# Davis v. Harper

> District Court, S.D. Illinois · March 13, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10157455

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Illinois
- **Decided:** March 13, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
CHRISTOPHER DAVIS #Y20227, )
Plaintiff,
vs. Case No. 18-CV-1118-SMY
JOSEPH HARPER, et al,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
YANDLE, District Judge:
Now pending before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Defendants
Tom Biama, Joseph Harper, Ajit Trikha (Doc. 122), which Plaintiff Christopher Davis opposes
(Docs. 143). The Court granted leave for Defendants to file a reply (Doc. 146). For the following
reasons, the motion is GRANTED in part as to Defendant Harper only.
Factual Background
The following material facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted': Christopher Davis
was found unfit to stand trial for robbery charges in Lake County, Illinois and sent to Chester
Medical Health Center (“CMHC”) for a year (Doc. 126, p. 2; Doc. 127, p. 1; Doc. 136, p. 14).
During the relevant period in May and June 2016, Defendant Harper was the Hospital
Administrator for CMHC (which is not a medical professional position and does not involve
treating patients), Defendant Trikha was a doctor at CMHC, and Defendant Biama was a security
therapy aid (Docs. 140, 140-1, 140-2).

Defendants filed thousands of pages of Plaintiff’s medical records that are not connected to the incidents on May 19,
2016 and June 2, 2016 that form the basis for this lawsuit. While the Court understands the need to make a full record,
Defendants are encouraged to be more judicious in only filing documentation relevant to the summary judgment
briefing before this Court.
Page 1 of 6

Upon his arrival at CMHC, Davis had no court enforced medication order and no
emergency enforced medications (“EEM”) (Doc. 127, p. 2). His medical records indicate that he
“had physical altercation with peers” and “exhibits aggressive behaviors” (Doc. 127, p. 2).
According to Davis’ declaration in opposition to summary judgment, he had a “personal safety
plan in place indicating [his] directives for how CMHC staff were to handle [him] in an emergency

situation,” and he ranked the three available options as “(1) seclusion, (2) emergency medication,
and (3) restraint” (Doc. 143-1 at ¶ 2). This comported with the CMHC policy, which allowed the
administration of EEM to prevent a patient from causing “serious and imminent physical harm to
selfor others” (Doc. 125-3, p. 3)(Emphasis added).
The lack of deposition testimony and barebones affidavits submitted by Defendants made
it difficult to formulate a narrative of how the EEM was administered to Davis. But the parties
agree, and the medical records show, that Davis was involuntarily administered EEM on May 19,
2016, and June 2, 2016(Doc. 131, pp. 1, 7; Doc. 133, pp. 34, 37). On these dates, a nurse indicated
to Defendant Trikha that Plaintiff had lunged at another patient and taken a fighting stance, or was

refusing to return to his room and threatening staff (Doc. 140-1 at ¶¶ 4-5). Defendant Trikha made
a judgment that emergency medication was necessary based on these reports, but it is unclear who
this nurse was or who administered the EEM (Doc. 140-1 at ¶ 6). It is also unclear whether
Defendant Biama was present, noted any concerns to Defendant Trikha, or administered the EEM.
And it is unclear as to the timing of when this judgment was rendered and when the EEM was
administered (like whether a long time had elapsed). In any event, Davis contests this account of
the incidents, as he declared that he was neither violent nor threatening on those dates (Doc. 143-
1 at ¶¶ 3-9).
As aresult of the involuntary administration of EEM on May 19 and June 2, 2016, Plaintiff
declares that he has experienced physical difficulties that include abnormal vision (Doc. 143-1 at
4 10).
Discussion
Davis filed the instant lawsuit pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Doc. 1). Following the initial
screening (Doc. 15), Davis is proceeding on the following claims:
Count 1: Fourteenth Amendment claim against Carnes, John Doe Doctor #1, and
Harper, for forcibly administering psychotropic medications to Plaintiff as
punishment and without justification on May 19, 2016;
Count 2: Fourteenth Amendment claim against Miller, John Doe Doctor #2, STA
John Doe and Harper, for forcibly administering psychotropic
medications to Plaintiff as punishment and without justification on June 2,
2016;
(Doc. 15, pp. 6-7).
Summary judgment is proper only if the moving party can demonstrate that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact or if the non-moving party “has failed to make a sufficient
showing on an essential element of her case with respect to which she has the burden of proof.”
Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986). If the evidence is
merely colorable, or is not sufficiently probative, summary judgment may be granted. Anderson
v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986). Any doubt as to the existence of a genuine
issue of material fact must be resolved against the moving party. Lawrence v. Kenosha County,
391 F.3d 837, 841 (7th Cir. 2004).
Counts 1 and 2
As an initial matter, Plaintiff concedes that Defendant Harper was not sufficiently
personally involved for liability and should be dismissed (Doc. 143, p. 2). The Court agrees. That

