# MEZA v. JACKSON TOWNSHIP

> District Court, D. New Jersey · June 22, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10271086

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, D. New Jersey
- **Decided:** June 22, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10271086

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that “it appears undisputed that [p]laintiffs’ claims under the New Jersey Constitution and the New Jersey Civil Rights Act trigger the same legal elements and principles as . . .[the] federal causes of action [under Section 1983]”

## Opinion text

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

ADRIANA MEZA,
Plaintiff,

v.

JACKSON TOWNSHIP; CHIEF OF Case No. 3:18-cv-15206 (BRM) (DEA)
POLICE MATTHEW KUNZ; OFFICER
RYAN DONNELY; OFFICER KYLE OPINION
STYBE; SERGEANT MICHAEL
FRIEDMAN; OFFICER SHANNON
FOOTE; OFFICER TRISTAN BENNET;
OFFICER SHANE DAVIS; AND JOHN
DOES 1-10

Defendants.

MARTINOTTI, DISTRICT JUDGE
Before this Court is Officer Tristan Bennett (“Officer Bennett”), Officer Shane Davis
(“Officer Davis”), Officer Ryan Donnelly (“Officer Donnelly”), Officer Shannon Foote (“Officer
Foote”), Sergeant Michael Friedman (“Sergeant Friedman”), Jackson Township, Chief of Police
Matthew Kunz (“Chief Kunz”), and Officer Kyle Stybe’s (“Officer Stybe”) (collectively
“Defendants”) Motion for Summary Judgment. (ECF No. 17.) Adriana Meza (“Plaintiff”) opposed
the motion (ECF No. 19) and Defendants replied (ECF No. 20). Having reviewed the parties’
submissions filed in connection with the motion and having declined to hold oral argument
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 78(b), for the reasons set forth below and for good
cause having been shown, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED in part
and DENIED in part.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY1
A. Factual Background
On December 11, 2016, Plaintiff and her husband were watching football when they heard
someone repeatedly banging on the front door to their home. (ECF No. 17-1 ¶ 2.) When Plaintiff

confronted the individual banging on the door, she discovered it was Officer Donnelly, an officer
from the Jackson Township Police Department, who was responding to a noise complaint at
Plaintiff’s home. (Id.) The video footage2 of Plaintiff’s front door security camera shows Officer
Donnelly banging on Plaintiff’s door three times, waiting for a response for about 20 seconds, and

1 This background is taken from the parties’ statements of material facts, pursuant to Local Civil
Rule 56.1. (See ECF No. 17-1, Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts, which is
included in Defendants’ Brief in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment; and ECF No. 19,
Plaintiff’s Response to Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts and Supplemental
Statement of Disputed Material Facts.) However, Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material
Facts has two main components: (1) a rehashing of Plaintiff’s allegations in her Complaint; and
(2) excerpts from the officers’ depositions. To present a coherent factual picture, the Court will
recount the events giving rise to this action, in chronological order, through Plaintiff’s home
security footage and the officers’ depositions. To the extent Plaintiff admits to any material facts
stated by Defendants, the Court will cite only to Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Materials
Facts and the relevant paragraph number.
2 Plaintiff submitted home security footage as an exhibit attached to her opposition. (Home
Security Video Footage, Ex. A-1 (ECF No. 19-2).) In Plaintiff’s response to Defendant’s Statement
of Undisputed Material Facts, she repeatedly states the video is self-explanatory or speaks for
itself. (See ECF No. 19 ¶¶ 3, 4, 14, 18, 19, 20.) Defendants do not dispute the events displayed in
the video, and instead argue they “believe the video and their moving [b]rief sufficiently refutes
[Plaintiff’s]” allegations. (ECF No. 20 at 1.) That is, neither party disputes the authenticity of the
video footage, but both parties offer contrasting legal conclusions based on the events depicted in
the video. The Court will consider this video footage in ruling on the present motion. See Rodriguez
v. New Jersey, Civ. A. No. 18-11166, 2021 WL 165106, at *1 (D.N.J. Jan. 19, 2021) (“The facts
as depicted in the videotape are included because the video is part of the record and, therefore, the
Court must rely on the video in ruling on summary judgment.” (citing Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S.
372, 381 (2007))); see also Gunter v. Gray, Civ. A. No. 17-4217, 2020 WL 4364295, at *3 (D.N.J.
July 30, 2020) (“As such, the Court has reviewed the video footage for purposes of this Motion
for Summary Judgment and objectively summarizes the elements of the footage that cannot be
‘reasonably’ disputed.”).
then banging another dozen times. (Ex. A-1 (ECF No. 19-2) at 0:00:00–0:00:34.) Plaintiff
subsequently opened the door and exchanged words with Officer Donnelly, who proceeded to
speak into his radio. (Id. at 0:00:34–0:00:50.) However, Officer Donnelly testified3 that Plaintiff
started to yell and curse at him while he was asking for Plaintiff’s identification. (Donnelly Dep.

(ECF No. 17-9) at 43:11–21.) He also testified Plaintiff started to close the door and “[t]hat’s when
[he] moved forward and put [his] foot in [the door], and that motion of stopping the door for a
moment then caused both [Plaintiff and her husband] to start pushing [back against the door].”
(Id.) Plaintiff testified that Officer Donnelly “tried to push the door open.” (Plaintiff Dep. by
Plaintiff’s Counsel, Ex. B (ECF No. 19-2) at 50:17–22.) Then, after Plaintiff and Officer Donnelly
were pushing back and forth on the door, Officer Donnelly testified that Plaintiff “kicked [his]
leg.” (ECF No. 17-9 at 45:7–11.) Plaintiff testified neither she nor her husband kicked Officer
Donnelly. (ECF No. 19-2 at 51:3–7.) Additionally, the video footage of Plaintiff’s front door does
not show Plaintiff or her husband making any contact with Officer Donnelly. (Ex. A-1, ECF No.
19-2 at 0:00:00–0:00:54.) However, the footage does show an encounter between Officer

Donnelly, Plaintiff, and her husband when they first open the door—a struggle ensued as Officer
Donnelly, Plaintiff, and her husband fight for control of the door, but then the video footage stops.
(ECF No. 19-2 at 0:24:36–0:24:56.)
After this encounter, Officer Donnelly called for backup on his radio and retreated from
the door. (ECF No. 19-2 at 51:17–22; ECF No. 17-9 at 50:13–15.) Sergeant Friedman, Officer

3 While the Court will provide the officers’ deposition testimony as part of the record, it will not
make any credibility determinations about such testimony. Marino v. Indus. Crating Co., 358 F.3d
241, 247 (3d Cir. 2004) (“In considering a motion for summary judgment, a district court may not
make credibility determinations or engage in any weighing of the evidence; instead, the non-
moving party’s evidence ‘is to be believed and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his
favor.’” (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986))).
Bennett, Officer Davis, Officer Foote, and Officer Stybe came in as backup with the plan of
arresting Plaintiff for assaulting Officer Donnelly. (ECF No. 17-9 at 50:19–22, 51:24–25, 52:1–
3.) When the officers arrived at Plaintiff’s door and informed her she was under arrest, she started
to back away from the door. (ECF No. 17-9 at 56:4–7.) Officer Donnelly testified, consistent with

the video footage, that Officer Stybe was the first to grab Plaintiff, and Officer Donnelly was the
second officer to enter the home. (Id. at 56:18–23; Ex. A-1, ECF No. 19-2 at 0:09:04–0:09:06.)
Officer Stybe was the first to take Plaintiff to the ground. (ECF No. 17-9 at 56:24–25; Ex. A-1,
ECF No. 19-2 at 0:09:06–0:09:09.) Officer Donnelly testified that once Plaintiff was on the
ground, she was resisting arrest because “she refused to take her arms out from underneath her
[and refused] to follow [the officers’] command[s] so that they [could] place her in handcuffs.”
(ECF No. 17-9 at 59:9–14.) The video footage is unclear as to whether Plaintiff was resisting
arrest—after she backs away from the door, an officer proceeds towards her. Plaintiff then backs
into a wall, goes to the ground, and is dragged around on the ground by two officers, who
eventually force her over to the staircase in Plaintiff’s home. (Ex. A-1(ECF No. 19-2) at 0:09:00–

