# Blanton v. Kooser

> District Court, D. Kansas · May 30, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10178420

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, D. Kansas
- **Decided:** May 30, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10178420

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- affirming a district court’s conclusion that it was clearly established, at the time the defendant arrested the plaintiff, that unnecessarily tight handcuffs violated the law
- recognizing federal courts have an obligation to survey the full range of relevant precedent to ascertain the clarity of the law
- reversing a denial of qualified immunity where the precedent relied upon had “materially distinguishable” facts such that it “did not give fair notice” to the official
- noting that an arrest for a misdemeanor requires re- duced force
- applying this rule to conduct that occurred in 2011

## Opinion text

In the United States District Court
for the District of Kansas
_____________

Case No. 23-cv-01054-TC-RES
_____________

MISTIE BLANTON,

Plaintiff

v.

KENNETH KOOSER,
CHRISTOPHER HUFFMAN,

Defendants
_____________

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
Mistie Blanton alleges that Sedgwick County Sheriff’s Department
employees Kenneth Kooser and Christopher Huffman used unreason-
able force against her. Doc. 1. Kooser and Huffman move to dismiss
Blanton’s Complaint pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Doc. 15. For
the following reasons, their motion is granted in part and denied in
part.
I
A
A federal district court may grant a motion to dismiss for “failure
to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the
complaint need only contain “a short and plain statement … showing
that the pleader is entitled to relief” from each named defendant. Fed.
R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007).
Two “working principles” underlie this standard. Kan. Penn Gaming,
LLC v. Collins, 656 F.3d 1210, 1214 (10th Cir. 2011); see also Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678–79 (2009). First, a court ignores legal conclu-
sions, labels, and any formulaic recitation of the elements. Penn Gaming,
656 F.3d at 1214. Second, a court accepts as true all remaining
allegations and logical inferences and asks whether the claimant has
alleged facts that make his or her claim plausible. Id.
A claim need not be probable to be considered plausible. Iqbal, 556
U.S. at 678. But the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the
claimant, must move the claim from conceivable to plausible. Id. at
678–80. The “mere metaphysical possibility that some plaintiff could
prove some set of facts in support of the pleaded claims is insufficient;
the complaint must give the court reason to believe that this plaintiff
has a reasonable likelihood of mustering factual support for these
claims.” Ridge at Red Hawk, L.L.C. v. Schneider, 493 F.3d 1174, 1177
(10th Cir. 2007).
Plausibility is context specific. The requisite showing depends on
the claims alleged, and the inquiry usually starts with determining what
the plaintiff must prove at trial. See Comcast Corp. v. Nat’l Assoc. of African
Am.-Owned Media, 140 S. Ct. 1009, 1014 (2020). In other words, the
nature and complexity of the claim(s) define what plaintiffs must plead.
Cf. Robbins v. Oklahoma, 519 F.3d 1242, 1248–49 (10th Cir. 2008) (com-
paring the factual allegations required to show a plausible personal in-
jury claim versus a plausible constitutional violation).
Ordinarily, a motion to dismiss is decided on the basis of the plead-
ings alone, along with any exhibits attached to the complaint. Smith v.
United States, 561 F.3d 1090, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). In some circum-
stances, a “district court may consider documents referred to in the
complaint if the documents are central to the plaintiff’s claim and the
parties do not dispute the documents’ authenticity.” Alvarado v. KOB-
TV, L.L.C., 493 F.3d 1210, 1215 (10th Cir. 2007) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted); Waller v. City & Cnty. of Denver, 932 F.3d
1277, 1282 (10th Cir. 2019); see also Est. of Harmon v. Salt Lake City, No.
20-4085, 2021 WL 5232248, *2 (10th Cir. Nov. 10, 2021) (applying that
standard to video evidence at the motion-to-dismiss stage).
B
Blanton alleges—and, at this stage of the proceedings, the factual
allegations she offers must be accepted as true—that Kooser and Huff-
man used excessive force to arrest her. See generally Doc. 1.1 Her claim

