# Hensiek v. Board of Directors of Casino Queen Holding Company, Inc.

> District Court, S.D. Illinois · February 26, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10157374

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Illinois
- **Decided:** February 26, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10157374

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting different retirees received a different mix of communications, such that the myriad of variations of communications meant there was no commonality in the plaintiffs’ claim

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

TOM HENSIEK, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
vs. )
)
BD. OF DIRECTORS OF CASINO QUEEN )
HOLDING CO., INC., et. al., )
)
Defendants. )
_________________________________________ )
BD. OF DIRECTORS OF CASINO QUEEN )
HOLDING CO., INC., et. al., )
)
Crossclaim/Third-Party Plaintiffs, )
)
vs. )
)
CHARLES BIDWILL, III, et al., )
)
Crossclaim/Third-Party Defendants. ) Case No. 3:20-cv-377-DWD
_________________________________________ )
CHARLES BIDWILL, III, )
TIMOTHY J RAND, )
)
Defendants/Counterclaimants, )
Crossclaim/Third Party Plaintiffs, )
)
vs. )
)
TOM HENSIEK, et. al., )
)
Counterclaim/Crossclaim/Third-Party )
Defendants. )
_________________________________________ )
JAMES G. KOMAN, )
)
Crossclaim Plaintiff, )
vs. )
)
BD. OF DIRECTORS OF CASINO QUEEN )
HOLDING CO., INC., et al. )
)
Crossclaim Defendants. )
_________________________________________ )

MEMORANDUM & ORDER

DUGAN, District Judge:

This matter comes before the Court on several motions:
1. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Certify Class (Doc. 391);

2. Defendants Bidwill and Rand’s Motion to Certify Class of Counterclaim as to
Counterclaim Counts I-IV (Doc. 389);

3. Defendants Bidwill and Rand’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction (Doc.
402);

4. Defendants Koman and the James G. Koman Irrevocable Trust, its Trustee, and
its Beneficiaries’ Motion to Seal Opposition Brief to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class
Certification (Doc. 405);

5. Defendants Bidwill and Rand’s Motion to Seal Exhibits (Doc. 408);

6. All Defendants’ Motion to Strike Plaintiff Wrobel’s Deposition Errata Sheet
(Doc. 414);

7. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Supplement Motion for Class Certification (Doc. 480);

8. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Seal Document 481 (Doc. 482); and

9. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Status Conference (Doc. 508).

The Court has reviewed the briefing and materials submitted by the parties in
support and opposition to these Motions (See Docs. 390, 391, 392, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401,
403, 404, 406, 407, 409, 411, 412, 412, 414, 415, 416, 419, 420, 425, 480, 481, 482, 483, 507).
Preliminary Rulings
For good cause shown, the Motions to Seal Documents at Docs. 405, 408, and 482
are GRANTED. Further, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Supplement their Motion for Class

Certification (Doc. 480) is GRANTED over Defendants’ objections. The Court has
reviewed the supplemental materials and will give these materials their appropriate
weight, if any, in issuing its rulings below. Similarly, Defendants’ Motion to Strike
Plaintiff Wrobel’s Deposition Errata Sheet (Doc. 414) is DENIED without prejudice.
Again, the Court has reviewed the materials and will address the representations and

testimony as may be appropriate in issuing its rulings on the currently pending motions
for class certification. If appropriate circumstances arise, Defendants are granted leave to
refile their Motion to address potential evidentiary issues at summary judgment or trial.
Finally, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Status Conference (Doc. 508) is DENIED without
prejudice. After reviewing this Memorandum & Order, together with the Court’s

directives, the parties are granted leave to refile their Motion for Status Conference if
appropriate circumstances exist to do so. Similarly, the parties are directed to review their
previously submitted joint discovery report in light of these rulings, and if discovery
issues remain in dispute, they SHALL submit an updated discovery report to the Court’s
proposed document email address that specifies the items requiring further rulings.

Background

Plaintiffs Tom Hensiek, Jason Gill, and Lillian Wrobel bring this action pursuant
to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461
(“ERISA”), on behalf of a proposed class of participants and beneficiaries in the Casino
Queen Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”), an ERISA-protected retirement plan.
As alleged in their Amended Complaint (Doc. 144), Plaintiffs are current or former

employees of Casino Queen Hotel & Casino, and participants and beneficiaries of the
ESOP. Plaintiffs filed this putative class action in 2020 on behalf of themselves and all
other participants in the ESOP. In January 2022, the Court denied Defendants’ motion to
dismiss for failure to state a claim. (Doc. 118). In April 2022, Plaintiffs filed an amended
complaint, adding several new defendants whom Plaintiffs claim were former
shareholders of Casino Queen, Inc. (“CQI”), and “parties in interest” under 29 U.S.C.

§ 1002(14). (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 64-66). Defendants again moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ amended
complaint, and the Court issued detailed rulings denying these motions in March 2023.
(Docs. 426 & 427). In this Memorandum & Order, the Court assumes familiarity with its
prior rulings, so it will provide background when pertinent to the instant motions.
Defendants are generally comprised of two groups: the “Fiduciary Defendants”

and the “Selling Shareholders.” (Docs. 426 & 427). The Fiduciary Defendants include
Defendants Charles Bidwill, Timothy J. Rand, James G. Koman, Jeffrey Watson, and
Robert Barrows, who are all alleged to be fiduciaries of the ESOP. (Doc. 144, ¶ 203), in
addition to the Board of Directors of the Casino Queen Holding Company, Inc. (“CQH”),
and the Administrative Committee of the Casino Queen ESOP. The Selling Shareholders

are alleged family members (or trust-related entities set up to benefit family members) of
the five founding family groups of CQI and its subsequent holding company, CQH (Doc.
144, ¶¶ 2, 72).1 These founding family groups included persons from the Bidwill family,
the Rand family, the Koman family, the Kenny family, and the Gaughan/Toti group.

(Doc. 144, ¶ 2). Before the transactions at issue, the five family groups owned an equal
portion of CQI (20%) and controlled one of the five seats on the CQI Board of Directors.
(Doc. 144, ¶¶ 2, 72). The Selling Shareholders are allegedly connected to the Koman and
Bidwill family groups, with James Koman and Charles Bidwill III serving as their
designated CQI Board Member. (Doc. 144, ¶ 73). Each Selling Shareholder Defendant also
owned a percentage of CQI, ranging from 0.88% to 10.200%. (Doc. 144, ¶ 65).

