# Bourne v. McNealy-Minor

> District Court, E.D. North Carolina · March 27, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10250951

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. North Carolina
- **Decided:** March 27, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10250951

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that a claim for breach of contract is governed by the law of the state where the contract was allegedly formed, or the place of performance if stipulated to in the contract
- holding the second prong of the specific jurisdiction inquiry met where contacts are “the genesis of this dispute”

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTHERN DIVISION

NO. 7:19-CV-236-FL

STEPHEN R. BOURNE, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
v. ) ORDER
)
SUSAN MCNEALY-MINOR, )
)
Defendant. )

This matter comes before the court on defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal
jurisdiction pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2), or in the alternative to transfer
venue pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). (DE 7). The issues raised have been fully briefed, and in
this posture are ripe for ruling. For the reasons that follow, defendant’s motion is denied.

STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Plaintiff commenced this action in Brunswick County Superior Court on October 24, 2019,
seeking declaratory judgment that he is not indebted, obligated, or liable to defendant. Defendant
was served defendant’s complaint on or about November 4, 2019, and removed the case to this
court on December 3, 2019, invoking the court’s diversity jurisdiction. On December 10, 2019,
defendant filed the instant motion.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
The facts alleged in the complaint may be summarized as follows. Beginning in January
2011, the parties were engaged in a romantic and sexual relationship. (Compl. (DE 1-1) ¶ 9). At
various times during the early years of their relationship, the parties cohabited intermittently in
California, first in a home the defendant and her brother owned (“#8 Blue Oaks”), then in a home

plaintiff rented, then in the lower level of defendant’s mother’s home. (Id. ¶ 10). Plaintiff
contributed significantly to improving the lower level so that defendant could live there and
provided maintenance services for defendant and her mother. (Id.). During the periods they
cohabited, plaintiff paid for food, travel, and other household expenses, except to the extent
defendant paid for her automobile, her health care, and her daughter’s expenses. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 13).
Although the parties had no express agreement that she do so, defendant chose to leave her
work as a merchandiser, for which she had been paid a modest wage. (Id. ¶ 14). Plaintiff alleges
that defendant’s reasons for leaving her job included, without limitation, the sale of#8 Blue Oaks,
which left defendant in a financial position which did not require her to work and her desire to

travel with plaintiff and spend more time in North Carolina. (Id.).
In June of 2013, during the relationship with defendant, plaintiff acquired real property
situated in Brunswick County, North Carolina. (Id. ¶¶ 15, 16). Plaintiff became a full-time
resident of Brunswick County, North Carolina in August 2015. (Id. ¶ 18). Although defendant
remained a California resident, she made trips to North Carolina with plaintiff prior to his
acquisition of the real property and regular trips to visit plaintiff following his relocation. (Id. ¶
19). Plaintiff paid to move various items of defendant’s personal property to plaintiff’s North
Carolina residence at defendant’s request, but defendant continued to reside in California, where
defendant was the primary caretaker for her mother. (Id. ¶ 20).
Sensing that defendant attached importance to getting married, plaintiff proposed to
defendant in December 2015 and defendant accepted. (Id. ¶ 21). In July 2016, defendant
communicated to plaintiff that she could not make Southport her home and that plaintiff could
walk away from the relationship. (Id. ¶ 22). Still, the parties continued to maintain a long-distance
relationship. (Id. ¶ 23). Over the Thanksgiving holiday in 2018, at a family gathering, defendant

had one of a number of emotional outbursts in which she made various statements from which
plaintiff inferred that she was unhappy in the relationship. (Id. ¶ 24). By February 2019, defendant
recommended that the parties end their relationship and plaintiff agreed. (Id. ¶ 25).
In March 2019, plaintiff was notified that defendant intended to commence litigation
against plaintiff unless plaintiff agreed to mediate disputes with defendant. (Id. ¶ 29). Plaintiff
did not respond to this request. (Id.). On October 7, 2019, defendant sent plaintiff a demand letter,
asserting that in a couples’ therapy session several years ago, plaintiff agreed to compensate
defendant “for her contributions to the relationship in the amount of $100,000 to $120,000 per year
of the relationship as a fair representation of the value of her services.” (Id. ¶¶ 30, 31, 34).

