# Brown v. Kansas City Police Department

> District Court, W.D. Missouri · January 17, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10243003

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Missouri
- **Decided:** January 17, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10243003

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding § 1981 claims are analyzed in the same manner as Title VII claims.
- holding a union does not have a duty under Title VII to investigate and take steps to remedy employer discrimination
- affirming summary judgment where the employee could show the employer’s stated reason for firing him was false but could not show it was pretext for racial discrimination

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
WESTERN DIVISION

GLEANICE BROWN, )
LATONDRA MOORE, and )
TAMARA SOLOMON, )
)
Plaintiffs, )
) Case No. 4:20-CV-00920-DGK
v. )
)
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI BOARD )
OF POLICE COMMISSIONERS, et al., )
)
Defendants. )

ORDER GRANTING FRATERNAL ORDER OF POLICE SUMMARY JUDGMENT

Plaintiffs are female African Americans who were formerly detectives in the Crimes
Against Children Unit (“CAC”) of the Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department (“KCPD”).
They allege their immediate supervisors in the CAC discriminated against them based on their
race, age, and gender, and the KCPD discriminated against them in how it punished them for
procedure and policy violations. All three Plaintiffs are suing under various federal civil rights
laws for discrimination, retaliation, and harassment based on race, age, and gender.
Plaintiff Tamara Solomon (“Solomon”) is also suing the labor union of which she was
formerly a member, Defendant Missouri Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge #99 (“FOP”). Solomon
is suing the FOP for not providing her legal representation during her termination hearing before
the Kansas City, Missouri, Board of Police Commissioner, for being involved in a domestic
violence incident while off duty. Solomon alleges the FOP refused to provide her legal
representation because of her race and sex.
Now before the Court is the FOP’s Motion for Summary Judgment. ECF No. 118.
Because there is no evidence that Solomon’s race or gender played any role in the FOP’s decision,
the motion is GRANTED.
Summary Judgment Standard
Summary judgment is appropriate if, viewing all facts in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party, there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact, and the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S.
317, 322–23 (1986). Material facts are those facts “that might affect the outcome of the suit under
the governing law,” and a genuine dispute over material facts is one “such that a reasonable jury
could return a verdict for the nonmoving part[ies].” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
242, 248 (1986). The party seeking summary judgment bears the burden of showing a lack of a
genuine dispute as to any material fact, Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323, and the Court views the
facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, drawing all reasonable inferences in that
party’s favor, Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 588–89 (1986).
To survive a motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must substantiate her allegations
with “sufficient probative evidence that would permit a finding in her favor based on more than

mere speculation, conjecture, or fantasy.” Mann v. Yarnell, 497 F.3d 822, 825 (8th Cir. 2007)
(quotation omitted).
Undisputed Material Facts
To resolve the motion, the Court must first determine the material undisputed facts. The
Court has limited the facts to those that are undisputed and material to the pending summary
judgment motion.1 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) (emphasis added); L.R. 56.1(a). The Court has

1 For example, Solomon’s proposed facts include many facts that are immaterial to resolution of the pending summary
judgment motion, such as the details of the KCPD’s investigation into the January 7, 2018, domestic violence episode
involving Solomon and her spouse. Solomon contends the lead detective in this investigation was biased against and
made numerous misstatements that led to her wrongly being labeled the suspect.
2
excluded legal conclusions, argument presented as fact, and proposed facts not properly supported
by the record or admissible evidence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); L.R. 56.1(a). It has included
proposed facts that are material and which have been improperly controverted.2 See Fed. R. Civ.
P. 56(c); L.R. 56.1(a).

The Court finds the material undisputed facts to be as follows.

2 In her response, Solomon repeatedly attempts to establish or controvert facts by citing her deposition testimony or
her affidavit, but the cited testimony does not support her assertion or was a conclusion based on speculation or
conjecture. For example, she asserts, “In its entire history, every person the Defendant FOP has denied providing a
legal defense to was a black officer.” Pl.’s Additional Statements of Uncontroverted Material Facts #15. For
support, she cites to her deposition transcript, page 192 line 18 through page 193 line 6. This testimony does not
support the proposed fact. It reads:

18 Q. Okay. It is your belief and opinion
19 that the FOP's decision to not provide you legal
20 representation at your termination appeal was
21 motivated by your race and/or sex?

22 A. Yes.

23 Q. And can you tell me why you believe
24 that?

25 A. Because myself, as a black female, was

[Page 193]

1 not represented, when I know that they represent
2 white males and white females.

