# Loos v. County of Perry, Illinois

> District Court, S.D. Illinois · July 26, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10153939

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Illinois
- **Decided:** July 26, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

COURTNEY LOOS, )
)
Plaintiff, )
)
vs. ) Case No. 3:20-CV-1107-MAB
)
COUNTY OF PERRY, ILLINOIS, )
DALLAS BIGHAM, in his official )
capacity as Chair of the Perry County )
Board, and JAMES CAMPANELLA, )
)
Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

BEATTY, Magistrate Judge:
This matter is currently before the Court on Defendants Perry County (the
“County”) and Perry County Board Chair Dallas Bigham’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff
Courtney Loos’s first amended complaint (Doc. 39). For the reasons outlined below, the
motion is granted in part, denied in part, and moot in part.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiff Courtney Loos was a full-time public defender for Perry County, Illinois.
She alleges that her salary was less than the amount required by Illinois law. She further
alleges that after she reported the underpayment, her job was eliminated. On October 20,
2020, Ms. Loos filed a 12-count complaint against Perry County, Illinois; the Chairman of
the Perry County Board of Commissioners, Dallas Bigham; and Perry County Circuit
Court Judge, James Campanella (Doc. 1). Ms. Loos’s claims against the Defendants are as
follows:
Count 1: Title VII claim for sex discrimination against Perry County and
Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

Count 2: Title VII claim for retaliation against Perry County and Dallas
Bingham in his Official Capacity

Count 3: Federal Equal Pay Act claim against Perry County and Dallas
Bigham in his official capacity

Count 4: Illinois Equal Pay Act claim against Perry County and Dallas
Bigham in his official capacity

Count 5: 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for sex discrimination against Perry County
and Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

Count 6: 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for retaliation against Perry County and
Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

Count 7: 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for sex discrimination against James
Campanella

Count 8: 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim for retaliation against James Campanella

Count 9: Illinois Human Rights Act claim for sex discrimination against
Perry County and Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

Count 10: Illinois Human Rights Act claim for retaliation against Perry
County and Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

Count 11: Illinois Whistleblower Act claim for retaliation against Perry
County and Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

Count 12: Illinois Wage Collection Act claim for retaliation against Perry
County and Dallas Bigham in his official capacity

The parties engaged in early settlement negotiations, during which time Ms. Loos
filed a first amended complaint that modified her allegations regarding her Right to Sue
Notice from the EEOC but left the substantive allegations about her claims and the claims
themselves unchanged (Doc. 30). Settlement negotiations fell through and Defendants

Perry County and Chairman Bingham filed an eleven-part motion to dismiss on February
26, 2021 (Doc. 39). Ms. Loos filed a response in opposition to the motion on April 7, 2021
(Doc. 48). Defendants did not file a reply brief.
FACTS
The following facts are taken from the First Amended Complaint and assumed as
true for the purpose of this motion to dismiss. E.g., Burger v. Cty. of Macon, 942 F.3d 372,

374 (7th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). The Court does not consider any facts Defendants
set forth facts in the motion to dismiss that were not included in the complaint and/or
contradict the allegations in the complaint.
Under Illinois law, Perry County is required to pay its full-time public defender at
least 90% of what it paid the State’s Attorney, whose salary is based on the size of the

county. 55 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/3-4007, 5/4-2001. Courtney Loos was hired as the full-time
public defender for Perry County in 2016 at a salary of $90,000 per year. She alleges that
her salary and that of her female predecessor did not meet the pay threshold set by Illinois
law but the male State’s attorney was always paid the amount required by law.
In October 2018, Ms. Loos notified the County Treasurer and Circuit Judge James

Campanella that the County was underpaying her. She alleges that Judge Campanella
used various tactics to get her to acquiesce to the underpayment, which she resisted. In
December 2018, Perry County raised her salary to $121,169 per year. According to Ms.
Loos, shortly thereafter, “Judge Campanella announced that he had decided to change
the public defender position to part-time,” and he notified her that her job as full-time
public defender was ending as of July 1, 2019. Ms. Loos further alleges that Judge