1 All document citations are to the document number and internal pagination
assigned in the CM/ECF system.
arises from an encounter with the Defendants that occurred on April
30, 2021 while Blanton was mowing her grandmother’s yard in Wich-
ita, Kansas. Id. at ¶ 10. When Blanton asked her neighbor to remove
his goats from her grandmother’s yard so that she could mow the lawn,
the neighbor called law enforcement to report a “verbal disturbance”
between Blanton and the neighbor over the neighbor’s goats. Id.
Law enforcement arrived at the home and “stated” that Blanton
had an outstanding “traffic-related” warrant. Doc. 1 at ¶ 11. At some
point, Blanton reentered the home and closed the door to a room be-
hind her. Kooser, who had arrived at the scene after other responding
officers, broke down the door in order to arrest her. Id. at ¶ 13. Before
doing so, Kooser threatened Blanton, warning “I’m about to kick the
s***out of this door and then you’re probably going to get f***** up.”
Id. at ¶ 12. Kooser then kicked open the door to the room and carrying
a heavy “barricade,” entered along with Huffman. Id. at ¶ 13. When
Kooser kicked open the door, there were already “multiple” law en-
forcement officers on the premises. Id.
Kooser and Huffman, who were both armed, found Blanton “lay-
ing on the floor” with “no weapon.” Doc. 1 at ¶ 13. At that point,
Blanton alleges that both officers “aggressively ran” towards her while
she was “lying on the floor, not actively resisting arrest and not at-
tempting to flee.” Doc. 1 at ¶ 14. Blanton alleges that Kooser “vio-
lently” struck her with his foot. Id. Both officers then pulled her arms
behind her back in order to “shackle” her. Id. While doing so, Kooser
put his “much larger” body weight fully on Blanton’s back and “right
upper extremity,” and continued to do so even after she had been “suc-
cessfully shackled.” Id. at ¶ 14, 15. As a result of the manner of the
arrest, Blanton suffered “an olecranon fracture of her right elbow,” for
which she has since had surgery. Id. at ¶ 15. In total, Blanton alleges
that the officers “made no attempt to temper or limit” the amount of
force they used, failed to intervene to prevent each other from using
excessive force, and intentionally used excessive force in order to
“punish” Blanton. Id. at ¶¶ 16, 19, 20.
Blanton filed suit against Kooser and Huffman in their individual
capacities. Doc. 1 at 1. She asserts that both “violated [her] rights under
the United States Constitution and Kansas law.” Doc. 1 at ¶ 2. While
the relatively short complaint never says as much, the parties assume
that she is asserting an excessive force claim in violation of the Fourth
Amendment. Doc. 18 at 6; Doc. 24 at 3. Kooser and Huffman request
that the case be dismissed for failure to state a claim and invoke the
doctrine of qualified immunity. Doc. 15.2
II
Blanton’s allegations, taken as true and ignoring any facts outside
the pleadings, state a claim for excessive force in violation of clearly
established Fourth Amendment law. Accordingly, Kooser and Huff-
man’s motion to dismiss, Doc. 15, is denied with respect to Blanton’s
claims under Section 1983.
A
Invoking 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Blanton seeks damages for the viola-
tion of her constitutional rights due to alleged excessive use of force.
Doc. 1 at ¶ 3. Section 1983 provides that “[e]very person who, under
color of [state law,] subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen ...
to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by
the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured.” 42
U.S.C. § 1983. It creates no substantive rights but merely provides a
mechanism for enforcing a right conferred by the Constitution or a
federal statute. Gonzaga Univ. v. Doe, 536 U.S. 273, 285 (2002); see also
Health & Hosp. Corp. of Marion Cnty. v. Talevski, 599 U.S. 166, 174–75
(2023). To state a viable Section 1983 claim, a plaintiff must establish
that a person acting under color of state law caused him or her to be
deprived of a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United
States. See Hall v. Witteman, 584 F.3d 859, 864 (10th Cir. 2009) (citing
West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48(1988)); Lippoldt v. Cole, 468 F.3d 1204,
1219 (10th Cir. 2006).
Kooser and Huffman invoke qualified immunity in response to
Blanton’s claim. Doc. 18 at 6, 10. Qualified immunity attempts to bal-
ance competing interests. Suits against government actors allow those
wronged by government misconduct a method of redress. See Anderson
v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638 (1987) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457
U.S. 800, 814 (1982)). But non-meritorious suits exact a high cost from
society and government officials by unduly interfering with the

