# Carawan v. Mitchell

> District Court, W.D. North Carolina · August 14, 2019

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10254847

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. North Carolina
- **Decided:** August 14, 2019
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10254847

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that the factual allegations contained in a verified complaint establish a prima facie case under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, so as to preclude summary judgment

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
CHARLOTTE DIVISION
3:16-cv-578-FDW

WILLIAM CARAWAN, JR., )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
vs. ) ORDER
)
FNU MITCHELL, et al., )
)
Defendants. )
__________________________________________)

THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendants FNU Lee, FNU Mitchell, and
FNU Williams’ Amended Motion for Summary Judgment, (Doc. No. 43). 1
I. BACKGROUND
Pro se incarcerated Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint passed initial review on violations of
the First Amendment, Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”), and the
Due Process Clause. Defendants Horne and the Unidentified Unit Manager were never served;
Defendant Tillman was served but has not filed an Answer or otherwise appeared in this case. The
remaining Defendants have filed an Amended Motion for Summary Judgment, (Doc. No. 43), that
is presently pending before the Court for consideration. In Plaintiff’s Response, he asks for
reconsideration of his previous request for the appointment of counsel and he also asks the Court
to liberally construe his Response as a cross Motion for Summary Judgment.
(1) Amended Complaint (Doc. No. 13)

1 Defendants Lee, Mitchell, and Williams filed a Motion for Summary Judgment on May 10, 2019, (Doc.
No. 42), and filed an Amended Motion for Summary Judgment that same day, (Doc. No. 43). The Court will grant the
Motion to Amend and will proceed on the Amended Motion for Summary Judgment.
1
Plaintiff alleges that prison Superintendent Mitchell imposed a rule, enforced by
Defendants Horne, Lee, Tillman, and Williams, that is contradictory to the North Carolina
Department of Public Safety blanket policy regarding books and legal materials. The rule required
Plaintiff, upon entering segregation on February 28, 2015, to surrender all books except for six
books that are considered legal materials. (Doc. No. 13 at 3). Plaintiff was not given the less severe

option of storing the books rather than having them mailed to a relative, where they never arrived.
Plaintiff practices Islam sincerely and believes that he is required to seek knowledge as
part of his faith. His rights were substantially burdened when all his religious books were taken
and the only religious materials that remained accessible to him were Christian materials. The
confiscation of books prevented Plaintiff from learning in accordance with his religion and there
were no other means of reading about Islam of which Plaintiff was aware. The deprivation of
Plaintiff’s books caused an atypical and significant hardship by requiring him to relinquish his
religious books so that he could keep his legal books which he needed to litigate pending and future
claims. Defendants did not confirm the legal materials as such, according to NCDPS policy and

procedures, which show he is able to possess at least six religious books. If he had been able to
keep six legal books pursuant to policy, he would have also been able to keep six religious books
and only three would have been stored or mailed out. Had Plaintiff been given due process, the
dispute about his legal materials would have been referred to the Department of Prisons director.
Should Plaintiff seek compensation through a tort claim, it would be fruitless due to res judicata.
Plaintiff seeks reimbursement for the books that were confiscated, and compensatory,
punitive, and nominal damages. He argues that relief should not be deemed moot because he is
likely to be shipped back to Lanesboro C.I. in future. (Doc. No. 13 at 4).
(2) Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 43)
2
Defendants Lee, Mitchell, and Williams argue that summary judgment should be granted
because no genuine issue of material fact exists, and that they are entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.
They argue that Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate the existence of a genuine issue of
material fact that the conduct he complains of is substantially burdensome to the exercise of his

religion. NCDPS policies and procedures and the Lanesboro SOP related to inmate personal
property and state property were not promulgated with any intent to discriminate against Plaintiff
or his religious faith and are necessary to maintain the safety of the inmates and officers at the
facility. The Lanesboro SOP places specific limits on the amount of personal property that an
inmate may possess while confined at Lanesboro to ensure that inmates are able to safely secure
their personal items and reduce fire and sanitation hazards. The policy places restrictions on
religious exercise but does not pressure the adherent to violate his religious beliefs or abandon the
precepts of his religion and is not a substantial burden. Plaintiff cannot show by competent
evidence that he was directed to either mail or destroy his religious and legal books. Even if

Plaintiff possessed religious books in excess of the Lanesboro SOP limits on February 28, 2015,
the restriction was promulgated for inmate safety and security and was not a substantial burden.
The personal property policies are valid and reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.
Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate the existence of a genuine dispute of material fact showing that
Defendants acted with the requisite intent as required under RLUIPA.
Plaintiff’s claims that he was denied access to the courts must be dismissed because
Plaintiff has failed to show an actual adverse legal result and, therefore, he suffered no
constitutional injury. Further, he cannot provide sufficient evidence of Defendants’ intent to
deliberately deprive him of legal materials or of their direct knowledge of any pending legal matter
3
and their intent to hinder his efforts.
Plaintiff cannot proceed on claims against Defendant Mitchell on theories of respondeat
superior or supervisory liability. Taken in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, Defendant Mitchell
was not directly involved in the February 28, 2015 packing and documentation of Plaintiff’s move
to the segregation unit. At most, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Mitchell was responsible for

creating the applicable Lanesboro SOP. To the extent that Plaintiff is proceeding against Defendant
Mitchell on a theory of supervisory liability, he fails to state such a claim because the allegations
fail to show that Defendant Mitchell had knowledge of a pervasive and unreasonable risk of
constitutional injury to Plaintiff.
Plaintiff’s claims for injunctive and declaratory relief are moot because Plaintiff was
transferred away from Lanesboro on August 18, 2016 and any official capacity claims for
monetary damages are barred by the Eleventh Amendment.
Further, Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff’s claims for damages
against them in their individual capacities because Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a

constitutional violation or show that Defendants acted intentionally. Defendants acted neutrally in
carrying out the applicable policies and procedures and Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that they took
any action to deprive him of the ability to worship his faith, impair his access to the courts, or out
of ill-will or animus towards him. Plaintiff has not demonstrated any compensable damages for
the alleged First Amendment violation aside from possibly asserting emotional distress or mental
anguish.
(3) Plaintiff’s Response
Plaintiff was informed of the importance of responding to Defendants’ motion as well as
the legal standard applicable to summary judgment motions and was granted an extension of time
4
to respond. See (Doc. No. 46-48).
Plaintiff requests reconsideration of the denial of his Motion for the Appointment of
Counsel, (Doc. No. 50 at 1), arguing that he is a layman, has no access to the internet or a law
library. He asks the Court to liberally construe the Response as a cross Motion for Summary
Judgment. (Doc. No. 50 at 1-2). He also requests that a copy of his materials be sent back to him