3 Q. But you don't -- you can't actually
4 identify any white male or female that they've
5 represented at a termination appeal, correct?

6 A. Not by name.

7 Q. By any other means? I mean, do you
8 know a time period? Do you know anything?

9 A. Not at this moment.

Solomon Dep., ECF No. 129-50 (lines 7–9 included for the sake of completion).
3
Background
Solomon is an African American female and former police officer with the KCPD.
Defendant FOP is a labor union and the exclusive authorized representative of all sworn personnel
of the KCPD below the rank of Captain. Brad Lemon (“Lemon”) is the FOP’s President and has

held that position for the past nine years. He has held an executive position with the FOP since
2009.
As President, Lemon oversees the FOP’s day-to-day business operations. The Executive
Board meets to carry out the FOP’s business affairs and vote on key matters such as whether to
provide a legal defense to members disciplined by the KCPD.
Solomon became a full FOP member in 2005. In 2019, when the FOP allegedly failed to
provide her legal representation because of her race and sex, she was a member in good standing.
The FOP’s Legal Defense Plan
Article 23 of the FOP’s Constitution and By-Laws, titled “Benefits Program,” requires the
establishment and maintenance of a Legal Services Plan, otherwise referred to as the Legal

Defense Plan (“the Plan”). The current Plan was adopted in 2015. All active FOP members in
good standing and working for the KCPD are eligible to participate in the Plan and receive its
benefits.
The Plan covers a legal defense and appropriate legal challenges to “adverse administrative
actions” and “criminal action or proceeding brought against the Member, arising directly out of
the Member’s activities in the scope of employment . . .” Under the Plan, “scope of employment”
is defined as “all activities of a member while on duty in connection with Employment, and all
law enforcement activities authorized or required by the Member’s Employment, whether on or

4
off duty.” Covered activities includes things like allegations of excessive use of force while on
duty. The Plan explicitly excludes coverage for occurrences involving activities that are not in
the scope of employment. The Plan states that disciplinary matters subject to a hearing before the
KCMO Board of Police Commissioners (“BPC”) shall be processed in accordance with FOP’s

duty of fair representation, but that all coverage determinations are at the “absolute discretion of
the Executive Board.”
The MOU between the KCMO BPC and the FOP
From 2017 until 2021, a written Memorandum of Understanding agreement (“MOU”)
between the KCMO BPC and the FOP was in place. The MOU explicitly states that the MPC has
the right to “[d]iscipline, demote or discharge for cause as exclusively determined by the Board of
Police Commissioners pursuant with Chapter 84 of the Missouri statutes.” The MOU covers
“Internal Affairs Procedures.” Members such as Solomon are allowed to have representation
during interviews in an internal affair investigation so long as the representative is a sworn member
of the KCPD. Further, the representative “shall not be allowed to interfere with or disrupt the

interview process” but can only, after the questioning, confer with the employee and determine if
any answers need to be clarified. There is nothing within the MOU that allows FOP to stop an
internal affairs investigation or to stop the KCPD from proceeding with disciplinary action against
a bargaining unit member. When a bargaining unit employee is under investigation by the BPC,
that employee has a duty to participate in the investigation.
The MOU does not establish or otherwise provide a mechanism for FOP to grieve
disciplinary actions issued to bargaining unit members. Depending on the level of discipline
issued, a bargaining unit member can either appeal to the KCMO BPC or a grievance committee.

5
Disciplinary actions involving termination, demotion, or suspension of fifteen days or more, may
only be appealed to the KCMO BPC. Suspensions of fourteen days or less, letter of reprimand,
or disciplinary counseling, may be appealed to either a Grievance Committee or the Chief of
Police. Appeals of disciplinary actions to the KCMO BPC, a Grievance Committee, or the Chief

of Police are not addressed in the MOU.
The FOP Defended Solomon During the CAC Investigation
Solomon started working for the KCPD in August 2004. During her employment there
she worked in the CAC. In November 2015, KCPD began reporting deficiencies in Solomon’s
casework. Solomon was transferred out of the CAC around January 2016. On May 16, 2018,
Solomon was provided with a Personnel Incident Report regarding a miscellaneous investigation
regarding improper procedure within the CAC.
On October 22, 2018, Solomon reported to the KCPD and the FOP that she felt
discriminated against on the basis of her sex and race as it pertained to the CAC investigation.
FOP President Lemon agreed with Solomon and felt there may be a racial and sexual element in

the KCPD’s investigation and recommendations as it pertained to her work in the CAC Unit.
In January 2019, Solomon was notified by KCPD that she was being suspended for seven
days and subject to a disciplinary transfer because of the CAC investigation. At the time Solomon
was notified about this discipline, she was notified of her appeal rights. The FOP represented
Solomon at all the interviews she gave during the investigation as it pertained to the CAC
investigation.
Lemon asked Solomon whether she wanted assistance from the FOP in appealing her
seven-day suspension to a Grievance Committee. Solomon chose not to appeal her seven-day