From 2005 to 2011, the Selling Shareholders attempted to sell Casino Queen to
various third parties, but they were not successful. Thus, in 2012 and 2013, the Selling
Shareholders sold the Casino Queen and its assets in four general steps, which are more
fully detailed in the Court’s prior orders. Relevant here, in October 2012, the Selling
Shareholders created CQH, the holding company for CQI. (Doc. 144, ¶ 79). The Selling

Shareholders then exchanged their CQI stock for CQH stock and placed three former CQI
Board Members on the newly formed CQH Board. (Id.).
In December 2012, the Selling Shareholders, acting in coordination with their
family’s CQH Board Member, established the ESOP, then facilitated the ESOP’s purchase
of their then-outstanding CQH stock for a sum of $170 million. (Doc. 144, ¶ 81).2 To

1These Defendants also include Bidwill, Rand, James Koman, Watson, and Barrows, in addition to
Mary C. Bidwill, Brian R. Bidwill, Patricia M. Bidwill, Shauna Bidwill Valenzuela, the Bidwill Succession
Trust, the William J. Koman, Sr. Living Trust, the William J. Koman, Jr. Irrevocable Trust, the Karen L.
Hamilton Irrevocable Trust, the Janis A. Koman Irrevocable Trust, the Elizabeth S. Koman Irrevocable
Trust, and the James C. Koman Irrevocable Trust. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 65-66).
2Plaintiffs allege that they were told that Casino Queen had been sold for $170 million but that it
was actually worth $174 million. (Doc. 144 at ¶ 101).
facilitate the stock purchase, the ESOP borrowed $130 million in secured debt from Wells
Fargo, $15 million from a third party, and $25 million from the Selling Shareholders. (Id.).

CQH guaranteed the debt, which significantly increased its debt load. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 80,
115-116). Plaintiffs allege that the Selling Shareholders’ loans made to the ESOP carried
“draconian interest rates as high as 17.5%.” (Doc. 144, ¶ 6). This transaction is generally
referred to as the “2012 Stock Purchase.”
Finally, in 2013, the ESOP sold Casino Queen’s real property to a third-party,
Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc. (“GLPI”), for $140 million. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 127-129).

CQH then agreed to lease the same property back to GLPI for $210 million, to be paid
over 15 years. (Doc. 144, ¶ 130). This transaction is generally referred to as the “2013 Asset
Sale.” The Asset Sale provided CQH and the ESOP with cash to pay off the outstanding
loans the ESOP owed to the Selling Shareholders. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 134-135). Plaintiffs
maintain that the Selling Shareholders’ loans were fully repaid in 2014, and shortly

thereafter, Defendants Bidwill, Rand, and Koman relinquished their CQH Board
memberships. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 145-46).
Plaintiffs allege that the 2012 Stock Purchase Transaction and the 2013 Asset Sale
were conducted in violation of Defendants’ fiduciary duties under ERISA. Specifically,
as to the 2012 Stock Purchase, Plaintiffs allege that the price the ESOP paid for the CQH

stock was dramatically inflated based on financial projections of Casino Queen’s future
profitability, which the Board of Directors knew or should have known were unrealistic
because the Selling Shareholders had tried unsuccessfully for years to sell Casino Queen,
and because Defendants knew or should have known that Casino Queen’s revenue had
dropped significantly due to the decreasing market share it held as the number of
competitors grew in the area. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 108-111). Thus, the ESOP paid significantly

more than fair market value for the stock, which was the ESOP’s only asset. Further, the
2013 Asset Sale was based on unfavorable financial terms for the ESOP, and “left Casino
Queen as a shell of a company that did not own any real property assets and did not have
sufficient cash flow to service its remaining debts.” (Doc. 144, ¶ 144).
Plaintiffs further allege that at least three ESOP transactions involving the Selling
Shareholders were prohibited by 29 U.S.C. § 1106(a).3 These alleged prohibited

transactions include: the ESOP’s purchase of the Selling Shareholders’ CQH stock in 2012,
the Selling Shareholders’ subsequent loans to the ESOP “at draconian interest rates,” and
the individual payments the Selling Shareholders received in connection with the
repayment of their loans. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 6, 205-207). Plaintiffs also maintain every Selling
Shareholder is a party in interest under ERISA, and “had actual or constructive

knowledge” of the circumstances rendering these transactions unlawful since they knew:
(a) that CQI had received at least 6 prior offers to purchase the Company

3Section 1106 prohibits certain kinds of transactions between a plan and a “party in interest,”
including transactions that constitute a “direct or indirect” –

(A) sale or exchange, or leasing, of any property between the plan and a party in interest;

(B) lending of money or other extension of credit between the plan and a party in interest;

(C) furnishing of goods, services, or facilities between the plan and a party in interest;

(D) transfer to, or use by or for the benefit of a party in interest of any assets of the plan; or

(E) acquisition, on behalf of the plan, of any employer security or employer real property in
violation of section 1107(a) of this title.

29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1)(B).
on worse terms than those paid in the ESOP Transaction,

(b) that the valuation supporting the 2012 ESOP Transaction was the
product of improper, incomplete, unconsidered, and misleading
information, and

(c) that the interest rates on the loan that the Selling Shareholders made to
the ESOP through CQH were unreasonably high.

(Doc. 144, ¶ 66).4 Thus, Plaintiffs seek to reclaim the proceeds that the Selling
Shareholders received from the prohibited transactions. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 198-212).
Finally, Plaintiffs allege that they exercised due diligence in reviewing their annual
account balances and attending employee meetings concerning the ESOP, but they could
not discover Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duty until 2019 because Defendants
actively concealed their ERISA violations by misrepresenting the terms of the
transactions or the effects of the transactions on the value of the stock. (Doc. 144, ¶ 181).
Plaintiffs provide three examples of these misrepresentations. First, at various mandatory
employee meetings, the Co-Trustees told employees, including Plaintiffs, that the ESOP
would provide significant retirement savings and wealth for participants. (Doc. 144,
¶¶ 148-150). Second, in the ESOP’s required annual filings with the Department of Labor
(the Form 5500s), Defendants misreported the price of the CQH stock and the amount of
debt the ESOP acquired to complete the 2012 Transaction. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 152-170). Third,
in annual reports produced by Defendants and distributed to the ESOP participants,

4Plaintiffs specifically allege that each Selling Shareholder is a party in interest because they were
either “a member of the CQH Board of Directors, a 10% or more shareholder, a family member of a Board
member or 10% shareholder [i.e., Defendant James Komen or Charles Bidwill], a trust in which 50% or
more of the beneficial interest is owned directly or indirectly by such persons, or otherwise a party in
interest” as defined in 29 U.S.C. § 1002(14) (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 65-66, 203-204).
Defendants misrepresented the growth of Casino Queen’s value. (Doc. 4, ¶¶ 171-175).
Plaintiffs now seek an order pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23,

certifying this case as a class action. (Doc. 391). However, before addressing the merits of
Plaintiffs’ Class Certification Motion, the Court will first address Defendant Bidwill and
Rand’s Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction (Doc. 402), as these arguments are also
raised in response to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification. (Doc. 409).
Defendants Bidwill and Rand’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 402)
Defendants Bidwill and Rand ask that the Court dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims. (Docs.