because he does not have access to the Court’s electronic docket. (Doc. No. 50-1 at 1) (requesting
Plaintiff’s affidavit, Response, Statement of Material Fact, and Appendix).
Plaintiff argues that he was not allowed to possess or store his approved religious texts or
legal texts as permitted by the prison SOP and NCDPS Policy and Procedures when he was put
into segregation on February 28, 2015. He disputes Defendants’ allegation that he received all of
his property. Rather, he was required to send his books when he should have been allowed to store
them on the unit. Defendants’ actions were not reasonably related to a legitimate penological
interest. He claims that he was deprived of all his religious books “in order to be able to keep his
legal books…,” which hindered his religious practice and access to the knowledge in the legal

texts. (Doc. No. 50-2 at 12). Plaintiff’s religious practice was burdened because he “was forced to
violate his religious beliefs of seeking knowledge of Islam altogether.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 13). He
claims that Defendant Williams’ assertion that the property was left in Plaintiff’s possession is not
true; “Plaintiff never had the contents in his possession mentioned in Williams’ affidavit because
he was on the inside of a seg cell and the property was on the outside of it with the defendants.”
(Doc. No. 50-2 at 13). Plaintiff’s affidavit and DC-160 form indicate did not, and could not, have
all of his personal property in the segregation cell. Plaintiff identified books to be sent out by mail,
the books sat in Mrs. Green’s office the entire time he was in segregation while she was out of
work, and the books were still in Green’s office on March 25, 2015. (Doc. No. 50-2 at 13).
5
Plaintiff did not have his property inventoried again until October 10, 2015. “The defendant
didn’t follow the protocol for handling property upon plaintiff arriving to segregation and it
allowed for the misrepresentation of plaintiff’s property left in his possession.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at
13-14). Plaintiff “cannot fathom how safety of the inmates or officers in the facility would be
jeopardized or compromised by the same amount of property being allowed in a segregation cell

as is allowed in regular population cells.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 14). The policies, which provide that
Plaintiff be allowed to retain or store his legal and religious text and that he be allowed two
personal books, are not the least restrictive means of furthering a governmental interest.
Defendants knew about the policy that permitted Plaintiff to have his legal texts stored and to retain
his religious texts, and he was supposed to be able to request access to his stored property every
30 days. The fact that he was made to relinquish the items that were supposed to be stored shows
that “there had to be intent on the minds of defendants.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 15). The record does
not show that Defendant was provided a DC-160 of the amount of property he was actually allowed
to keep in his segregation cell, which “create[ed] an intentional tort as it did cause plaintiff physical

damage.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 15). Defendants’ policies should not be deemed legitimate because
they are contradictory, vague, ambiguous, and substantially burden Plaintiff’s religious practice of
obtaining religious knowledge.
Defendants’ actions required Plaintiff to either forfeit his legal texts, to which he has a
state-granted liberty interest to possess or have stored, and forfeit his religious texts, to which he
has a state-granted liberty interest in retaining, or keep the religious texts and forego the legal texts
that he used to litigate ongoing civil actions. Even if the books were received at the address to
which they were allegedly mailed, Plaintiff cannot get them back without purchasing them from a
publisher in accordance with policy. Policy provides that, if there is a doubt about whether an
6
inmate should be allowed to possess legal material, the Director of Prisons or his representative
should be contacted and, in the case that the inmate cannot have the materials, they are to be stored.
Plaintiff is not alleging violation of his access to the courts.
Plaintiff sincerely believes that his religion requires him to seek Islamic knowledge. Taking
his books, which he was allowed to have pursuant to policy, restricted his religious exercise. He

was forced to abandon Islamic education while he was in segregation, which violates his beliefs
and forced him to abandon a precept of Islam. Defendants’ facts are incomplete and inaccurate
with regards to whether he was forced to mail books that he should have been allowed to keep.
Defendant Mitchell, as the authority who decides what policies are to be enforced at
Lanesboro, had personal knowledge of, and involvement in, the creation of the policies and having
his staff enforce them. The Lanesboro policy is unchanged even after Plaintiff notified Defendant
Mitchell, which shows deliberate indifference. This case is not moot because Defendants allege
that their actions are in accordance with NCDPS policies and Plaintiff is still subject to the NCDPS
policies. Defendants should also be held accountable for their actions because they violated

Plaintiff’s rights, and it should not matter that it is no longer happening or that there are injuries
besides physical injuries. Plaintiff suffered physical injury “to the extent that his personal property
is permanently lost.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 19-20). Plaintiff is seeking damages as to the loss of the
property in which he had a state-created interest and his transfer to another prison should not moot
his case “as there are damages such as the cost of this action as well as that of the books.” (Doc.
No. 50-2 at 20).
Qualified immunity does not apply because Defendants’ actions “were seeming to be
intentional as they know the policies yet still stripped plaintiff of the legal and religious books and
then trying to cover it up by ‘losing’ documents as well as perjury in affidavits stating that they
7
are unaware of property plaintiff was made to mail.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 20). Plaintiff cannot further
support this argument due to lack of knowledge of the facts and law. However, it is “fathomable
and highly plausible that no court has ever come across a situation like this pertaining to a Muslim
in prison.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 21).
(4) Evidence2

(A) Affidavit of William Rogers (Doc. No. 45-1)
William Rogers is Assistant Superintendent V for Custody and Operations at Lanesboro
C.I. He is familiar with NCDPS policies and procedures and is trained and experienced in the
management of inmates like Plaintiff. He has access to the Offender Population Unified System
(“OPUS”), an electronic database containing comprehensive inmate records as well as inmate
correctional records, documentation, correspondence, grievances, and Lanesboro’s SOP.
The Lanesboro Personal and State Property SOP states that all segregation inmates may
retain approved religious items and the following personal items: two personal books, two
magazines, and two library books.