6
suspension to a Grievance Committee or the Chief of Police because the investigation was very
stressful. Although Lemon offered FOP assistance, Solomon nonetheless believes the FOP
discriminated against her because of her race and gender as it pertains to the CAC investigation
because it did not involve the attorneys enough and did not stop the CAC investigation.

Solomon’s Termination from the KCPD
On or about January 7, 2018, Solomon and her spouse got into a domestic disturbance. A
911 call was placed by one of their minor children, and police responded to Solomon’s residence.
Solomon was not on duty at the time this incident occurred.
Solomon cooperated with the police in the subsequent criminal investigation. The BPC
wrongly believed she did not. The detective in charge of the criminal investigation initially
classified Solomon as a victim, but later changed Solomon’s status to suspect. Solomon believes
the detective’s statements regarding the investigation were dishonest and misleading, including
falsely claiming she was not cooperative, and that her status was reclassified to suspect because of
her race and sex and in retaliation for her making discrimination complaints against the BPC.

On May 9, 2018, Jackson County Prosecutor Jean Peters Baker sent the KCPD Chief of
Police a letter regarding concerns of Solomon’s children, her failure to participate in the
subsequent criminal investigation, and Brady v. Maryland concerns from Solomon’s multiple
domestic violence situations.
On or about June 27, 2018 (prior to receiving the seven-day suspension for the CAC
investigation), Solomon was notified via letter from the KCPD Chief of Police that the Jackson
County Prosecutor’s Office was concerned about Solomon’s conduct that was the subject of a
criminal investigation. As a result, the KCPD was suspending Solomon’s off duty employment

7
privileges and an Internal Affairs Investigation was being initiated. Solomon assumed the
incident(s) referenced in the letter pertained to the CAC investigation; she had no idea it pertained
to the January 7, 2018, domestic violence incident.
Solomon contacted Lemon after receiving the Police Chief’s June 27, 2018, letter. Lemon

told Solomon he would look into it. He later told Solomon that she was under investigation, but
he didn’t have any further details.
On December 18, 2018, Solomon gave a statement to internal affairs as it pertains to the
January 7, 2018, domestic violence incident. Solomon does not recall asking for a FOP
representative for this interview.
Prior to submitting to the interview, Solomon assumed it pertained to the ongoing CAC
investigation. After learning at the interview that the investigation was about the January 7, 2018,
domestic violence incident, Solomon did not contact Lemon and inform him about the
investigation.
On March 13, 2019, Solomon received a personal incident report regarding the

investigation into the domestic violence incident. On March 17, 2019, Solomon responded in
writing to the report’s allegations. Solomon did not inform Lemon about the Personnel Incident
Report or ask for assistance in crafting her March 17, 2019, response.
On or about April 9, 2019, Solomon was told by Captain Luster that he was recommending
Solomon be terminated. Solomon had a FOP member at this meeting. On or about August 22,
2019, Solomon was presented with documentation from the Chief of Police stating she was
suspended without pay pending the outcome of a hearing before the BPC.
Lemon was not contacted by Solomon as it pertains to the investigation of the January 7,

8
2018, domestic violence incident from the time Solomon received the Personnel Incident Report
on March 13, 2019, up to receiving her the August 22, 2019, letter. Lemon knew nothing about
the internal investigation into Solomon until she provided him a copy of the August 22, 2019,
letter.

On or about August 27, 2019, Solomon had a meeting with Lemon and a FOP attorney.
Solomon told Lemon that she intended to appeal her termination recommendation with or without
the assistance of FOP attorneys.
On August 30, 2019, attorney Nicholas Ruble (“Ruble”) emailed Solomon draft language
for her to appeal her termination to a hearing before the KCMO BPC. In the same email, Ruble
informed Solomon that the FOP’s Executive Board was going to meet and decide whether to cover
her costs of representation at the appeal hearing.
On October 1, 2019, the FOP’s Executive Board unanimously voted not to provide legal
counsel for Solomon’s appeal to the KCMO BPC primarily because it believed the underlying
incident Solomon was facing termination for—an off duty domestic violence at her residence—

was not in the scope of her employment as a police officer. The FOP also considered: (1) that
Solomon had been involved in multiple domestic violence cases which prompted the Jackson
County Prosecutor to make a child abuse hotline call; (2) its belief that Solomon intended to inhibit
the BPC’s investigation, which would be detrimental to the FOP and negatively affect the public’s
view of law enforcement; and (3) its believe that the likelihood of success in the appeal was low.
The FOP did not know what happened in the January 7, 2018, domestic violence episode.
It only knew what the allegations were.
Lemon told Solomon that the FOP Executive Board voted not to provide her legal