0:09:20.) While Plaintiff argues “the footage does not show [her] falling on her back as [Officer
Stybe] reaches to grab her,” (ECF No. 19-2 at 9), Sergeant Friedman testified “it appeared to me
that she tripped over her own feet or over—I’m not sure if there [was] something on the floor [that
made Plaintiff fall] backwards.” (Sergeant Friedman Dep. (ECF No. 17-12) at 23:24–25; 24:1–2.)
Once Plaintiff was forced over to the staircase, the video footage shows her surrounded by two
officers, then two additional officers rush in. (Ex. A-1, (ECF No. 19-2) at 0:09:20–0:09:23.)
Officer Bennett, one of the two additional officers to rush in, delivered two punches to Plaintiff’s
head. (Id. at 0:09:27.) After that, Plaintiff was handcuffed and walked out of her home. (See id.)
Officer Bennett admitted he struck Plaintiff “twice with a closed fist in the temple.” (ECF No. 17-
1 ¶ 19(a).)
Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Material Facts features numerous excerpts from each
of the depositions taken in this action. (See id. ¶¶ 14–20.) Instead of providing the deposition

excerpts in full, the Court will summarize them and provide the parts Plaintiff disputes.
i. Plaintiff’s Deposition Testimony
Plaintiff testified that Officer Donnelly was the one that initially came to her door in
response to a noise complaint and was very rude because he kept knocking very hard. (Id. ¶ 14(a).)
However, she could not identify specifically what Officer Donnelly did in terms of physical
contact. (Id.) Regarding Officer Bennett, Plaintiff testified he punched her in the face when she
had her hands behind her back. (Id. ¶ 14(e).) Plaintiff could not identify who Officer Davis was.
(Id. ¶ 14(f).) Plaintiff explained the reason why she could not accurately describe the conduct of
each individual officer was because they all “band rushed” her and threw her around. (Id. ¶ 14(g).)
Plaintiff also states she discovered the reason Officer Donnelly was at her house was because of a

noise complaint through the summons she received a week after the incident. (Id. ¶ 14(h).)
Regarding her “culpable conduct,” Plaintiff testified the noise complaint and resisting arrest
charges were dismissed in county court, but she took “PTI” for hitting Officer Donnelly.4 (Id. ¶
14(i).)

4 Plaintiff admits the facts provided throughout Paragraph 14, but clarifies the facts given. Plaintiff
submits the following: “Other than Officer Donnelly and Bennett, Plaintiff was unaware of which
officers participated in the excessive force . . . . Defendant Donnelly . . . admitted that he banged
on the door. The video in this case clearly shows him participating in the gang tackling and
excessive force used upon Plaintiff.” (ECF No. 19 ¶ 14.)
ii. Chief Kunz’s Deposition Testimony
Chief Kunz testified that Jackson Township police officers are instructed to only use
reasonable force on citizens during an arrest. (Id. ¶ 15(c).) In training the officers, Chief Kunz
follows the attorney general guidelines on annual inspection in all areas, including use of force.

(Id.) The officers receive use of force training at the police academy and are taught using excessive
force would violate a person’s civil rights. (Id.) Also at the academy, officers were taught that they
were required to intervene when another officer was using excessive force. (Id.) After being shown
the video of Plaintiff being punched in the head twice, Chief Kunz testified he could not conclude
whether the officers’ actions were proper just from viewing the video.5 (Id. ¶ 15(e).)
iii. Officer Foote’s Deposition Testimony
Officer Foote testified he did not physically touch Plaintiff, did not see Officer Bennett
punch Plaintiff, and did not even become aware of the fact that Officer Bennett punched Plaintiff
during the encounter. (Id. ¶ 16(a).) Officer Foote stayed with Plaintiff’s husband while Plaintiff
was being arrested, but knew she was being arrested and could hear what was going on. (Id.)

Officer Foote also received use of force training, was taught that he was obligated not to use
excessive force, and was told using excessive force or failing to intervene when another officer
was using excessive force would constitute a violation of a person’s civil rights.6 (Id. ¶ 16(b).)

5 Plaintiff points out “[w]hen questioned about the video in this case, Defendant Kunz is unable to
testify that excessive force was or was not utilized by his officers and he was unable to testify
regarding whether the fact that Defendant Officer Bennett punched Plaintiff in the face was
justified.” (ECF No. 19 ¶ 15.)

6 Plaintiff admits this, but notes: “[i]t is Plaintiff’s position that Officer Foote failed to intervene
while excessive force was utilized on Plaintiff by members of the Jackson Township Police
Department.” (ECF No. 19 ¶ 16.)
iv. Officer Donnelly’s Deposition Testimony
Officer Donnelly testified he responded to a call at Plaintiff’s home for a noise complaint
due to loud music. (Id. ¶ 17(a).) He had to pound on the door to get the attention of Plaintiff, which
upset her. (Id.) Both Plaintiff and her husband started to yell at Officer Donnelly after he asked for

their identification. (Id.) Plaintiff and her husband then began to close the door on Officer Donnelly
which caused him to put his foot in between the door and its frame. (Id.) He also testified Plaintiff
assaulted him by pushing his arm away and kicking at him. (Id.) Officer Donnelly was the only
officer at the scene during this initial encounter, but after he was allegedly assaulted by Plaintiff,
he called in back up to carry out the arrest of Plaintiff for the alleged assault. (Id.) The plan was to
inform Plaintiff she was under arrest and ask her to come outside, but when they attempted to
execute this plan, she started to back away from the door. (Id.) Officer Stybe then entered, took
Plaintiff to the ground, and dragged her over to the staircase. (Id.) After this, Officer Donnelly got
involved and starting using physical force. (Id.) Officer Donnelly agreed he and the other officers
used physical force from the “get-go” upon entering the house, because “[w]hen somebody resists

arrest, then we use physical force.” (Id.) He also testified the level of force used on Plaintiff was
used because “once Officer Stybe attempted to effectuate the arrest by putting his hand on her arm,
she physically fought back and resisted.” (Id.) Plaintiff “was told several times that she was under
arrest[,] to put her hands behind her back[,] and [to] stop resisting.” (Id.) Like the other officers,
Officer Donnelly received use of force training, was taught using excessive force would violate
another person’s civil rights, and was told he had a duty to intervene if he saw another officer using
excessive force. (Id. ¶ 17(b).) At the Jackson Township Police Department, Officer Donnelly was
given use of force training and “a refresher [on] several things.”7 (Id.)