At Lanesboro, the regular population cells are approximately eight feet two inches high,
seven feet wide and eleven feet deep. To ensure that inmates are able to safely secure their personal
items and reduce fire and sanitation hazards, the SOP placed specific limits on the amount of
personal property that an inmate may possess while confined at Lanesboro.
On February 28, 2015, Plaintiff was confined in restrictive housing (administrative
segregation) pending the investigation of a possible assault involving Plaintiff and two other
inmates.
When offenders are assigned to be moved to the segregation unit, officers are instructed to

2 This section is not exhaustive.
8
pack the offender’s property and escort the offender to the segregation unit. A DC-160 inmate
personal property form is completed by staff and reviewed and signed by the offender.
Based on Roger’s review of the documents, Plaintiff’s personal property was packed by
two staff members, one of whom was Defendant Williams, and documented it on a DC-160 form
that was signed and dated by Plaintiff. The form shows that all of Plaintiff’s property was left with

him. (Doc. No. 45-1 at 4). Rogers searched all available Lanesboro records and documents and
found no other documents related to any property that Plaintiff alleged was missing, mailed,
donated, and/or destroyed during the process of packing up his property and moving him to the
segregation unit on February 28, 2015. If property was to be confiscated by staff and mailed, it
would indicate “M” for mailed, or “S” for stored in the “disposition” column. (Doc. No. 45-1 at
5).
NCDPS policies and procedures and the Lanesboro SOP related to inmate personal and
state property were not promulgated with any intent to discriminate against Plaintiff or his religious
faith but are “necessary to maintain the safety of the inmates and officers in the facility.” (Doc.

No. 45-1 at 5).
(B) Affidavit of Hannah Williams (Doc. No. 45-2)
Defendant Williams is a correctional officer at Lanesboro. On February 28, 2015, Plaintiff
was confined in restrictive housing pending an investigation into a possible assault in which he
was involved. When Plaintiff was assigned to be moved to the segregation unit, Defendant
Williams was instructed to pack Plaintiff’s property and escort him to the segregation unit.
Defendant Williams completed a DC-160 inmate personal property form that shows all personal
property in Plaintiff’s possession and its disposition. Plaintiff was afforded the opportunity to
review the DC-160 form and sign it. The letter “I” that appears in the disposition column of the
9
form indicates that the property item was left in inmate’s possession.
Defendant Williams has no personal knowledge of any property that was allegedly taken
from Plaintiff on February 28 and no personal knowledge of any books that Plaintiff alleges he
was forced to send home, donate, or destroy on that date. Defendant Williams did not give any
directive to Plaintiff that he send home, donate, or destroy his books on February 28, 2015.

Defendant Williams has no personal knowledge whether or not any books Plaintiff alleges that he
mailed to a designated address during that time frame were received at that address.
Defendant Williams does not draft policies, create them or modify the policies of NCDPS
or of Lanesboro. It is Defendant Williams’ role to implement policies of NCDPS and of Lanesboro.
Defendant Williams denies that, in performing her duties as a correctional officer at
Lanesboro, she violated any rights secured to Plaintiff under the laws of the State of North Carolina
or of the Constitution or laws of the United States.
(C) Affidavit of Plaintiff (Doc. No. 50-4)
Plaintiff was placed in segregation on February 28, 2015 due to the investigation of a fight.

On that date, Plaintiff’s property “was packed up by Union unit officers McCoy and Williams …
[and his] property was brought to [his] cell in segregation by Union unit officer Williams and
Richmond officers Tillman, Lee, and Sgt. Horne.” (Doc. No. 50-4). The tray door was opened and
Plaintiff was presented with DC-160 forms (Plaintiff’s Exhibits M, N, O, P). Plaintiff was “told to
sign the DC-160s” by Williams and Tillman and Plaintiff began receiving the property he was
allowed to keep from officer Williams as she and officers Tillman and Lee were sorting through
it. Williams was giving Plaintiff “what appeared to be her choice of what books [he] could keep.”
(Doc. No. 50-4 at 2). Plaintiff “protested the fact that all [his] legal books were being taken … and
was given the option to change books out, which [he] did choosing [his] legal texts to possess
10
causing a discrepancy in the DC-160 … and accounted for properly which was why [his] property
was not mailed out as it was supposed to be….” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 2).
The usual protocol for property upon an inmate’s transfer to segregation is for the sending
unit to inventory the prisoner’s collected property and DC-160 inventory forms and then the
sending until officers get the inmate to sign the DC-160 once it gets to the unit, often without the

inmate confirming the “totality of the property” due to being in a seg cell. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 2).
The receiving officers in segregation units are then supposed to complete another DC-160 form on
which the inmate’s possessions and stored property is listed and the inmate signs both lines on the
DC-160 for the property they have in their cell. This was not done on February 28, 2015 by
segregation unit officers Lee, Tillman and Horne, and “left the possibility of plaintiff’s property
not being properly accounted for.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 3).
Although Defendants say they have submitted all available information pertaining to
Plaintiff’s personal property on February 28, 2015, Plaintiff has a copy of a DC-160 for that day
and for the day when he was finally made to mail out the books on April 8, 2015. (Plaintiff’s

exhibit O); (Doc. No. 50-4 at 3).
According to NCDPS Policy and Procedures Manual Chapter G, Section .0200, the access
to courts section (.0208) provides that an inmate may possess legal texts and materials consistent
with division policies and procedures but such items will not be provided by the department. It
was never told to Plaintiff, nor is it established in the record, that Defendants lacked sufficient
storage space for Plaintiff’s legal texts or religious books. Nor was Plaintiff given the option to
store the books.
It is Plaintiff’s experience that upon arriving at the segregation unit with a segregated
prisoner’s property, the prisoner signs the DC-160 form to verify the contents of his property
11
coming from the unit which they were moved from. The disposition of all that property is usually
labeled as “I” to indicate that the property was left with the inmate. Then the officer who receives
the inmate in segregation fills out another DC-160 in which the amount of property the inmate is
allowed to possess is limited to comply with security, order, etc., and the property which the inmate
is not allowed to possess in seg is stored. The receiving DC-160 was not done by segregation unit

staff and none of Plaintiff’s property was stored except for his electric razor and clippers; but even
that was not done right.
Williams, a knowledgeable officer, allegedly left two tubes of toothpaste, one nail clipper,
one razor, and 18 books in Plaintiff’s possession in segregation contrary to SOP. (Doc. No. 50-4
at 5). Williams expressly denied having any knowledge of property taken from Plaintiff on
February 28, 2015, of Plaintiff being forced to send books home, or giving any directive for
Plaintiff to send home, donate, or destroy his books. However, Williams signed the DC-160 form
listing Plaintiff’s books and showing Plaintiff’s mailing address. The disposition is listed as being
in Plaintiff’s possession and the razor and nail clippers being stored. Plaintiff reports this encounter

in numerous request forms to Lanesboro staff.
Defendant Lee says he gave Plaintiff directive relating to his possession of books and other
personal property, alleging that those directives were Lanesboro SOP. The directives given by
Defendant Lee for Plaintiff to send home, donate or destroy his legal/religious books were not
actually Lanesboro SOP pertaining to legal or religious texts belonging to segregated inmates.
Plaintiff had a right per NCDPS policy to have his legal texts pertaining to ongoing cases stored if
he could not possess them. Plaintiff also had a right to retain his religious reading material. Plaintiff
had a right to have all other property listed on the DC-160 and stored in the inmate personal
property storage room. NCDPS policy and Lanesboro SOP were violated, forcing Plaintiff to be
12
deprived of his legal books and all of his religious books, which deprived him of “all religious
study.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 7).
Plaintiff was released from segregation on March 14, 2015 and was given back only his
razor and nail clippers even though he diligently tried to procure the books all the way up until
April 8, 2015 when he was forced to send those books out by mail by Sergeant Russell and