Campanella indicated he would be dividing her job among part-time attorneys, paying
each $1,500 per month. However, on July 5, 2019, the County adopted a resolution
appointing Calen Campanella—a male—“Perry County Public Defender, Part Time” at a
salary $10,500 per month. A form submitted to the Department of Revenue indicated that
effective July 1, 2019, Calen Campanella was receiving an annual salary of $126,000.
Despite these formal representations, Ms. Loos contends the County put its original plan

into effect and has been paying multiple part-time public defenders $1,500 per month
since July 2019. Ms. Loos further alleges that when she asked about compensation for her
unused vacation time, Judge Campanella denied that she had any and the County never
paid her for it.
DISCUSSION

A. Are Ms. Loos’s claims against Dallas Bigham in his Official Capacity as County
Board Chairman duplicative of her claims against Perry County?

In Part I of the motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that Ms. Loos’ claims against
Dallas Bigham in his official capacity in Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 are
duplicative of her claims against the County (Doc. 39, pp. 5–6). Specifically, they assert
that a claim against Bigham in his official capacity as the County Board Chairman is the
same as a claim against the County Board but, under Illinois law, the County Board is not
an entity separate and distinct from the County and therefore cannot be sued (Id.).1
Chairman Bigham thus implies the County is the entity that should be sued. He argues

that claims against him in his official capacity as County Board Chairman are duplicative
of claims against the County (Id.).
Ms. Loos admits that she cannot dispute Chairman Bigham’s interpretation of
Illinois law but asserts she nevertheless sued both the County and the County Board (via
Bigham in his official capacity) as a protective measure based on the position taken by
another local county—Madison County—in another case in this district that was litigated

by Ms. Loos’s attorneys. See Poshard v. Madison Cty., No. 3:19-CV-00324-SMY-GCS, 2020
WL 5350431 (S.D. Ill. Sept. 4, 2020). In that case, Madison County took the position during
a discovery dispute that the plaintiff’s suit against the County was really a suit against
the County Board, and the County Board, as the legislative arm of the County, was an
entity separate and distinct from the County Board Chairman and the County Board

Administrator, who were the executive arm of the County and were independently
elected officials rather than employees of the County. In Madison County’s view, the
plaintiff should have sued—as her employer—the independently elected officials in their
official capacity, rather than the County itself. Id. at *7. In other words, according to
Madison County, a claim against a county official in their official capacity is not the same

1 Section 5-1004 of the Counties Code provides that “[t]he powers of the county as a body corporate or
politic, shall be exercised by a county board” 55 ILL. COMP. STAT. 5/5-1004, and Illinois courts, as well as
federal courts in Illinois, interpreting Section 5/5-1004 “have concluded that county boards are not entities,
separate and apart from their respective counties, that can be sued.” Poshard v. Madison Cty., No. 3:19-CV-
00324-SMY-GCS, 2020 WL 5350431, at *3 (S.D. Ill. Sept. 4, 2020) (collecting cases).
as a claim against the county itself, which is the opposite of what Perry County argues in
the instant case. This particular issue was not definitively resolved in the Poshard case

because the parties reached a settlement before the dispositive motions were ruled on.
The Court understands what Ms. Loos is saying and why she sued both Perry
County and Dallas Bigham in his official capacity as County Board Chairman. However,
here, Perry County and Chairman Bigham have not taken the position that the County
and the County Board are separate and distinct entities (see Doc. 39; see also Doc. 38).
Rather, in their view, the County Board is part and parcel of the County, and they both

have admitted that Ms. Loos was an employee of the County (see Doc. 39; Doc. 38, ¶¶1,
2). Therefore, suing both Chairman Bigham in his official capacity and the County on the
same claims is redundant and unnecessary. E.g., Katz-Crank v. Haskett, 843 F.3d 641, 647
(7th Cir. 2016) (“[F]ederal claims . . . against the state and county officials in their official
capacities . . . are the equivalent of claims against the state and county.”); Grieveson v.