Defendant contends that
[b]ased on both express and implied agreements, [defendant] contributed
significantly to the relationship in the form of managing [the parties’] personal lives
together, cooking, cleaning, shopping, playing social hostess to friends and family~
making and managing travel plans, traveling with [plaintiff] for business, house
hunting in North Carolina and finding a 4400 square foot home, furnishing the
home, and entertaining [plaintiff’s] family in the home. [Plaintiff] purchased a boat
slip and a buildable lot in St. James Plantation to enable [the parties] to use the
resort community amenities along with the boat [defendant] was instrumental in
finding.
(Id. ¶ 31). Defendant demands compensation for these contributions. (See id. ¶ 34). Plaintiff
denies that he ever made any agreement to compensate plaintiff for such services. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 32,
34). Additional facts pertinent to the instant motion will be discussed below.
COURT’S DISCUSSION
A. Personal Jurisdiction
1. Standard of Review
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) allows for dismissal of a claim for lack of personal
jurisdiction. “When a district court considers a question of personal jurisdiction based on the

contents of a complaint and supporting affidavits, the plaintiff has the burden of making a prima
facie showing in support of its assertion of jurisdiction.” Universal Leather, LLC v. Koro AR,
S.A., 773 F.3d 553, 558 (4th Cir. 2014). At this stage, the court “must construe all relevant
pleading allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiff, assume credibility, and draw the most
favorable inferences for the existence of jurisdiction.” Combs v. Bakker, 886 F.2d 673, 676 (4th
Cir.1989); see Mylan Labs., Inc. v. Akzo, N.V., 2 F.3d 56, 60 (4th Cir.1993)( “[T]he district court
must draw all reasonable inferences arising from the proof, and resolve all factual disputes, in the
plaintiff’s favor.”).
2. Analysis

“A lawful assertion of personal jurisdiction over a defendant requires satisfying the
standards of the forum state’s long-arm statute and respecting the safeguards enshrined in the
Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause.” Tire Eng’g & Distribution, LLC v. Shandong
Linglong Rubber Co., 682 F.3d 292, 301 (4th Cir. 2012). Where, as here, “North Carolina’s long-
arm statute is construed to extend jurisdiction over nonresident defendants to the full extent
permitted by the Due Process Clause, . . . the dual jurisdictional requirements collapse into a single
inquiry” into whether personal jurisdiction comports with due process. Christian Sci. Bd. of
Directors of First Church of Christ, Scientist v. Nolan, 259 F.3d 209, 215 (4th Cir. 2001).
“[D]ue process requires only that [defendant] have certain minimum contacts with [the
forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play
and substantial justice.’” Int’l Shoe Co. v. State of Wash., Office of Unemployment Comp. &
Placement, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945). The due process inquiry “can be undertaken through two
different approaches – by finding specific jurisdiction . . . or by finding general jurisdiction.” ALS

Scan, Inc. v. Digital Serv. Consul., Inc., 293 F.3d 707, 711 (4th Cir. 2002). Plaintiff asserts that
defendant is subject to both the general jurisdiction and specific jurisdiction.
a. General Jurisdiction
“When a State exercises personal jurisdiction over a defendant in a suit not arising out of
or related to the defendant’s contacts with the forum, the State has been said to be exercising
‘general jurisdiction’ over the defendant.” Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall,
466 U.S. 408, 415 n.14 (1984). To invoke general jurisdiction, a defendant’s contacts with the
forum must be “so ‘continuous and systematic’ as to render them essentially at home in the forum
State.” Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011). “For an

individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general jurisdiction is the individual’s
domicile.” Id. at 924. “[T]he general jurisdiction inquiry does not focus solely on the magnitude
of the defendant’s in-state contacts,” but instead “calls for an appraisal of [defendant’s] activities
in their entirety.” BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell, 137 S. Ct. 1549, 1559 (2017) (citing Daimler AG v.
Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 139 n.20 (2014)).
Appraising defendant’s activities in their entirety, the court cannot say that her contacts
rendered her essentially at home in the forum state. While defendant spent a considerable amount
of time in North Carolina, (see McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 10; Bourne Aff. (DE 13) ¶ 8; McNealy
Decl. (DE 14-1) ¶ 10), she has at all times relevant to this litigation been a citizen of California,
and she has never sought to change her domicile to North Carolina. (See Compl. (DE 1-1) ¶¶ 2,
10, 20; McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶¶ 2, 3, 5, 11; McNealy Decl. (DE 14-1) ¶¶ 9, 10). Thus, general
jurisdiction does not lie in this case.
b. Specific Jurisdiction
“The inquiry whether a forum State may assert specific jurisdiction over a nonresident

defendant focuses on the relationship among the defendant, the forum, and the litigation.” Walden
v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 283–84 (2014) (quotations omitted). “For a State to exercise jurisdiction
consistent with due process, the defendant’s suit-related conduct must create a substantial
connection with the forum State.” Id. at 284. “To decide whether specific jurisdiction exists, we
examine (1) the extent to which the defendant purposefully availed itself of the privilege of
conducting activities in the State; (2) whether the plaintiffs’ claims arise out of those activities
directed at the State; and (3) whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction would be constitutionally
reasonable.” Mitrano v. Hawes, 377 F.3d 402, 407 (4th Cir. 2004) (quotations omitted); see Burger
King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474–76 (1985).