Administrative Assistant Green. Those books were “withheld” from February 28, 2015 to April 8,
2015 and Plaintiff was not able to get them back. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 8).
Defendants admit that Plaintiff should have been permitted to retain his legal and religious
books in their exhibits. Nothing established Plaintiff’s property to be unauthorized property in any
paperwork and nothing in the record shows that such an assertion should it be made by Defendants.
Plaintiff has established with Defendant’s policies that he was permitted to possess the books.
Plaintiff sincerely believes he is required that every Muslim “seek religious knowledge
through the teachings of prophet Muhammad.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 9). Plaintiff was “unable to seek
any religious knowledge due to his not having the religious material taken from him. Even with

the attempts plaintiff made at getting religious knowledge sent to segregation from the religious
library at LCI, plaintiff still couldn’t gain religious knowledge.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 9). “Plaintiff’s
normal practices were to go from book to book but that behavior had to be modified on the count
of the defendants not following their own policy of allowing me to possess the approved religious
materials while [he] was in segregation. [Plaintiff] was compelled to violate [his] beliefs when [he]
had to choose between [his] legal texts, which cost far more than the religious materials on the one
hand, something [he] was permitted by policy to retain, or [his] religious books could be retained
but [he would] have to send [his] legal texts, which policy also permitted [him] to have in [his]
possession or store away, by force applied by the defendants who refused to abide by the policies
13
they were so knowledgeable about.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 9). The segregation cells are the same size
as a regular population cells, if not larger, so the policy of only allowing prisoners to have two
books because they came to segregation is not a legitimate penological interest especially when
Plaintiff’s books, eight of which were legal and eight of which were religious, and two of which
were “common books” were supposed to be stored and not relinquished. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 10).

Defendants should not have taken the books just because Plaintiff went to segregation. Legal and
religious books were sent away “as a result of direct orders from, Sgt Horne, c/o Lee, c/o Williams
and c/o Tillman.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 10). The blatant disregard for their own policies can clearly
only be deemed intentional.
Plaintiff was not given the option to store his legal texts or religious texts on the unit while
he was in segregation. Plaintiff’s books were held for “over a month” and still not given back to
him when he got out of segregation. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 11). Nothing in the record shows that
Plaintiff possessed unauthorized property or listed any contraband on the DC-160 forms.
Defendants did not mention anything about Plaintiff not having adequate personal storage space

in his cell or in the prison itself, or that the property caused issues pertaining to security, safety,
sanitation or fire hazard and the orderly operation of the prison facility. Plaintiff did not “randomly
choose” to send away his expensive legal texts or his “sentimentally cherished religious books”
which prevented his use of them and ultimately caused their loss. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 12). Plaintiff
would have kept the books in his cell if Plaintiff had them.
Plaintiff was not given all the property indicated in the DC-160 because all of it did not
come down to the segregation until. He did not receive his razor and nail clippers until March 16,
2015 but they were still listed as “I” for inmate rather than “S” for stored. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 12).
The fact that Plaintiff was sent away from Lanesboro does not change the fact that he was
14
“forcefully stripped of property which he has a state-granted liberty interest to according to the
NCDPS blanket policy and the LCI SOP.” (Doc. No. 50-4 at 11). Therefore, Plaintiff should be
reimbursed for the cost of the property, for the loss of its enjoyment, and for the loss of liberty
associated with it, and the costs of litigation ($350 filing fee). This case is not moot because he
could be shipped to the “sending camp” at any time. (Doc. No. 50-4 at 11).

(D) Time Line
10/29/14 Transfer to Lanesboro C.I. (Doc. No. 45-1 at 7)
2/28/15 Control Action Plaintiff placed on administrative segregation pending an
investigation for a possible assault (Doc. No. 45-1 at 35)

DC-160 Personal Property Inventory by S. McCoy, c/o Williams, signed by
Plaintiff “w/o confirmation” of: Federal Rules of Evidence, disposition “I;” Brief
Writing and Oral Argument, disposition “I;” Qu’ran, disposition “I” stricken
through; A Treasury of Favorite Muslim Names, disposition “I” stricken through;
The Signposts of the Propagated Samah, disposition “I” stricken through; The
Nolde Qur’an, disposition “I” stricken through; Majamu’a Wazaif, disposition “I”
(Doc. No. 50-5 at 132)

DC-160 Personal Property Inventory: Illegible; signed by Plaintiff “w/o
confirmation” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 14) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit N)

DC-160 Personal Property Inventory: Illegible (Doc. No. 50-5 at 13) (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit M)

3/5/15 Inmate Request for Information from Plaintiff to Richmond Unit Manager: “I was
only allowed 8 books by Sgt. Horne upon my arrival into seg. other than my
legitimate legal papers. I don’t think that all the books and other papers took over
2 cubic feet of space and the c/os were trying to select what they wanted me to
have, leaving my law books out of what they wanted me to have. Policy does not
limit us to 6 or 8 books and the staff should be made aware of that. I’d like to have
the rest of my books in my cell b/c they are religious & educational materials that
I need for spiritual and academic growth.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 1) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit
A)

3/16/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Mrs. McAllister, Lower Richmond:
“On 2/28/15 I was taken to segregation from Union Unit. All my property was
inventoried on the Union Unit but not on the Richmond Unit. I was forced to send
all but 8 of my books home but was not given receipt of them being sent home. I
15
recently found out that I’m allowed to possess more books than I was told. C/o
Williams (Union), c/o Tillman (Richmond) and Sgt. Horne (Richmond) all
witnessed the fact that I wasn’t given the books and I even put the address which
the books were supposed to go to on the DC-160. All the lines were signed but I’m
being told that staff on both units ‘can’t find’ my books and my family informs me
that they have not received the books. I want my books back or I need to be
reimbursed for the books which did not get given to me. The books are: 1) A
Treasury of Names; 2) A Pocket Noble Qur’an; (3) 2014 World Almanac Book of
Facts; 4) Paralegal Practice and Procedure 4th Edition; 5) Webster’s Arabic/English
Dictionary; 6) The Glorious Qur’an w/Roman Transliteration; 7) The SignPosts of
the Propagated Sunnah; 8) Writing to Win; 9) Reading the Qur’an; and 10) Majmua
Wazaif.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 2) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit B)

