# BARKER v. UNITED AIRLINES, INC.

> District Court, D. New Jersey · February 1, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10278265

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, D. New Jersey
- **Decided:** February 1, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10278265

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that in the absence of a contract of employment, whether express or implied, there is no implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
- stating that Rule 8 “requires a showing, rather than a blanket assertion, of an entitlement to relief” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)
- stating that Rule 8 “requires a showing, rather than a blanket assertion, of an entitlement to relief” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)

## Opinion text

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

YULEX BARKER,

Plaintiff, Civil Action No. 23-3065 (SDW)(LDW)

v.

UNITED AIRLINES, INC., and JACQUELINE OPINION
REIS-OTERO individually and JOHN DOE(S) 1-5

Defendants.
February 1, 2024

WIGENTON, District Judge.
Before this Court is Defendants United Airlines, Inc. (“United”) and Jacqueline Reis-
Otero’s (“Reis-Otero”) (collectively, “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss (“Motion”) (D.E. 6)
Plaintiff Yulex Barker’s (“Plaintiff”) Complaint (D.E. 1-1) pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6). Jurisdiction is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Venue is proper
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b) and 1367. This opinion is issued without oral argument pursuant
to Rule 78. For the reasons stated below, the Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Plaintiff’s Employment with United
Plaintiff, an African American woman over the age of forty, was employed by United for
over twenty-two years in various roles of customer service. (D.E. 1-1 ¶¶ 3, 9, 29.) Her most recent
employment was as a Team Leader for the “United Club” at the United Airlines terminal at Newark
Airport. (Id. ¶ 9.) During the COVID-19 pandemic, United implemented a company-wide
furlough and advised Plaintiff that attendance policies would be “relaxed” during the pandemic
“due to the stress and strain the pandemic had on the lives of all employees.” (Id. ¶ 11.) At the
same time, Plaintiff required limited time out of work for multiple reasons, including her health
issues caused by cystic fibrosis and caring for her daughter at home. (Id. ¶¶ 4, 10, 12.)
Despite having to deal with severe health issues and being told that the work attendance
policies were “relaxed,” Plaintiff was accused of “poor work attendance” and stealing company

time. (Id. ¶¶ 13–14.) As a result, Plaintiff allegedly suffered significant stress and filed a grievance
with the company to dispute the allegations. (Id. ¶¶ 15–16, 37.)
Plaintiff alleges that, in retaliation for her filing a grievance, Reis-Otero and other
employees intentionally disclosed Plaintiff’s private medical records, without her consent, to other
employees via email. (Id. ¶¶ 17, 42.) Afterwards, Reis-Otero informed Plaintiff that she was being
terminated from United. (Id. ¶ 20.) Plaintiff was replaced by an employee more than ten years
younger than her. (Id. ¶ 30.)
B. Procedural History
On or about April 26, 2023, Plaintiff filed a Complaint against United and Reis-Otero in

the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County. (Id. at 16–17.) On June 5, 2023,
Defendants removed the case to this Court. (D.E. 1.) Defendants filed the instant Motion on June
26, 2023 and the parties completed briefing.1 (D.E. 6.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
An adequate complaint must be “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the
pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). This Rule “requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual
allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level[.]” Bell Atl. Corp.

1 Plaintiff’s counsel did not timely file an opposition brief, missing the deadline by four days. (D.E. 15, 16.)
v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (citation omitted); see also Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny,
515 F.3d 224, 231 (3d Cir. 2008) (stating that Rule 8 “requires a showing, rather than a blanket
assertion, of an entitlement to relief” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
In considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must “accept all factual
allegations as true, construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and determine

whether, under any reasonable reading of the complaint, the plaintiff may be entitled to relief.”
Phillips, 515 F.3d at 231 (citation omitted). A court, however, need not accept as true allegations
that are “recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.”
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (“[T]he tenet that a court must accept as true all of the
allegations contained in a complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions.” (citation omitted)); see
also Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203 (3d Cir. 2009) (discussing the Iqbal standard).
Determining whether the allegations in a complaint are “plausible” is “a context-specific
task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 679. If the “well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere

