# Carter v. Hillsboro Treatment Center

> District Court, E.D. Missouri · July 24, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10233425

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. Missouri
- **Decided:** July 24, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10233425

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that “a state is not a person for purposes of a claim for money damages under § 1983”
- stating that a “State is not a person under § 1983”
- stating that federal courts are not required to “assume facts that are not alleged, just because an additional factual allegation would have formed a stronger complaint”
- explaining that a state official may be sued in his or her official capacity for injunctive relief without violating the Eleventh Amendment
- stating that liability may attach to a governmental entity if a constitutional violation resulted from an official policy, an unofficial custom, or a deliberately indifferent failure to train or supervise

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI
EASTERN DIVISION
JAMOND CARTER, )
Plaintiff,
Vv. No. 4:19-cv-01323-NAB
HILLSBORO TREATMENT, )
CENTER, et al., )
Defendants,
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on review of self-represented plaintiff Jamond Carter’s
complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. For the reasons discussed below, the Court will dismiss
plaintiff's claims against the Hillsboro Treatment Center, Luke Unknown, Scott Unknown, and
Erica Unknown, as well as the official capacity claim against Kenyetta Garth. However, the Court
will direct the Clerk of Court to issue process on defendant Garth in her individual capacity.
Legal Standard on Initial Review
Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2), the Court is required to dismiss a complaint filed in forma
pauperis if it is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. To
state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must demonstrate a plausible claim for relief,
which is more than a “mere possibility of misconduct.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679 (2009).
“A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to
draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” /d. at 678.
Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief is a context-specific task that
requires the reviewing court to draw upon judicial experience and common sense. /d. at 679. The
court must “accept as true the facts alleged, but not legal conclusions or threadbare recitals of the

elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Barton v. Taber, 820
F.3d 958, 964 (8" Cir. 2016). See also Brown v. Green Tree Servicing LLC, 820 F.3d 371, 372-73
(8" Cir. 2016) (stating that court must accept factual allegations in complaint as true, but is not
required to “accept as true any legal conclusion couched as a factual allegation’).
When reviewing a pro se complaint under § 1915(e)(2), the Court must give it the benefit
of a liberal construction. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). A “liberal construction”
means that if the essence of an allegation is discernible, the district court should construe the
plaintiffs complaint in a way that permits his or her claim to be considered within the proper legal
framework. Solomon y. Petray, 795 F.3d 777, 787 (8" Cir. 2015). However, even pro se complaints
are required to allege facts which, if true, state a claim for relief as a matter of law. Martin v.
Aubuchon, 623 F.2d 1282, 1286 (8" Cir. 1980). See also Stone v. Harry, 364 F.3d 912, 914-15 (8"
Cir. 2004) (stating that federal courts are not required to “assume facts that are not alleged, just
because an additional factual allegation would have formed a stronger complaint”). In addition,
affording a pro se complaint the benefit of a liberal construction does not mean that procedural
rules in ordinary civil litigation must be interpreted so as to excuse mistakes by those who proceed
without counsel. See McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106, 113 (1993).
Background
Plaintiff is a self-represented litigant who is currently incarcerated at the Northeast
Correctional Center in Bowling Green, Missouri. At the time relevant to this complaint, he was
being held at the Hillsboro Treatment Center in Hillsboro, Missouri, which is operated by the State
of Missouri’s Division of Youth Services. (Docket No. 1 at 4). On May 16, 2019, he filed a civil
action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, against defendants Hillsboro Treatment Center, Kenyetta