402, 403). As with their prior motions to dismiss, Bidwill and Rand insist that the
allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaints are “egregious[ly]” distorted. This time, however,
they argue that Plaintiffs lack standing such that the Court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over their claims. (Docs. 402, 403, 404). According to Bidwill and Rand,
Plaintiffs “have not and cannot establish any concrete injury for standing purposes,” and

even if they could, these injuries cannot be traced back to Bidwill and Rand. (Doc. 403,
pg. 7). Bidwill and Rand also argue that any alleged drop in stock value from 2018 cannot
be traced back to the alleged fraudulent actions at issue in Plaintiffs’ complaint. (Id. at
pgs. 7-8). Instead, Bidwill and Rand argue that the decline in share value was caused by
the Casino Queen’s acquisition of another casino in 2017 and a subsequent decline in

revenue, resulting in Casino Queen’s inability to make certain loan payments and a
subsequent bankruptcy filing. (Doc. 403, pgs. 9-10). In support of their arguments, Bidwill
and Rand point to the depositions and other declarations in the record. (Doc. 404).
The Court finds the Seventh Circuit’s instruction in Abbott v. Lockheed Martin Corp.,
725 F.3d 803 (7th Cir. 2013) is relevant here. In Abbott, Defendants argued that one of the
original named plaintiffs in a class-action ERISA case lacked Article III standing because

he could not show that he was injured using one measurement of damages, the Hueler
Index. Id. at 808. The Seventh Circuit rejected the standing challenge as “one of many
instances in which we must resist the urge to make a preliminary question depend on the
final resolution of the merits.” Id. (citing Payton v. Cnty. of Kane, 308 F.3d 673, 677 (7th Cir.
2002)). The Seventh Circuit continued by stating:
Injury-in-fact for standing purposes is not the same thing as the ultimate
measure of recovery. The fact that a plaintiff may have difficulty proving
damages does not mean that he cannot have been harmed. DeMartini’s lack
of damages as measured by the Hueler Index suggests that he may have a
problem proving the degree of his injury, but Lockheed overreads
both Article III’s injury-in-fact requirement and the facts in this case when
it interprets the absence of damages under the Hueler Index as dispositive
proof that DeMartini was not injured. (It is possible, for instance, that if the
Plan had been managed prudently, it might have outperformed the Hueler
Index at all times, and thus DeMartini would have done even better. All of
that remains to be shown.)

It is often the case in class litigation that by the time the remedial phase is
reached, some of the original plaintiffs will not be entitled to recover, either
because they lost on the merits or because they cannot show damages.
Sometimes the reason a particular plaintiff cannot recover may be related
to one of the three Article III standing requirements: the plaintiff may not
have shown that the defendant caused her injury (in which case, we could
also say that her injury was not “fairly traceable” to the defendant), or she
might have failed to show that she suffered an injury at all. But in such
cases, the plaintiff has lost on the merits; we do not reach back in time and
enter a judgment dismissing the case for want of an Article III case or
controversy. Yet that is effectively what Lockheed is asking us to do here; it
wants us to use the hindsight acquired as the claims in this case have
evolved to find that there was never jurisdiction over the case to begin with.
We have previously rejected this unworkable view of Article III standing,
and we do so again here. See, e.g., Kohen v. Pac. Inv. Mgmt. Co. LLC, 571 F.3d
672, 677 (7th Cir. 2009) (“Jurisdiction established at the pleading stage by a
claim of injury that is not successfully challenged at that stage is not lost
when at trial the plaintiff fails to substantiate the allegation of injury;
instead the suit is dismissed on the merits.”); Bruggeman ex rel. Bruggeman
v. Blagojevich, 324 F.3d 906, 909 (7th Cir.2003) (“[I]f [a plaintiff’s] claim has
no merit, then he has not been injured by any wrongful conduct of the
defendant; but if the consequence were that he lacked standing, then every
decision in favor of a defendant would be a decision that the court lacked
jurisdiction, entitling the plaintiff to start over in another court.”).

Id. Defendants’ arguments here are comparable to the merits-based standing challenge in
Abbott. As in Abbott, the merits-based standing challenge will be denied in this case.
The “irreducible constitutional minimum” of standing requires that the plaintiff
has “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of
the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.”
Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016); see also Albert v. Oshkosh Corp., 47 F.4th 570,
577 (7th Cir. 2022). Here, Plaintiffs’ complaint alleged that they were harmed by
Defendants’ direct actions related to the 2012 and 2013 transactions. This was sufficient
to establish injury-in-fact for pleading purposes. See Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555,
561 (1992) (“general factual allegations of injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct
may suffice” to establish standing at the pleading stage). To the extent that Defendants
seek to delve into the merits of Plaintiffs’ injuries, and Defendants defenses related to the
involvement of outside advisors, these arguments are premature at this stage before
discovery has been completed. However, Defendants may reraise these arguments at
summary judgment. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 402) is therefore DENIED.
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification (Doc. 391)
Plaintiffs now seek an order pursuant to Rule 23, certifying this case as a class
action and certifying the following class:

All participants in the Casino Queen Employee Stock Ownership Plan who
had shares of CQ Holding Company, Inc. stock in their ESOP account on
December 31, 2018, and who had not received any distributions for any
stock held in their ESOP account prior to that date, and those participants’
beneficiaries. Excluded from the Class are Defendants and their immediate
family members, any fiduciary of the ESOP, and any legal representatives,
successors, and assigns of any such excluded persons.