The touchstone of the purposeful availment inquiry is whether “the defendant’s conduct
and connection with the forum State are such that [s]he should reasonably anticipate being haled
into court there.” World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980). “The
purposeful-availment test is flexible, and our analysis proceeds on a case-by-case basis.” Tire
Eng’g & Distribution, 682 F.3d at 302. “We have found purposeful availment where a defendant
substantially collaborated with a forum resident and that joint enterprise constituted an integral
element of the dispute.” Id. (citing CFA Inst. v. Inst. of Chartered Fin. Analysts of India, 551 F.3d
285, 294–95 (4th Cir. 2009)).
Defendant testifies that, “because [plaintiff] contemplated using his new vacation home in
North Carolina and wanted [defendant] to accompany him on his trips,” the parties agreed that
plaintiff would compensate defendant $110,000.00 per year for domestic work, including
“managing travel plans, cooking, cleaning, purchasing furniture, and playing social hostess to
friends and family.” (McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶¶ 8, 9). It is undisputed that defendant cohabitated

with plaintiff in North Carolina at least 71 days in 2014, 47 days in 2015, 119 days in 2016, 200
days in 2017, and 192 days in 2018. (McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 10; Bourne Aff. (DE 13) ¶ 8;
McNealy Decl. (DE 14-1) ¶ 10). In July 2016, defendant “agreed that [she] would spend more
time in North Carolina with [plaintiff] while [her] daughter was away for law school.” (McNealy
Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 11). Defendant testifies that the friends she had in North Carolina “were mutual
friends of [plaintiff] and I, as a couple, all of whom were husbands and wives we socialized with.”
(McNealy Decl. (DE 14-1) ¶ 13). On these facts, defendant’s performance of her alleged
agreement with plaintiff in North Carolina should have given her reason to anticipate being haled
into court in North Carolina.

Defendant argues that she did not purposefully avail herself of the privileges of conducting
business in North Carolina, citing the multifactor test for purposeful availment articulated in
Consulting Engineers Corp. v. Geometric Ltd., 561 F.3d 273, 278 (4th Cir. 2009). Defendant
argues that she did not maintain offices in North Carolina, own property in the state, reach out to
North Carolina to solicit or initiate business, or agree that North Carolina law could govern any
disputes. (Def. Mem. (DE 8) at 7; McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 6). However, the facts above
demonstrate that defendant deliberately engaged in significant or long-term business activities in
North Carolina from 2014–18, made in-person contact with plaintiff in North Carolina regarding
carrying out the alleged agreement, was in close communication with plaintiff by virtue of
defendant’s extended stays in North Carolina, and performed a large portion of the alleged contract
in North Carolina. See Consulting Eng’rs, 561 F.3d at 278. Thus, defendant’s argument is
unpersuasive.
Defendant also argues that her contacts with North Carolina are based on the “unilateral”
decision by plaintiff to move to North Carolina. (Def. Resp. (DE 8) at 8). However, defendant

also testifies that she “agreed that [she] would spend more time in North Carolina with [plaintiff]
while [her] daughter was away for law school.” (McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 11). Plaintiff’s own
testimony indicates her assent to carrying out the terms of the purported contract in North Carolina.
See Tire Eng’g & Distribution, 682 F.3d at 302 (citing Nolan, 259 F.3d at 216) (“Where such
minimum contacts are present, that the defendant did not initiate the contacts does not bar a judicial
finding of purposeful availment.”). Accordingly, defendant purposefully availed herself of the
privilege of conducting activities in the state of North Carolina.
Turning to the second prong of the specific jurisdiction analysis, a plaintiff’s claims arise
out of defendant’s contacts with the forum if “the defendant’s contacts with the forum state form

the basis of the suit.” Consulting Eng’rs, 561 F.3d at 278–79; see also CFA Inst., 551 F.3d at 295
(holding the second prong of the specific jurisdiction inquiry met where contacts are “the genesis
of this dispute”). Defendant’s demand letter seeking compensation from plaintiff expressly
discusses “house hunting in North Carolina and finding a 4400 square foot home, furnishing the
home, and entertaining your family in the home.” (Bourne Aff. (DE 13) Ex. C). And, as noted
above, defendant agreed to spend time with plaintiff in North Carolina. Therefore, the dispute
arises out of defendant’s contacts with North Carolina, which include partial performance of the
alleged agreement.
Defendant argues that her contacts with North Carolina are not the genesis of the dispute
because the putative contract was formed in California, even though the putative contract was
partially performed in North Carolina. (Def. Mem. (DE 8–9). Defendant construes the court’s
minimum contacts analysis far too narrowly. Defendant’s assertion of a breach of contract requires
both formation of a contract and a breach of its terms. (See Bourne Aff. (DE 13) Ex. C). Where