Garth,! Luke Unknown, Scott Unknown, and Erica Unknown. Defendants were sued in both their
individual and official capacities. (Docket No. 1 at 5). Plaintiff also filed a motion for leave to
proceed in forma pauperis, which was granted.
In the complaint, plaintiff stated that he was confined at the Hillsboro Treatment Center as
a ward of the court. While there, he claimed that he was sexually assaulted by staff member Garth.
(Docket No. 1-3 at 1). Plaintiff further alleged that Garth advised him that if he told anyone, he
would be “locked up in DYS until [he] was 21.” (Docket No. 1 at 6). As a result of the assault,
plaintiff stated that he suffered from emotional distress and mental anguish. (Docket No. 1 at 10).
He sought compensatory damages in the amount of $25,000,000 against each defendant, as well
as $25,000,000 in punitive damages against each defendant. (Docket No. | at 8).
On January 7, 2020, the Court directed plaintiff to show cause as to why this case should
not be dismissed as time-barred. Specifically, the Court noted that plaintiff alleged that the assault
occurred on July 31, 2011, but that he did not sign his civil complaint until April 29, 2019. This
appeared to be beyond the applicable five-year statute of limitations. The Court also observed,
however, the possibility that plaintiff might have been younger than twenty-one when the assault
occurred, thereby tolling the statute.
On February 24, 2020, plaintiff's mother filed a summons in the Court for Garth. (Docket
No. 10). The summons provided what appears to be her full name.
On March 5, 2020, plaintiff filed a response to the Court’s show cause order. (Docket No.
11). In the response, plaintiff indicated that he was younger than twenty-one at the time the alleged
assault occurred. He further stated that based on the tolling statute his complaint was timely.

the complaint, plaintiff refers to Kenyetta Garth as Kenyetta G. However, in subsequent filings with the Court, he
identifies both her first and last name.

Discussion
Having reviewed plaintiff's complaint and show cause response, the Court has determined
that the claims against the Hillsboro Treatment Center, Luke Unknown, Scott Unknown, and Erica
Unknown must be dismissed. The Court will also dismiss the official capacity claim against
Kenyetta Garth. However, the Court will order the Clerk of Court to issue process on Garth in her
individual capacity.
A. Timeliness
There is no statute of limitations contained within 42 U.S.C. § 1983; however, the United
States Supreme Court “has held that § 1983 claims accruing within a particular state should be
governed by that state’s statute of limitations governing personal-injury claims.” Walker v. Barrett,
650 F.3d 1198, 1205 (8" Cir. 2011). Thus, for cases arising in Missouri, the five-year statute of
limitations for personal injury actions found in Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.120(4) applies to § 1983
actions. Sulik v. Taney Cty., Mo., 393 F.3d 765, 767 (8" Cir. 2005). While the statute of limitations
is an affirmative defense, a district court may properly dismiss an in forma pauperis complaint
under 28 U.S.C. § 1915 when it is apparent the statute of limitations has expired. Meyers v. Vogal,
960 F.2d 750, 751 (8" Cir. 1992).
In Missouri, the statute of limitations for personal injury actions begins when the damage
is capable of becoming known, not when the injury is actually discovered. See Powel v. Chaminade
Coll. Preparatory, Inc., 197 S.W.3d 576, 580 (Mo. 2006); and Chem. Workers. Basic Union, Local
No. 1744 v. Arnold Sav. Bank, 411 S.W.2d 159, 163-64 (Mo. 1966). Based on the allegations
presented in the complaint, plaintiff's damages seemed capable of becoming known on July 31,
2011, when he was sexually assaulted. However, plaintiff did not sign his civil complaint until

April 29, 2019, seven years and eight months later. Therefore, it initially appeared as though the
statute of limitations had expired.
Missouri law, however, provides that if the cause of action accrues before the plaintiff
reaches the age of 21, the statute of limitations is automatically tolled until that time. See Mo. Rev.
Stat. § 516.170. Plaintiff indicated in his complaint that he was younger than twenty-one years of
age. Accordingly, the Court directed plaintiff to show cause as to why his case should not be
dismissed as time-barred.
Plaintiff's response states that he was younger than twenty-one years of age when the
alleged sexual assault occurred at the Hillsboro Treatment Center. Furthermore, he asserts that he
filed this action within five years of the date of his twenty-first birthday. As such, based on the
information currently before it, the Court will not dismiss this action for untimeliness.
B. Hillsboro Treatment Center
Plaintiff's claim against the Hillsboro Treatment Center must be dismissed because it is
immune from suit. “Sovereign immunity is the privilege of the sovereign not to be sued without
its consent.” Va. Office for Prot. & Advocacy v. Stewart, 563 U.S. 247, 253 (2011). The Eleventh
Amendment has been held to confer immunity on an un-consenting state from lawsuits brought in
federal court by a state’s own citizens or the citizens of another state. Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S.
651, 662-63 (1974). See also Webb v. City of Maplewood, 889 F.3d 483, 485 (8" Cir. 2018) (“The
Eleventh Amendment protects States and their arms and instrumentalities from suit in federal
court”); Dover Elevator Co. v. Ark. State Univ., 64 F.3d 442, 446 (8" Cir. 1995) (“The Eleventh
Amendment bars private parties from suing a state in federal court”); and Egerdahl v. Hibbing
Cmty. Coll., 72 F.3d 615, 618-19 (8 Cir. 1995) “Generally, in the absence of consent a suit in