(Doc. 391). Defendants oppose the Motion.
This Court may certify a class only if all of the following requirements are met:
(1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are
questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the
representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the proposed class, and
(4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). If the requirements of Rule 23(a) are met, then a class action may
only be maintained if one of the following three factors are met:
(1) separate actions would create a risk of (a) inconsistent or varying
adjudications as to individual members of the class, which would establish
incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing the class, or
(b) adjudications with respect to individual class members which would as
a practical matter be dispositive of the interests of the other members not
parties to the adjudications or substantially impair or impede their ability
to protect their interest; or

(2) the party opposed to the class has acted or refused to act on grounds
generally applicable to the class so that final injunctive or declaratory relief
in favor of the class as a whole is appropriate; or

(3) the Court finds that questions of law or fact that are common to class
members predominate over any questions affecting only individual
members, and that a class action is superior to other means of adjudicating
the matter.

Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b).
Here, Plaintiffs argue the requirements of Rule 23(b)(1)(A) and (B) are met. (Doc.
392). Plaintiffs also “bear the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
their proposed class satisfies the requirements of Rule 23.” Howard v. Cook Cnty. Sheriff's
Off., 989 F.3d 587, 597 (7th Cir. 2021).
District courts must “exercise caution before certifying a class.” Thorogood v. Sears,
Roebuck & Co., 547 F.3d 742, 746 (7th Cir. 2008). Further, while district courts do not
consider the merits of Plaintiffs’ lawsuit at class certification, the court “must make
whatever factual and legal inquiries are necessary to ensure that requirements for class
certification are satisfied before deciding whether a class should be certified, even if those
considerations overlap the merits of the case.” Am. Honda Motor Co. v. Allen, 600 F.3d 813,

815 (7th Cir. 2010); see also Howard v. Ray’s LLC, No. 8-cv-627, 2011 WL 4625735, *4 (S.D.
Ind. Sept. 30, 2011) (“Though a district court is not prohibited from deciding the merits
of a claim prior to addressing a motion seeking class certification of that claim, typically
the preferred order is for the trial court to rule on a motion for class certification and then
move forward to consider a motion challenging the merits of the case.”).

Fiduciaries of a plan covered by ERISA “shall discharge…duties with respect to a
plan solely in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries.” 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1).
This duty of loyalty “is the ‘highest known to the law.’ ” Su v. Johnson, 68 F.4th 345, 352
(7th Cir. 2023). “Fiduciary self-dealing is therefore prohibited ‘[e]xcept as provided in
section 1108 of this title.’ ” Id. (citing 29 U.S.C. § 1106(a)(1)(D)); see also Leigh v. Engle, 727
F.2d 113, 123 (7th Cir. 1984) (stating § 1106 “prohibits transactions where those dealing

with the plan may have conflicting interests which could lead to self-dealing”).
Fiduciaries may further breach this duty if they “mislead plan participants or
misrepresent the terms or administration of a plan.” Bowerman v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
226 F.3d 574, 590 (7th Cir. 2000). Not every error in communicating information regarding
a plan will be a breach of fiduciary duty. Id. To determine if a fiduciary breached its duty,
the Court examines “ ‘all alleged statements within the total mix of information available’

to plaintiffs.” Gesell v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 216 F.R.D. 616, 621 (C.D. Ill. 2003) (citing
In re Sears Retiree Group Life Ins. Litig., 198 F.R.D. 487, 490 (N.D.Ill.2000) (quoting Ballone
v. Eastman Kodak Co., 109 F.3d 117, 126 (2d Cir.1997)).
An individual employee may bring a civil action to enjoin any practice which
violates any provision of ERISA, including a breach of fiduciary duty. 29 U.S.C.

§ 1132(a)(3); Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489 (1996); Bowerman, 226 F.3d at 591. As
detailed above, Plaintiffs’ action challenges two transactions: the 2012 sale of the Casino
Queen to the ESOP, and the 2013 sale of the Casino Queen’s assets to GLPI. (Doc. 392).5
Plaintiffs seek various remedies under ERISA § 502(a)(2) and (3), codified at 29 U.S.C.
§ 1132(a)(2). (Doc. 144). Plaintiffs also seek prejudgment interest and attorneys’ fees from

Defendants in connection with most of their requested relief. (Doc. 144).
ERISA § 502(a)(2) provides that a plan participant or beneficiary may bring a civil

5In their briefing, Plaintiffs generally refer to the asset sale as occurring in 2014 (Doc. 392, pg. 3),
although the allegations in the Amended Complaint state that the sale occurred in 2013 (Doc. 144)
(consistently referring to the 2013 Asset Sale).
action for “appropriate relief” under ERISA § 409. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2). Section 409, in
turn, provides that “[a]ny person who is a fiduciary with respect to a plan who breaches

any of the responsibilities, obligations, or duties imposed upon fiduciaries by this
subchapter shall be personally liable to make good to such plan any losses to the plan
resulting from each such breach, and to restore to such plan any profits of such fiduciary
which have been made through use of assets of the plan by the fiduciary, and shall be
subject to such other equitable or remedial relief as the court may deem appropriate.” 29
U.S.C. § 1109(a); see also Chao v. Linder, No. 5-cv-3812, 2007 WL 1655254, *8 (N.D. Ill. May

31, 2007) (“[T]he remedies provided by ERISA § 409 include not only damages, but
equitable remedies.”). This relief is available for the plan itself rather than individual
beneficiaries. Peabody v. Davis, 636 F.3d 368, 373 (7th Cir. 2011) (“The default rule has long
been that § 502(a)(2) authorizes recovery only on behalf of an entire plan, and not in favor
of an individual participant.”).

ERISA § 502(a)(3)(B) provides that a civil action may be brought “by a participant,
beneficiary, or fiduciary…to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to
redress…violations [of ERISA or a plan’s terms] or (ii) to enforce any provisions of this
subchapter or the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3). Section 502(a)(3) is a
“catchall” provision that offers “appropriate equitable relief” when relief is unavailable

under other ERISA sections. Varity Corp., 516 U.S. at 512; Smith v. Med. Benefit
Administrators Grp., Inc., 639 F.3d 277, 283 (7th Cir. 2011). This section also allows for
recovery from non-fiduciaries, including recovery from non-fiduciary parties to
prohibited transactions under ERISA § 406. See Harris Tr. & Sav. Bank v. Salomon Smith
Barney, Inc., 530 U.S. 238, 241 (2000); Peabody, 636 F.3d at 373; Fish v. GreatBanc Tr. Co., 109
F. Supp. 3d 1037, 1043 (N.D. Ill. 2015).
Rule 23(a) Requirements