her contacts with the forum directly relate to her performance of the putative contract, defendant’s
argument is unavailing.
Finally, “jurisdictional rules may not be employed in such a way as to make litigation ‘so
gravely difficult and inconvenient’ that a party unfairly is at a ‘severe disadvantage’ in comparison
to his opponent.” Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. at 478 (internal citations omitted). Constitutional
reasonableness depends upon factors including 1) “the burden on the defendant,” 2) “the forum
[s]tate’s interest in adjudicating the dispute,” 3) “plaintiff’s interest in obtaining convenient and
effective relief,” 4) “the interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient
resolution of controversies,” and 5) “the shared interest of the several [s]tates in furthering

fundamental substantive social policies.” World-Wide Volkswagen, 444 U.S. at 292 (internal
citations omitted).
Here, the burden on defendant is not so gravely difficult as to put her at a severe
disadvantage litigating in North Carolina. Defendant testifies that she now is the primary caregiver
for her mother, who suffered a serious fall in March 2019. (McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 14).
However, it is undisputed that defendant has previously traveled to North Carolina since her
mother’s fall. (Bourne Decl. (DE 13) ¶ 13; McNealy Decl. (DE 14-1) ¶ 14). Defendant suggests
that she is indigent because she only makes $3,000.00 per month in income, but she does not testify
fully to the extent of her assets. (See McNealy Decl. (DE 7-1) ¶ 14; McNealy Decl. (DE 14-1) ¶
15). Thus far, defense counsel has ably removed plaintiff’s case to this court and fully litigated
defendant’s Rule 12(b) motion. (DE 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 14). Plaintiff’s counsel has also represented that
he can travel to California to take depositions and otherwise minimize any inconvenience to
defendant. (Pl. Resp. (DE 12) at 9). Where “modern transportation and communications have
made it much less burdensome” for defendant to litigate the instant action, the burden of litigating

the instant case in North Carolina does not put defendant at a severe disadvantage. Rudzewicz,
471 U.S. at 474.
After receiving two separate demands on April 19, 2019, and October 7, 2019, plaintiff
chose to seek relief from the North Carolina courts, seeking declaratory judgment that he did not
owe defendant compensation. (Bourne Aff. (DE 13) Ex. B, C). To date, defendant still has not
filed claims seeking relief. (See Def. Mem. (DE 8) at 13 n.4). Thus, plaintiff’s interest in obtaining
convenient and effective relief, expressed through his choice to pursue declaratory judgment in
North Carolina, militates in favor of constitutional reasonableness.
Finally, North Carolina has an interest in adjudicating the rights of the parties and

efficiently disposing of the instant case. See Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. at 473. As discussed above,
defendant seeks compensation from plaintiff, a citizen of North Carolina, for work partially
performed in North Carolina. Therefore, North Carolina’s interest in serving as the forum for the
instant dispute weighs in favor of constitutional reasonableness. Weighing the World-Wide
Volkswagen reasonableness factors in their entirety, specific jurisdiction over the instant dispute
is constitutionally reasonable.
Where plaintiff has made the requisite showing of specific jurisdiction in the instant case,
defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is denied.
B. Venue
“For the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may
transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought or to
any district or division to which all parties have consented.” 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). “[T]here is
ordinarily a strong presumption in favor of the plaintiff’s choice of forum, which may be overcome
only when the private and public interest factors clearly point towards trial in the alternative

forum.” Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 255 (1981); see Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh
Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 30–31 (1988); Trustees of the Plumbers & Pipefitters Nat. Pension Fund v.
Plumbing Servs., Inc., 791 F.3d 436, 444 (4th Cir. 2015).
Private interest factors include “relative ease of access to sources of proof; availability of
compulsory process for attendance of unwilling, and the cost of obtaining attendance of willing,
witnesses; . . . and all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and
inexpensive.” Atl. Marine Const. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court for W. Dist. of Texas, 571 U.S. 49, 63
n.6 (2013) (quoting Piper Aircraft, 454 U.S. at 241 n. 6 (internal quotation marks omitted)). Public
interest factors include “the administrative difficulties flowing from court congestion; the local

