# Sturgis v. Warden

> District Court, N.D. Indiana · March 9, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10160575

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Indiana
- **Decided:** March 9, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA
SOUTH BEND DIVISION

WILBERT TERRELL STURGIS,

Petitioner,

v. CAUSE NO. 3:18-CV-972-JD-MGG

WARDEN,

Respondent.

OPINION AND ORDER
Wilbert Terrell Sturgis, a prisoner without a lawyer, filed a habeas corpus
petition to challenge his conviction for murder under Cause No. 46C01-409-MR-129.
Following a jury trial, on May 12, 2005, the Laporte Superior Court sentenced Sturgis to
sixty-five years of incarceration.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
In deciding this habeas petition, the court must presume the facts set forth by the
state courts are correct unless they are rebutted with clear and convincing evidence. 28
U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). The Court of Appeals of Indiana summarized the evidence
presented at trial:
On the morning of September 20, 2004, teenager Barbara Day was
dismissed early from Michigan City High School because of an earlier
altercation she had with another teenager known only by his nickname,
“Spider.” Day went to her home in Michigan City and was joined there by
at least eight other individuals, including twenty-six-year-old Sturgis. Day
came up with a plan, to which everyone agreed, to go to the westside of
Michigan City to look for Spider and to fight him.
The group at Day’s house agreed to go to a school bus stop near 9th and
Willard in Michigan City at about the time the bus was scheduled to drop
off students. The group drove there in two cars, with Sturgis riding in a
car driven by Natasha Harris. After arriving at the intersection, the group
parked and got out of the cars. Day believed she saw Spider’s cousin in a
group of boys that included fifteen-year-old Blake Kelly walking along the
sidewalk.

Day approached the group of boys and began asking Spider’s supposed
cousin where he was. This boy denied knowing where Spider was. Kelly
then told Day and her friends that they were not going to “jump him,”
and Day told him to be quiet because he had nothing to do with it. One of
Day’s cousins, Willie Martin, began threatening to fight Kelly but Day told
him to leave Kelly alone.

While Day and her group were arguing with Kelly and his group, Sturgis
walked up to Kelly and shot him in the jaw with a handgun. Kelly was
unarmed, as was everyone else in the two groups besides Sturgis. This
initial shot did not kill Kelly. Sturgis then put the handgun up against the
side of Kelly’s head and shot him again, this time killing him. Police soon
obtained several statements identifying Sturgis as Kelly’s killer, and they
obtained a warrant for Sturgis’s arrest.

* * *

The State charged Sturgis with murder and Class A felony kidnapping.

* * *

The jury found Sturgis guilty of murder but not guilty of kidnapping.
Additionally, the jury entered a finding for sentencing purposes that
Sturgis had a history of criminal or delinquent activity. On May 12, 2005,
the trial court sentenced Sturgis to a term of sixty-five years after finding
no mitigating circumstances and that his criminal history was
aggravating.

ECF 4-6 at 2-5; Sturgis v. State, 40 N.E.3d 1280 (Ind. App. 2015).
Sturgis argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because trial counsel did not
object to the use of shackles during trial and because he did not strike a juror who was
friends with a detective. He also argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because, at the
post-conviction stage, his appellate counsel did not communicate with him regarding
his appeal.1 Ineffective assistance of counsel at the post-conviction stage is not a

cognizable basis for habeas relief. Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752 (U.S. 1991)
(“There is no constitutional right to an attorney in state post-conviction proceedings.”).
PROCEDURAL DEFAULT
Before considering the merits of a habeas petition, the court must ensure that the
petitioner has exhausted all available remedies in state court. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A);
Lewis v. Sternes, 390 F.3d 1019, 1025 (7th Cir. 2004). For a federal court to hear his or her

claims, a habeas petitioner must have fully and fairly presented his or her federal claims
to the state courts. Boyko v. Parke, 259 F.3d 781, 788 (7th Cir. 2001). Fair presentment
“does not require a hypertechnical congruence between the claims made in the
federal and state courts; it merely requires that the factual and legal substance remain
the same.” Anderson v. Brevik, 471 F.3d 811, 814–15 (7th Cir. 2006) (citing Boyko, 259 F.3d

at 788). It does, however, require “the petitioner to assert his federal claim through one
complete round of state-court review, either on direct appeal of his conviction or in
post-conviction proceeding.” Lewis, 390 F.3d at 1025. “This means that the petitioner
must raise the issue at each and every level in the state court system, including levels at
which review is discretionary rather than mandatory. Id. Sturgis did not present the

claim that trial counsel should have used a peremptory strike on a juror to the Court of