7 Plaintiff admits the portions of the testimony provided by Defendants, but notes:
v. Officer Davis’s Deposition Testimony
Officer Davis testified, “from [his] understanding,” the officers were there “to make an
arrest because [Plaintiff] had assaulted an officer as a result of [a] noise complaint that had gotten
out of control.” (Id. ¶ 18(a).) Initially, Officer Davis went to the back of the house with Officer

Bennett, but when they heard “a commotion in the front,” both officers ran back around to the
front door and saw Plaintiff “struggling with officers on the ground [who were] trying to effect
arrest.” (Id.) He thought “three officers was more than enough to effect the arrest” so he “did not
get involved.” (Id.) He felt that if he “got involved with the other three officers, that would have
been excessive for the case.” (Id.) Officer Davis saw Officer Bennett throw “one punch as fast as
we came through [the front door].” (Id.) According to his testimony, Officer Davis did not
intervene to stop the punch because “that would have been some real immediate action” as the
punch happened “instantaneously.” (Id.) He also testified Plaintiff was in handcuffs in under a
minute. (Id.) As to training, Officer Davis, like the other officers, was taught about the duty to
intervene and received training about that duty while working at the Jackson Township Police

Department.8 (Id. ¶ 18(b).)

Officer Donnelly utilized excessive force on more than one occasion
during his encounter with Plaintiff. Initially, he used excessive force
when trying to drag Plaintiff from her home. He then used excessive
force after conferring with officers on the front lawn and then
entering Plaintiff’s home, and, with the assistance of other officers,
tackling her to the ground after she opened the door.

(ECF No. 19 ¶ 17.)

8 Plaintiff does not appear to admit or deny the excerpts provided by Defendants. However,
Plaintiff notes “Officer Davis entered the house with Officer Bennett. Defendant Officer Davis
observed Defendant Bennett punching Plaintiff. Officer Davis also observed other officers using
excessive force upon Plaintiff and failed to intervene in any way, shape, or form.” (ECF No. 19 ¶
18.)
vi. Officer Bennett’s Deposition Testimony
Officer Bennett testified he heard a lot of officers yelling “stop resisting,” so he ran to the
front door and assisted in handcuffing Plaintiff. (Id. ¶ 19(a).) He was the first to enter after reaching
the front of the house and “noticed two officers . . . on a female.” (Id.) Plaintiff was lying face

down on the ground by the [staircase], with her hands underneath her. (Id.) The other officers
“were trying to pull her hands out so they could . . . put the cuffs behind her back.” (Id.) Officer
Bennett went over to Plaintiff and tried pulling on her elbow to get her hands free. (Id.) Because
he was unable to get her hands out from under her, he “struck her in the face with [his] right hand
twice” and then was able to make “the arrest and [get] her out of the house.” (Id.) The testimony
clarifies he struck Plaintiff “twice with a closed fist in the temple.” (Id.) With regard to training,
Officer Bennett received use of force training, was taught using excessive force would violate
another’s rights, and was taught he had a duty to intervene if another officer was using excessive
force.9 (Id. ¶ 19(b).)
vii. Sergeant Friedman’s Deposition Testimony

Sergeant Friedman testified he first became involved with Plaintiff’s arrest when the police
headquarters received a call for back up from Officer Donnelly. (Id. ¶ 20(a).) He stated Officer
Donnelly “claims that he was pushed” and kicked in “either his foot or leg.” (Id.) When he and
Officer Donnelly advised Plaintiff she was under arrest, she started backpedaling and tried to close
the door. (Id.) At some point, “it appeared to [Sergeant Friedman] that she tripped over her feet or
over . . . something on the floor, and fell backwards.” (Id.) He then “reached down to grab her arm

9 Plaintiff admits the deposition excerpts provided by Defendants, and notes “[t]he incident in this
case is . . . depicted in the video which has been supplied as Exhibit A. There was absolutely no
justification provided for punching Plaintiff in the face. Defendant Bennett clearly admits that he
punched her twice in the face.” (ECF No. 19 ¶ 19.)
to assist in securing her handcuffs.” (Id.) Sergeant Friedman did not think preparing a use of force
report for grabbing Plaintiff’s arm was necessary, since “that would have been a routine procedural
contact.” (Id.) He testified he “didn’t take her to [the] ground” because “[s]he went down on her
own.” (Id.) He did not witness Officer Bennett punch Plaintiff because he was not involved in the

arrest at that point. (Id.) Sergeant Friedman was also taught using excessive force violates a
person’s constitutional rights, officers have a duty to intervene when another officer is using
excessive force, and failing to intervene can result in a criminal charge.10 (Id.)
viii. Officer Stybe’s Deposition Testimony
Officer Stybe testified Officer Donnelly, when trying to get information from the
homeowners, “got in contact with the homeowners, and was [met] with [a] bit of hostility,” which
resulted in him getting kicked. (Id. ¶ 21(a).) When Officer Donnelly identified Plaintiff as the
person who kicked him, Officer Stybe informed Plaintiff she was under arrest, and then “she began
acting a bit erratically and began retreating back into the house.” (Id.) Officer Stybe then “stepped
into the residence to gain control of her.” (Id.) He did not see Officer Bennett punch Plaintiff. (Id.)

10 Plaintiff admits the truth of the deposition transcripts provided by Defendants, but notes:

[a]ll the officers . . . stat[e] that Plaintiff tried to close the door on
the officers who came as backup to Defendant Donnelly. The video
speaks for itself in this case. There is no point in the video where
she is seen attempting to close the door on these officers. She is seen
backing up and that is all. She was then tackled to the ground and
then dragged over to the stairwell where she was handcuffed. During
that process, she was punched twice in the face by Officer Bennett.
Officers in this case have also testified that Plaintiff went to the
ground on her own. The video in this case speaks for itself. She was
tackled to the ground. She was a victim of excessive force. She was
injured as a result of this excessive force.

(ECF No. 19 ¶ 20.)
He also was taught about the use of excessive force and about intervening if another officer used
excessive force. (Id. ¶ 21(b).)
B. Procedural History
On October 23, 2018, Plaintiff filed her Complaint alleging a violation of the Fourth

Amendment due to excessive force by Officer Stybe, Sergeant Friedman, Officer Donnelly, and
Officer Bennett under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count I); failure to intervene by Officer Foote, Officer
Donnelly, and Officer Davis under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count II); violation of the New Jersey State
Constitution and New Jersey Civil Rights Act by Officer Donnelly, Officer Stybe, Sergeant
Friedman, Officer Foote, Officer Bennett, and Officer Davis (Count III); unlawful policy or failure
to train, supervise and discipline under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (a Monell claim) against Jackson
Township (Count IV); and a “failure to train, supervise and discipline unconstitutional practices”
claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging supervisor liability against Chief Kunz, Sergeant Friedman,
and John Does 1-10 (Count V). (ECF No. 1.) On January 8, 2019, Defendants answered the
Complaint. (ECF No. 3.) On September 29, 2020, Defendants filed a Motion for Summary

Judgment. (ECF No. 17.) On November 2, 2020, Plaintiff opposed (ECF No. 19) and on November
10, 2020, Defendants replied (ECF No. 20.)
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as
to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a). A factual dispute is genuine only if there is “a sufficient evidentiary basis on which a
reasonable jury could find for the non-moving party,” and it is material only if it has the ability to
“affect the outcome of the suit under governing law.” Kaucher v. Cnty. of Bucks, 455 F.3d 418,
423 (3d Cir. 2006); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Disputes
over irrelevant or unnecessary facts will not preclude a grant of summary judgment. Anderson,
477 U.S. at 248. “In considering a motion for summary judgment, a district court may not make
credibility determinations or engage in any weighing of the evidence; instead, the non-moving
party’s evidence ‘is to be believed and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.’”