which the State or one of its agencies or departments is named as the defendant is proscribed by
the Eleventh Amendment”).
There are two “well-established exceptions” to the sovereign immunity provided by the
Eleventh Amendment. Barnes v. State of Missouri, 960 F.2d 63, 64 (8 Cir. 1992). “The first
exception to Eleventh Amendment immunity is where Congress has statutorily abrogated such
immunity by clear and unmistakable language.” Jd. The second exception is when a state waives
its immunity to suit in federal court. /d. at 65. To that end, a state will be found to have waived her
immunity “only where stated by the most express language or by such overwhelming implications
from the text as will leave no room for any other reasonable construction.” Welch v. Tex. Dep't of
Highways & Pub. Transp., 483 U.S. 468, 473 (1987). Neither exception is applicable in this case.
First, Congress has not statutorily abrogated immunity in this action, because 42 U.S.C. §
1983 does not revoke a state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity from suit in federal court. See Will
v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 66 (1989) (“We cannot conclude that § 1983 was
intended to disregard the well-established immunity of a State from being sued without its
consent”); and Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 341 (1979) (“{W]e simply are unwilling to
believe...that Congress intended by the general language of § 1983 to override the traditional
sovereign immunity of the States”). Second, the State of Missouri has not waived its immunity in
this type of action. See Mo. Rev. Stat. 537.600.
The Eleventh Amendment bars suit against a state or its agencies for any kind of relief, not
merely monetary damages. Monroe v. Arkansas State Univ., 495 F.3d 591, 594 (8" Cir. 2007)
(stating that district court erred in allowing plaintiff to proceed against state university for
injunctive relief, and remanding matter to district court for dismissal). The Hillsboro Treatment
Center is a part of the State of Missouri’s Division of Youth Services. As such, sovereign immunity

bars suit against it for any type of relief. Therefore, plaintiff's claim against the Hillsboro
Treatment Center must be dismissed.
C. Official Capacity Claims
In an official capacity claim against an individual, the claim is actually “against the
governmental entity itself.” See White v. Jackson, 865 F.3d 1064, 1075 (8" Cir. 2017). Thus, a
“suit against a public employee in his or her official capacity is merely a suit against the public
employer.” Johnson v. Outboard Marine Corp., 172 F.3d 531, 535 (8 Cir. 1999). See also
Brewington v. Keener, 902 F.3d 796, 800 (8" Cir. 2018) (explaining that official capacity suit
against sheriff and his deputy “must be treated as a suit against the County”); Kelly v. City of
Omaha, Neb., 813 F.3d 1070, 1075 (8" Cir. 2016) (stating that a “plaintiff who sues public
employees in their official, rather than individual, capacities sues only the public employer”); and
Elder-Keep v. Aksamit, 460 F.3d 979, 986 (8" Cir. 2006) (stating that a “suit against a public
official in his official capacity is actually a suit against the entity for which the official is an agent”).
Here, plaintiff alleges that defendants Garth, Luke Unknown, Scott Unknown, and Erica
Unknown are all employed by the State of Missouri’s Division of Youth Services. As such,
plaintiff's official capacity claims against them are actually claims against the State of Missouri
itself.
To the extent that plaintiff is seeking monetary damages, plaintiff's official capacity claims
must be dismissed because he is missing an essential element of a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim.
Specifically, § 1983 “provides for an action against a ‘person’ for a violation, under color of law,
of another’s civil rights.” McLean v. Gordon, 548 F.3d 613, 618 (8 Cir. 2008). See also Deretich
v. Office of Admin. Hearings, 798 F.2d 1147, 1154 (8" Cir. 1986) (stating that “[§] 1983 provides
a cause of action against persons only”). However, “neither a State nor its officials acting in their