1 While somewhat ambiguous, the context of this claim in the petition suggests that Sturgis refers
to appellate counsel at the post-conviction stage with this claim. To the extent that Sturgis intended to
assert a claim regarding appellate counsel at the direct review stage, such a claim would be procedurally
defaulted because Sturgis did not present it during post-conviction proceedings.
Appeals of Indiana or the Indiana Supreme Court. ECF 4-9, ECF 4-13. Therefore, this
claim is procedurally defaulted.

Sturgis asserts that counsel chose not to raise the peremptory strike claim on
appeal of his petition for post-conviction relief. A habeas petitioner can overcome a
procedural default by showing both cause for failing to abide by state procedural rules
and a resulting prejudice from that failure. Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 90 (1977);
Wrinkles v. Buss, 537 F.3d 804, 812 (7th Cir. 2008), cert. denied, 129 S. Ct. 2382 (2009).
Cause sufficient to excuse procedural default is defined as “some objective factor

external to the defense” which prevented a petitioner from pursuing his constitutional
claim in state court. Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 492 (1986). As a general rule,
“[n]egligence on the part of a prisoner’s postconviction attorney does not qualify as
cause.” Maples v. Thomas, 565 U.S. 266, 280 (2012). “Inadequate assistance of counsel at
initial-review collateral proceedings may establish cause for a prisoner’s procedural

default of a claim of ineffective assistance at trial.” Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 9 (2012);
Brown v. Brown, 847 F.3d 502 (7th Cir. 2017). However, the Martinez exception “does not
concern attorney errors in other kinds of proceedings, including appeals from initial-
review collateral proceedings. . . .” Martinez, 566 U.S. at 16. Because Sturgis presents no
valid basis to excuse procedural default, the court will not further consider the

peremptory strike claim.
ANALYSIS
Sturgis argues that he is entitled to habeas relief because trial counsel did not
object to his shackles during trial.2 “Federal habeas review exists as a guard against
extreme malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems, not a substitute for ordinary

error correction through appeal.” Woods v. Donald, 135 S.Ct. 1372, 1376 (2015)
(quotations and citation omitted).
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted
with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court
proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim—
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable
determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State
court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d).
[This] standard is intentionally difficult to meet. We have explained that
clearly established Federal law for purposes of §2254(d)(1) includes only
the holdings, as opposed to the dicta, of this Court’s decisions. And an
unreasonable application of those holdings must be objectively
unreasonable, not merely wrong; even clear error will not suffice. To
satisfy this high bar, a habeas petitioner is required to show that the state
court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal court was so lacking
in justification that there was an error well understood and
comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded
disagreement.

Woods, 135 S. Ct. at 1376 (quotation marks and citations omitted). Criminal defendants
are entitled to a fair trial but not a perfect one. Rose v. Clark, 478 U.S. 570, 579 (1986). To

2 In the habeas petition, Sturgis presents his concerns regarding the use of shackles as an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim rather than as a claim of trial court error. ECF 1 at 3.The Court of
Appeals of Indiana addressed the trial court error at post-conviction stage, which arguably removed “any
bar to federal court review that might otherwise have been available.” Roche v. Davis, 291 F.3d 473, 482
(7th Cir. 2002). However, considering the claim asserted in the habeas petition, the court will focus on the
performance of trial counsel rather than trial court error but notes that, even if Sturgis had asserted a
claim of trial court error in his habeas petition, it would not have changed the outcome of this case.
warrant relief, a state court’s decision must be more than incorrect or erroneous; it must
be objectively unreasonable. Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 520 (2003). “A state court’s

determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas relief so long as
fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the state court’s decision.”
Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 101 (2011) (quotation marks omitted).
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in the State courts, a
petitioner must show that counsel’s performance was deficient and that the deficient
performance prejudiced him. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). The test for

prejudice is whether there was a reasonable probability that “but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at
694. A reasonable probability is a probability “sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. at 693. In assessing prejudice under Strickland, “[t]he likelihood of a
different result must be substantial, not just conceivable.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S.