possibility of misconduct,” the complaint should be dismissed for failing to “show[] that the
pleader is entitled to relief” as required by Rule 8(a)(2). Id.
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiff brings claims for various violations of the New Jersey Law Against
Discrimination (“NJLAD”), N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-12 and common law, including, discrimination
based on disability and age under the NJLAD (Counts I and II); wrongful discharge in violation
of public policy (Count III); invasion of privacy (Count IV); negligence (Count V); breach of
contract (Count VI); breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count VII); and
intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”) (Count VIII). Plaintiff seeks to recover
damages, including compensatory, liquidated, and punitive damages, and all other relief this Court
deems appropriate. (See D.E. 1-1.) This Court will address each of Plaintiff’s claims in turn.
A. Disability and Age Discrimination Claims under NJLAD (Counts I and II)
Plaintiff alleges that Defendants terminated her on the basis of her disability and age in
violation of the NJLAD. Because Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently plead a discrimination claim,

Counts I and II will be dismissed.
The NJLAD prohibits employment discrimination based on protected characteristics
including disability and age. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-12. New Jersey courts have adopted the three-
step burden shifting analysis articulated in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792
(1973) “‘as a starting point’ for analysis of claims under the NJLAD.” Monaco v. Am. Gen. Assur.
Co., 359 F.3d 296, 300 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting Bergen Com. Bank v. Sisler, 723 A.2d 944, 955
(N.J. 1999)).
The three-step McDonnell Douglas analysis proceeds as follows. First, a plaintiff must
establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Id. at 300. If a plaintiff establishes a prima facie

case of discrimination, the burden shifts to the defendant to articulate a legitimate non-
discriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. Id. Finally, if the defendant meets its
burden, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
the articulated reason was a mere pretext for discrimination. See id.
i. Disability discrimination (Count I)
To state a prima facie claim for disability discrimination, Plaintiff must show she: (1) was
disabled; (2) was otherwise qualified to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without
reasonable accommodations by the employer; and (3) suffered an otherwise adverse employment
decision as a result of discrimination. Joseph v. N.J. Transit Rail Operations Inc., 586 F. App’x
890, 892 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing Victor v. State, 4 A.3d 126, 145 (N.J. 2010)).
Plaintiff’s allegations, taken as true, fall short of establishing a prima facie disability claim.
The Complaint alleges nothing more than Plaintiff had a “medical disability due to cystic fibrosis”
and suffered from “health issues.” (D.E. 1-1 ¶¶ 4, 10, 12). As another court in this district has

stated, “[e]ven under the very generous and broad scope of the NJLAD, simply having a ‘medical
condition’ does not notify an employer of a disability.” Linder v. McKesson Corp., No. 14-1821,
2014 WL 2587501, at *3 (D.N.J. June 10, 2014).
The Complaint fails to allege when Plaintiff was disabled due to cystic fibrosis, whether
she was qualified to perform her job functions, what her health issues were, or how United used
these unidentified health issues against her as part of her termination. Equally important, the
Complaint also does not allege that United hired a similarly qualified individual without a
disability as her replacement. See Taylor v. Lincare, Inc., No. 15-6284, 2016 WL 3849852, at *4
(D.N.J. July 15, 2016) (dismissing NJLAD disability discrimination claim where plaintiff “has

pled no facts that suggest that he was terminated under circumstances that give rise to an inference
of unlawful discrimination”). In sum, Plaintiff’s Complaint lacks sufficient facts to create an
inference that United knew that she was disabled, or perceived her to be disabled, and terminated
her on that basis. Therefore, Count I will be dismissed.
ii. Age discrimination (Count II)
To establish a prima facie case of age discrimination under the NJLAD, Plaintiff must
allege that she: “(1) was a member of [a] protected class . . . , (2) was qualified for the position,
(3) suffered an adverse employment decision, and (4) ultimately was replaced by a person
sufficiently younger to permit an inference of age discrimination.” Monaco, 359 F.3d at 300
(citation omitted).
Plaintiff fails to plead her age at the time she was terminated by United. Also missing from
the Complaint is the age of the person who was hired to replace Plaintiff. The Supreme Court of
New Jersey has clearly stated that to prevail in an age discrimination action under the NJLAD, an