interest in having localized controversies decided at home; [and] the interest in having the trial of
a diversity case in a forum that is at home with the law.” Id.
As noted above, plaintiff’s choice of forum in North Carolina is entitled to a strong
presumption in favor of retaining the case in this district. (See Compl. (DE 1-1)). The court rejects
defendant’s assertion that plaintiff’s choice is entitled to less weight, where defendant knew for
approximately six months of the possibility of litigation prior to commencement of plaintiff’s
declaratory judgment action, yet chose not to file her own lawsuit based on the claims she asserts.
Plaintiff resides in North Carolina, while defendant resides in California. Both parties have
in the past indicated their ability to travel from California to North Carolina and vice-versa. Thus,
the convenience of the parties is a neutral factor. See Bannister v. Wal-Mart Stores E., L.P., 843
F. Supp. 2d 610, 614 (E.D.N.C. 2012).
Defendant asserts that Carrie Leontis (“Leontis”), the parties’ counselor, will testify to the
contractual arrangement between the parties. Leontis’s home and office are located in Palo Alto,
California. The court is unable to subpoena Leontis to testify at trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 45(c).

However, the Federal Rules permit defendant to rely upon Leontis’s deposition testimony at trial.
See Fed. R. Civ. P. 32(a)(4)(D). “Depositions are less satisfactory than live testimony.” Davis v.
St. Paul-Mercury Indem. Co., 294 F.2d 641, 647 (4th Cir. 1961). Nonetheless, “somewhat less
weight” is given to inconvenience of witnesses if the party seeking transfer “does not explain why
[the witnesses’] depositions would be inadequate or why they would not testify without a
subpoena.” D2L Ltd. v. Blackboard, Inc., 671 F. Supp. 2d 768, 781 (D. Md. 2009); Samsung
Elecs. Co. v. Rambus, Inc., 386 F. Supp. 2d 708, 718–19 (E.D. Va. 2005). Here, defendant does
not offer any evidence that process would be required for Leontis to testify, and she does not
persuasively explain why deposing Leontis is insufficient in the instant case. Thus, Leontis’

convenience only weighs slightly in favor of transfer.
Defendant also asserts that her mother and daughter would be unable to testify in North
Carolina. However, defendant offers no indication as to what, if anything her mother and daughter
would testify to. And, as with Leontis, defendant fails to persuasively explain why deposition
testimony is inadequate in the instant case. Defendant also wholly ignores that plaintiff will
present evidence in this case as well, and that such evidence is in North Carolina.
Turning to the public interest factors, the court rejects defendant’s suggestion that docket
congestion warrants transfer of this case. As noted by plaintiff, the addition of a new colleague to
the court’s bench renders stale defendant’s caseload statistics for this district. Defendant’s
suggestion that the court has not immediately benefitted from the presence of an additional district
court judge is uninformed and unpersuasive. Moreover, the median time to trial is a poor measure
of the court’s ability to try a case quickly, where the timeline for each case is developed with input
from the parties. Defendant offers no evidence that this case cannot be tried quickly if that is what
the parties desire.

The instant dispute is a localized controversy, where plaintiff, a citizen of North Carolina,
seeks to adjudicate his legal relationship with defendant, defendant seeks compensation for work
partially performed in North Carolina, and where defendant ultimately would try to enforce a
judgment against plaintiff in North Carolina. Thus, this factor weighs against transfer.
Finally, this case is a diversity case, seeking to determine plaintiff’s rights in relation to
defendant under state law. Defendant asserts that the parties have a contract that was formed in
California, which in turn could require application of California law. See Morris v. Hockaday, 94
N.C. 286, 289 (1886) (holding that a claim for breach of contract is governed by the law of the
state where the contract was allegedly formed, or the place of performance if stipulated to in the

contract). This factor weighs in favor of transfer.
Weighing all the factors discussed above, the court concludes that defendant fails to
overcome the strong presumption in favor of plaintiff’s choice of forum. While some
considerations such as availability of one key witness for live trial testimony and potential
application of California law weigh in favor of transfer, such factors alone are not sufficient to
warrant relief. The remaining factors presented by defendant are neutral or weigh against
defendant, where defendant merely seeks to shift the convenience of litigating from plaintiff to
her. By making demands of plaintiff and biding her time to file a lawsuit, defendant ceded the
initiative in the instant case. She cannot now rely on § 1404(a) to reclaim it.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction or
in the alternative to transfer the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District
of California (DE 7) is DENIED. The court’s initial order regarding planning and scheduling will
follow.
SO ORDERED, this the 27th day of March, 2020.

( ne W. FLANAGWA
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10250951. Public record. Not legal advice.