9
representation at her KCMO BPC hearing because it was not department related. Solomon is
unaware of any specific male KCPD police officer(s) or Caucasian KCPD police officer(s) that
have been provided legal representation by the FOP at disciplinary appeal hearings. Finally,
Solomon has never heard Lemon make any type of racial slur or a sexist comment.

Solomon represented herself at her hearing before the KCMO BPC, which took place on
December 3, 2019. After the hearing, the BPC voted to terminate Solomon’s employment.
Officers who Have been Provided Legal Representation Under the Plan
Since the implementation of the Plan, the FOP has provided legal counsel for three officers’
appeals to the KCMO BPC. These officers were James Carmody, Hershel Rodgers, and James
Peeler. Hershel Rodgers is African American. Lemon believes one of the other two may have
been Asian Pacific (Lemon never asked his ethnicity); the third was Caucasian. All three faced
discipline over conduct that occurred within the scope of their employment as law enforcement
officers. At no point since at least 2009 has the FOP provided legal counsel for any type of
disciplinary appeal for alleged violations that were not in the scope of the member’s duties as a

law enforcement officer.
Solomon’s EEOC Charges
Solomon filed several EEOC Charges of Discrimination. The only discriminatory
conduct she alleged against the FOP in her EEOC Charges is that she was not provided legal
counsel while Caucasian males were provided legal counsel.
Solomon’s Damages
Solomon believes FOP representation would have made a difference at her appeal hearing.
She believes that had the FOP provided a legal defense at the hearing, she would not have lost her

10
job, and she thereby suffered lost wages, benefits, pain and suffering, anxiety, inconvenience,
embarrassment, mental distress, and insult.
In fact, since 2009 there has never been a Notice of Termination overturned by the BPC,
with or without FOP provided legal representation.

Discussion
Counts XV, XVIII, and XIX of the Third Amended Complaint apply to the FOP. Counts
XV and XIX are brought pursuant to Title VII, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000(e) 2(a), 2000(e) 3(a), and alleges
the FOP discriminated against Solomon and harassed her by failing to provide her legal counsel
because of her race (African American) and sex (female).3 Count XVIII is brought via 42 U.S.C
§§ 1981, 1983 and alleges discrimination in contracting based on Solomon’s race, asserting she
was subjected to different terms than those given to Caucasian’s in the same or similar situations.
The FOP moves for summary judgment on all three counts.
I. The FOP is entitled to summary judgment on all § 1983 claims.
As a threshold matter, summary judgment is granted with respect to that portion of Count

XVIII (and any other portion of the Third Amended Complaint) alleging the FOP is liable under
42 U.S.C. § 1983. The FOP argues it is entitled to summary judgment on any § 1983 claims
because the Third Amended Complaint does not allege that the FOP was acting under color of
state law or conspired with Defendant KCPD, thus it cannot be liable under § 1983. See Magee
v. Trustees of Hamline Univ., Minn., 747 F.3d 532, 536 (8th Cir. 2014) (observing a police union
is generally not a state actor and absent some “meeting of the minds” between the union and a state

3 Count XV variously alleges the FOP discriminated against her based on her “sex” (¶ 324) and her “race and gender”
(¶ 327). The Court interprets the allegations to allege discrimination based on race and sex, construing the allegations
as broadly as possible while still consistent with the rest of the Third Amended Complaint.
11
actor, a police union is not liable under § 1983). Solomon does not dispute this argument, so it is
waived. Satcher v. Univ. of Ark. at Pine Bluff Bd. of Trs., 558 F.3d 731, 735 (8th Cir. 2009)
(“[F]ailure to oppose a basis for summary judgment constitutes waiver of that argument.”). The
Court grants summary judgment to Defendant FOP on all § 1983 claims.