Anderson, 538 F.3d 763, 771 (7th Cir. 2008) (claims against the Sheriff in his official capacity
were treated as claims against Marion County itself). Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, and
12 are dismissed as to Chairman Bigham and he is dismissed as a Defendant in this case.
At this time, the dismissal is without prejudice. If the dismissal presents any issues down
the road, the Court will entertain a motion to amend the complaint.

In light of this conclusion, the arguments in Parts II, III, IV, V, and VII of the motion
to dismiss, which were made only with respect to Chairman Bigham, are moot. The
arguments in Parts VI, VIII, IX, X, and XI of the motion to dismiss are likewise moot as to
Chairman Bigham and will be considered only with respect to Perry County.
B. Should Count 6 be dismissed for failure to state a claim of retaliation?

In Part VI of the motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that Ms. Loos failed to allege
facts sufficient to state a § 1983 claim for retaliation (Count 6) against Perry County (Doc.
39, pp. 8–9). Rather, she alleged that Judge Campanella took the retaliatory actions and
Campanella is an elected Circuit Court Judge, not an employee of the County or Board
(Id.).
To the extent Defendants are arguing that Ms. Loos failed to allege facts sufficient

to establish vicarious liability on the part of the County, this argument is a non-starter.
Claims brought pursuant to § 1983 cannot be premised on vicarious liability or
respondeat superior. E.g., First Midwest Bank ex re. LaPorta v. City of Chicago, 988 F.3d 978,
986 (7th Cir. 2021) (Section 1983 “does not incorporate the common-law doctrine of
respondeat superior, so a municipality cannot be held liable for the constitutional torts of
its employees and agents.”) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690–91

(1978)); Spiegel v. McClintic, 916 F.3d 611, 617 (7th Cir. 2019) (“[A] municipality cannot be
held liable solely because it employs a tortfeasor.”) (quoting Monell, 436 U.S. at 691).
Rather, in order to state a § 1983 claim against a local government unit, like Perry County,
a plaintiff must allege conduct properly attributable to the county itself caused the
constitutional violation. First Midwest Bank, 988 F.3d at 986 (citing Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs v.

Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403–04 (1997)). There are three primary ways in which a plaintiff
might prove that the county itself inflicted the harm: (1) the alleged unconstitutional
conduct implements or executes an official policy adopted by the county’s officers, (2) the
unconstitutional action was done pursuant to an informal but widespread custom, and
(3) an actor with final decision-making authority within the county adopted the relevant
policy or custom. Thomas v. Martija, 991 F.3d 763, 773–74 (7th Cir. 2021).

Here, Ms. Loos alleged that she went to Judge Campanella about her pay after she
discovered it did not comply with Illinois law (Doc. 30, ¶28). He told her to “drop it” then
later asked her to sign a contract agreeing to work for less than what Illinois law required
and waiving the County’s legal obligation (Id. at ¶¶29, 31). She further alleges that Judge
Campanella “decided to change the public defender position to part-time” and “he said
he would be dividing plaintiff’s job among part-time attorneys, paying each $1,500 per

month.” (Id. at ¶34). And he was the one who notified Ms. Loos that her job was ending
as of July 1, 2019 (Id. at ¶35). Finally, when Ms. Loos asked about compensation for her
unused vacation time, Judge Campanella denied she had any, and the County did not
pay her for her accrued, unused vacation time when her employment ended (Id. at ¶¶50–
52). These allegations sufficiently imply that Judge Campanella had some sort of

decision-making authority over the public defender job and therefore Ms. Loos has
alleged enough to state a § 1983 claim for retaliation against the County. This portion of
the motion to dismiss is denied.
C. Are Counts 10 and 11 subject to dismissal based on the Tort Immunity Act?
In Part VIII of the motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that the Illinois Local

Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (“Tort Immunity Act”)
immunizes the County from liability on Ms. Loos’s state law claims for retaliation and
sex discrimination under the Illinois Human Rights Act and the Illinois Whistleblower
Act (Counts 9, 10, and 11) and therefore the claims must be dismissed (Doc. 39, pp. 11–
13). The substance of Defendants’ argument, however, concerns only the claims that
sound in retaliation (Counts 10 and 11) and does not address the claim for sex

discrimination (Count 9) (see id.). Consequently, the Court will consider this argument
only with respect to Ms. Loos’s claims for retaliation (Counts 10 and 11).
Sections 2–201 and 2–109 of the Tort Immunity Act, taken together, provide both
public employees and the public employer with immunity against allegations that
challenge discretionary policy determinations. 745 ILL. COMP. STAT. 10/2-109, 10/2-201;
Smith v. Waukegan Park Dist., 896 N.E.2d 232, 236–37 (Ill. 2008); Murray v. Chicago Youth

Ctr., 864 N.E.2d 176, 186 (Ill. 2007). That means, the public entity must establish “that the
action [it] is being sued for involve[d] both the making of a policy choice and the exercise
of discretion.” Valentino v. Vill. of S. Chicago Heights, 575 F.3d 664, 679 (7th Cir. 2009)
(citing Van Meter v. Darien Park Dist., 799 N.E.2d 273, 285 (Ill. 2003)). “Discretionary”
actions are those “unique to a particular public office,” while “policy” decisions are those

that “require[e] a governmental entity to balance competing interests and to make a
judgment call as to what solution will best serve those interests.” Valentino, 575 F.3d at
679 (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Immunity under the Act is an affirmative defense, so the burden is on Defendants
to establish the County is entitled to immunity. Van Meter, 799 N.E.2d at 280. The Seventh

Circuit has repeatedly cautioned that courts should generally refrain from granting
motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) based on affirmative defenses. See Hyson USA,
Inc. v. Hyson 2U, Ltd., 821 F.3d 935, 939 (7th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted); Brownmark Films,
LLC v. Comedy Partners, 682 F.3d 687, 690 (7th Cir. 2012); United States v. N. Tr. Co., 372
F.3d 886, 888 (7th Cir. 2004). Dismissal under 12(b)(6) is only appropriate when “the
factual allegations in the complaint unambiguously establish all the elements of the

defense” and the plaintiff has “affirmatively plead[ed] himself out of court.” Hyson, 821
F.3d at 939 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).2
As Ms. Loos points out, the Illinois Supreme Court held in Smith v. Waukegan Park
Dist. that discretionary immunity under the Tort Immunity Act does not bar a retaliatory
discharge claim (Doc. 48, p. 10).
It is not the public entity's employee who causes the retaliatory discharge.
Rather, it is the employer. Section 2–109 only grants immunity to a public
entity from “an injury resulting from an act or omission of its employee where
the employee is not liable.” (emphasis in original.) Accordingly, . . . section
2–109 immunity does not apply in cases of retaliatory discharge because the
employer, not the employee, ultimately causes the injury.

896 N.E.2d at 236. Defendants did not discuss Smith in their opening brief nor did the
case law they cited to (see Doc. 39, pp. 11–13). They also did not file a reply brief and thus
provided no authority that diverges from Smith or argument as to why the Court should
not follow Smith. This is reason, in and of itself, to conclude that they failed to carry their
burden of establishing the County is entitled to immunity.
But there is also another reason Defendants cannot carry their burden under the
Tort Immunity Act. They are asking the Court to find immunity based on facts that are
simply not pleaded in the complaint (Doc. 48, p. 10). Specifically, Defendants contend