2 Blanton’s Complaint references 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Doc. 1 at ¶ 7. Kooser and
Huffman seek dismissal of that claim. Doc. 18 at 13–14. Blanton agrees that
claim should be dismissed. Doc. 24 at 6, n.5. As a result, their motion to
dismiss is granted to the extent it concerns the Section 1985 claim.
discharge of official duties. See id.; see also Horstkoetter v. Dep’t of Pub.
Safety, 159 F.3d 1265, 1277 (10th Cir. 1998). So government officials
performing discretionary duties are immune from suit when their con-
duct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
rights of which a reasonable official would have been aware. See Pearson
v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009); see also Johnson v. City of Shelby, 574
U.S. 10, 11 (2014) (recognizing municipalities may not rely on their
officers’ entitlement to qualified immunity). Whether an official is im-
mune turns on the objective reasonableness of the official’s actions,
considering the laws clearly established at the time the official acted.
See Messerschmidt v. Millender, 565 U.S. 535, 546 (2012). Objective rea-
sonableness is not an exacting standard; qualified immunity protects
all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.
See White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017); Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335,
341 (1986).
The analytical framework for the invocation of qualified immunity
at the Rule 12 stage is settled. See, e.g., City of Tahlequah, Oklahoma v.
Bond, 595 U.S. 9, 12 (2021) (per curiam); Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 595
U.S. 1, 5 (2021) (per curiam). First, the facts as pled in the complaint
must allege conduct that, assuming the allegations are true, violates the
Constitution or laws of the United States. Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S.
731, 735 (2011). Second, the law must have been clearly established at
the time of the alleged conduct such that the defendant had fair notice
that his or her conduct was unlawful. See District of Columbia v. Wesby,
583 U.S. 48, 63 (2018). If both inquiries are answered in the affirma-
tive, the motion to dismiss must be denied. But, if the answer to either
is no, the defendant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hemry
v. Ross, 62 F.4th 1248, 1253 (10th Cir. 2023).3
The first step requires Blanton to establish a constitutional viola-
tion. As the allegedly excessive force occurred “up to and including”
Blanton’s arrest, her claim arises under the Fourth Amendment’s pro-
tection against unreasonable seizures. Est. of Booker v. Gomez, 745 F.3d
405, 419 (10th Cir. 2014); McCoy v. Meyers, 887 F.3d 1034, 1045 (10th