Marino v. Indus. Crating Co., 358 F.3d 241, 247 (3d Cir. 2004) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at
255)); see also Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, (1986);
Curley v. Klem, 298 F.3d 271, 276–77 (3d Cir. 2002).]
However, the existence of video footage here presents an “added wrinkle” to the normal
standard requiring courts “to view the facts and draw reasonable inferences ‘in the light most
favorable to the party opposing the [summary judgment] motion.’” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372,
378 (2007) (citations omitted). In Scott, the Court instructed “[w]hen opposing parties tell two
different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury
could believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion
for summary judgment.” Id. at 380. That is, courts should view “the facts in the light depicted by

the videotape.” Id. at 380–81; see also Knight v. Walton, 660 F. App’x 110, 112 (3d Cir. 2016)
(“Where there is a video recording of the relevant events, the Court views the facts as depicted in
the recording, rather than in the non-movant’s favor, whenever the recording ‘blatantly
contradict[s]’ the non-movant’s version such that ‘no reasonable jury could believe it.’” (quoting
Scott, 550 U.S. at 380–81)).
The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of showing the basis for its
motion. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). “If the moving party will bear the
burden of persuasion at trial, that party must support its motion with credible evidence . . . that
would entitle it to a directed verdict if not controverted at trial.” Id. at 331. On the other hand, if
the burden of persuasion at trial would be on the nonmoving party, the party moving for summary
judgment may satisfy Rule 56’s burden of production by either (1) “submit[ting] affirmative
evidence that negates an essential element of the nonmoving party’s claim” or (2) demonstrating
“that the nonmoving party’s evidence is insufficient to establish an essential element of the

nonmoving party’s claim.” Id. Once the movant adequately supports its motion pursuant to Rule
56(c), the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to “go beyond the pleadings and by her own
affidavits, or by the depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, designate
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 324; see also Matsushita, 475
U.S. at 586; Ridgewood Bd. of Ed. v. N.E. for M.E., 172 F.3d 238, 252 (3d Cir. 1999). In deciding
the merits of a party’s motion for summary judgment, the court’s role is not to evaluate the
evidence and decide the truth of the matter, but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for
trial. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 249. Credibility determinations are the province of the factfinder. Big
Apple BMW, Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc., 974 F.2d 1358, 1363 (3d Cir. 1992).
There can be “no genuine issue as to any material fact,” however, if a party fails “to make

a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on
which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322–23. “[A] complete
failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders
all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 323; Katz v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 972 F.2d 53, 55 (3d Cir.
1992).
Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d),
[i]f a nonmovant shows by affidavit or declaration that, for specified
reasons, it cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition, the
court may:

(1) defer considering the motion or deny it;
(2) allow time to obtain affidavits or declarations or to take
discovery; or

(3) issue any other appropriate order.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(d).
A party who submits an affidavit pursuant to Rule 56(d) must “specify[], for example, what
particular information is sought; how, if uncovered, it would preclude summary judgment; and
why it has not previously been obtained.” Penn., Dep’t of Pub. Welfare v. Sebelius, 674 F.3d 139,
157 (3d Cir. 2012) (quoting Dowling v. City of Phila., 855 F.2d 136, 139–40 (3d Cir. 1988)). If
the nonmovant
files an affidavit that addresses these three requirements with
specificity, and especially when particular information, necessary to
the successful opposition to summary judgment, is in the sole
possession of the moving party, the Third Circuit has held that ‘a
continuance of a motion for summary judgment for purposes of
discovery should be granted almost as a matter of course.’

Malouf v. Turner, 814 F. Supp. 2d 454, 459 (D.N.J. 2011) (quoting Sames v. Gable, 732 F.2d 49,
51 (3d Cir. 1984)). However, the nonmovant cannot defeat summary judgment by offering
“[v]ague or general statements of what [it] hopes to gain through a delay for discovery.” Id. at
459–60 (citing Hancock Indus. v. Schaffer, 811 F.3d 225, 230 (3d Cir. 1987)).
This governing standard does not change when the parties file cross-motions for summary
judgment. Hartford Cas. Ins. v. Peerless Ins., Civ. A. No. 10-6235, 2016 WL 5723659, at *4–5
(D.N.J. Sept. 30, 2016). Indeed, “[t]he court must consider the motions independently, and view
the evidence on each motion in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.”
Clevenger v. First Option Health Plan of N.J., 208 F. Supp. 2d 463, 468–69 (D.N.J. 2002)
(citations omitted); Arzadi v. Evanston Ins., Civ. A. No. 17-5470, 2018 WL 747379, at *2 (D.N.J.
Feb. 7, 2018).
III. DECISION
Plaintiff brings the following claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983: (1) an excessive force claim
(Count I); (2) a failure to intervene claim (Count II); (3) an unlawful policy or custom, failure to
train, supervise and discipline Monell claim (Count IV); and (4) a failure to train, supervise, and

discipline claim through supervisor liability (Count V). She also alleges violations of the New
Jersey State Constitution and New Jersey Civil Rights Act. (Count III.) (ECF No. 1.)
A. Plaintiff’s § 1983 Claims
Defendants maintain each of the § 1983 claims against the officers in their individual
capacity should be dismissed as a matter of law because they are entitled to qualified immunity.
(ECF No. 17-1 at 36–41.)
“The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials ‘from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Montanez v. Thompson, 603 F.3d 243,
249–50 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009)). “Qualified

immunity balances two important interests—the need to hold public officials accountable when
they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from harassment, distraction, and
liability when they perform their duties reasonably.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 231. This doctrine
provides a government official immunity from suit rather than a mere defense from liability. Id.
Qualified immunity will not, however, act as a shield for “the official who knows or should know
he is acting outside the law.” Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 506–07 (1978).
To determine whether the officers named as defendants are entitled to qualified immunity,
the Court must undertake a two-step inquiry:
First, a court must decide whether the facts that a plaintiff has
alleged or shown make out a violation of a constitutional right.
Second, if the plaintiff has satisfied this first step, the court must
decide whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time
of a defendant’s alleged misconduct. Qualified immunity is
applicable unless the official’s conduct violated a clearly established
constitutional right.

Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232 (citations omitted). For a right to be clearly established, “[t]he
contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that
what he is doing violates that right.” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202 (2001) (quoting Anderson
v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)). That is, “[t]he relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining
whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his
conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Couden v. Duffy, 446 F.3d 483, 492 (2006)
(quoting Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202). “If the officer’s mistake as to what the law requires is
reasonable, the officer is entitled to qualified immunity.” Id. (internal citations omitted). Further,
“if officers of reasonable competence could disagree on th[e] issue, immunity should be
recognized.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986); see also Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S.
194, 198 (2004). Regarding the second requirement, “[b]ecause the focus is on whether the officer
had fair notice that her conduct was unlawful, reasonableness is judged against the backdrop of
the law at the time of the conduct.” Brosseau, 543 U.S. at 198. “Use of excessive force is an area
of the law in which the result depends very much on the facts of each case, and thus police officers
are entitled to qualified immunity unless existing precedent squarely governs the specific facts at
issue.” Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148, 1153 (2018) (citation omitted). “An officer cannot be
said to have violated a clearly established right unless the right’s contours were sufficiently definite
that any reasonable official in the defendant’s shoes would have understood that he was violating
it.” Id. “Finally, because qualified immunity is an affirmative defense, the burden of proving its
applicability rests with the defendant.” Carpenter v. Chard, 492 F. Supp. 3d 321, 330 (D.N.J.
2020) (citing Beers–Capital v. Whetzel, 256 F.3d 120, 142, n.15 (3d Cir. 2001)).
i. Plaintiff’s § 1983 Excessive Force Claim
Defendants argue Officers Stybe, Friedman, Donnelly, and Bennett did not use excessive

force when they arrested Plaintiff. (ECF No. 17-1 at 46.) Defendants assert Officer Donnelly “only
assisted his fellow [o]fficers in making the arrest” of Plaintiff and “[t]here are no facts in the record
which could support Plaintiff’s factual allegation that Officer Donnelly struck her.” (Id. at 48–49.)
As to Officer Stybe and Sergeant Friedman, Defendants contend both officers, “viewing the lights
most favorable to the plaintiff,” forced Plaintiff to the ground to effectuate her arrest, which does
not constitute excessive force. (Id. at 49.) Lastly, Defendants contend Officer Bennett’s two
punches to Plaintiff’s head “[were] not egregious enough to become actionable as a violation to
Plaintiff’s [F]ourth [A]mendment rights” because she was “actively resisting arrest.” (Id. 50–51.)
Plaintiff argues Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment should be denied because genuine
issues of material fact exist as to the reasonableness of the force used by Defendants against

Plaintiff in effectuating her arrest. (ECF No. 19-1 at 2–9.)
“An excessive force claim under § 1983 arising out of law enforcement conduct is based
on the Fourth Amendment’s protection from unreasonable seizures of the person.” Groman v. Twp.
of Manalapan, 47 F.3d 628, 633 (3d Cir. 1995) (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394–95
(1989)). “A cause of action exists under § 1983 when a law enforcement officer uses force so
excessive that it violates the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States
Constitution.” Id. at 633–34 (citing Brown v. Borough of Chamberburg, 903 F.2d 274, 277 (3d
Cir. 1990)). When, as here, the excessive force alleged occurred in the course of an arrest,
investigatory stop, or other “seizure” of a free citizen, the test of “reasonableness” used by the
Court requires an assessment, under the totality of the circumstances, of whether an “officer[’s]
actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them,
without regard to their underlying intent or motivations.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. Evaluating the
objective reasonableness of the police conduct “requires careful attention to the facts and

circumstances of each particular case, including the severity of the crime at issue, whether the
suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he is actively
resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Id. at 396. In this case, summary judgment
is appropriate if, “as a matter of law, the evidence would not support a reasonable jury finding that
the police officers’ actions were objectively unreasonable.” Groman, 47 F.3d at 634.
The issue is whether the officers’ uses of force were reasonable under the circumstances,
which will be analyzed under the Graham factors. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. First, the Court
will address the severity of the crime at issue. See id. Officer Donnelly initially arrived at Plaintiff’s
home in response to a noise complaint, a crime that he admits, by itself, he “didn’t have a right to
enter the house for.” (ECF No. 17-9 at 47:13–17.) And while Officer Donnelly also testified he

would have a right to enter after the alleged assault (ECF No. 17-9 at 48:1–3), Plaintiff disputes
she made any contact with Officer Donnelly, and the video footage does not show any contact
between Officer Donnelly and Plaintiff or her husband during the initial encounter. While Plaintiff
was charged with aggravated assault and resisting arrest, “she was admitted into the PTI program11
and all charges against her were ultimately dismissed.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 9.) Because the parties
provide conflicting evidence about whether Plaintiff assaulted Officer Donnelly, which necessarily

11 The Court notes here Plaintiff’s enrollment in the PTI program does not bar her § 1983 claim.
Day v. Jackson Twp., Civ. A. No. 10-4011, 2013 WL 394151, at *6 (D.N.J. Jan. 30, 2013) (“Cases
within the District and Circuit have held that a conviction/plea/PTI enrollment resulting from an
assault on a police officer and/or resisting arrest are not an absolute bar to a plaintiff’s § 1983
excessive force claim because a police officer can still be found to have used excessive force.”).
impacts whether the crime at issue is a simple noise complaint or the more serious crime of
assaulting a police officer, summary judgment is not appropriate. Accepting Plaintiff’s evidence,
as the Court must at this stage, a reasonable jury could find that Plaintiff did not assault Officer
Donnelly. Kaucher, 455 F.3d at 423.

Next, Plaintiff argues she “posed no threat to Defendants” and “was not violent or
dangerous.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 10.) Defendants make no argument under this Graham factor. (See
ECF No. 17-1 at 46–51.) When the officers came into Plaintiff’s house a second time, the footage
simply shows Plaintiff backpedaling from the door—Plaintiff did not attack any of the officers,
nor did she have any weapons on her. (Ex. A-1 (ECF No. 19-2) at 0:09:00–0:09:20.) Accepting
Plaintiff’s version of the events, a reasonable jury could find Plaintiff was not a threat to the
arresting officers. See, e.g., Faragalla v. Jersey City, Civ. A. No. 2:17-03604, 2020 WL 5812798,
at *7 (D.N.J. Sept. 30, 2020) (finding that “a reasonable jury could conclude that [whether
Faragalla posed an immediate threat to the officers] weighs in Faragalla’s favor” when “in
Faragalla’s version of events, he was sitting inside his car without any weapons when the use of

force began”); c.f. Cabrera v. Camden Cnty., Civ. A. No. 16-05653, 2019 WL 3761128, at *8
(D.N.J. Aug. 9, 2019) (providing that “the undisputed record shows that the officers discharged
their weapons because Baez fired at them . . . and posed an immediate threat to their safety”).
Regarding the third Graham factor, “whether [Plaintiff] is actively resisting arrest or
attempting to evade arrest by flight,” 490 U.S. at 396, Defendants argue “[t]he undisputed facts
and video establish that Plaintiff was physically resisting arrest,” and “was actively resisting arrest
while laying on the ground.” (ECF No. 17-1 at 49, 50.) Plaintiff contends she “was not resisting
arrest.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 10.) Officer Donnelly testified Plaintiff was resisting arrest because “she
refused to take her arms out from underneath her [and refused] to follow [the officers’]
command[s] so that they could place her in handcuffs.” (ECF No. 17-9 at 9–14.) The video footage
is unclear as to whether Plaintiff was resisting arrest—after she backed away from the door, an
officer started to proceed towards her. Plaintiff then backs into a wall, goes to the ground, and is
dragged on the ground by two officers, who eventually force her over to the staircase. (Ex. A-1