Plaintiffs argue, as they must, all of Rule 23(a)’s prerequisites are satisfied. Also,
as noted above, they argue the proposed class may be certified under Rule 23(b)(1)(A)
and/or (B). (Doc. 392, pg. 24). As to numerosity, Plaintiffs argue that prerequisite is easily
satisfied, as there were 529 active participants in the ESOP as of 2018. (Doc. 392, pg. 14).
As to commonality, Plaintiffs argue the prerequisite is “readily satisfied in ERISA

cases,” such as this one, “brought on behalf of a plan.” (Doc. 392, pg. 14). In Plaintiffs’
view, all plan participants are authorized to assert the same representative claim on
behalf of the plan, and “these representative claims necessarily arise from the same
common nucleus of operative facts without material factual variations between class
members.” (Doc. 392, pg. 14). Plaintiffs state, “[n]early every legal and factual question

in this case is one that is common to the proposed Class as a whole.” (Doc. 392, pg. 15).
With respect to typicality, Plaintiffs note they, like every proposed class member,
were participants in the ESOP at the relevant time. (Doc. 392, pg. 16). Also, Plaintiffs’
claims, along with those of all the proposed class members, purportedly arose from
Defendants conduct in relation to the ESOP as a whole, i.e., Defendants planning,

executing, or participating in the ESOP Transaction and the Asset Sale. (Doc. 392, pg. 15).
In short, Plaintiffs’ claims allegedly share the essential characteristics of the claims of the
larger class because the claims seek the same relief and are based on the same legal theory
and conduct of Defendants. (Doc. 392, pg. 16).
Finally, as to the adequacy prerequisite, Plaintiffs argue they and their attorneys
adequately represent the class as a whole. (Doc. 392, pgs. 21-24). Plaintiffs state they do

not have any interests that are antagonistic to or out of line with those of the proposed
class. (Doc. 392, pgs. 21-22). Further, Plaintiffs note they have been willing and able to
“vigorously prosecute” the case, as shown by the information and documents tendered
in discovery, their participation in mediations, their review and preparation of discovery
responses, and their participation in depositions. (Doc. 392, pgs. 21-22). Also, Plaintiffs
argue all considerations favor the appointment of their attorneys as class counsel, as the

“lawyers and their respective firms have decades of experience in successfully handling
ERISA class actions and class actions generally.” (Doc. 392, pgs. 22-23). Those attorneys
have also “devoted significant effort to identifying, investigating, and prosecuting the
claims in this action,” and they will continue to do so. (Doc. 392, pgs. 23-24).
In response, Defendants focus on the commonality and adequacy prerequisites.

As to commonality, Defendants argue the proposed class does not satisfy the
commonality prerequisite since Plaintiffs’ tolling defenses require an examination of each
class members’ actions in order to determine whether their claims are time-barred. (Doc.
397, pg. 12). That is, the tolling defenses “require an individualized inquiry to determine
whether each class member may rely on one or more of Plaintiffs’ arguments to extend

their facially untimely claims.” (Doc. 397, pg. 13). In Defendants’ view, the claims alleged
against fiduciary Defendants under §§ 1104 and 1106 are time-barred because, as to the
“fraud or concealment” exception, an active concealment theory requires proof of
reliance by each class member and a self-concealing theory requires proof of diligence by
each class member. (Doc. 397, pgs. 13-23). Therefore, “even accepting as true Plaintiffs’
concealment allegations,” Defendants argue “those allegations do not apply to all ESOP

participants uniformly,” such that the commonality prerequisite cannot be satisfied.
(Doc. 397, pgs. 15, 23). Defendants present a similar argument, and reach the same
conclusion, with respect to Plaintiffs’ nonfiduciary claims. (Doc. 397, pgs. 23-25).
As to the adequacy prerequisite, Defendants argue Plaintiffs Wrobel and Gill are
not adequate representatives since they are subject to unique defenses. (Doc. 397, pgs. 25-
26). Defendants also argue the proposed class is overbroad, as at least 17% of its members’

claims are untimely. (Doc. 397, pg. 26). Defendants explain that the proposed class
“includes a large subset of participants who cannot rely on the FAC’s concealment
exceptions to toll ERISA’s six-year limitations period.” (Doc. 397, pgs. 27-28) (Emphasis
in original omitted.). Finally, Defendants argue, with respect to the adequacy of counsel,
Plaintiffs’ attorneys will not fairly and adequately represent the class due to violations of

the Rules of Professional Conduct. (Doc. 397, pgs. 28-29). More specifically, Defendants
allege Plaintiffs’ attorneys failed to notify Plaintiff Wrobel of settlement offers, contacted
an unrepresented party, and lacked candor with the Court. (Doc. 397, pgs. 29-36).
Now, the Court has carefully considered all of the above-summarized arguments
of the parties. Having done so, the Court finds Plaintiffs failed to satisfy the commonality

prerequisite. By virtue of this finding, and the fact that Plaintiffs must satisfy each of Rule
23(a)’s prerequisites, the Court limits the remaining discussion to that of commonality.
Rule 23(a)(2) requires “questions of law or fact common to the class.” “One
common question is enough, but not just any question will do.” Howard, 989 F.3d at 598
(citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338, 359 (2011)); see also Rosario v. Livaditis,
963 F.2d 1013, 1018 (7th Cir. 1992).

[T]he commonality inquiry is easy to misinterpret, as “[a]ny competently
crafted class complaint literally raises common ‘questions.’ ” Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 564 U.S. at 349 (quoting Richard A. Nagareda, Class Certification
in the Age of Aggregate Proof, 84 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 97, 132 (2009)). Superficial
common questions like whether each class member “suffered a violation of
the same provision of law” do not suffice. Id. at 350; Jamie S. v. Milwaukee
Pub. Sch., 668 F.3d 481, 497 (7th Cir. 2012). Rather, the class claims “must
depend on a common contention” that is “capable of classwide resolution—
which means that determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue
that is central to the validity of each one of the claims in one stroke.” Wal-
Mart Stores, Inc., 564 U.S. at 350; accord 1 Newberg and Rubenstein on Class
Actions § 3:18 (6th ed.) (the common question must “not be peripheral but
important to most of the individual class member’s claims”).
“Dissimilarities within the proposed class are what have the potential to
impede the generation of common answers.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 564 U.S.
at 350 (quoting Nagareda, Id. at 132).