3 Courts have discretion to address the inquiries in any order, as courts must
“think carefully before expending ‘scarce judicial resources’ to resolve diffi-
cult and novel questions of constitutional or statutory interpretation that will
‘have no effect on the outcome of the case.’” al-Kidd, 563 U.S. at 735 (quoting
Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009)); Kisela v. Hughes, 138 S. Ct. 1148,
1152 (2018).
Cir. 2018) (citing Tolan v. Cotton, 134 S. Ct. 1861, 1866 (2014)). “A po-
lice officer violates an arrestee’s … Fourth Amendment right to be free
from excessive force during an arrest if the officer’s actions were not
‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances con-
fronting him.” McCowan v. Morales, 945 F.3d 1276, 1283 (10th Cir.
2019) (citing Est. of Ceballos v. Husk, 919 F.3d 1204, 1213 (10th Cir.
2019)).
Reasonableness is a product of both “the nature and quality of in-
trusion” and “the countervailing governmental interests at stake.” Gra-
ham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989). Graham identified several fac-
tors to aid in that inquiry, including “the severity of the crime at issue,”
“whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the
officers or others,” and “whether [the suspect] is actively resisting ar-
rest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Id. But, because officers
are often forced to make “split-second judgments” under “stressful
and dangerous conditions,” the standard is never one of 20/20 hind-
sight and is always directed towards objective reasonableness consid-
ering the circumstances at the time of the conduct as they would have
appeared to a reasonable officer. Medina v. Cram, 252 F.3d 1124, 1131
(10th Cir. 2001).
If she states a constitutional claim, the next question is whether the
law was clearly established. Discerning whether the relevant legal rule
was clearly established is a narrow and context-specific exercise. See
City of Tahlequah, Oklahoma v. Bond, 595 U.S. 9, 12 (2021) (per curiam);
Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 595 U.S. 1, 5 (2021) (per curiam). In short,
the precise contours of the legal right must have been so clear that
every reasonable official in that circumstance would have understood
what he or she was doing violated that right, leaving no debate as to
the lawfulness of the conduct in the particular situation. See Mullenix v.
Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 13–14 (2015); Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664
(2012); Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 740 (2011); see also Rivas-Villegas,
595 U.S. at 5-8 (reversing a denial of qualified immunity where the
precedent relied upon had “materially distinguishable” facts such that
it “did not give fair notice” to the official).
Practically, this means a “Supreme Court or Tenth Circuit deci-
sion” must have held that the same conduct (or very nearly the same
conduct) as the conduct at issue is a violation of law.4 Wise v. Caffey, 72
F.4th 1199, 1209 (10th Cir. 2023). To be sure, a case “directly on point”
is not necessary for a right to be clearly established, but existing prec-
edent must have placed the constitutional question “beyond debate.”
White v. Pauly, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551 (2017) (per curiam). In the context
of a Fourth Amendment excessive force claim, this means that plain-
tiffs must show “that objectively reasonable officers could not have []
thought the force [used] was constitutionally permissible.” Cortez v.
McCauley, 478 F.3d 1108, 1128 (10th Cir. 2007).
B
Kooser and Huffman argue that they did not violate any clearly
established law. But taking the allegations in the complaint as true,
Blanton states a claim. While Kooser and Huffman raise strong argu-
ments against the existence of a constitutional violation, they do so by
relying on facts drawn from body camera footage that cannot be con-
sidered at this stage.
1
Based on the Complaint, Blanton states a claim for excessive force.
Contra Doc. 18 at 7-10, 11-13. The Supreme Court and Tenth Circuit
has recognized that the right to arrest necessarily carries with it the
right to use some degree of physical coercion, and that handcuffing is
appropriate in nearly every circumstance. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396;
Fisher v. City of Las Cruces, 584 F.3d 888, 896 (10th Cir. 2009). This
includes minor traffic offenses. Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S.
318, 354-55 (2001). Nonetheless, the force used must be calibrated to
the situation; the salient inquiry is how much force was objectively
warranted as informed by the non-exclusive Graham factors. Mglej v.
Gardner, 974 F.3d 1151, 1167 (10th Cir. 2020).