II. The FOP is entitled to summary judgment on all harassment claims.
Counts XV and XIX allege harassment based on race and sex, and it appears they are
brought both against both her actual employer, the KCPD, and the FOP. The FOP moves for
summary judgment on any harassment claims. It notes that the only possible harassment
allegation against it is that the FOP failed to conduct a prompt investigation into the KCPD after
Solomon complained of race and gender discrimination by the KCPD. It argues an allegation that
a labor union did not promptly investigate discrimination allegations against the employer is
insufficient to support a harassment claim. See Eliserio v. United Steelworkers of Am. Local 310,
398 F.3d 1071, 1076–77 (8th Cir. 2005) (holding a union does not have a duty under Title VII to
investigate and take steps to remedy employer discrimination). Additionally, labor unions have

no duty to take remedial action for the discriminatory acts of individual members. See id. at 1077.
Finally, it contends the act of not investigation Solomon’s discrimination claim against the KCPD
is not the kind of “severe and pervasive” conduct that is actionable as a hostile environment claim.
Solomon does not dispute these arguments, so any opposition to them is waived. Satcher,
558 F.3d at 735. The Court grants summary judgment to Defendant FOP on all harassment
claims.

12
III. The FOP is entitled to summary judgment on the race and sex discrimination claims.
The Court now turns to the heart of Solomon’s lawsuit against the FOP, namely her claims
that the FOP discriminated against her by not providing her with legal representation before the
KCMO BPC.

Under Section 703(c)(1) of Title VII, it is “an unlawful employment practice for a labor
organization . . . to discriminate against[ ] any individual because of his race, color, religion, sex,
or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–2(c)(1)(emphasis added). Similarly, 42 U.S.C. § 1981
prohibits discrimination based on race or ethnicity (but not sex), in the making and enforcement
of contracts. Runyon v. McCrary, 427 U.S. 160, 168 (1976).
The FOP alleges, and Solomon does not dispute, that she has no direct evidence of
discrimination, thus she must prove intentional discrimination under the McDonnell Douglas
burden-shifting framework. Shirrell v. St. Francis Med. Ctr., 793 F.3d 881, 887 (8th Cir. 2015);
see Davis v. KARK-TV, Inc., 421 F.3d 699, 703 (8th Cir. 2005) (holding § 1981 claims are analyzed
in the same manner as Title VII claims.) Under that framework, Solomon must first establish a

prima facie case. Huynh v. U.S. Dep’t of Transp., 794 F.3d 952, 958 (8th Cir. 2015). If she does,
then the burden shifts to the FOP to offer legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for its actions.
Id. If the FOP can establish a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for doing so, the burden shifts
back to Solomon to prove the FOP’s reasons were a pretext for discrimination. Id.
The FOP contends that, assuming for the sake of argument Solomon can establish a prima
facie case, it had a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for not providing her legal counsel before
the KCMO BPC, namely, the Plan explicitly excludes coverage for actions taken outside the course
and scope of employment as a KCPD officer. The FOP points out that Solomon’s January 7,

13
2018, domestic violence episode occurred when she was not on duty and was outside the course
and scope of her employment. Thus, the Executive Board had a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason not to provide Solomon with legal counsel at her BPC appeal hearing, and so the burden
shifts back to Solomon to show the Executive Board’s decision was pretext for race or sex

discrimination. It contends she cannot make this showing because since the Plan’s inception only
three people—one of which was African American—have been provided legal representation, and
the conduct at issue in all three cases occurred within the course and scope of their employment as
KCMO police officers. At no point in the last fifteen years has the FOP provided legal
representation for any officer accused of misconduct or policy violations outside the course and
scope of their employment.
Solomon does not dispute that the FOP has identified a legitimate, non-discriminatory
reason for its decision, but she argues there is a material issue of fact here whether the stated reason
is pretextual. First, she contends the domestic abuse episode was within the course and scope of
her employment because the KCPD cited her for violations of KCPD/BPC policy in connection

with the incident, thus bringing the investigation within the scope of her employment. Second,
she asserts the Plan’s language does provide a legal defense for off duty actions. Third, she
alleges the record supports a reasonable inference that the FOP refused to provide a legal defense
because of her race and gender because it has used the “off duty” rationale to deny other African
American officers a legal defense, suggesting African American officers were treated differently.
Fourth, she claims the Executive Board’s decision was influenced by the fact that the January 7,
2018, incident involved domestic violence, and it did not want to be seen as providing a legal
defense to officers who allegedly beat their wives. Had the Executive Board reviewed any

14
evidence about the domestic abuse incident, it would have shown that she was the victim in the
incident, not the aggressor. All the above, she asserts, show pretext.
The Court holds the FOP has established a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for its
decision, and it was not pretextual.