3/18/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Mrs. McAllister, Moore Unit: “I
spoke with the Unit Mgr from Union, Mr. Hatley about my property and he says he
hasn’t seen that property which c/o Rushing advised me that you told her you gave
the property to Mr. Hatley b/c of issues w/ the DC-160. That property was forced
to be sent home, donated, or destroyed and wasn’t allowed the amount that the
policy allows. I need my books back or I need to be reimbursed for my property. I
wrote you and carbon copied that request on 3/16/15 and didn’t receive a response.
Please advise me of the status of my property b/c my family has not received the
property, which I verified the address for on the DC-160.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 3)
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit C)

Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Mrs. Cole, Richmond Unit Manager:
“On 2/28/15 I was taken to the hole. C/o Williams & McCoy packed my property
on Union and when I got my property c/o Williams (Union), c/o Tillman (Lower
Richmond) and Sgt Horne (Richmond) were all there and inmate Casey Thomas
also witnessed it from Bravo 18 in seg. I was told by both officers that I could only
have 8 books and they tried to give me what they wanted me to have. I made an
issue about not being able to choose my books and was allowed to switch the
books but still forced to mail, donate or destroy a few books. Those books have not
been received nor have I been notified of their destruction or donation. I put my
family address on DC-160 and they have not been received by them. I want my
books back or I want to be reimbursed for my books.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 4)
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit D)

3/19/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to D. Houser Mailroom, Richmond
Upper: “I need to know has there been any books been sent to the mailroom to be
mailed home from the Richmond or Union Unit. If they are still there I need them
back b/c I should have never been forced to send them off per policy. I need my
books back and haven’t been given the chance to verify if the books are there, nor
have I approved their donation or destruction. (Doc. No. 50-5 at 5) (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit E)

16
3/23/15 Staff Response to the 3/18/15 Request to McAllister: “I do not have anything to do
with excess property. I only handle stored property. You need to contact the unit
that took your property.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 3) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit C)

Staff Response to the 3/19/16 Request to Houser: “I don’t have anything that was
mailed out for you. Check with Ms. McAllister unit secretary.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at
5) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit E)

3/24/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Mr. Mitchell Superintendent, Upper
Richmond Unit: “I need to know where my books are that were taken from me on
2/28/15, by the Lower Richmond staff. The mailroom report that they have not
received them and I can’t get a response otherwise from staff.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at
6) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit F)

3/25/15 Staff Response to the 3/24/15 Request to Mitchell, by Edith Fultz: “Your books are
in Ms. Green’s office and her office is locked. Upon her return, your books will be
mailed or you can have your books donated to the Religious Library.” (Doc. No.
50-5 at 6) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit F)

3/27/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Superintendent Mitchell, Upper
Richmond: “Mr. Mitchell, I had books taken from me that I should have been
allowed to have when I got locked up on 2/28/15 in Lower Richmond. Sgt Horne
and c/o Tillman of Richmond both told me that I am only allowed to have 8 books
and refused to let me have the 10 books that policy allows even after I told them
both that policy says I’m allowed to have 10 books. I want to pick enough books in
order to have my 10 books.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 7) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit G)

Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Mrs. Green, Upper Richmond: “I
need to speak with you before anything is done with my books taken on 2/28/15.
Edith Fultz informed me that they were in your office waiting to be mailed. I am
supposed to be able to have those books and I need those books. I was only allowed
to keep 8 books by Sgt Horne and c/o Tillman when policy clearly states I’m
allowed to have 10 books. Please do not do anything with my books until I get to
get my books out so I can have the appropriate amount per policy.” (Doc. No. 50-
5 at 8) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit H)

4/6/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Superintendent Mitchell, Upper
Richmond: “I’ve asked for my books ever[] since 2/28/15 and I’ve been given the
runaround by all the staff that others say have my books. My people haven’t
received my books through the mail and I haven’t approved destruction nor
donation of them. Either give me my books back or reimburse me for my property
that was lost. I only have 8 books and policy allows 10 books. I should be allowed
4 of those books at least.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 9) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit I)

Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Mrs. Thompson, Mailroom, Upper
17
Richmond: “I’m trying to find out if any packages have been mailed out in my
name since Feb. 28, 2015. I had books taken from me but I wasn’t given the chance
to destroy or donate them if they weren’t sent out.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 10) (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit J)

4/7/15 Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to D. Houser, Mailroom, Upper
Richmond: “I need to know if any packages have come to the mailroom to be
mailed form my name since 2/28/15? If so, what happened to the package?” (Doc.
No. 50-5 at 11) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit K)

Inmate Request for Information by Plaintiff to Edith Fultz, Upper Richmond: “I
need to know what happened to my books that were supposed to be mailed on
2/28/15 by Union or Richmond staff.” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 12) (Plaintiff’s Exhibit L)

4/8/15 Staff Response to Plaintiff’s 4/6/15 Request to Mitchell by Edith Fultz: “I contacted
Ms. Green. Your books are in her office. She informed me she will pack them up
and have them mailed to the address of your choice today….” (Doc. No. 50-5 at 9)
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit I)

DC-160 Personal Property Inventory mailed to Chris Allred: Paralegal Book, Small
Qu’ran, Writing to Win, Arabic to English, 2014 Almanac World, Reading the
Qu’ran, A Treasury of Favorite Muslim Names, Majmu A Mazail, Noble Qu’ran,
Signpost of the Propagated Samahs (Doc. No. 50-5 at 15) (Exhibit O)

4/9/15 Staff Response to Plaintiff’s 4/6/15 Request to Thompson: “You had a box come
to the mailroom on 4/8/15 to Chris Allred that will be shipped out on 4/10/15.”
(Doc. No. 50-5 at 10)

5/25/15 Administrative Remedy Procedure (4865-15-1331) re transfer to segregation,
denial of property including books; marked delayed 5/27/15 (Doc. No. 45-1 at 32)

8/5/15 Administrative Remedy Procedure (4865-15-1331) refiled, accepted 8/12/15 (Doc.
No. 45-1 at 32)