(ECF No. 19-2) at 0:09:00–0:09:20.) The portion of the footage offering this view does not have
audio, so the Court cannot determine—despite the officers’ testimony—whether the officers were
shouting “stop resisting.” (ECF No. 17-9 at 61:10–62:14.) Either way, the force used on Plaintiff—
the two punches to her head, after already being restrained by four officers on the staircase—could
be found excessive by a reasonable jury, as Plaintiff no longer posed a risk of flight. Holliday v.
City of Elizabeth, Civ. A. No. 13-1006, 2018 WL 953346, at *10 (D.N.J. Feb. 20, 2018) (denying
summary judgment on excessive force claim because “assuming Plaintiff’s version, Plaintiff was
not committing any offense, was not an immediate threat to the safety of [the officer], and was not
attempting to flee”); Shelton v. Bledsoe, Civ. A. No. 12–1532, 2013 WL 1731351, *2–3 (3d Cir.
Apr. 23, 2013) (denying summary judgment on issue concerning the use of force based on

plaintiff’s testimony in which he stated he was assaulted while fully restrained on the ground).
Because genuine issues of fact exist at each stage of the Graham inquiry, summary judgment is
not appropriate on Plaintiff’s excessive force claim. See Day, 2013 WL 394151, at *9 (denying
summary judgment on § 1983 excessive force claim because “[t]here simply are not enough
undisputed facts for the Court to rely upon in order to determine if the Officer Defendants’ actions
were reasonable”). Therefore, the Court finds a dispute of material fact exists as to whether the
officers violated Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights by using excessive force. See Castellani v.
City of Atl. City, Civ. A. No. 13-5848, 2017 WL 3112820, at *9 (D.N.J. July 21, 2017) (denying
summary judgment on excessive force claim, in part, because “a reasonable jury analyzing the
video could credit Plaintiff’s version of the facts that Plaintiff was subdued and compliant on the
ground as officers continued to beat, punch and kick him, and find that Defendants’ conduct
violated the Fourth Amendment”).
The Court must also determine whether the violation of Plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment right

was clearly established. “To be clearly established, a right must be sufficiently clear that every
reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that right.” Taylor v.
Barkes, 575 U.S. 822, 825 (2015) (quoting Reichle v. Howard, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)). “When
properly applied, [qualified immunity] protects ‘all but the plainly incompetent or those who
knowingly violate the law.’” Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 743 (2011) (quoting Malley, 475
U.S. at 341). A district court “may not deny a summary judgment motion premised on qualified
immunity without deciding that the right in question was clearly established at the time of the
alleged wrongdoing.” Spady v. Bethlehem Area Sch. Dist., 800 F.3d 633, 637 n.4 (3d Cir. 2015).
Here, Plaintiff has raised genuine issues of material fact as to whether her Fourth
Amendment right was clearly established. “The right to be free from an unprovoked beating is

clearly established.” Hill v. Algor, 85 F. Supp. 2d 391, 409 (D.N.J. 2000). Viewing the evidence
in Plaintiff’s favor, a reasonable officer could not have believed that wrestling Plaintiff to the
ground, dragging her across her living room, and punching her in the head twice was lawful—
especially when Plaintiff testified she was not resisting arrest and that she had not assaulted a
police officer to necessitate the arrest in the first place. Denying summary judgment on Plaintiff’s
excessive force claim is certainly proper given the factual disparities presented by both parties.
“Just as the granting of summary judgment is inappropriate when a genuine issue exists as to any
material fact, a decision on qualified immunity will be premature when there are unresolved
disputes of historical fact relevant to the immunity analysis.” Curley v. Klem, 298 F.3d 271, 278
(3d Cir. 2002); Phong Duong v. Telford Borough, 186 F. App’x 214, 216 (3d Cir. 2006) (“When
there is a disputed question of material fact ‘relevant to the immunity analysis,’ granting summary
judgment for the defendant on the basis of qualified immunity ‘will be premature.’” (quoting
Curley, 298 F.3d at 278)); Morrison v. Phillips, Civ. A. No. 06-812, 2008 WL 4308215, at *11

(D.N.J. Sept. 16, 2008) (finding genuine issues of material fact as to whether arresting officers
used excessive force and noting “[o]nce the jury resolves [the factual questions regarding the
constitutional violation from excessive force], the Court will be in a position to determine whether
[the defendants] made a reasonable mistake of law and are entitled to qualified immunity” (citation
omitted)). Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Count I is DENIED.
ii. Plaintiff’s § 1983 Failure to Intervene Claim
Plaintiff brings a § 1983 failure to intervene claim against Officer Foote, Officer Donnelly,
and Officer Davis. (ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 37–41.) She asserts there “exists a genuine issue as to whether
Defendants breached their duty to intervene and prevent the use of excessive force on Plaintiff’s
person.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 13.)

A police officer “has a duty to take reasonable steps to protect a victim from another
officer’s use of excessive force, even if the excessive force is employed by a superior.” Smith v.
Mensinger, 293 F.3d 641, 650 (3d Cir. 2002). For an officer “[t]o be liable under
a failure to intervene theory, the plaintiff must have demonstrated that [her] underlying
constitutional rights were violated, that the officer had a duty to intervene, and that the officer must
have had a realistic and reasonable opportunity to intervene.” White v. City of Vineland, Civ. A.
No. 11608308, 2020 WL 6638579, at *6 (D.N.J. Nov. 12, 2020) (citing Smith, 293 F.3d at 650–
51). “Thus, where a plaintiff is unable to establish a claim for excessive force, he cannot establish
a claim for failure to intervene.” Coleman v. City of Long Branch, Civ. A. No. 157314, 2018 WL
4027033, at *8 (D.N.J. Aug. 22, 2018) (citation omitted). Plaintiff has not satisfied this burden, as
she has not demonstrated any of the officers had a “realistic and reasonable opportunity to
intervene.” Smith, 293 F.3d at 650–51.
The video footage indicates the encounter—from the time Plaintiff opened her door and

began to backpedal, to when Plaintiff is restrained in handcuffs—lasted about forty seconds. (Ex
A-1, (ECF No. 19-2) at 0:09:05–0:09:45.) During the encounter, Officer Foote testified he “stayed
with [Plaintiff’s husband] while [the other officers] were arresting [Plaintiff]” and “had his back
to everything” taking place. (Foote Dep. (ECF No. 17-8) at 25:15–23.) While Plaintiff claims
Officer Foote failed to intervene to prevent Officer Stybe from using excessive force against her,
she does not establish that Officer Foote had a reasonable opportunity to do so. The evidence
demonstrates Officer Foote was with Plaintiff’s husband and did not have a reasonable opportunity
to prevent Officer Stybe’s alleged use of force, since he was not even watching Plaintiff’s arrest
take place. See Davis v. Egbert, Civ. A. No. 07-2135, 2010 WL 2326251, at *8 (D.N.J. June 7,
2010), aff’d sub nom. Davis v. Beers, 421 F. App’x 179 (3d Cir. 2011) (granting summary

judgment on failure to intervene claim when defendant officer “was in the process of subduing
Plaintiff’s brother at the time Plaintiff was struck” because “[i]t was not realistic for [the defendant
officer] to then leave Plaintiff's brother unattended” and, “[i]n light of the speed with which [the]
events transpired . . . there was no realistic or reasonable opportunity for [the defendant officer] to
intervene”).
Additionally, Plaintiff claims Officer Donnelly failed to intervene to prevent Officer Stybe
and Sergeant Friedman from using excessive force on Plaintiff. Further, she claims Officer Davis
failed to intervene to prevent Officer Bennett from using excessive force on Plaintiff. As noted
above, the video footage demonstrates the encounter lasted a matter of seconds, and both Officer
Donnelly and Officer Davis did not have a reasonable opportunity to intervene. See Jacobs v.
Cumberland Cnty., Civ. A. No. 16-1523, 2019 WL 2354473, at *9 (D.N.J. June 4, 2019) (granting
summary judgment on failure to intervene claim when defendant officer “delivered all three strikes
against [the plaintiff] in rapid succession, in less than one second, without any apparent warning”