Howard, 989 F.3d at 598
In this case, Plaintiffs provide the following examples of “common questions”:
• Whether Defendants James Koman, Charles Bidwill III, and Timothy Rand
were de facto fiduciaries or named fiduciaries to the ESOP under ERISA;

• Whether the ESOP Transaction was a prohibited transaction under 29
U.S.C. § 1106;

• Whether the ESOP purchased CQH stock for more than fair market value;

• Whether the Asset Sale was a prohibited transaction under 29 U.S.C.
§ 1106;

• Whether James Koman, Charles Bidwill III, and Timothy Rand engaged
in self-dealing in connection with the ESOP Transaction;

• Whether Defendants concealed any of their unlawful conduct and ERISA
violations;
• Whether James Koman, Charles Bidwill III, Timothy Rand, Robert
Barrows, and Jeffrey Watson failed to properly monitor appointed
fiduciaries; and

• Whether the losses that the ESOP suffered as a whole were due to
Defendants’ unlawful conduct.

(Doc. 392, pg. 9).
Generally, Plaintiffs argue commonality exists because the appropriate focus of
their breach of fiduciary duty claims is on the conduct of Defendants, not on that of
Plaintiffs. (Doc. 392, pg. 9) (citing Lively v. Dynegy, Inc., No. 5-cv-00063, 2007 WL 685861,
*8 (S.D. Ill. Mar. 2, 2007) (“[T]he appropriate focus in a breach of fiduciary duty claim is
the conduct of the defendants, not the plaintiffs.”).
As discussed above, though, Defendants argue Plaintiffs’ claims and theory of the
case will require “highly individualized inquiries” because their individual claims
necessarily rely on ERISA’s fraud or concealment tolling provision. Normally, an ERISA
action must be commenced within six years after the breach or violation or three years
after Plaintiff had actual knowledge of the breach or violation. See 29 U.S.C. § 1113.
However, the “fraud or concealment” exception allows an ERISA action to be
commenced six years after plaintiff discovered the breach or violation. See Laskin v. Siegel,
728 F.3d 731, 735 (7th Cir. 2013). Specifically, 29 U.S.C. § 1113 provides:
No action may be commenced under this subchapter with respect to a
fiduciary’s breach of any responsibility, duty, or obligation under this part,
or with respect to a violation of this part, after the earlier of—

(1) six years after (A) the date of the last action which constituted a part of
the breach or violation, or (B) in the case of an omission the latest date on
which the fiduciary could have cured the breach or violation, or
(2) three years after the earliest date on which the plaintiff had actual
knowledge of the breach or violation;

except that in the case of fraud or concealment, such action may be
commenced not later than six years after the date of discovery of such
breach or violation.

Again, Plaintiffs’ case challenges two allegedly unlawful transactions: the 2012
sale of the Casino Queen to the ESOP and the 2013 sale of the Casino Queen’s assets to
GLPI. (Doc. 392). Plaintiffs filed their original complaint in this matter (Doc. 1) on April
27, 2020, and more than six years after the alleged unlawful transactions. Central to the
issue here, Plaintiffs’ theory of the case is premised on the assumption that “the statute
of limitations did not begin to run until October 2019 when Plaintiffs discovered
Defendants’ illegal acts through the disclosure that the CQH stock in their ESOP accounts
had dropped in value by 95%.” (Doc. 392, pgs. 11-12). Accordingly, under Plaintiffs’
current theory of the case, without the invocation of the fraud or concealment exception
in § 1113, Plaintiffs’ claims would be time barred. Therefore, Defendants argue they will
need to determine whether each individual class member’s claims were properly
extended under this exception, and such individual inquiry defeats commonality. See,
e.g., McFields v. Dart, 982 F.3d 511, 517 (7th Cir. 2020) (commonality is not met when “the
claims of every class member will not rise or fall on the resolution” of the common
question, but instead “requires an individualized plaintiff-specific assessment.”).
In focusing solely on Defendants’ conduct, as Plaintiffs suggest is appropriate for
their claims, the Court is not convinced that answering any of the Defendant-specific

common questions would resolve the litigation on a class wide basis and without
individualized inquiries related to the alleged fraud or concealment. For example, even
if the Court answered any of the Defendant-specific “common questions” in the

affirmative, Plaintiffs’ theory of the case still depends on the assumption that all
purported class members were impacted by the fraud or concealment. See Resnick v.
Schwartz, 430 F. Supp. 3d 492, 499 (N.D. Ill. 2019) (“Although the statute of limitations is,
generally speaking, an affirmative defense, fraudulent concealment is an expansion of
the ordinary statute of limitations, so it is the plaintiff’s burden to show that the exception
applies.”); see also Laskin, 728 F.3d at 735 (“In order to extend the statute of limitations

period [under 29 U.S.C. § 1113, Plaintiff] must first show that fraud or concealment
actually occurred.”). Because Plaintiffs’ claims, as pled, necessarily require the
application of the fraud or concealment exception to survive, the Court finds that some
inquiry into how Defendants’ fraud or concealment impacted Plaintiffs is relevant.6
While certain circumstances may exist where the fraud or concealment exception can be

resolved on a class-wide basis, the specific facts here do not lend themselves to such
uniform resolution. Indeed, the current record reveals that the alleged fraud and
concealment efforts were made by various Defendants in various forms and at different
times. Further, Plaintiffs were impacted by these concealment efforts in vastly different
ways, with little, if any, apparent overlap.

6In making this observation, the Court is cognizant that at class certification it “should not accept
Plaintiffs’ allegations and statements in lockstep,” while also not weighing evidence and determining
merits. See Stoll v. Kraft Foods Glob., Inc., No. 9-cv-0364, 2010 WL 3613828, *4 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 6, 2010) (internal
citations omitted). Therefore, the Court has endeavored to strike an appropriate balance in assessing the
arguments under Rule 23 without prying into and adjudicating the actual merits of the case.
Plaintiffs’ fraudulent concealment argument is not based on a single unform
fraudulent statement or action. Instead, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants fraudulently

concealed the 2012 and 2013 transactions in three ways: (1) through statements made to
employees during mandatory employee meetings about the ESOP, (2) through
misrepresenting or misreporting information in the ESOP’s Form 5500s filed with the
Department of Labor for plan years 2012-2019, and (3) through the preparation and
dissemination of fraudulent or inaccurate account statements, which misrepresented the
value of the stock held in the individual ESOP accounts, to ESOP participants from 2014

to 2019. (Doc. 144, ¶¶ 147-186). Due to these fraudulent concealment efforts, Plaintiffs
insist they—and their purported class members—could not have discovered the
unlawful acts until October 2019. (Doc. 392, pp. 11-12). However, this assumption is not
readily apparent from the record. Indeed, testimony from the class representatives show
key factual variations in their own experiences, which illustrates this issue.