8/28/15 Step One Response (4865-15-1331) “This is in reference to your step #1 grievance
originally dated 5-25-15; refiled 8-5-15. In accordance with Lanesboro Standard
Operating Procedures, inmates are not to possess more than twenty (20) picture,
twenty (20) letters, and/or cards, six (6) magazines, and/or books at any one (1)
time, to include Bibles and Qurans. If you are indigent, the cost to mail home
excessive property will be paid by the Inmate Welfare Fund. No further action
recommended.” (Doc. No. 45-1 at 33)

9/22/15 Step Two Response (4865-15-1331) “In response to your grievance, the response
provided in Step 1 appropriately address your concern. I recommend no further
action.” (Doc. No. 45-1 at 33)
18
10/10/15 DC-160 Personal Property Inventory including 9 books, disposition “I” (Doc. No.
50-5 at 135)

3/13/16 DC-160 Personal Property Inventory including Webster Dictionary, Noble Qu’ran,
Federal Rules of Civil Procedures, Baron’s Law Dictionary, The Way Things
Work, Prisoner’s Self Help Litigation Manual, The Citebook, The Message of the
Quran, Federal Rules of Evidence, Brief Writing and Oral Argument, Arabic Index
Cards, Jailhouse Lawyer’s Handbook (Doc. No. 50-5 at 136)

4/25/16 Step Three Response (4865-15-1331) “Inmate William Carawan filed this
grievance on August 5, 201[5] at Lanesboro Correctional Institution complaining
about staff mishandling his property. Staff responded that an investigation of
inmate Carawan’s concern revealed that there was no evidence presented to
substantiate his allegations against staff. This examiner carefully reviewed the
grievance and the response given by staff in the DC-410A response. From this
review, I am convinced that staff has adequately addressed this inmate’s grievance
concerns. I adopt the facts found by the staff investigator. On this records, this
inmate’s allegations are insufficiently supported. Thus, this grievance is dismissed
for lack of support.” (Doc. No. 45-1 at 34)

8/18/16 Transfer to Tabor C.I. (Doc. No. 45-1 at 7)
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
(1) Summary Judgment
Summary judgment shall be granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute
as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fec. R. Civ. P.
56(a). A factual dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a
verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A
fact is material only if it might affect the outcome of the suit under governing law. Id.
The movant has the “initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its
motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,
and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)
19
(internal citations omitted).
Once this initial burden is met, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party. The nonmoving
party “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. at 322 n.3.
The nonmoving party may not rely upon mere allegations or denials of allegations in his pleadings
to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Id. at 324. The nonmoving party must present sufficient

evidence from which “a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.”
Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248; accord Sylvia Dev. Corp. v. Calvert County, Md., 48 F.3d 810, 818
(4th Cir. 1995).
When ruling on a summary judgment motion, a court must view the evidence and any
inferences from the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Anderson, 477
U.S. at 255. “‘Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for
the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial.’” Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 586
(2009) (quoting Matsushita v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986)).
As a general rule, when one party files a motion for summary judgment, the non-movant

cannot merely rely on matters pleaded in the complaint, but must, by factual affidavit or the like,
respond to the motion. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 324 ; Kipps v. Ewell, 538 F.2d 564, 566 (4th Cir. 1976);
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). However, a verified complaint, like the Amended Complaint that Plaintiff
filed, is the equivalent of an opposing affidavit for summary judgment purposes, when the
allegations contained therein are based on personal knowledge. Williams v. Griffin, 952 F.2d 820,
823 (4th Cir. 1991); Davis v. Zahradnick, 600 F.2d 458, 459–60 (4th Cir. 1979) (holding that the
factual allegations contained in a verified complaint establish a prima facie case under 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983, so as to preclude summary judgment).
(2) First Amendment & RLUIPA
20
The First Amendment of the Constitution states that “Congress shall make no law
respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.” U.S. Const.
Amend I. The First Amendment applies to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. See
Everson v. Bd. of Educ., 330 U.S. 1, 15 (1947). Prisoners maintain their constitutional right to
maintain their constitutional right to freedom of religion. O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 482 U.S.

342, 348 (1987). Thus, “reasonable opportunities must be afforded to all prisoners to exercise the
religious freedom guaranteed by the First and Fourteenth Amendments without fear of penalty.”
Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 n.2 (1972). To state a free exercise claim under the First
Amendment, a plaintiff must allege facts sufficient to show that he held a sincere religious belief,
and that the official action or regulation substantially burdened his exercise of that belief.
Hernandez v. Comm’r, 490 U.S. 680, 699 (1989). A “substantial burden” is one that “put[s]
substantial pressure on an adherent to modify his behavior and to violate his beliefs,” or one that
forces a person to “choose between following the precepts of her religion and forfeiting
[governmental] benefits, on one hand, and abandoning her religion … on the other hand….”
Lovelace v. Lee, 472 F.3d 174, 187 (4th Cir. 2006) (quoting Thomas v. Review Bd. Of Ind.

Employment Sec. Dev., 450 U.S. 707, 718 (1981); Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 404 (1963)).
A mere inconvenience to the exercise of religion fails to give rise to a First Amendment violation.
McEachin v. McGuinnis, 357 F.3d 197, 203 n.6 (2d Cir. 2004). Moreover, “[d]e minimis burdens
of the free exercise of religion are not of constitutional dimension.” Rapier v. Harris, 172 F.3d 999,
1006 n.4 (7th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted).
A prison policy that substantially burdens an inmate’s ability to practice his religion
withstands a First Amendment challenge when it is “reasonably related to legitimate penological
interests.” O’Lone, 482 U.S. at 349 (quoting Turner v. Safley, 482 U.S. 78, 89 (1987)). In deciding
21
whether a policy can be sustained as reasonably related to legitimate penological interests, the
court must consider the following four factors: (1) whether there is a valid, rational connection
between the regulation and the legitimate penological interest; (2) whether there are alternative
means of exercising the right in question that remain open to prisoners; (3) the impact
accommodation of the asserted constitutional right would have on guards and other inmates and

on the allocation of prison resources; and (4) whether ready alternatives exist which accommodate
the right and satisfy the penological interest. See Turner, 482 U.S. at 89-90. Claims brought under
the First Amendment are subject to a less demanding standard of proof than claims brought under
RLUIPA, with RLUIPA claims requiring “strict scrutiny instead of reasonableness.” Lovelace,
472 F.3d at 199 n.8; see Wright v. McCullough, 921 F.3d 413, 418 (4th Cir. 2019). To hold
defendants liable as individuals under RLUIPA, a plaintiff must further prove that the defendants
acted intentionally rather than negligently. Lovelace, 472 F.3d at 194.
RLUIPA and First Amendment claims proceed in two stages. “At the first stage, which is
essentially the same for both claims, the plaintiff must show that the prison’s policies imposed a