employee must “show that [age] played a role in the decision-making process and that it had a
determinative influence on the outcome of that process.” Sisler, 723 A.2d at 953 (citations
omitted). Here, the Complaint fails to show that Plaintiff was replaced by a person “sufficiently
younger” than her. Plaintiff also does not allege any facts to show that age had a “determinative
influence” on the outcome of the process of terminating her and hiring her successor. Thus, the
allegations in the Complaint, taken as true, do not permit this Court to draw any reasonable
inference of age discrimination.
Second, the Complaint lacks factual allegations to show that Plaintiff was qualified and
performing the essential functions of the job. In fact, the Complaint does not even tell this Court

what Plaintiff’s job duties were other than that she was a “Team Leader” for the “United Club” at
the Newark Airport and that she worked at various roles in customer service.
Because the Complaint fails to make a prima facie case of age discrimination under the
NJLAD, Count II will be dismissed.
iii. Individual liability under NJLAD
Plaintiff also seeks to hold Reis-Otero liable for her termination under the NJLAD. The
New Jersey Supreme Court has found that individuals, including supervisors, may be liable under
the NJLAD only insofar as they aid or abet an employer’s discrimination, and not for their direct
acts. See Cicchetti v. Morris Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 947 A.2d 626, 645 (N.J. 2008) (“[I]ndividual
liability of a supervisor for acts of discrimination or for creating or maintaining a hostile
environment can only arise through the ‘aiding and abetting’ mechanism that applies to ‘any
person.’” (citing N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:5-12(e)).
To hold an individual defendant liable as an aider or abettor of employment discrimination
under the NJLAD, a plaintiff must show that “(1) the employer whom the defendant aids must

perform a wrongful act that causes an injury; (2) the defendant must be generally aware of her role
as part of an overall illegal or tortious activity at the time that she provides the assistance; and (3)
the defendant must knowingly and substantially assist the principal violation.” O’Shea v. Twp. of
Hillside, No. 20-7027, 2022 WL 17829402, at *5 (D.N.J. Dec. 21, 2022) (brackets and quotation
marks omitted).
Plaintiff has not sufficiently pled any elements for an aiding and abetting claim. The only
allegations involving Reis-Otero are that she sent an email disclosing Plaintiff’s private health
information to other employees and informed Plaintiff of United’s decision to terminate her. These
allegations alone do not give rise to an aiding and abetting claim because they are subject to the

same legal deficiencies as Plaintiff’s principal NJLAD claims. “A defendant cannot assist in or
abet a principal violation unless there is a principal violation.” DeSantis v. N.J. Transit, No. 14-
3578, 2017 WL 5050039, at *11 (D.N.J. Nov. 3, 2017), aff’d, 756 F. App’x 197 (3d Cir. 2019).
Because Plaintiff has not sufficiently pled an aiding and abetting claim, her NJLAD claims
against Reis-Otero are dismissed.
B. Wrongful Discharge (Count III)
In Count III, Plaintiff asserts a claim of wrongful discharge in violation of public policy
under Pierce v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 417 A.2d 505 (N.J. 1980). Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently
plead a Pierce claim and Count III is thereby dismissed.
In Pierce, the New Jersey Supreme Court explained that “an employee has a cause of
action for wrongful discharge when the discharge is contrary to a clear mandate of public policy.”
Pierce, 417 A.2d at 512. “To establish a case for common law wrongful discharge, the employee
must identify the clear mandate of public policy and that the discharge itself was in violation of
that public policy.” Myers v. Advanced Stores Co., No. 19-18183, 2020 WL 2744632, at *6 (D.N.J.

May 27, 2020) (citing Tartaglia v. UBS PaineWebber Inc., 961 A.2d 1167, 1183 (N.J. 2008)).
Critically, “more is needed than simply the breach of public policy affecting a single
person’s rights to constitute the breach of a ‘clear mandate’ of public policy that Pierce requires.”
Hennessey v. Coastal Eagle Point Oil Co., 609 A.2d 11, 19–20 (N.J. 1992). A plaintiff must
“prove not only that he or she complained about [an employer’s] policy, but that his or her resulting
discharge violated a clear mandate of public policy.” Tartaglia, 961 A.2d at 1184–85. As such,
“[i]f an employee does not point to a clear expression of public policy, the court can grant a motion
to dismiss or for summary judgment.” Pierce, 417 A.2d at 513.
As a threshold matter, there is no individual liability for a Pierce claim. See Metzler v. Am.