86, 112 (2011). However, “[o]n habeas review, [the] inquiry is now whether the state
court unreasonably applied Strickland.” McNary v. Lemke, 708 F.3d 905, 914 (7th Cir.
2013). “Given this high standard, even ‘egregious’ failures of counsel do not always
warrant relief.” Id.
At trial, twelve eyewitnesses testified about the events leading up to the

shooting. ECF 5-2, ECF 11-1. The victim’s friends testified that they met the victim at the
bus stop after school. ECF 5-2 at 144-165, 225-51. They each arrived by school bus; the
fifteen-year old victim did not own a car and did not have a gun. Id. Those arriving with
Sturgis testified that they were there to assist Barbara Day with pursuit of her teenage
assailant. See e.g., ECF 11-1 at 19-20, 124-27, 198. The eyewitnesses largely agreed on the
sequence of events, which included Barbara Day interrogating Derrell Jarrett about the

location of the assailant and the victim’s verbal defense of Jarrett, his friend. See e.g.,
ECF 5-2 at 236-44, ECF 11-1 at 131-34. According to the eyewitnesses, Willie “Boze”
Martin moved to fight the victim before Barbara Day called him off and informed him
that the victim was not her assailant. Id. At about the same time, Sturgis shot the victim
in the jaw. Id. With the victim doubled over, Sturgis walked over, aimed the gun at the
back of the victim’s head, and fired at point blank range. Id.

On cross-examination, Barbara Day testified that, as the victim prepared to fight
Boze Martin, he reached for his pants in a manner that led her to believe that he had a
gun. ECF 11-1 at 145-46. Day also testified that she heard him say, “Go to the trunk,”
which she believed meant that someone was getting a gun. Id. Similarly, the
prosecution introduced Sturgis’ confession in which he represented that the victim said,

“This my car right here. . . . Matter of fact, I’ll pop the trunk right now” and that the
victim flinched. ECF 5-4 at 13-16. Sturgis represented that he believed that the victim
was moving to grab a gun. Id. He also represented that he was twenty-six years old at
the time of the shooting and that he did not know the teenagers involved in the
underlying dispute. Id. at 8-11; ECF 11-1 at 245. No other eyewitnesses testified that the

victim acted as though he had a gun or referenced a trunk, but several of them,
including four of Sturgis’s companions that day, expressly denied it. ECF 5-2 at 241,
ECF 11-1 at 30, 108, 157-58, 186, 206-07.
At closing, trial counsel argued that Sturgis acted “under sudden heat” and
asked the jury to convict him of voluntary manslaughter instead of murder. ECF 5-9 at

26-29. According to the jury instructions:
The term “sudden heat” means an excited mind. It is a condition that may
be created by strong emotion such as anger, rage, sudden resentment, or
jealousy. It may be strong enough to obscure the reason of an ordinary
person and prevent deliberate and meditation. It can render a person
incapable of rational thought.

ECF 5-6 at 82.
On direct appeal, Sturgis did not challenge the use of shackles at trial. ECF 4-3.
At the post-conviction relief stage, trial counsel testified that he objected to the shackles
at a pretrial hearing and that he also objected at an in-chambers hearing.3 ECF 5-8 at 13-
14. He did not renew his objection during trial because he had objected twice and the
trial court told him that his objection was on record. Id. According to the transcript of
the pretrial hearing, on March 25, 2005, trial counsel objected to the prosecution’s
request that Sturgis remain shackled at trial. ECF 5-9 at 54-51. He argued that Sturgis’s
conduct did not suggest that such security measures were warranted. Id. The trial court
responded, “Your objection was duly noted.” Id.
At the post-conviction hearing, trial counsel testified that he also told Sturgis’
appellate counsel about this objection, though this counsel was later replaced. Id. At
trial, Sturgis’ hands and feet were shackled, and the trial court advised him to keep his
hands below the table to avoid alerting the jury to his shackles. Id. at 14-16. Sturgis

3 The record does not contain a transcript of the in-chambers hearing.
testified that he kept his hands below the table because the shackles made movement
uncomfortable. Id. at 92-93. A detective testified that he interviewed the jurors at

Sturgis’s trial, except for one juror and two alternates who were deceased. Id. at 102-14.
Nine of the jurors signed affidavits indicating that they did not observe shackles on
Sturgis and did not discuss shackles among themselves. ECF 5-9 at 120-42. One juror
attested that he assumed that Sturgis had shackles based on his limited movements but
that he did not observe shackles. Id. He also attested that the jurors did not discuss
shackles among themselves and that the shackles did not influence his vote.4 Id.