substantial burden on his exercise of sincerely held religious beliefs.” Wright, 921 F.3d at 418
(citing Carter v. Fleming, 879 F.3d 132, 139-40 (4th Cir. 2018). If the plaintiff can make that
showing, we proceed to the second stage, asking whether the prison’s policies are justified despite
the burden they impose. The standards governing this second stage diverge for RLUIPA and First
Amendment claims. Under RLUIPA, the government has the burden to show that its policy
satisfies strict scrutiny: that is, the policies must represent the least restrictive means of furthering
a compelling governmental interest. 42 U.S.C. § 2000cc-1(a).
(3) Due Process
The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause provides that no person shall be
22
deprived of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. Amend XIV. The
first inquiry in any due process challenge is whether the plaintiff has been deprived of a protected
interest in property or liberty that was accomplished by state action. Tigrett v. The Rector and
Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 290 F.3d 620, 628 (4th Cir. 2002); Stone v. Univ. of Md. Med. Sys.
Corp., 855 F.2d 167, 172 (4th Cir. 1988). “Unless there has been a ‘deprivation’ by ‘state action,’

the question of what process is required and whether any provided could be adequate in the
particular factual context is irrelevant, for the constitutional right to ‘due process’ is simply not
implicated.” Stone, 855 F.2d at 172. Moreover, “the Due Process Clause is simply not implicated
by a negligent act of an official causing unintended loss of or injury to life, liberty, or property.”
Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 328 (1986).
Where a state employee’s random, unauthorized act deprives an individual of property,
either negligently or intentionally, the individual is relegated to his state post-deprivation process,
so long as the State provides an adequate post-deprivation remedy. Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S.
517 (1984); Parratt v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981), overruled on other grounds by Daniels v.

Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986)). However, post-deprivation remedies do not satisfy the due
process requirement where the deprivation complained of is effected pursuant to an established
state procedure rather than a random, unauthorized action. Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455
U.S. 422 (1982).
Under North Carolina law, an action for conversion will lie against a public official who
wrongfully deprives an owner of his property by an unauthorized act. Gallimore v. Sink, 27
N.C.App. 65, 67, 218 S.E.2d 181, 182 (1975). North Carolina’s post-deprivation remedies are
adequate. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-291; see Wilkins v. Whitaker, 714 F.2d 4, 6 (4th Cir. 1983) (due
process satisfied where North Carolina tort law provides an adequate avenue for relief for state
23
prisoner).
(4) Qualified Immunity
The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials “from liability for civil
damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982). Qualified immunity “balances two important interests—the need to hold public officials
accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from
harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties reasonably.” Pearson v.
Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). The existence of qualified immunity “generally turns on the
‘objective reasonableness’ of the actions” without regard to the knowledge or subjective intent of
the particular official. Am. Civil Libs. Union of Md., Inc. v. Wicomico County, Md., 999 F.2d
780, 784 (4th Cir. 1993) (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 639, 641 (1987)) (internal
citations omitted).
In Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194 (2001), the Supreme Court mandated a two-step sequence

for resolving government officials’ qualified immunity claims by determining whether: (1) the
facts that a plaintiff has alleged or shown make out a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) the
right at issue was “clearly established” at the time of defendant’s alleged misconduct. While the
sequence of the steps set forth in Saucier is “often appropriate,” it is not mandatory. Pearson, 555
U.S. at 236. Judges are permitted to exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of the two
prongs of the qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances
in the particular case at hand. Id.
To overcome the qualified immunity defense at the summary judgment stage, the plaintiff
must have shown facts that make out a violation of a constitutional right, and the right at issue
24
must have been “clearly established” at the time of the defendant’s alleged misconduct. Thompson
v. Commonweath of Va., 878 F.3d 89, 97 (4th Cir. 2017) (citing Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232). The
analysis takes place against the backdrop of two dueling interests: “the need to hold public officials
accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from
harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties reasonably.” Pearson, 555

U.S. at 231.
To find a right is clearly established does not mean that “the exact conduct at issue [must]
have been held unlawful for the law governing an officer’s actions to be clearly established.”
Amaechi v. West, 237 F.3d 356, 362 (4th Cir. 2001). Rather, the court’s analysis must take into
consideration “not only already specifically adjudicated rights, but those manifestly included
within more general applications of the core constitutional principle invoked.” Id. at 362-63
(internal quotation omitted). The right at issue is “clearly established” for qualified immunity
purposes if:
[t]he contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would
understand that what he is doing violates that right. That is not to say that an official
action is protected by qualified immunity unless the very action in question has
previously been held unlawful, but it is to say that in light of pre-existing law the
unlawfulness must be apparent.

Anderson, 483 U.S. at 640 (citation omitted).
To determine if the right in question was clearly established, the court first looks to cases
from the Supreme Court, the Fourth Circuit, or the highest court of the state in which the action
arose. Owens ex rel. Owens v. Lott, 372 F.3d 267, 279 (4th Cir. 2004). In the absence of “directly
on-point binding authority,” courts may also consider whether “the right was clearly established
based on general constitutional principles or a consensus of persuasive authority.” Booker v. South
Carolina Dep’t of Corr., 855 F.3d 533, 543 (4th Cir. 2017); Owens, 372 F.3d at 279 (“the absence
25
of controlling authority holding identical conduct unlawful does not guarantee qualified
immunity.”). Ordinarily, the unlawfulness of government conduct must be apparent in light of pre-
existing law. White v. Pauly, 137 S.Ct. 548, 442 (2017). However, a “general constitutional rule
… may apply with obvious clarity ... even though the very action in question has not previously
been held unlawful. Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002) (citing United States v. Lanier, 520