because video footage “conclusively show[ed] that there was no realistic opportunity for any
individual . . . to prevent [the defendant officer’s] actions”). Moreover, while Officer Davis
testified he saw Officer Bennett throw “one punch as fast as [the officer] came [into the house,]”
(Davis Dep. (ECF No. 17-10) at 44:7–10), he took no action to stop the punch because “that would
have been some real immediate action” as the punch happened “instantaneously.” (Id. at 45:23–
25, 46:1–6); see La v. Hayducka, 269 F. Supp. 2d 566, 581–82 (D.N.J. 2003) (granting summary
judgment on failure to intervene claim because “it is unrealistic” to charge the defendant-officer
“with the duty to intervene,” especially “[c]onsidering the close proximity of the parties and
rapidity of the events”); Hartman v. Gloucester Twp., Civ. A. No. 12-2085, 2014 WL 2773581, at
*14 (D.N.J. June 19, 2014) (“The inquiry is whether the officer was in a position to see the

violation and had a reasonable amount of time to intervene.”). Therefore, the Court will grant
Defendants’ summary judgment motion on Plaintiff’s failure to intervene claims against Officer
Foote, Officer Donnelly, and Officer Davis.
This analysis applies despite the Court’s denial of summary judgment on Plaintiff’s
excessive force claim. See Coleman, 2018 WL 4027033, at *8 (D.N.J. Aug. 22, 2018) (noting that
“even if [plaintiff] was subjected to excessive force, summary judgment would still be warranted
with respect to the failure to intervene claim, because [plaintiff] has not established that [the
defendant officers] had a realistic and reasonable opportunity to intervene”); Ianuale v. Borough
of Keyport, Civ. A. No. 169147, 2018 WL 5005005, at *9 (D.N.J. Oct. 16, 2018) (explaining that
“even if [the officer defendants had used excessive force,] the sequence of events . . . occurred too
suddenly for an officer to intervene”). Accordingly, Plaintiff’s failure to intervene claim is barred
by qualified immunity, and Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Count II is
GRANTED.

iii. Plaintiff’s § 1983 Unlawful Policy or Custom, Failure to Train,
Supervise and Discipline Claims

Count IV of Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges §1983/Monell liability against Jackson Township
for unlawful policies or customs as well as failure to train, supervise, and discipline, and Count V
of Plaintiff’s Complaint alleges § 1983 supervisor liability against Chief Kunz, Sergeant Freidman,
and John Does 1-10 for failure to train, supervise, and discipline. To bring a claim against a
municipality under § 1983, a plaintiff must assert a cause of action under Monell v. Dep’t of Social
Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). Specifically, a municipal entity may only be held liable under § 1983
if “the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional implement[ed] or execute[d] a policy statement,
ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted and promulgated by that body’s officers” or
came about “pursuant to governmental ‘custom.’” Marran v. Marran, 376 F.3d 143, 156 (3d Cir.
2004) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 690–91). Nevertheless, to properly maintain a Monell claim, a
court must determine: (1) whether plaintiff’s harm was caused by a constitutional violation, and
(2) if so, whether the municipality is responsible for that violation. Mark v. Borough of Hatboro,
51 F.3d 1137, 1149–50 (3d Cir. 1995). Similar to a § 1983 claim against an individual, a plaintiff
may not maintain a derivative municipal claim if there is no constitutional violation in the first
place. Mulholland v. Gov’t Cty. of Berks, 706 F.3d 227, 238 n.15 (3d Cir. 2013).
Once a plaintiff identifies a municipal policy or custom, she must “demonstrate that,
through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was the ‘moving force’ behind the injury alleged.”
Bd. of the Cnty. Comm’rs. v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 404 (1997). If the policy or custom does not
facially violate federal law, causation may only be established by “demonstrat[ing] that the
municipal action was taken with ‘deliberate indifference’ as to its known or obvious
consequences.” Id. at 407. “A showing of simple or even heightened negligence will not suffice.”
Id. For a § 1983 claim of failure to train or supervise municipal employees, a plaintiff must show

that failure to provide training or supervision amounted to “‘deliberate indifference’ to the rights
of persons with whom the employee will come into contact.” Thomas v. Cumberland Cnty., 749
F.3d 217, 222 (3d Cir. 2014). Deliberate indifference may be demonstrated either by showing a
pattern of violations which puts the municipal employee on notice that a new program is necessary
or a single incident violation where the need for training was patently obvious. Id. at 223.
Plaintiff argues there is sufficient evidence in the record to support her allegation “that
unlawful customs, policies, practices, and/or procedures exist within Defendant Jackson
Township’s Police Department.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 17.) Specifically, she argues Chief Kunz—the
head of the internal affairs process at Jackson Township Police Department—never “inquired as
to the status of the seven lawsuits filed against [him] and his subordinate officers.” (Id. at 21.)

Jackson Township Police Department’s Internal Affairs policy provides:
It is the policy of the Jackson Township Police Department to accept
and investigate all complaints of alleged officer misconduct or
wrongdoing from any citizen, Department employee or any other
source, including anonymous sources . . . . Internal affairs shall track
the proceedings of any criminal or civil matters which officers of the
Department are involved in as a complainant, plaintiff or defendant.
(Jackson Township Internal Affairs Policy (ECF No. 19-8) at 2–3.) Chief Kunz testified he is
responsible for all the training, actions, and discipline of all the officers in the Jackson Township
Police Department. (Kunz Dep. (ECF No. 17-7) at 8:11–24.) Accordingly, Plaintiff argues Chief
Kunz “is the head of the Internal Affairs process and has the final say concerning all internal affairs
investigations.” (ECF No. 19-1 at 18.) While Jackson Township Police Department has an internal
affairs policy, genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether that policy was carried out with
deliberate indifference. First, Chief Kunz testified internal affairs investigations are “not routinely”
started when the Jackson Township Police Department receives notices of claims or potential
claims. (ECF No. 17-7 at 27:8–11.) He also testified “a notice of tort claim, a civil—you know,

civil claim would not necessarily trigger an internal affairs investigation.” (Id. at 28:2–9; id. at
32:9–11 (“Again, I don’t believe that the civil actions are necessarily automatic triggers for internal
affairs investigations.”).) Additionally, Chief Kunz testified, “just because somebody files a tort
claim with the township clerk, that doesn’t necessarily trigger an internal affairs investigation,”
(id. at 30:18–21), but an internal affairs investigation will be opened if a person specifically asks
for one. (Id. at 27:12–23.) The evidence also indicates several lawsuits have been filed against the
Jackson Township Police Department, all of which involved allegations of excessive force. (Prior
Lawsuits Against Jackson Police Department (ECF Nos. 19-5, 19-6).) In response to these
lawsuits, Chief Kunz testified no policy changes were made. (ECF No. 17-7 at 56:6–8 (“Yeah, I
can’t think at this moment that we made a department policy change based on civil actions.”).)