The Court of Appeals of Indiana rejected the claim, reasoning that trial counsel
made a strategic decision to not object to the shackles at trial due to the futility of the
objection and to avoid alerting the jury to the shackles. ECF 4-12. The appellate court
found a lack of prejudice because the shackles were not visible or known to the jury and
because of the overwhelming evidence supporting the murder conviction. Id. The

appellate court also addressed the underlying claim by acknowledging that the trial
court erred by failing to make a record with specific findings on the decision to use
shackles on Sturgis. Id. However, the court concluded that this failure constituted
harmless error for the same reasons that it found a lack of prejudice by trial counsel. Id.
After reviewing the record, the court cannot conclude that the State court made

an unreasonable determination on this claim. To start, the record does not establish that

4 At the hearing, the detective testified that the final juror had replied by email but that he did not
have a hard copy of his affidavit at the time of the hearing. ECF 5-8 at 109. This affidavit is not included in
the evidentiary record.
trial counsel performed deficiently by declining to object to the shackles at trial. He had
objected twice prior to trial and had reason to believe that further objections would be

futile and that his objection was preserved for appeal. In an appellate brief (ECF 5-9),
Sturgis relied on the proposition that “motions in limine do not preserve errors for
appeal; the defendant must reassert his objection at trial contemporaneously with the
introduction of the evidence,” citing Shoultz v. State, 995 N.E.2d 647, 654 (Ind. App.
2013). The reasoning for this rule is to allow trial courts “to consider the evidence in the
context in which it is being offered and is able to make a final determination on

admissibility.” Clausen v. State, 622 N.E.2d 925, 928 (Ind. 1993). Here, the prosecution
did not offer the use of shackles into evidence, and, unlike evidentiary determinations, a
decision on whether to shackle a criminal defendant for security purposes is rarely
dependent on the nuances of the evidence adduced at trial. Further, the record contains
no evidence to suggest that appellate counsel would have challenged the use of

shackles at trial but for trial counsel not objecting at trial.
The record also supports the State court’s conclusion that the shackles did not
prejudice his case. The evidence that Sturgis committed murder rather than voluntary
manslaughter is overwhelming. Twelve eyewitnesses testified at trial, but only Barbara
Day, who may have been inclined to minimize her role in the death of her classmate,5

5 At trial, the victim’s friends testified that Barbara Day commanded her cohorts to “get him” or
“shoot him” after arguing with the victim. ECF 5-2 at 171, 241. Further, her testimony that the victim said
“go to the trunk” and that the victim “reached in his pants like he was going to shoot [Sturgis]”
implausibly suggests that she believed her fifteen-year old classmate, who she had known “since forever”
and who she described as a person “not known for carrying a gun,” had one gun in his pants and another
gun in a car trunk. ECF 11-1 at 132, 145-47.
corroborated Sturgis’s narrative that the victim acted as if he had a gun and referenced
a trunk. Even then, she omitted these material facts in her narrative and offered it only

when prompted on cross-examination. Five witnesses, including four who arrived at
the scene of the crime with Sturgis, expressly denied this narrative. The testimony that
the victim was a fifteen-year old that did not have a car or a gun but instead arrived at
the scene by school bus with his middle school friends also undermines the credibility
of Sturgis’ narrative. On this basis, there is a substantial likelihood that the jury did not
credit Sturgis’s narrative that the victim acted as if he had a gun.

The record further demonstrated that Sturgis was a twenty-six year old adult
who had no personal stake in the high school dispute and did not know any of the
teenagers involved. Absent persuasive evidence that the victim acted as if he had a gun,
it is unclear how these circumstances could have “obscured the reason of an ordinary
person,” “rendered a person incapable of rational thought,” or otherwise indicated that