official capacity are ‘persons’ under § 1983.” Will, 491 U.S. at 71. See also Calzone v. Hawley,
866 F.3d 866, 872 (8" Cir. 2017) (stating that a “State is not a person under § 1983”); and Kruger
v. Nebraska, 820 F.3d 295, 301 (8" Cir. 2016) (stating that “a state is not a person for purposes of
a claim for money damages under § 1983”). Likewise, in a suit for money damages, such a suit
against a state is barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity. See Monroe, 495 F.3d at 594
(explaining that a state official may be sued in his or her official capacity for injunctive relief
without violating the Eleventh Amendment).
In this case, plaintiff does not appear to be seeking injunctive relief. More to the point, he
states that he is no longer at the Hillsboro Treatment Center, meaning that injunctive relief is not
available, since he is no longer at risk for future harm. See Park v. Forest Service of U.S., 205 F.3d
1034, 1037 (8" Cir. 2000) (stating that in “the case of complaints for injunctive relief, the injury
in fact element of standing requires a showing that the plaintiff faces a threat of ongoing or future
harm”). Nevertheless, to the extent that plaintiff is seeking prospective injunctive relief, he has
failed to state a claim against the State of Missouri, because he has not identified an
unconstitutional policy, custom, or failure to train. See Mick v. Raines, 883 F.3d 1075, 1079 (st
Cir. 2018) (stating that liability may attach to a governmental entity if a constitutional violation
resulted from an official policy, an unofficial custom, or a deliberately indifferent failure to train
or supervise).
For all the above-stated reasons, plaintiffs official capacity claims against defendants
Garth, Luke Unknown, Scott Unknown, and Erica Unknown must be dismissed.
D. Individual Capacity Claims Against Defendants Luke Unknown, Scott Unknown, and
Erica Unknown
Plaintiff has failed to state an individual capacity claim against defendants Luke Unknown,
Scott Unknown, or Erica Unknown. Liability in a § 1983 case is personal. Frederick v. Motsinger,

873 F.3d 641, 646 (8 Cir. 2017). In other words, “[g]overnment officials are personally liable
only for their own misconduct.” S.M. v. Krigbaum, 808 F.3d 335, 340 (8" Cir. 2015). As such, §
1983 liability “requires a causal link to, and direct responsibility for, the deprivation of rights.”
Madewell v. Roberts, 909 F.2d 1203, 1208 (8th Cir. 1990). See also Kohl v. Casson, 5 F.3d 1141,
1149 (8" Cir. 1993) (dismissing plaintiff's excessive bail claims because none of the defendants
set plaintiff's bail, and therefore, “there can be no causal connection between any action on the
part of the defendants and any alleged deprivation” of plaintiff's rights). To that end, a plaintiff
must allege facts connecting the defendant to the challenged action. See Bitzan v. Bartruff, 916
F.3d 716, 717 (8™ Cir. 2019).
Here, plaintiff has not demonstrated the personal responsibility of defendants Luke
Unknown, Scott Unknown, or Erica Unknown for violating his constitutional rights. Aside from
alleging that each was employed by the Division of Youth Services, and therefore responsible for
the care and safety of the residents at the Hillsboro Treatment Center, plaintiff provides no other
facts to support the proposition that they wronged him. Defendant Luke Unknown is mentioned
only once in the Statement of Claim, as being one of a group of people in the room when defendant
Garth allegedly assaulted him. Plaintiff does not accuse Luke Unknown of being aware of what
happened to him. Meanwhile, defendant Erica Unknown is only mentioned in reference to
plaintiff's admission that he was charged with assaulting her in order to get thrown out of the
treatment center. Again, there is no indication that Erica Unknown was aware of what happened
to plaintiff. Finally, defendant Scott Unknown is not mentioned at all in the “Statement of Claim.”
The Eighth Amendment requires a correctional officer to intervene to stop another officer’s
constitutional violation. See Putman v. Gerloff, 639 F.2d 415, 423 (8" Cir. 1981) (determining that
a deputy could be held “jointly liable for failing to intervene if a fellow officer...was using