First, the alleged fraudulent statements made to Plaintiffs during the mandatory
employee meetings about the ESOP in 2013 and 2014 were not all uniform or in writing.
Instead, the statements occurred at different meeting times, with different presenters and
different attendees, and did not include identical information. Following the 2012 Stock
Purchase, Casino Queen held four different sessions of meetings at different times of day

on February 6, 2013, to ensure all employees had an opportunity to attend. (Doc. 398-2).
Similarly, after the 2013 Asset Sale, Casino Queen held four different meeting sessions,
spread out on July 30 and August 1, 2014. (Doc. 398-5; Doc. 391-2, pgs. 13-15). Plaintiffs
Hensiek and Wrobel did not attend the same meetings. (Doc. 391-2, pgs. 13-14; Doc. 398-
1, pgs. 8, 15). Further, Plaintiff Gill did not attend any of the February 2013 meetings, as
he did not begin his employment with Casino Queen until July 2013. (Doc. 391-3, pg. 7).

Further, one of the fraudulent statements Plaintiff Hensiek testified to hearing,
namely, that employees “would be able to purchase second homes with the money they
would earn as employee-owners” (Doc. 144, ¶ 148), was actually an oral statement made
by Jeffrey Watson at the employee meeting he attended in February 2013. (Doc. 391-2, pg.
16). This statement was not otherwise contained in the written materials presented at the
2013 meetings. (Doc. 398-3; Doc. 415-5). Plaintiff Wrobel also testified that this statement

was not made during the meeting she attended. (Doc. 398-1, pg. 10). Plaintiff Wrobel
further testified that the 2013 meeting sessions included question-and-answer portions,
and employees were given opportunities to have one-on-one conversations with the
Attorney Bill Vandersand following the meeting. (Doc. 391-4, pgs. 10-12). Accordingly,
because various meetings were held, slight variations in the statements made at any of

those meetings could well have conveyed different impressions to the employees. Thus,
the degree to which an employee heard or relied on these statements, generally, as
opposed to other factors personal to them, specifically, would vary significantly from
person to person. Moreover, these differences do not even account for those potential
class members, like Plaintiff Gill, who were not hired until after the meetings were held.

Similarly, the record evidence shows significant variations in how the named
Plaintiffs interacted with the alleged inaccurate 5500 forms and annual account
statements. The 5500 forms were not sent to all plan participants, but they were made
publicly available on the Department of Labor’s website. Plaintiff Hensiek testified to
never reviewing a Form 5500 until 2018 or 2019. (Doc. 398-7, pg. 5). Plaintiff Gill, by
comparison, never reviewed a Form 5500 at all. (Doc. 398-8, pgs. 9-10). Plaintiff Wrobel

recalls reviewing certain Forms 5500 several years after the 2012 ESOP Transaction, but
she only did so to determine the number of employees and the amount of benefits paid
in each plan year; she not otherwise understand the line items showing the transaction
debt or ESOP’s net assets. (Doc. 391-4, pp. 14-17; Doc. 398-1, pp. 15-17). Accordingly,
whether or not the ESOP participants encountered the 5500 forms underlying their
concealment arguments appears to vary significantly from person to person.

The same is true for the alleged inaccurate account statements. These ESOP
account statements were sent annually to participants. However, only Plaintiffs Hensiek
and Wrobel testified to reviewing their annual account statements. (Doc. 398-7, pg. 7; Doc.
391-4, pgs. 13-14). Plaintiff Gill, though, had no recollection of receiving any ESOP
account statements and likely never reviewed any that he may have received, as he had

a practice of filing all ESOP-related material in a drawer without ever reading it. (Doc.
398-8, pgs. 4, 6; Doc. 391-3, pg. 11).
Defendants argue these differences illustrate the need to conduct individual
inquiries into each purported class-member’s knowledge of fraud or concealment,
rendering commonality impossible. The Court agrees. See Thorn v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins.

Co., 445 F.3d 311, 319 (7th Cir. 2006) (“A question is not common…if its resolution ‘turns
on a consideration of the individual circumstances of each class member.’ ”) (quoting 7A
Charles Allen Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure
§ 1763 (3d ed. 2005)). Because Plaintiffs’ claims rely on a variety of alleged misstatements,
both written and oral, occurring at different times with different variations, and accessed
or attended by different employees, it is likely that each employee learned different pieces

of information that might have affected their knowledge of their claims at different times.
Commonality does not exist when different employees receive a different mix of various
communications. See, e.g., Gesell, 216 F.R.D. 616 (finding no commonality when Plaintiffs
based their fraudulent claims on only oral statements allegedly made at different
meetings held by different company officials, and where attendance at the meetings
varied because “[t]he degree to which an employee relied on the statements, as opposed

to factors personal to him, in making his decision would vary significantly from person
to person”); In re Sears Retiree Grp. Life Ins. Litig., 198 F.R.D. 487, 490–91 (N.D. Ill.
2000) (citing Frahm v. Equitable Life Assur. Soc. of U.S., 137 F.3d 955 (7th Cir. 1998) (noting
different retirees received a different mix of communications, such that the myriad of
variations of communications meant there was no commonality in the plaintiffs’ claim);

West v. Prudential Sec., Inc., 282 F.3d 935, 937 (7th Cir. 2002) (finding appeal presented
novel but potentially important question related to fraud cases as a class, where, inter alia,
“oral frauds have not been allowed to proceed as class actions, for the details of the deceit
differ from victim to victim, and the nature of the loss also may be statement-specific”).7
While Plaintiffs contend there is an abundance of commonality in a number of

necessary inquiries (Doc. 415, pg. 8), it must not be ignored that “dissimilarities within

7See also Hudson v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 90 F.3d 451, 457 (11th Cir. 1996) (affirming district court’s
denial of class certification when plaintiffs did not show commonality based on alleged oral promises, and
finding that even if plaintiffs proved that defendant “disseminated a false and uniform message” to all
potential class members, the plaintiffs would also have to show that all potential class members acted based
on that message).
the proposed class are what have the potential to impede the generation of common
answers.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 564 U.S. at 350. Because Plaintiffs’ claims depend on a

variety of written and oral misrepresentations and documents made available to
employees in different ways and at different times, and access to those communications
and documents varied across the class, the decision of whether or not each Plaintiff’s
claims would be properly extended under § 1113’s “fraud or concealment” provision will
require some form of individualized inquiry, likely resulting in an array of possible
answers, regardless of whether Defendants’ actions were fraudulent. See Haley v. Kolbe &