Importantly, Chief Kunz testified that despite these prior excessive force lawsuits, the Jackson
Township Police Department does not track the outcomes of those lawsuits:
Q: I’m talking about the police department. Does the police
department have a policy of tracking the outcomes of these lawsuits?
A: No, sir, I can’t say that we track lawsuits in that fashion.
(ECF No. 17-7 at 42:14–18.) The interrogatories completed by the Jackson Township Police
Department confirm this practice. (ECF No. 19-8 at 7 (“The Jackson Township Police Department
does not track lawsuits.”).) Additionally, when a lawsuit is initiated against the Department, it
leaves internal affairs complaint investigations incomplete while litigation is pending. (ECF No.
17-7 at 23:7–23; 24:6–21.) Further, Chief Kunz testified he did not review any internal affairs
reports in connection with this case (id. at 15:22–24.), and the internal affairs investigation for this
case has still not been completed. (Id. at 22:9–14.)
The Court finds Plaintiff has provided sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury
could find Jackson Township was deliberately indifferent in investigating claims of excessive
force against its police department. Viewing the evidence in Plaintiff’s favor as the nonmoving

party, a reasonable jury could find Jackson Township had a custom of failing to properly
investigate internal affairs complaints preceding this incident. See Day, 2013 WL 394151, at *11
(denying summary judgment on Monell claim when plaintiffs “stated a plausible claim that the
customs of the Jackson Police Department, especially their allegedly lackadaisical internal affairs
investigations related to excessive force, may have led to [plaintiff’s] injuries at the hands of the
Officer Defendants” because “a reasonable jury could find that Jackson’s Internal Affairs
procedures were part of a custom which showed deliberate indifference to rights of those who
might interact with its officers”); White v. City of Trenton, Civ. A. No. 06-5177, 2011 WL
6779595, at *13 (D.N.J. Dec. 27, 2011), on reconsideration in part, 848 F. Supp. 2d 497 (D.N.J.
2012) (denying summary judgment on Monell claim when the plaintiff provided evidence that the

Trenton Police Department “failed to fully implement a system to effectively track excessive force
complaints” which created a situation where officers were “aware their conduct [would] most
likely not be investigated and they [would] not be disciplined”); Monaco v. City of Camden, Civ.
A. No. 04-2406, 2008 WL 8738213, at *8 (D.N.J. Apr. 14, 2008) (finding a jury could consider
defendant’s failure to investigate plaintiff’s excessive force claim “until nearly three years after
the incident took place as evidence of ‘the existence of a municipal defendant’s policy or custom’
of failing to timely investigate claims of police misconduct” (quoting Henry v. Cty. of Shasta, 132
F.3d 512, 519 (9th Cir. 1997))). Therefore, because a jury could reasonably infer Jackson
Township Police Department had a custom of performing inadequate internal affairs
investigations, the Court will permit Plaintiff’s claims in Count IV to proceed under a theory that
her injuries resulted from the Jackson Township’s failure to conduct meaningful investigations.
Noble v. City of Camden, 112 F. Supp. 3d 208, 224 (D.N.J. 2015) (“The Court will therefore permit
Plaintiff’s Monell claim against the City to proceed under a theory that Plaintiff’s injuries resulted

from the City’s failure to conduct timely and meaningful investigations into claims of excessive
force.”).
However, Plaintiff has not provided sufficient evidence to withstand summary judgment
on her failure to train claim in Count V. To survive summary judgment on a failure to train claim,
a plaintiff must “identify a failure to provide specific training that has a causal nexus with his or
her injury” and additionally must demonstrate the failure to provide that training “can reasonably
be said to reflect a deliberate indifference to whether constitutional deprivations of the kind alleged
occur.” Colburn v. Upper Darby Twp., 946 F.2d 1017, 1030 (3d Cir. 1991). A plaintiff’s claim “is
at its most tenuous” when it “turns on a failure to train.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61
(2011). At best, Plaintiff submits that while Jackson Township Police Department provides use of

force training twice a year, the officers are not given a test relative to this training. (ECF No. 17-
13 at 30:1–20; ECF No. 17-12 at 15:5–25.) That is, Plaintiff has not provided proof indicating a
specific training failure exists which can be causally connected to Defendants’ actions. See Day,
2013 WL 394151, at *12 (granting summary judgment on failure to train claim because plaintiffs
“failed to provide any proof to the Court indicating that a failure to train exists which can be
causally connected to the actions of the Officer Defendants”); Lapella v. City of Atl. City, Civ. A.
No. 10-2454, 2012 WL 2952411, at *6 (D.N.J. July 18, 2012); Malignaggi v. Cty. of Gloucester,
855 F. Supp. 74, 78 (D.N.J. 1994) (denying § 1983 failure to train claim because “Plaintiffs have
failed to identify a specific training deficiency which caused the alleged violation”).
Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Count IV is DENIED and
its Motion for Summary Judgment on Count V is GRANTED.
B. Plaintiff’s State Law Claims
In Count III of her Complaint, Plaintiff alleges violations of the New Jersey State

Constitution and New Jersey Civil Rights Act in connection with the same facts underlying her
§ 1983 excessive force and failure to intervene claims. This claim is brought against all the officers
named in the § 1983 excessive force and failure to intervene claims: Officer Donnelly, Officer
Stybe, Sergeant Friedman, Officer Foote, Officer Bennett, and Officer Davis.
NJCRA, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:6–1 et seq., which was modeled after § 1983, creates a state
law cause of action for violations of an individual’s federal and state constitutional rights.12 Owens
v. Feigin, 947 A.2d 653, 655 (N.J. 2008). Section 10:6–2(c) provides a remedy against private and
public defendants for a person who demonstrates that he has been deprived of
any substantive due process or equal protection rights, privileges or
immunities secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States,
or any substantive rights, privileges or immunities secured by the
Constitution or laws of this State, or whose exercise or enjoyment
of those substantive rights, privileges or immunities has been
interfered with or attempted to be interfered with, by threats,
intimidation or coercion by a person acting under color of law…

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 10:6–2(c); see also Calan v. City of Jersey City, Civ. A. No. 16-9008, 2017 WL
1135231, at *2 (D.N.J. Mar. 27, 2017).

12 The “NJCRA is interpreted as analogous to § 1983,” Szemple v. Correctional Med. Servs., Inc.,
493 F. App’x 238, 241 (3d Cir. 2012), and a court “will analyze . . . NJCRA claims through the
lens of § 1983.” Trafton v. City of Woodbury, 799 F. Supp. 2d 417, 444 (D.N.J. 2011); see Estate
of Martin v. U.S. Marshals Serv. Agents, 649 F. App’x 239, 245 n.4 (3d Cir. 2016) (holding that
“it appears undisputed that [p]laintiffs’ claims under the New Jersey Constitution and the New
Jersey Civil Rights Act trigger the same legal elements and principles as . . .[the] federal causes of
action [under Section 1983]”); Oliveira v. Borough of N. Arlington, Civ. A. No. 15-7717, 2017
WL 1368789, at *1 (D.N.J. Apr. 10, 2017).
As discussed, the Court has concluded Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim for excessive force can
proceed, but her § 1983 failure to intervene claim cannot. Therefore, as Plaintiff’s rights under the
New Jersey State Constitution parallel her federal rights, Plaintiff has demonstrated sufficient
evidence on which a jury could find in her favor under the NJCRA for her excessive force claim,

but not her failure to intervene claim. Nieves v. Ortiz, Civ. A. No. 06-5206, 2008 WL 4004940, at
*12 (D.N.J. Aug. 20, 2008).
Accordingly, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on Count III is DENIED as it
relates to Plaintiff’s § 1983 excessive force claim but is GRANTED as it relates to Plaintiff’s
§ 1983 failure to intervene claim.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED
in part and DENIED in part. An appropriate order follows.

/s/ Brian R. Martinotti
BRIAN R. MARTINOTTI
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dated: June 22, 2021

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10271086. Public record. Not legal advice.