excessive force and otherwise was unlawfully punishing the prisoner”); and Buckner v. Hollins,
983 F.2d at 119, 121-22 (determining that state corrections officer had a duty to intervene on behalf
of inmate being assaulted by a county corrections officer). Furthermore, an incarcerated person
has an Eighth Amendment right to be protected from violence. See Curry v. Crist, 226 F.3d 974,
977 (8"" Cir. 2000). These rights are violated when a correctional official is deliberately indifferent
to an inmate’s safety. See Patterson v. Kelley, 902 F.3d 845, 851 (8 Cir. 2018); and Williams v.
Mueller, 13 F.3d 1214, 1216 (8" Cir. 1994).
In this case, as noted above, plaintiff has not presented facts demonstrating a causal link
between defendants’ actions and the violation of plaintiffs constitutional rights. Put differently,
plaintiff's allegations do not support the contention that Luke Unknown, Erica Unknown, or Scott
Unknown failed to intervene or failed to protect him. Indeed, besides naming these individuals as
defendants, plaintiff has barely mentioned them at all in the body of the complaint. Therefore, the
individual capacity claims against Luke Unknown, Erica Unknown, and Scott Unknown must be
dismissed.
E. Individual Capacity Claim Against Defendant Kenyetta Garth
Plaintiff's individual capacity claim against defendant Garth is sufficient for purposes of
28 U.S.C. § 1915 review. Specifically, plaintiff has alleged that Garth sexually assaulted him while
he was being held at the Hillsboro Treatment Center pursuant to a court order.
The Eighth Amendment protects those who are incarcerated from physical or sexual assault
at the hands of correctional officers. See Berryhill v. Schriro, 137 F.3d 1073, 1076 (8"" Cir. 1998)
(stating that “sexual or other assaults are not a legitimate part of a prisoner’s punishment, and the
substantial physical and emotional harm suffered by a victim of such abuse are compensable
injuries”). See also Williams v. Prudden, 67 Fed. Appx. 976, 977 (8" Cir. 2003) (explaining that

10

inmate sufficiently stated “an Eighth Amendment claim by alleging that [defendant] ground his
pelvis against her, grabbed her breast, verbally demanded sexual favors, made physical sexual
advances, and attempted to force himself upon her’’). In this case, plaintiff has presented facts
demonstrating that Garth was a staff member at the Hillsboro Treatment Center, that she engaged
in nonconsensual sexual activity with him, and that she threatened him to keep him from seeking
help. The Court must accept these allegations as true. See Jones v. Douglas Cty. Sheriff's □□□□□□
915 F.3d 498, 499 (8" Cir. 2019). As such, the Court will direct the Clerk of Court to issue process
on Kenyetta Garth in her individual capacity.
Accordingly,
IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that plaintiff's claims against the Hillsboro Treatment
Center, Luke Unknown, Erica Unknown, and Scott Unknown are DISMISSED without prejudice.
See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). A separate order of partial dismissal will be entered herewith.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that plaintiff's official capacity claim against Kenyetta
Garth is DISMISSED without prejudice. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). A separate order of
partial dismissal will be entered herewith.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of Court shall issue process or cause process
to issue on defendant Kenyetta Garth in her individual capacity. Defendant Garth shall be served
in accordance with the waiver agreement this Court maintains with the Missouri Attorney
General’s Office.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that an appeal from this partial dismissal would not be
taken in good faith.
Dated ie Ae of Guy. 2020. ;
Firrante)L MMe
RONNIE L. WHITE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
11

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10233425. Public record. Not legal advice.