4 The Supreme Court has never held that circuit precedent may be a disposi-
tive source of clearly established law, opting instead to assume without de-
ciding that it might. See City of Escondido v. Emmons, 139 S. Ct. 500, 503 (2019)
(citing City & County of San Francisco v. Sheehan, 575 U.S. 600, 614 (2015), which
cited Carroll v. Carman, 574 U.S. 13, 17 (2014), which, in turn, cited Reichle,
566 U.S. at 665-66)). Nonetheless, the law in the Tenth Circuit is clear: a
“constitutional right is clearly established when a Tenth Circuit precedent is
on point, making the constitutional violation apparent.” Apodaca v. Raemisch,
864 F.3d 1071, 1076 (10th Cir. 2017).
The allegations, assuming they are true, are troubling.5 The Com-
plaint alleges that Kooser threatened that he was going to “f***” Blan-
ton up, then “kicked open the door” to the room where Blanton was
lying. Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 12–13. Both Kooser and Huffman rushed towards
her, and, while carrying a barricade, Kooser “violently” struck Blanton
with his foot as punishment. Id. at ¶¶ 12, 14. Then, during the hand-
cuffing process, Kooser placed “his much larger body weight” on
Blanton and continued to do so even after she was “successfully shack-
led,” as further punishment. Id. at ¶ 14. Along with Kooser, Huffman
is alleged to have placed “force and weight” on Blanton’s “right upper
extremity” during the arrest and handcuffing. Id. at ¶ 15. And it is al-
leged that he “failed to intervene” as Kooser used “objectively unrea-
sonable force.” Id. at ¶ 16. As a result of Huffman and Kooser’s ac-
tions, Blanton suffered a broken elbow, requiring surgery. Id. at ¶ 15.
The allegations, accepted as true, state a claim for excessive force.
The degree of force used, and the resulting injuries exceed that which
was reasonable under the situation. First, the crime giving rise to the
arrest warrant appears to have been non-violent. Blanton’s outstanding
warrant was for a “traffic-related” offense and there is no basis to be-
lieve that she was prone to, or had employed violence or otherwise
resisted arrest in the past. See Fogarty v. Gallegos, 523 F.3d 1147, 1160
(10th Cir. 2008) (noting that an arrest for a misdemeanor requires re-
duced force); see also Dixon v. Richer, 922 F.2d 1456, 1462–63 (10th Cir.
1991).
Second, Blanton did not present any threat, immediate or other-
wise, to the officers, herself, or to the public more generally. Indeed,
there is no indication from the Complaint that Blanton ever made any
“hostile motions towards” the officers and there is no suggestion that
she was armed with any dangerous object. To the contrary, the Com-
plaint alleges that she was lying on the floor when the officers encoun-
tered her. The fact that there was no evidence to suggest that Blanton
posed an immediate threat to either officer weighs against the use of
more than minimal force. Mglej, 974 F.3d at 1168.