Transp. Grp., L.L.C., No. 07-2066, 2008 WL 413311, at *5 (D.N.J. Feb. 13, 2008) (“A plaintiff is
only able to maintain a Pierce cause of action against his or her employer—not against individual
employees.” (citing O’Lone v. N.J. Dep’t of Corr., 712 A.2d 1177, 1180 (N.J. Super. Ct. App.
Div. 1998)). Accordingly, the wrongful discharge claim against Reis-Otero is dismissed with
prejudice.
As for United, the Complaint contains not a single allegation that satisfies the requirements
of Pierce as set forth above. Plaintiff alleges that she filed a grievance with United, but her
grievance was filed to dispute allegations of time theft, not to complain about a company policy
that is in violation of a clear mandate of public policy. Without citing to a specific policy, statute,
regulation, or judicial decision, Plaintiff’s generalized allegation that United “unlawfully
terminated [her] for seeking to protect her rights under New Jersey Law” is insufficient to survive
a motion to dismiss. (D.E. 1-1 ¶ 38.)
Without following the requirements of Pierce, Plaintiff’s wrongful discharge claim fails.
Count Three will therefore be dismissed.

C. Invasion of Privacy, Negligence, and IIED (Counts IV, V, and VIII)
In Counts IV, V, and VIII, Plaintiff asserts common law tort claims against Defendants for
improperly disclosing Plaintiff’s medical information with other employees in the company
without her permission. Counts IV, V, and VIII will be dismissed on the grounds of statute of
limitations and failure to sufficiently state a claim.
i. Statute of limitations
As a threshold matter, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s invasion of privacy, negligence,
and IIED claims are barred by the two-year statute of limitations set forth in N.J. Stat. Ann. 2A:14-
2. See e.g., Smith v. Datla, 164 A.3d 1110, 1121 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2017) (“[A] claim for

invasion of privacy by public disclosure of private facts is subject to the two-year statute of
limitations imposed by N.J. Stat. Ann. 2A:14-2.”). According to Defendants, Plaintiff’s common
law tort claims are premised on the dissemination of her medical information in an email sent on
March 28, 2021 by Reis-Otero, which was attached to Defendants’ motion brief. Thus, Defendants
contend, the latest Plaintiff could have brought her common law tort claims was March 28, 2023.
Plaintiff did not file her complaint until April 26, 2023.
The Third Circuit has cautioned district courts in the context of considering documents
attached to a defendant’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to determine whether the statute of limitations had
run. See Schmidt v. Skolas, 770 F.3d 241, 249 (3d Cir. 2014). In Skolas, the Third Circuit stated:
In this circuit, however, we permit a limitations defense to be raised by a motion
under Rule 12(b)(6) only if the time alleged in the statement of a claim shows that
the cause of action has not been brought within the statute of limitations. However,
if the bar is not apparent on the face of the complaint, then it may not afford the
basis for a dismissal of the complaint under Rule 12(b)(6).

Id. (internal citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted) (emphasis added).
Here, the statute of limitations bar is not apparent on the face of the Complaint. The
Complaint provides no indication as to when Reis-Otero disclosed Plaintiff’s medical information
to other employees by email. The analysis, however, does not end here.
An exception to the rule stated in Skolas is that a “document integral to or explicitly relied
upon in the complaint may be considered without converting the motion to dismiss into one for
summary judgment.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The rationale
underlying this exception is that the primary problem raised by looking to documents outside the
complaint—lack of notice to the plaintiff—is dissipated [w]here the plaintiff has actual notice . . .
and has relied upon these documents in framing the complaint.” Id. (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted).
Plaintiff makes no attempt to rebut Defendants’ statute of limitations argument in her
opposition brief. Even more telling, Plaintiff does not dispute that the March 28, 2021 email
proffered by Defendants is in fact the email that allegedly disclosed Plaintiff’s medical information
without her consent. The March 28, 2021 email is a document integral to Plaintiff’s tort claims
for invasion of privacy, negligence, and IIED, and thus can be considered for purposes of the
statute of limitations. Under New Jersey’s two-year statute of limitations for torts, Plaintiff’s
invasion of privacy, negligence, and IIED claims expired on March 28, 2023.
Accordingly, Counts IV, V, and VIII are time-barred. Even if Counts IV, V, and VIII are
not time-barred, they will still be dismissed for failure to state a claim as shown below.
ii. Invasion of privacy (Count IV)
“The tort of invasion of privacy is defined as an intentional intrusion, ‘physically or
otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs or concerns’ that ‘would
be highly offensive to a reasonable person.’” G.D. v. Kenny, 15 A.3d 300, 319–20 (N.J. 2011)
(quoting Bisbee v. John C. Conover Agency, Inc., 452 A.2d 689, 691 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.