? These John Doe defendants were later substituted as Defendants Trikha and Biama (Docs. 78, 79).
Page 3 of 6

leaves the question as to whether Defendants Trikha and Biama may be liable for the involuntary
administration of EEM to Davis.
A person, even when detained against their will, retains “a significant liberty interest in
avoiding the unwanted administration of antipsychotic drugs under the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment.” Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210, 221 (1990). But this right must

be balanced against the State’s interest in maintaining safe facilities and its obligation to “take
reasonable measures for the [detainees’] own safety.” Id.at 225. “Due process allows a mentally
ill inmate to be treated involuntarily with antipsychotic drugs where there is a determination that
the inmate is dangerous to himself or others and the treatment is in the inmate’s medical
interest.”Riggins v. Nevada, 504 U.S. 127, 134-35 (1992)(internal quotations
omitted); Washington, 494 U.S. at 231 (medical professional may make decision to forcibly
medicate without judicial decree). With respect to the medication administered, “[l]iability may
be imposed only when the decision [to administer such medication] by the [medical] professional
is such a substantial departure from accepted professional judgment, practice, or standards as to

demonstrate that the person responsible actually did not base the decision on such a judgment.”
Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 323(1982).
Viewed in its entirety, the record is not sufficiently clear to support summary judgment.
Davis contests Defendants’ version of events and declares that he was neither violent nor agitated
when he received the EEM. Additionally, other material questions are unresolved: who was the
nurse who told Defendant Trikha about Plaintiff’s behaviors? Were they based on first-hand
observations? Did Defendant Trikha further investigate these reports? Who administered the
EEM? Had Plaintiff already calmed down by that time? Was Defendant Biama present? Did he
administer the EEM? This matter must be tried, with a jury assessing the credibility of live
witnesses and discerning a narrative that is lacking in the summary judgment record.
Qualified Immunity
Defendants Trikha and Biama also move for summary judgement based on qualified
immunity, arguing that administration of the EEM did not violate clearly established rights.
Governmental officials are protected from civil liability when performing discretionary functions
under the doctrine of qualified immunity so long as “their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.”
Harlow vy. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982); see also Alvarado v. Litscher, 267 F.3d 648, 652
(7th Cir. 2001). For a constitutional right to be clearly established, its contours “must be
sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that
right.” Estate of Escobedo v. Bender, 600 F.3d 770, 779 (7th Cir. 2010), quoting Hope v. Pelzer,
536 U.S. 730, 739 (2002). But the nght of pretrial detainees like Davis to remain free of
involuntarily administered medication (absent exigent institutional concerns) was clearly
established at the time. Harper, 494 U.S. at 221. Accordingly, the claims asserted against
Defendants Trikha and Biama are not barred by qualified immunity.

3 Defendants initially raised a defense under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”), which provides that “[n]o
Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental
or emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). The
PLRA applies to a pretrial detainee like Plaintiff who was confined in a mental to health treatment facility. Kalinowski
v. Bond, 358 F.3d 978, 979 (7th Cir. 2006) (“Pretrial detainees are ‘prisoners’ for purposes of the PLRA because they
are in custody while ‘accused of . . . violations of criminal law’”). Prisoners must make a “prior showing” of physical
injury or the commission of a sexual act before recovering for these injuries. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). But this limitation
applies only to compensatory damages—not nominal damages, punitive damages, or injunctive relief. Not only does
Plaintiff seek nominal damages for violation of his Constitutional rights with involuntary administration of the EEM
medication, but Defendants conceded in their reply that, “Plaintiffs recently revealed vision issues are sufficient for
the PLRA” (Doc. 146, p. 3). Calhoun v. DeTella, 319 F.3d 936, 941 (7th Cir. 2003) (nominal damages are “recognition
of a violation of rights.”) Accordingly, summary judgment will not be granted because of the PLRA’s requirement of
a physical injury.

Page 5 of 6

Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 122) is
GRANTED on Counts 1 and 2 only with respect to Defendant Harper. The motion is DENIED
with respect to Defendants Trikha and Biama on both counts. The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED
to enter judgment accordingly at the conclusion of this case. By separate order, this case will be
set for a status conference to select a firm trial date.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Aenitl Cole
DATED: March 13, 2024
STACI M. YANDLE
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10157455. Public record. Not legal advice.