5 In some cases, the conduct of police officers may be considered in the ag-
gregate, rather than individually. See Est. of Booker v. Gomez, 745 F.3d 405, 421
(10th Cir. 2014). That is appropriate here since the Complaint alleges that
Huffman and Kooser acted collectively to arrest her, Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 14–23, and
neither Defendant raises a personal participation defense.
Third, the allegations suggest that Blanton was not resisting arrest
at the time the force was used or attempting to flee. The Complaint
describes multiple police officers responding to the scene, Blanton ly-
ing in her grandmother’s home on the floor, and no active resistance
to the officers’ attempt to arrest her. Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 11-14. Again, this
confirms only minimal force was needed. Mglej, 974 F.3d at 1168.
Despite that, the force used was more than minimal. According to
the Complaint, Kooser threatened that he was going to “f***” Blanton
up, then “kicked open the door” to the room where Blanton was lying.
Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 12–13. Both Kooser and Huffman rushed towards her
and Kooser “violently” kicked her, while carrying a barricade, as pun-
ishment. Id. at ¶¶ 12, 14. Then, during the handcuffing process, Blan-
ton alleges that Kooser and Huffman placed “[their] much larger body
weight” on her and continued to do so even after she was “successfully
shackled,” all as further punishment. Id. at ¶ 14. As a result of Huffman
and Kooser’s actions, Blanton suffered a broken elbow. Id. at ¶ 15.
2
The Defendants’ position does not confront Blanton’s allegations.
Instead, their principal point is that the facts alleged are not what hap-
pened. Blanton, they argue, left most of the relevant facts out of her
Complaint based on review of the body camera footage. Doc. 18 at 2-
4. Huffman and Kooser’s version of the facts would present a much
closer question. But at this stage of the proceedings, the videos and the
mitigating context that Defendants derive from them cannot be con-
sidered.
A court typically may only consider the well-pled allegations plus
any exhibits or documents attached to the complaint. Smith v. United
States, 561 F.3d 1090, 1098 (10th Cir. 2009). In some limited circum-
stances, federal courts have discretion to “consider documents referred
to in the complaint if the documents are central to the plaintiff’s claim
and the parties do not dispute the documents’ authenticity.” Alvarado
v. KOB-TV, L.L.C., 493 F.3d 1210, 1215 (10th Cir. 2007) (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted). This includes body camera footage.
Est. of Harmon v. Salt Lake City, No. 20-4085, 2021 WL 5232248, *2
(10th Cir. Nov. 10, 2021) (affirming the consideration of body camera
footage incorporated into a complaint in evaluating a motion to dis-
miss).
Several factors counsel against considering the contents of any of
the videos at this stage of the proceedings.6 First, it is not clear that
Blanton actually referred to the video in the Complaint. Although the
Complaint quotes Kooser’s threat, the Complaint does not cite any
body camera video for that quotation. The defendants assume that the
quotation is from the body camera footage, Doc. 27 at 1, but it may
just as easily have been Blanton’s recollection. Even if the quotation
was pulled from a body camera video, there is no way of telling which
one. Defendants submitted four videos and provided no basis to do
anything other than consider all of them. That weighs against consid-
ering the videos. See Est. of Holmes by & through Couser v. Somers, 387 F.
Supp. 3d 1233, 1243 (D. Kan. 2019) (declining to consider six different
body camera videos where the “parties’ memoranda conflict[ed] as to
the events occurring on the videos, the statements made therein, and
the party making those statements,” and would invite the court to
“evaluate competing interpretations of the videos” that “may be sus-
ceptible to more than one interpretation”), aff’d sub nom. Couser v. Gay,
959 F.3d 1018 (10th Cir. 2020).
Second, Blanton does not consent to consideration of any part of
the videos. Doc. 24 at 2. That distinguishes this case from situations
where the Plaintiff consented to the consideration of some but not all
body camera footage. See Est. of Harmon v. Salt Lake City, No. 20-4085,
2021 WL 5232248, *2 (10th Cir. Nov. 10, 2021) (affirming the consid-
eration of body camera footage where Plaintiffs “did not object to the
court considering the body-cam videos,” and objected only to the con-
sideration of “frame-by-frame excerpts”).
C
Defendants also assert—without explanation—that Blanton’s
Fourth Amendment right was not clearly established. Doc. 18 at 10,
12. Well before the incident described in Blanton’s Complaint, the
Tenth Circuit had recognized the right of a handcuffed individual who
is not attempting to evade arrest, poses no threat to safety, and is
wanted for a minor crime to be free from the use of such force and