Kolbe Millwork Co., Inc., No. 14-cv-99, 2015 WL 9255571, *12 (W.D. Wisc. Dec. 18, 2015)
(finding the large number of individual questions of law and fact, necessary to determine
the accrual and tolling of the limitations period for each class member, precluded
certification of any class with respect to those issues, where “resolving issues of accrual,
tolling[,] and equitable estoppel would require an analysis of each potential class

member’s individual experiences and interactions with defendant”); Broussard v. Meineke
Discount Muffler Shops, Inc., 155 F.3d 331, 342 (4th Cir. 1998) (same); Barnes v. Am. Tobacco
Co., 161 F.3d 127, 149 (3d Cir. 1998) (stating the determination of whether each class
member’s claim was barred by the statute of limitations raised individual issues
preventing class certification, as “[t]he need to conduct such a determination for each

plaintiff augur[ed] that a class action w[ould] devolve into a lengthy series of individual
trials and therefore make[] a class action an improper method for resolving the[] claims”).
Plaintiffs have not satisfied the commonality requirement; therefore, the Motion for Class
Certification should be denied. 8

The Court notes, when arguing against this conclusion, Plaintiffs point to a
number of cases that purportedly stand for the proposition that “courts in and out of this
Circuit routinely certify classes asserting prohibited transaction and fiduciary breach
claims under ERISA that are substantively identical to those Plaintiffs assert here.” (Doc.
392, pgs. 8, 14-15). However, having now reviewed those cases, the Court finds they do
not present commonality issues, stemming from the need to conduct individualized

inquiries due to divergent factual circumstances, of the sort or magnitude discussed here.
See, e.g., Neil v. Zell, 275 F.R.D. 256, 260-61 (N.D. Ill. 2011) (finding the commonality
requirement was satisfied where the allegations arose from the “exact same” nucleus of
operative facts “without variations between class members,” the legal claims were
identical for all class members, the allegations “questionably stemm[ed] from the same

occurrence,” and the questions of fact that needed answering were “the same as to every
member of the proposed…class”); Brieger v. Tellabs, Inc., 245 F.R.D. 345, 349-50, 353-54
(N.D. Ill. 2007) (finding, where the defendants addressed commonality as a requirement
intertwined with typicality, the defendants’ actions and decisions pertaining to a plan
amounted to a common course of conduct in relation to the proposed class, and the

8The same result would be reached if the Court attempted to create “subclasses” of Plaintiffs. Given
the variety and nature of the alleged frauds and concealments, homogeneity across subclass members
cannot be achieved without deep individualized assessments of each member’s circumstances. See Johnson
v. Meriter Health Services Employee Retirement Plan, 702 F.3d 364, 368 (7th Cir. 2012) (“[A]as long as each
subclass is homogeneous, in the sense that every member of the subclass wants the same relief, and each
subclass otherwise satisfies the requirements for certifying a class, so that each could be the plaintiff class
in a separate class action, there is no objection to combining them in a single class action.”).
defendants’ undisputed distribution of information in a plan-wide manner indicated
individual determinations as to the plaintiffs’ reliance on that information would be

unnecessary for claims of nondisclosure or misrepresentation); Godfrey v. GreatBanc Trust
Co., No. 18-cv-7918, 2021 WL 679068, *4 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 21, 2021) (noting, in commonality
inquiry, “all claims concern the defendants’ identical actions”); Nistra v. Reliance Trust
Co., No. 16-cv-4773, 2018 WL 835341, *2-3 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 13, 2018) (noting, in commonality
and typicality inquiries, the class members’ claims arose out of the same transaction,
allowed a determination of legality under ERISA that would resolve an issue central to

the validity of each claim “in one stroke,” and each plan participant “could bring the
same claim based on the same conduct”).
Plaintiffs also contend that the nonfiduciary claims made pursuant to ERISA
§ 502(a)(3) survive the commonality requirement notwithstanding the statute of
limitations question. Claims made pursuant to § 502(a)(3) are subject to the state’s

limitations period. Young v. Verizon's Bell Atlantic Cash Balance Plan, 615 F.3d 808, 815 (7th
Cir. 2010) (“ERISA does not provide a limitations period for actions brought under § 502,
29 U.S.C. § 1132, so we borrow the most analogous statute of limitations from state law.”).
Because there is no specific Illinois statute governing ERISA nonfiduciary claims under
ERISA § 502, 735 ILCS 5/13-205, which provides for limitations for “all civil actions not

otherwise provided for,” applies and requires that such actions be commenced within 5
years next after the cause of action accrued. However, “even when relying on an
analogous state statute of limitations, [a court should] look to federal common law for
purposes of deciphering the accrual date of a cause of action under a federal statute.”
Tolle v. Carroll Touch, Inc., 977 F.2d 1129, 1138 (7th Cir. 1992).

The Seventh Circuit has held that “[t]he general federal common law rule is that
an ERISA claim accrues when the plaintiff knows or should know of conduct that
interferes with the plaintiff’s ERISA rights.” Thompson v. Retirement Plan for Employees of
S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc., 651 F.3d 600, 604 (7th Cir. 2011). Similar to that which has been
discussed above, the inquiry into this issue will necessarily involve individual
assessments for each class member that cannot be addressed by a class-wide analysis.

Where, as here, questions of each member’s diligence in discovery or reliance on
representations emanate from the defense of the expiration of the statute of limitations,
which is not otherwise defeated facially, class treatment is not appropriate.
For these reasons, Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification (Doc. 391) is DENIED.

Defendants Bidwill and Rand’s Motion to Certify Class of Counterclaim Defendants

Defendants/Counterclaim Plaintiffs Bidwill and Rand seek to conditionally certify
a class of Counterclaim Defendants as to Counterclaims I-IV in Doc. 154. (Doc. 389).
However, Bidwill and Rand clarified that they only seek this relief “to the extent the
Court certifies a Plaintiff class.” (Doc. 389). Specifically, Bidwill and Rand state they “do
not seek to certify a class of Counterclaim Defendants if the Court declines to certify a
Plaintiff class.” (Doc. 389, n. 1). The Court declined to certify Plaintiffs’ class, so it also
DENIES the Motion to Certify Class of Counterclaim Defendants. (Doc. 389).
SO ORDERED.
Dated: February 26, 2024

DAVID W. DUGAN
United States District Judge

31

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10157374. Public record. Not legal advice.