1982)). To establish improper publication of private facts, which is a subset of invasion of privacy,
“a plaintiff must show that the matters revealed were actually private, that dissemination of such
facts would be offensive to a reasonable person, and that there is no legitimate interest of the public
in being apprised of the facts publicized.” Bisbee, 452 A.2d at 691.
The Complaint merely recites the legal elements and is devoid of any non-conclusory
factual allegation that would permit this Court to draw an inference of an invasion of Plaintiff’s
privacy. For instance, Plaintiff alleges that her medical information was disclosed to other
employees, but she does not elaborate on what kind of medical information was at issue. Plaintiff
also fails to show that the information allegedly disclosed without her permission was actually

private. Similarly, the factual allegations do not suggest that the information disclosed in Reis-
Otero’s email would be offensive to a reasonable person. Because Plaintiff’s claim for invasion
of privacy has not been sufficiently pled, Count IV will be dismissed.
iii. Negligence (Count V) 2
Plaintiff seeks to hold Defendants liable under a negligence cause of action, alleging that
Defendants breached their duty of care under the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act

2 In Count V, the Complaint alleges that “Defendants breached their duty of care when they intentionally . . . failed to
protect Plaintiff’s medical information by disclosing it to employees of the company.” (D.E. 1-1 ¶ 49.) It is contrary
to the very definition of “negligence” to allege that Defendants’ conduct was intentional. See Price v. Phillips, 218
A.2d 167, 169 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1966) (“Negligence and intentional are contradictory . . . ; negligence excludes
the idea of intentional wrong.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)).
of 1996 (“HIPAA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 1320(d) et seq., when they intentionally disclosed Plaintiff’s
medical information as a form of retaliation.3
To the extent Plaintiff is asserting a negligence claim based on any HIPAA provisions, the
claim will be dismissed because “HIPAA do[es] not provide for a private right of action.” L.S. v.
Mount Olive Bd. of Educ., 765 F. Supp. 2d 648, 652 (D.N.J. 2011). Even if Plaintiff’s negligence

claim is not based on HIPAA, it will nevertheless be dismissed for being preempted by the
exclusive remedy provision of the New Jersey Workers’ Compensation Act (“NJWCA”). See N.J.
Stat. Ann. § 34:15-8.
The NJWCA provides in pertinent part:
If an injury or death is compensable under this article, a person shall not be liable
to anyone at common law or otherwise on account of such injury or death for any
act or omission occurring while such person was in the same employ as the person
injured or killed, except for intentional wrong.

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 34:15-8. Thus, Plaintiff cannot sue United for negligence. See Ruggiero v. Eli
Lilly & Co., No. 19-16206, 2022 WL 17082498, at *8 (D.N.J. Nov. 18, 2022) (dismissing negligent
hiring and retention claim as barred by the NJWCA); Gaines v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., No. 13-
3709, 2014 WL 1450113, at *7 (D.N.J. Apr. 14, 2014) (dismissing negligence claim alleging
breach of employer’s duty to use ordinary care to investigate complaints of disability
discrimination as barred by the NJWCA). Accordingly, Count V will be dismissed.
iv. IIED (Count VIII)
To state a claim for IIED, Plaintiff must show Defendants’ actions were: (1) intentional or
reckless; (2) “extreme and outrageous”; (3) “the proximate cause of [P]laintiff’s emotional
distress”; and (4) that “the emotional distress suffered by the [P]laintiff [is] so severe that no