With respect to Solomon’s first two points, the January 7, 2018, off duty domestic violence
episode was plainly outside the course and scope of her employment, and the Plan provides
coverage only for proceedings “arising directly out of the Member’s activities in the scope of
employment.” “Scope of employment” is defined as “all activities of a member while on duty in
connection with Employment, and all law enforcement activities authorized or required by the
Member’s Employment, whether on or off duty.” The domestic violence incident occurred in her
home, while she was off duty, a domestic violence is not an activity authorized or required by her
employment. The fact that the KCPD/BPC subsequently fired her for violating KCPD/BPC
policy in connection with this incident did not bring it within the course and scope of her
employment. If it did, then every time an officer was cited for a policy violation, the officer would

be acting in the course and scope of his or her employment. In this way, any conceivable felony
a FOP member could commit while off duty—evading taxes, violating the Mann Act,4 engaging
in piracy on the high seas—could be acting in the scope of employment. Such an interpretation
is completely incompatible with the text of the Plan.
Solomon’s third point is similarly meritless because to show pretext she must do more than
allege that black officers were denied coverage for an off-duty incident which was not within the

4 The Mann Act, now codified at 18 U.S.C. § 2421, prohibits knowingly transporting any person across state lines
with intent that such individual engage in prostitution or any sexual activity for which any person can be charged with
a criminal offense.
15
scope of their employment; she must show a similarly situated FOP member outside of her
protected class was treated differently. See Lake v. Yellow Trans., Inc., 596 F.3d 871, 873-74 (8th
Cir. 2010). That is, she must show the FOP provided legal assistance to a non-African American
officer who was being fired for conduct outside the scope of his or her employment as a law

enforcement officer. This she cannot do. She has not identified a single officer the FOP
provided legal assistance to in circumstances analogous to hers. In fact, the record demonstrates
the FOP provided legal coverage to all officers, regardless of their race, who faced discipline for
conduct occurring within the scope of their employment, and it did not provide any legal coverage
to any officer who faced discipline for conduct occurring outside the scope of his or her
employment.
Finally, Solomon’s fourth point is unavailing. The argument here is that the FOP breached
its duty of fair representation because she was innocent, and if the FOP had conducted a fair review
of the disciplinary allegations, it would have realized this. The FOP did not provide the required
legal defense in part because it was worried about its image and did not want to be seen as

providing a legal defense to officers who allegedly “beat” their wives. Solomon contends the
FOP’s “flagrant unwillingness to uphold their duty of fair representation shows that Solomon’s
race and gender was a determinative factor in Defendant refusing to provide her with a legal
defense.” Suggestions in Opp’n at 68, ECF No. 142.
This argument is unpersuasive for two reasons. First, the record is unequivocal that the
FOP’s decision was driven almost entirely, if not entirely, by its belief that the Plan excluded
coverage because the January 7, 2018, domestic violence incident was outside the scope and course
of Solomon’s employment. Granted, the FOP was aware Solomon had been previously involved

16
in domestic violence episodes, and it was also aware that she was accused of assaulting her spouse
in front of their children on January 7, 2018, and then not cooperating with the subsequent criminal
investigation into the incident—allegations which for summary judgment purposes the Court
considers were untrue. While the FOP may have been relieved it did not have to provide legal

assistance to an officer accused of domestic violence, it did not decline to provide coverage
because she was accused of domestic violence.
Second, even assuming the FOP’s sole reason to deny coverage was it did not want to be
perceived as defending “wife-beating” officers, this is not evidence that the stated reason was
pretext for discrimination. It would be evidence that the FOP’s stated reason was pretext to
protect its public image, something which is not unlawful under either Title VII or § 1981. See
St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. V. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 515 (1993) (“[A] reason cannot be proved to be ‘a
pretext for discrimination’ unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination
was the real reason.”); Maxfield v. Cintas Corp. No. 2, 427 F.3d 544, 551-52 (8th Cir. 2005)
(affirming summary judgment where the employee could show the employer’s stated reason for

firing him was false but could not show it was pretext for racial discrimination).
Because the FOP has established a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason which Solomon
cannot demonstrate was pretext for race or sex discrimination, the FOP is entitled to summary
judgment on Solomon’s race and sex discrimination claims in Counts XV, XVIII, and XIX.
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth above, the FOP’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 118,
is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.

17
Date: January 17, 2024 /s/ Greg Kays
GREG KAYS, JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

18

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10243003. Public record. Not legal advice.