6 Blanton does not dispute the authenticity of the videos and instead contends
that the videos “are not central to her claims.” Doc. 24 at 3. That argument
is not persuasive. Cf. Brokers’ Choice of Am., Inc. v. NBC Universal, Inc., 861 F.3d
1081, 1104 (10th Cir. 2017) (finding videos that documented words central
to a claim of defamation were central to the complaint).
attendant significant injury. Mglej v. Gardner, 974 F.3d 1151, 1169-70
(10th Cir. 2020) (affirming a district court’s conclusion that it was
clearly established, at the time the defendant arrested the plaintiff, that
unnecessarily tight handcuffs violated the law); see also Elder v. Holloway,
510 U.S. 510, 516 (1994) (recognizing federal courts have an obligation
to survey the full range of relevant precedent to ascertain the clarity of
the law).
There are obvious factual distinctions between Blanton’s case and
the facts in Mglej. In Mglej, the allegation was that the officer knew he
placed the handcuffs on the plaintiff too tight and that this could cause
(and, ultimately, did cause) long-lasting injuries. Mglej, 974 F.3d at 1167.
There were no allegations that the arresting officer made threats to
inflict harm on the arrestee, struck the arrestee with the intent to pun-
ish after she had been restrained, or broke the arrestee’s bones even
though she was not resisting. Those factual distinctions emphasize, not
undermine, the clarity of the violation Blanton alleged. Assuming it
occurred as Blanton alleges, Blanton’s allegations confirm the defend-
ants’ conduct fell far afield of the breathing room qualified immunity
affords.
Mglej is not an isolated case. In McCoy v. Meyers, for instance, offic-
ers breached a motel room in a hostage situation and found McCoy
with a gun sitting on a motel room bed. McCoy v. Meyers, 887 F.3d 1034,
1039 (10th Cir. 2018). McCoy was ordered to drop the gun and com-
plied. Id. at 1040. McCoy was then pulled off the bed where several
officers pinned him down, applied a neck restraint, and hit him “in the
head, shoulders, back, and arms.” Id. at 1041. As a result, McCoy be-
came unconscious. Id. While he was unconscious, his hands and feet
were zip-tied together. Id. Once he became conscious again, and while
he was bound hand and foot, an officer hit McCoy again several times
and applied another neck restraint, recklessly rendering him uncon-
scious again. Id. at 1042. The Tenth Circuit held that the use of such
“post-restraint” force was excessive based on clearly established law.
Id. at 1052 (applying this rule to conduct that occurred in 2011). In
short, using gratuitous, reckless force against “a fully compliant and
subdued misdemeanant arrestee who posed no threat to anyone” is
excessive. McCowan v. Morales, 945 F.3d 1276, 1284 (10th Cir. 2019); see
also Wilkins v. City of Tulsa, Oklahoma. 33 F.4th 1265 (10th Cir. 2022)
(holding that the use of pepper spray against a subdued, misdemeanant
arrestee who was not resisting was unreasonable and excessive).
Moreover, Defendants’ effort to distinguish the authorities offered
by Blanton do not justify a different result. Contra Doc. 27 at 4-5. In
Est. of Booker v. Gomez, 745 F.3d 405 (10th Cir. 2014), the Tenth Circuit
held that it was not reasonable to use upper-back pressure, a taser, and
a carotid restraint against an individual (who ultimately died) who was
not resisting arrest and was restrained by handcuffs. 745 F.3d at 428-
29 (applying Fourth Amendment principles in a Fourteenth Amend-
ment context). And in Weigel v. Broad, 544 F.3d 1143 (10th Cir. 2008),
the Tenth Circuit held that officers’ use of force on an individual who
had been restrained and that they knew was susceptible to positional
asphyxiation constituted unreasonable force that violated clearly estab-
lished law. Weigel, 544 F.3d at 1154. Defendants rightly contend that
the methods of applying the force (e.g., a taser instead of a knee) or
resulting injury (e.g., death instead of a broken bone) are different here
than in Weigel or Estate of Booker. Doc. 27 at 4–5. But those differences
fail to undermine the clarity of the prohibition—as applied in, among
other cases, Mglej, McCoy, and Wilkins—against using gratuitous force
and causing serious injury to a misdemeanant arrestee who is not re-
sisting. See, e.g., Packard v. Budaj, 86 F.4th 859, 869 (10th Cir. 2023)
(noting that the clearly established inquiry is not a “scavenger hunt for
prior cases with precisely the same facts”).
III
For the foregoing reasons, Kooser and Huffman’s Motion to Dis-
miss, Doc. 15, is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
It is so ordered.

Date: May 30, 2024 s/ Toby Crouse
Toby Crouse
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10178420. Public record. Not legal advice.