3 HIPAA’s implementing regulations require that “a covered entity [ ] have in place appropriate administrative,
technical, and physical safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information.” 45 C.F.R. 164.530(c)(2)(i).
reasonable [person] could be expected to endure it.” Buckley v. Trenton Saving Fund Soc., 544
A.2d 857, 863 (N.J. 1988) (internal citations omitted). Intent requires Defendants to have intended
“to do the act and produce emotional distress” or to act “recklessly in deliberate disregard of a high
degree of probability that emotional distress would follow.” Id.
Because Plaintiff’s IIED claim is premised on the same set of facts as her invasion of

privacy claims, i.e., disclosure of her medical information to other employees without her consent,
her claim also fails for insufficient pleading. The allegations in the Complaint, without more, do
not rise to the level of extreme and outrageous conduct required for this cause of action, do not
show causation, and fail to allege intent or recklessness. As such, Count VIII will be dismissed.
D. Breach of Contract and Breach of the Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair
Dealing (Counts VI and VII)
In Counts VI and VII, Plaintiff alleges breach of contract and breach of the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealings against Defendants. Because Plaintiff has failed to
sufficiently state a breach of contract claim, Counts VI and VII will be dismissed.

i. Breach of contract (Count VI)
To establish a breach of contract claim, Plaintiff must show that: “(1) the parties entered
into a valid contract, (2) Defendants failed to perform their obligations under the contract, and (3)
Plaintiff sustained damages as a result.” Ensey v. Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co., 663 F. App’x 172, 176
(3d Cir. 2016).
The Complaint is bereft of facts necessary to plead a breach of contract claim. First, the
Complaint does not identify any existing contract between Plaintiff and Defendants, much less
establish how any contractual provision was breached. Plaintiff alleges that United advised her
that attendance policies would be relaxed during the pandemic, but this allegation is insufficient
because an employer’s “general policies and procedures do not rise to the level of legal contracts.”
Gaines, 2014 WL 1450113, at *10. Even assuming this allegation is true, Plaintiff still fails show
that there had been a contract between her and Defendants. Similarly, Plaintiff has not pled any
facts to show how Defendants failed to perform their contractual obligations or what those
obligations were. Because Plaintiff has failed to state a breach of contract claim, Count VI will be

dismissed.
ii. Breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count VII)
Plaintiff also alleges that Defendants breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing. Every contract in New Jersey contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
See Fields v. Thompson Printing Co., 363 F.3d 259, 270 (3d Cir. 2004). This requires both parties
to refrain from taking actions that “will have the effect of destroying or injuring the right of the
other party to receive the fruits of the contract.” Id. Thus, “[a] party can be held liable for a breach
of the implied covenant even if it has not violated an express term of the contract because ‘the
covenant may fill in the gaps where necessary to give efficacy to the contract as written.’” Jurista

v. Amerinox Processing, Inc., 492 B.R. 707, 756 (D.N.J. 2013) (quoting Fields, 363 F.3d at 271–
72) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Plaintiff’s claim for a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing suffers
the same fate as her breach of contract claim. Plaintiff fails to sufficiently allege any facts to show
that there was a valid contract between her and Defendants. Absent a valid contract, Plaintiff
cannot make out a claim for a breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. See
Noye v. Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 570 A.2d 12, 14 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1990) (holding that in
the absence of a contract of employment, whether express or implied, there is no implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing).
Because Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim fails for failure to state a claim, so too must
this cause of action. See Schlichtig v. Inacom Corp., 271 F. Supp. 2d 597, 606–07 (D.N.J. 2003)
(“[B]ecause . . . the terms of this employee manual could not have given rise to an implied contract
of employment, it necessarily follows that the manual’s provisions do not contain an implied
covenant of good faith.”). Accordingly, Count VII will be dismissed.

IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, Defendants’ Motion is GRANTED as set forth below:
1. Counts I and II (disability and age discrimination claims under NJLAD) against
Defendants are dismissed without prejudice.

2. Count III (wrongful discharge) against United is dismissed without prejudice.
Insofar as Count III asserts an individual-liability claim against Reis-Otero, it is
dismissed with prejudice.

3. Count IV (invasion of privacy) is dismissed with prejudice.

4. Count V (negligence) is dismissed with prejudice.

5. Count VI (breach of contract) is dismissed without prejudice.

6. Count VII (breach of implied good faith and fair dealing) is dismissed without
prejudice.

7. Count VIII (IIED) is dismissed with prejudice.

Plaintiff shall have thirty (30) days to file an amended complaint. An appropriate order
follows.
___/s/ Susan D. Wigenton_____
SUSAN D. WIGENTON, U.S.D.J.

Orig: Clerk
cc: Leda D. Wettre, U.S.M.J.
Parties

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10278265. Public record. Not legal advice.