages based on untimely
payments even if the employer had “pa[id] the wages that [we]re due before the commencement
of [the] action.” Id. at 1145. The court reasoned that an “underpayment” for purposes of Section
198(1-a) occurs “[t]he moment that an employer fail[s] to pay wages in compliance with section
191(1)(a).” Ibid. While an employer who eventually pays the underpaid wages can “assert an
affirmative defense” based on the eventual payment, the First Department concluded that an

employee could still seek “statutory remedies,” including liquidated damages. Ibid. The appellate
court found instructive the Supreme Court’s conclusion in Brooklyn Sav. Bank v. O’Neil, 324 U.S.
697, 707 (1945), that under a similarly worded provision in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
(“FLSA”), an employee may recover liquidated damages “regardless of whether an employee has
been paid wages owed before the commencement of the action.” 175 A.D.3d. at 1145-46.
Since Vega, every court in this Circuit to consider that decision appears to have followed
its construction of the New York Labor Law, see, e.g., Mabe v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., No. 20-
CV-591, 2021 WL 1062566, at *5 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 18, 2021); Sorto v. Diversified Maint. Sys.,
LLC, No. 20-CV-1302, 2020 WL 7693108, at *2-3 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 28, 2020); Duverny v. Hercules
Medical P.C., No. 18-CV-7652, 2020 WL 1033048, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 3, 2020); Scott v. Whole
Foods Mkt. Grp., Inc., No. 18-CV-86, 2020 WL 9814095, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Feb. 5, 2020), and
defendants present no persuasive reason to do otherwise. Defendants suggest that Vega deserves
limited weight because the Second Department “challenge[d] Vega’s holding” in IKEA U.S. Inc.

v. Indus. Bd. Of Appeals, 241 A.D.2d 454, 455 (N.Y. App. Div. 1997). Defs.’ Memo at 17. But
Ikea does not address whether employees may obtain liquidated damages for untimely payments;
it simply assessed whether the state Commissioner of Labor had proffered substantial evidence
that a particular employer violated Section 191. See IKEA U.S. Inc., 241 A.D.2d at 455. Nor do
defendants grapple with Vega’s observation about the parallel FLSA provision addressing
liquidated damages; they do not explain why the New York Court of Appeals would give a
substantially narrower reading to Section 198(1-a) than the Supreme Court gave to the section’s
federal counterpart. After all, the Second Circuit has concluded that “there are no meaningful
differences” in the wording of the state and federal provisions. Rana, 887 F.3d at 123. Because
defendants offer no “persuasive evidence that the state’s highest court would reach a different

conclusion” than the First Department did in Vega, I am “bound to apply the law as interpreted
by” the intermediate appellate court, Muhammad, 595 F.3d at 432.
C. Defendants’ remaining challenges to an award of liquidated damages are
premature.
Defendants remaining challenges to an award of liquidated damages are not properly
considered on a motion to dismiss. Defendants contend that the authorization letter they received
from the Commissioner of the New York Department of Labor makes liquidated damages
unavailable, since Section 198(1-a) bars such damages when “the employer proves a good faith
basis to believe that its underpayment of wages was in compliance with the law.” See Defs.’ Memo
at 22-23. But as explained above, defendants’ purported authorization letter is not properly
considered at this stage of the litigation. See pp. 4-8, supra.
Defendants next suggest that plaintiff’s delayed-wages claim should be dismissed because
awarding “[l]iquidated damages in the amount of all late payments” would be “punitive” and

“excessive in proportion to the harm that any employee has suffered.” Defs.’ Mem. at 21. I
construe defendants’ claim as resting on the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment,
because although defendants invoke “the New York Constitution,” they point to no particular
provision of that document and cite only cases construing the U.S. Constitution. See ibid.
Assuming that liquidated damages under the New York Labor Law would be treated as
punitive for purposes of the Due Process Clause, cf. Rana, 887 F.3d at 123 (describing “an award
of liquidated damages” under the NYLL as having “dual punitive and compensatory effects”), a
challenge of this sort is premature. At this stage of the case, there has been no liquidated damages
award, and there is no record on which to assess whether an award would be excessive in light of
“the degree of reprehensibility of the defendant’s misconduct,” “the disparity between the actual

or potential harm suffered by the plaintiff and the punitive damages award,” and the difference
between the punitive damages awarded . . . and the civil penalties authorized or imposed in
comparable cases.’” Thomas v. iStar Financial, Inc., 652 F.3d 141, 149 (2d Cir. 2010) (describing
the Supreme Court’s three “‘guideposts’ for courts reviewing [punitive damages] awards”).
Even if defendants were correct that liquidated damages equal to “the amount of all late
payments” would violate the Due Process Clause, defendants have offered no reason why they
would be entitled to dismissal of plaintiff’s claim—rather than a reduction in damages. See, e.g.,
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 429 (2003) (concluding that punitive
damages award was constitutionally excessive and remanding case for “[t]he proper calculation of
punitive damages” in light of constitutional limits); BMW of North Am., Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S.
559, 585-86 (1996) (remanding case to state court to determine “whether the appropriate remedy”
for an excessive award is “a new trial or merely an independent determination by the Alabama
Supreme Court” of the appropriate amount of punitive damages). Defendants’ motion to dismiss

plaintiff’s claim for untimely wage payments is therefore denied.
II. Plaintiff has not stated a claim for improper wage statements under Section 195(3)
of the New York Labor Law.
Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s claim for improper wage statements under
Section 195(3) of the New York Labor Law is granted. That provision requires an employer to
“furnish each employee with a statement with every payment of wages.” N.Y.L.L. § 195(3). The
statement must include “the dates of work covered by that payment of wages”; the “name of [the]
employee”; the name, address, and phone number of the employer; the “rate or rates of pay and
basis thereof”; gross wages; deductions; any allowances; and net wages. Ibid. For employees who
are “not exempt from overtime compensation,” the statement must also include “the regular hourly
rate or rates of pay”; “the overtime rate or rates of pay”; “the number of regular hours worked, and
the number of overtime hours worked.” Ibid. The wage statement plaintiff attaches as an exhibit
to his complaint includes each piece of information required under Section 195(3). See Am.
Compl, Ex. A.
Plaintiff nevertheless alleges that defendants violated Section 195(3) because they “failed
to provide [Mr.] Rodrigue with wage statements specifying the amount of hours he worked per

week.” Am. Compl. ¶ 42. But while Section 195(3) requires an employer to specify the hourly
rate of pay, “dates of work covered by [a] payment of wages,” and number of regular and overtime
hours worked, N.Y.L.L. § 195(3), it “does not require that wage statements be furnished on a
weekly basis or provide a breakdown of how many hours an employee works ‘per week.’” Mabe,
2021 WL 1062566, at *7. As a result, plaintiff’s claim under Section 195(3) is dismissed. See,
e.g., ibid. (dismissing similar claim); Rojas v. Hi-Tech Metals, Inc., No. 702847/2019, 2019 WL
4570161, at *4 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. Sep. 11, 2019) (same); Hunter v. Planned Bldg. Services, Inc., No.
715053/2017, 2018 WL 3392476, at *4 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. June 20, 2018) (same).

CONCLUSION
Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s claim under New York Labor Law §§ 191 and
198(1-a) is denied. Defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s claim under New York Labor Law
§ 195(3) is granted.
SO ORDERED.
/s/ Rachel Kovner
RACHEL P. KOVNER
United States District Judge

Dated: August 27, 2021
Brooklyn, New York

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10306713. Public record. Not legal advice.