2 The proper vehicle for dismissal at the pleadings stage on the basis of an affirmative defense is a motion
for judgment on the pleadings under Rule 12(c), not a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). United States
v. Rogers Cartage Co., 794 F.3d 854, 861 (7th Cir. 2015); Yassan v. J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 708 F.3d 963, 976
(7th Cir. 2013); Brownmark Films, LLC v. Comedy Partners, 682 F.3d 687, 690 n.1 (7th Cir. 2012)
that Judge Campanella decided to reduce the full-time public defender position to a part-
time position in order to save money (Doc. 39, p. 13). They further contend the move

saved the County “tens of thousands of dollars” because it was no longer obligated to
pay the public defender at least 90% of the state’s attorney’s salary (that statutory
requirement only applied to a full-time public defender) and it did not have to offer
benefits to part-timers (Id. at p. 3). But Ms. Loos did not allege anything of the sort (see
Doc. 30). Specifically, she did not indicate that Judge Campanella gave any reason for
changing the public defender position to a part-time position (see Doc. 30, pp. 5–6).

Rather, her complaint implies he did it because he was displeased that she insisted on a
pay increase to bring her salary into compliance with Illinois law. She further alleges that
after she filed an administrative charge of retaliation, the County responded by
“claim[ing]” it had changed the public defender position to part-time in order to cut costs,
but Ms. Loos points out that it did not actually cut any costs because the County was

paying the part-time defender a larger salary than it had paid her (Doc. 30, p. 7). Thus,
Ms. Loos’s allegations imply the County’s claim of cost cutting was an after-the-fact,
pretextual justification. They certainly do not demonstrate that the decision to change the
public defender position to a part-time position was a “judgment call between competing
interests.” Although Defendants claim that it was, determining whether the cost-saving

justification was legitimate or pretextual will turn on facts, which are not before the Court
at this stage in the proceedings. At this stage, the factual allegations in the complaint do
not establish that the County is immunized under Tort Immunity Act and therefore
dismissal of Ms. Loos’s claims for retaliation under the Whistleblower Act and Human
Rights Act (Counts 10 and 11) is inappropriate.
D. Should Counts 9, 10, and 11 be dismissed as time-barred?
In Part IX of the motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that Ms. Loos’s claims

against Perry County under the Illinois Human Rights Act and the Illinois Whistleblower
Act (Counts 9, 10, and 11) are time-barred by the one-year statute of limitations in the
Tort Immunity Act (Doc. 39, pp. 13–14).
The Tort Immunity Act provides that “[n]o civil action . . . may be commenced in
any court against a local entity or any of its employees for any injury unless it is

commenced within one year from the date that the injury was received or the cause of
action accrued.” 745 ILCS 10/8-101(a). “[T]he term “civil action” includes any action,
whether based upon the common law or statutes or Constitution of this State.” 745 ILCS
10/8-101(c).
It is important to note that the statute of limitations is an affirmative defense,

which Defendants bear the burden of proving. FED. R. CIV. P. 8(c)(1). Dismissal under 12(b)(6)
on statute-of-limitations grounds is only appropriate “if the claim is ‘indisputably time-
barred.’” Rosado v. Gonzalez, 832 F.3d 714, 716 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting Small v. Chao, 398
F.3d 894, 898 (7th Cir. 2005)). Here, Defendants assume, without any discussion or
citation to legal authority, that the one-year statute of limitations in the Tort Immunity

Act applies to Ms. Loos’s claims under the Whistleblower Act and the Human Rights Act
(see Doc. 39, pp. 13–14). Their conclusory assertion is simply not enough to carry their
burden of establishing that Counts 9, 10, and 11 are time-barred. See, e.g., 775 ILL. COMP.
STAT. 5/7A-102 (setting forth time limits regarding filing and investigating
administrative charges and filing suit under the Illinois Human Rights Act); Williams v.
Off. of Chief Judge of Cook Cty. Illinois, 839 F.3d 617, 627 (7th Cir. 2016) (“It is unclear under