U.S. 259, 271 (1997)). Therefore, “officials can still be on notice that their conduct violates
established law even in novel factual circumstances.” Id. at 741.
III. DISCUSSION
(1) First Amendment & RLUIPA
Defendants have presented evidence that Lanesboro SOP and NCDPS policies and
procedures relating to inmate property were not promulgated with any intent to discriminate
against Plaintiff or his religious faith but are necessary to maintain the safety of the inmates and
officers in the facility. Defendants further presented evidence that Lanesboro SOP limits the
number of items an inmate placed on Segregation/Control Unit can possess in order to limit the

risk of fire and sanitation hazards due to cell size. Religious items are not prohibited by NCDPS
policy or by Lanesboro SOP. While the limits on property amounts may make the practice of
religion more difficult, they do not pressure a religious adherent to violate or abandon his religious
beliefs and leave open alternate means of religious practice.
Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint is refuted by the record insofar as he claims that he was
only permitted to retain six books, (Doc. No. 13 at 4, 6, 8), whereas his own requests for relief
indicate that he was permitted to retain eight books, (Doc. No. 50-5 at 1, 2, 4). The record also
indicates that Defendants did not impose a substantial burden on Plaintiff’s religious exercise.
Defendants initially tried select the books that Plaintiff was going to keep but, when Plaintiff
26
complained, he was allowed to select the books he was going to keep. (Doc. No. 50-5 at 4). It was
Plaintiff’s decision to keep eight legal books and mail all of his religious books to his family
because he was engaged in litigation3 and the legal books were “quite costly.” (Doc. No. 50-2 at
18). Defendants afforded Plaintiff a reasonable opportunity to practice his religion by allowing
him to decide whether to retain some or none of his religious books and did not impose a substantial

burden on him under these circumstances. See, e.g., Neal v. Lewis, 414 F.3d 1244 (10th Cir. 2005)
(defendants did not violate plaintiff’s First Amendment rights by simply enforcing a prison
regulation limiting the number of books he could keep in his cell; nothing prevented plaintiff from
stocking his cell with religious texts up to the 12-book limit). As the decision to forego all religious
books in order to comply with the personal property limit was Plaintiff’s own decision, Defendants
are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. To the extent that Plaintiff asserts a cross-motion for
summary judgment, it is denied because he has failed to demonstrate that he is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.
Moreover, RLUIPA does not permit Plaintiff to recover damages because a state’s

Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit for damages is not waived in RLUIPA. See Madison v.
Commonwealth of Va., 474 F.3d 118 (4th Cir. 2006). Although non-monetary relief is available
under RLUIPA, such a claim is moot because Plaintiff no longer resides at Lanesboro C.I. and he
cannot be returned to that facility as Lanesboro has been converted to Anson C.I., a women’s
prison.4
(2) Due Process

3 Plaintiff specifically states in his Response to the Motion for Summary Judgment that he “doesn’t allege
violation of access to the courts,” (Doc. No. 50-2 at 19), and he does not allege that he required all of the legal books
to prosecute his ongoing legal actions.
4 See https://www.ncdps.gov/adult-corrections/prisons/prison-facilities/lanesboro-correctional-institution;
Fed. R. Ev. 201.
27
Plaintiff argues that Defendants violated due process by failing to honor his right to possess
or store legal materials, which in, turn forced him to relinquish his religious books which were
held from February 28, 2015 and April 8, 2015 and then mailed out to Plaintiff’s family. He argues
that the dispute about his legal materials should have been referred to the Director of Prisons and
could have been resolved before his books were mailed out.

Plaintiff’s allegation that Defendants deprived him of property contrary to established
NCDPS Policy and Lanesboro SOP is unauthorized act which can be remedied under North
Carolina’s post-deprivation remedies. Because an adequate avenue for relief exists, due process is
satisfied. Defendants will therefore be granted summary judgment on the due process claim.5
(3) Qualified Immunity
Defendants have asserted a qualified immunity defense which Plaintiff has failed to
overcome by showing facts that make out a violation of a clearly established constitutional right
at the time of the Defendants’ alleged misconduct.
It is clearly established that prisoners have a First Amendment right to practice their

religion. However, Plaintiff provides no legal authority for the proposition that his religious rights
are violated by imposing a limit on the number of books he can possess at one time, including
religious books. To the contrary, such limits are common in the Bureau of Prisons and various
state prisons, which is indicative that such right is not clearly established. See, e.g., Seamons v.
Ramirez, 2018 WL 1583139 (D.Id. March 30, 2018) (noting that a prison protocol limiting the
number of books in a prisoner’s possession at one time of five is consistent with the Federal Bureau
of Prisons’ policies and other prisons’ similar policies). Plaintiff admitted in his written requests

5 Plaintiff states that such a claim would be barred by res judicata, which suggests that he has already availed
himself of the remedy available in the state courts.
28
submitted to the prison that Defendants allowed him to select the eight books that he was allowed
to keep in his cell, all of which were legal texts. No clearly established law required Defendants to
insist that Plaintiff select a combination of legal and religious texts to retain in his cell, in fact, he
argued with staff to retain only legal books. A reasonable prison guard would not have known that
permitting Plaintiff to select the books to retain in his cell would have violated his clearly

established rights. Defendants are therefore entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiff’s claims for
damages against them in their individual capacities.
(4) Pending Motions
Plaintiff’s Response includes a cross Motion for Summary Judgment, a Motion seeking
reconsideration of his motion for the appointment of counsel, and a Motion for copies of some
materials he filed with the Court.
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that these Motions fail to comply with the Court’s
local rules. See LCvR 7.1(c)(2) (motions are not to be contained in responsive briefs). Even if they
were properly filed, these Motions do not warrant relief. Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that

he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law or the existence of exceptional circumstances that
would warrant the appointment of counsel. Nor does the Court have any obligation to provide
Plaintiff with copies of any materials in the Court’s file. However, the Court will order the Clerk
of Court to forward Plaintiff a copy of his Response materials as a courtesy. (Doc. Nos. 50, 50-2,
50-3, 50-4).
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, Defendants Lee, Mitchell, and Williams’ Motion for Summary
Judgment is granted,6 the Motions incorporated in Plaintiff’s Response are denied, and this case

6 Because service was never accomplished on Defendant Horne or the Unidentified Unit Manager, they will
29
will be closed.
IT IS, THEREFORE, ORDERED that:
1. Defendants’ Motion to Amend/Correct the Motion for Summary Judgment, (Doc. No.
43), is GRANTED.
2. The Motions incorporated in Plaintiff's Response, (Doc. No. 50), are DENIED.
3. The Clerk of Court is instructed to mail Plaintiff a copy of docket numbers 50, 50-2,
50-3, and 50-4.
4. TThe Clerk of Court is instructed to close this case.

Signed: August 14, 2019

Frank D. Whitney é □
Chief United States District Judge ~“#*’

be dismissed from this action. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(m). Defendant Tillman will also be dismissed from this action
because, although he was served but never filed an Answer, no default or default judgment was ever entered against
him. Even if the foregoing Defendants had been properly served and filed answers, they would be entitled to summary
judgment for the same reasons as the moving Defendants.
30

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10254847. Public record. Not legal advice.