Sturgis committed voluntary manslaughter rather than murder. Moreover, even if
Sturgis believed that the victim had a gun and that he needed to act to defend himself
or others, the record contains no explanation as to why he shot the victim a second time
in the head at point blank range as the victim doubled over from the first shot.
Additionally, the record indicates that none of the jurors observed Sturgis in

shackles or discussed the shackles among themselves. One juror assumed that Sturgis
was shackled based on his limited movements at trial, but even that juror attested that it
did not affect his vote to convict Sturgis of murder or his vote to acquit Sturgis of
kidnapping. Sturgis also contends that the shackles inhibited his ability to take notes
and to communicate with trial counsel. While this limitation may have been
inconvenient and while the trial court erred by imposing it without making the

necessary factual determinations, he does not elaborate on how it affected the outcome
of the case.
The court finds Stephenson v. Neal, 865 F.3d 956 (7th Cir. 2017), to be instructive.
In that case, the petitioner asserted that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
to the use of a stun belt at a penalty phase hearing, and the jury sentenced him to death
after a brief hearing. Id. at 957, 959. The Seventh Circuit found that the petitioner was

entitled to habeas relief on this claim, noting the possibility that the stun belt may have
caused the jurors to believe that the petitioner was violent and unpredictable and that it
may have caused the petitioner to act nervously out of fear that it would be activated.
Id. at 959. The court found that there was a reasonable probability that the jury’s
awareness of the stun belt affected the outcome of the penalty phase, reasoning, “Yet

we know that four jurors were aware of the stun belt, and do not know what if anything
they told the other jurors and therefore what role discovery of the stun belt may have
played in the jury’s determination to sentence him to death.” Id.
In Wrinkles v. Buss, 537 F.3d 804, 822 (7th Cir. 2008), the Seventh Circuit
considered a similar claim but reached a different outcome based on the State court’s

specific findings of fact on a more developed evidentiary record. Specifically, the State
court had found that no jurors saw or knew about a stun belt after considering the
conflicting accounts of three jurors and court officers. Id. at 822-23. The Seventh Circuit
credited the State court’s finding as required by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1) and concluded
that the petitioner was not entitled to habeas relief for lack of prejudice. Id.

This case more closely resembles Wrinkles than Stephenson. As in Wrinkles, it is
significant that the State court found that no jurors saw or knew about Sturgis’s
shackles. See Roche v. Davis, 291 F.3d 473, 483 (7th Cir. 2002) (“[W]hen the defendant
was shackled at trial, the key issues are whether the jury was aware of the shackles or
whether the shackles were readily visible.”); Stephenson v. State, 864 N.E.2d 1022, 1033
(Ind. 2007) (“[F]ailure to object to restraints that are readily visible is substandard

performance of counsel.”). Like Wrinkles, the post-conviction record supports this
finding given testimony about the efforts to conceal the use of shackles from the jury
and the juror affidavits. Though there may be some argument that one juror’s
assumption amounted to actual awareness, the State court’s finding on this point is not
unreasonable, so the court must defer to it on habeas review.

Next, unlike the petitioner in Stephenson who the jury sentenced to death after a
brief hearing, the jury here split the verdict by acquitting Sturgis of kidnapping after
hearing three days of testimony from twelve eyewitnesses in addition to Sturgis’s
account presented through a detective. At the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, trial
counsel described the acquittal as a “significant result with the jury.” ECF 5-8 at 61. The

prosecuting attorney agreed, testifying, “With what he had, I thought he did an
excellent job. I was surprised about the not guilty honestly. I would have thought that
we would have gotten the convictions as charged.” Id. at 76. Consequently, the decision
to acquit Sturgis on the kidnapping charge provides a strong indication that the use of
shackles did not affect the jury’s ability to fairly evaluate the evidence at trial or to
render an impartial decision.

In sum, the court cannot find that the State court made an unreasonable
determination regarding trial counsel’s performance or prejudice. Therefore, the claim
that trial counsel failed to object to the use of shackles is not a basis for habeas relief.
CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
Pursuant to Section 2254 Habeas Corpus Rule 11, the court must grant or deny a
certificate of appealability. To obtain a certificate of appealability under 28 U.S.C. §

2253(c), the petitioner must make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right by establishing “that a reasonable jurist could debate whether (or, for that matter,
agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner or that the
issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000). For the reasons explained in this order, there is no

basis for encouraging Sturgis to proceed further.
For these reasons, the court DENIES the habeas corpus petition; DENIES a
certificate of appealability pursuant to Section 2254 Habeas Corpus Rule 11; and
DIRECTS the clerk to enter judgment in favor of the Respondent and against the
Petitioner.

SO ORDERED on March 9, 2021
/s/JON E. DEGUILIO
CHIEF JUDGE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10160575. Public record. Not legal advice.