Illinois law whether this statute of limitations applies to retaliatory discharge claims
under the Illinois Whistleblower Act, although one appellate court seemed to suggest
that it might.” (citing Taylor v. City of Chi., 10 N.E.3d 383, 395 (Ill. App. Ct. 2014))).
Consequently, this portion of the motion to dismiss is denied.
E. Are punitive damages available on Counts 5 and 6?
In Part X of the motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that Ms. Loos’s claim for

punitive damages in connection with her § 1983 claims against Perry County (Counts 5
and 6) must be dismissed (Doc. 39, pp. 14–15). This portion of the motion is granted. See
City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247, 271 (“We hold that a municipality is
immune from punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.”). The claim for punitive
damages in connection with the § 1983 claims against Perry County in Counts 5 and 6 is

dismissed.
F. Is Ms. Loos’s § 1983 discrimination claim time-barred?
In Part XI of the motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that Ms. Loos’s § 1983 claim
for sex discrimination against Perry County (Count 5) must be dismissed because it is
time-barred (Doc. 39, pp. 15–16). This claim is based on Ms. Loos’s allegations that the

County paid her less than the statutorily required amount from the time she was hired in
2016 until around December 2018, while the County always paid the male State’s
Attorney the statutorily required amount (Doc. 30).
Here, the parties agree that a two-year limitations period applies to the § 1983
claim for sex discrimination (Doc. 39, p. 15; Doc. 48, p. 12). See, e.g., Woods v. Illinois Dep't
of Child. & Fam. Servs., 710 F.3d 762, 766 (7th Cir. 2013) (“This court has consistently held

that the limitations period applicable to § 1983 actions brought in Illinois is the two-year
period for general personal injury actions set forth in 735 ILCS 5/13–202.”). Ms. Loos filed
this lawsuit on October 20, 2020 (Doc. 1). According to Defendants, the two-year statute
of limitations means that Ms. Loos can only move forward on this claim with respect to
her paychecks that were issued after October 22, 2018; the portion of her claim that relies
on her paychecks from 2016, 2017, and early 2018 must be dismissed as time-barred (Doc.

39, pp. 15–16). Defendants go on to note that the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
amended Title VII, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA), and the Rehabilitation Act “to clarify that a discriminatory
compensation decision occurs each time compensation is paid pursuant to the
discriminatory compensation decision under those Acts but not those made under §

1983” (Id. at p. 16).
In response, Ms. Loos argues that the Ledbetter Act “is irrelevant” to Count 5 (Doc.
48, pp. 12–13). Specifically, she contends that the Ledbetter Act “governs timing
requirements under federal statutes” but “[b]ecause § 1983’s limitations stem from the
state law and accompanying limitations doctrines,” the Ledbetter Act “does not cover §

1983 claims” (Id.). She then suggests her claim involves a continuing violation, which she
asserts is governed by Illinois law and was not argued by Defendants (Id.).
To begin with, it is not entirely clear from their brief what argument the
Defendants were trying to advance in noting the Ledbetter Act. But the Court also does
not think the Ledbetter Act is “irrelevant,” as Ms. Loos asserts. The Act retroactively
reinstated the paycheck accrual rule for pay discrimination claims under Title VII, the

ADEA, the ADA, and the Rehab Act. Groesch v. City of Springfield, 635 F.3d 1020, 1024 (7th
Cir. 2011); Puffer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 709, 714 (7th Cir. 2012).3 Specifically, under
the Ledbetter Act, an unlawful employment practice with respect to discrimination in
compensation occurs not only when a discriminatory compensation decision is first
made, but also “when an individual is affected by application of a discriminatory
compensation decision . . . including each time wages, benefits, or other compensation is

paid, resulting in whole or in part from such a decision . . . .” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-
5(e)(3)(A) (emphasis added). “In other words, ‘a new cause of action for pay
discrimination ar[ises] every time a plaintiff receive[s] a paycheck resulting from an
earlier discriminatory compensation practice’—even one that ‘occurr[ed] outside the
statute of limitations period.’” Kellogg v. Ball State Univ., 984 F.3d 525, 529 (7th Cir. 2021)

(quoting Groesch, 635 F.3d at 1027). Thus, Ms. Loos can rely on the initial pay-setting
decision, even though it occurred outside the limitations period to seek damages for the
paychecks she received reflecting that decision. It is undisputed that Ms. Loos received
multiple paychecks during the limitations period, which suffice to provide a basis for a
timely pay discrimination claim under § 1983.

3 The Supreme Court articulated what came to be known as the paycheck accrual rule in Bazemore v. Friday,
which provides that each paycheck an employee receives reflecting and perpetuating a prior
discriminatory compensation decision is itself a fresh discriminatory act that gives rise to a new claim and
a fresh limitations period. Groesch, 635 F.3d at 1026 (citing Bazemore v. Friday, 478 U.S. 385, 395 (1986) (“Each
week's paycheck that delivers less to a black than to a similarly situated white is a wrong actionable under
Title VII.”)); see also Hildebrandt v. Illinois Dept. of Natural Resources, 347 F.3d 1014, 1025–26 (7th Cir. 2003).
What Defendants really seem to be contesting is the scope of Ms. Loos’s claim and
how far back she can reach. They assert that she can only seek damages based on

paychecks she received within the two-year limitations period prior to filing suit. But
they do not cite to any legal authority to support this assertion. Ms. Loos, on the other
hand, apparently thinks she can seek damages based on all of the paychecks she received
after she was hired until her pay was adjusted in December 2018 because her claim
involves a continuing violation, which she asserts is governed by Illinois law.
The Court is not convinced that the question of whether Ms. Loos’s allegations

involve a continuing violation is governed by state law. In Heard v. Sheahan, the Seventh
Circuit discussed the nature of the continuing violation doctrine with respect to a § 1983
claim for deliberate indifference. Heard v. Sheahan, 253 F.3d 316, 319 (7th Cir. 2001). The
Court noted that while “[s]ome cases say that the doctrine of continuing violation is a
tolling doctrine,” it thought “the usual and . . . correct characterization of the doctrine of

continuing violation is that it is a doctrine governing accrual.” Id. (internal citations
omitted). Accord Wilson v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc., 932 F.3d 513, 517 (7th Cir. 2019).
An action under § 1983 is subject to the forum state’s tolling rules, but accrual is governed
by federal law. Wilson, 932 F.3d at 517.
In any event, Ms. Loos did not fully articulate her argument that the continuing

violation doctrine applies (see Doc. 48, pp. 12–13), and Defendants did not speak on the
issue at all (see Doc. 39). They simply assumed without any discussion or citation to legal
authority that the continuing violation doctrine did not apply (see id.). Consequently, the
Court cannot make an informed decision on the matter. As a result, Defendants have
failed to carry their burden of establishing that Count 5 is indisputably time-barred and
this portion of the motion to dismiss is denied.

CONCLUSION
The motion to dismiss filed by Defendants Perry County and Dallas Bingham
(Doc. 39) is GRANTED IN PART, DENIED IN PART, and MOOT IN PART. It is
granted as to the official capacity claims against Dallas Bigham and Plaintiff’s request for
punitive damages on her § 1983 claims. Counts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 are
DISMISSED without prejudice as to Dallas Bigham and he is DISMISSED without
prejudice as a Defendant in this case. Plaintiff’s claim for punitive damages in Counts 5
and 6 is DISMISSED with prejudice. The motion is MOOT as to all other arguments

pertaining to Defendant Dallas Bigham and the motion is DENIED as to all other
arguments pertaining to Defendant Perry County.
This matter shall proceed on Plaintiff’s claims against Perry County under Title
VII (Counts 1 and 2), the federal Equal Pay Act (Count 3), the Illinois Equal Pay Act
(Count 4), § 1983 (Counts 5 and 6), the Illinois Human Rights Act (Counts 9 and 10), the

Illinois Whistleblower Act (Count 11), and the Illinois Wage Collection Act (Count 12), as
well as, Plaintiff’s claims against James Campanella under § 1983 (Counts 7 and 8).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: July 26, 2021
s/ Mark A. Beatty
MARK A. BEATTY
United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10153939. Public record. Not legal advice.