# Mary Jane Sweet Spot, LLC v. City of Blue Island

> District Court, N.D. Illinois · March 29, 2024

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10150370

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Illinois
- **Decided:** March 29, 2024
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10150370

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that Monell applies to § 1981 suits
- noting that because “the function of § 1985(3) is to permit recovery from a private actor who has conspired with state actors,” a claim under § 1985 involving only state actors “does not add anything except needless complexity” and is “superfluous” of a § 1983 claim

## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION

MARY JANE SWEET SPOT, LLC and
ASHLEY MCCOY,

Plaintiff, Case No. 1:22-cv-06273

v.
Judge John Robert Blakey
CITY OF BLUE ISLAND;
FRED BILOTTO;
THOMAS WOGAN; and
RAFEANN CANTELO-ZYLMAN

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
In this case brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Plaintiff Ashley McCoy
(“Plaintiff”) and her business, Mary Jane Sweet Spot, LLC, (collectively, “Plaintiffs”),
sue the City of Blue Island (“the City”) and City officials Fred Bilotto, Raeann
Cantelo-Zylman, and Thomas Wogan (“the individual defendants”), for their actions
in relation to the denial of Plaintiff’s business license.1 See [17]. Plaintiffs bring five

1 Defendant Fred Bilotto is the mayor of the City of Blue Island. [17] ¶ 6. Defendant Raeann Cantelo-
Zylman is a City Council member and the City Clerk of Blue Island. Id. ¶ 7. Defendant Thomas
Wogan is the City Administrator for the City of Blue Island. Id. ¶ 8. Plaintiff sues these City officials
under 18 U.S.C. § 1983 in their individual and official capacities seeking monetary damages. Plaintiff
cannot obtain monetary relief from defendants in their official capacities; such relief is barred by the
Eleventh Amendment and does not fall within the Ex Parte Young exception. See Will v. Michigan
Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989) (holding that state officials in their official capacities are
not “persons” under § 1983). To the extent that Plaintiffs seek monetary damages from Defendants
Bilotto, Cantelo-Zylman, and Wogan acting in their official capacities, those claims are dismissed as
barred under the Eleventh Amendment. See Brown v. Budz, 398 F.3d 904, 917 (7th Cir. 2005). But
these individual defendants remain subject to suit for monetary damages in their individual capacities.
Id.
claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violation of her rights under the Due Process Clause
(Count I), the Equal Protection Clause (Counts II and III), and conspiracy to violate
civil rights (Counts IV and V). Plaintiff also alleges a race discrimination claim under

42 U.S.C. § 1981 (Count VI), and state law claims for tortious interference with
business (Count VII), conspiracy (Count VIII), and liability under respondeat superior
(Count IX).
The City and Defendants Bilotto, Cantelo-Zylman, and Wogan move to dismiss
Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint (“the Complaint”) in its entirety under Federal
Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the reasons set forth below, this Court grants in part,

and denies in part, Defendants’ motion.
I. Factual Allegations2
Plaintiff Ashley Mary Jane McCoy is an African American woman and the
owner of Mary Jane Sweet Spot, LLC. [17] ¶ 4. In September 2021, Plaintiff applied
for a business license for Mary Jane Sweet Spot in the City of Blue Island. Id. ¶¶ 4,
11. On the application, Plaintiff described Mary Jane Sweet Spot, LLC, as a “small
bakery” with “theme days.”3 After submitting her application, Plaintiff completed all

inspections required by City Code. Id. ¶ 15.

2 The Court draws the facts from Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint, [17], and the exhibits attached
to it, which it takes as true for purposes of the motion to dismiss. Levenstein v. Salafsky, 164 F.3d 345,
347 (7th Cir. 1998) (citing Wright v. Associated Ins. Cos. Inc., 29 F.3d 1244, 1248 (7th Cir. 1994)).

3 Plaintiff attaches the business license application to her Complaint as Exhibit A. [17-1]. The
Complaint alleges that the application “identified that it was to operate an evening bakery at the
business site with ‘theme days.’” [17] ¶ 12. But the business license application itself only describes
the bakery as a “small bakery with ‘theme days,’” providing the example of “Thurs—non baking class.”
See [17-1]. The application also states, “No Alcohol pending liquor license App.” Id.
On October 15, 2021, Plaintiff received certifications of compliance from the
Blue Island Fire Department and Department of Buildings and Health Department
for Mary Jane Sweet Spot, and a final approval inspection letter from the City. Id. ¶

15–16, [17-2]. That same day, Robert Vasilenko of the City’s business licensing
department notified Plaintiff via phone that the City approved her business license,
and that she could pay for and pick up the license the following day. [17] ¶ 18.
Plaintiff was out of town but told Vasilenko that she would pay the required fees and
obtain the license upon her return. Id.
On October 20, 2021, before obtaining the business license, Plaintiff held a

private pre-opening gathering of family and friends at Mary Jane Sweet Spot, that
is, until the police showed up. See id. ¶¶ 20–21. The police report indicates that on
that date, Defendant Thomas Wogan (the City’s administrator) instructed the City’s
Chief of Police Geoffrey Farr and Detective Jason Slattery to conduct a premises
check at the business. Id. ¶ 19.
When law enforcement arrived, they accused Plaintiff of serving alcohol4 and
ordered she immediately terminate the event. Id. ¶ 20. Plaintiff complied, but

explained to the officers that she was having a private gathering of family and friends
before the scheduled opening of the business to the public. Id. ¶ 21. The next day,
Plaintiff attempted to pick up the business license. Id. ¶ 22. When she did, a police

4 Plaintiff denies that there was evidence that alcohol was being served or was present during the
event. [17] ¶ 20.
detective informed her that the City would not issue her license because her
application was under investigation. Id.
From October 21, 2021 through November 21, 2021, Plaintiff called the

Mayor’s office several times to request a personal meeting with Mayor Bilotto to
discuss the status of her license and the discrimination she believed she had been
facing. Id. ¶ 23. Bilotto avoided Plaintiff’s calls and declined her requests. Id. ¶ 24.
On October 25, 2021, the City issued Plaintiff three tickets relating to the pre-
opening gathering, for violating: (1) City Ordinance 86-58: failure to obtain a business
license; (2) City Ordinance 09-048: failure to obtain a certificate of occupancy; and (3)

City Ordinance 99-298: liquor license required. Id. ¶ 26.
On November 12, 2021, Defendants formally denied Plaintiff’s business license
in a letter, which states that Plaintiff’s application was denied for “misinformation
about the type of business” she intended to run. Id. ¶ 27.5 The letter also states that
Plaintiff’s application was denied because “notwithstanding the fact that you were
issued citations by the officers for violations of the City Code on October 20th, you

5 The letter states: “Your business license application is denied for reasons which include…you indicate
in the application that the business sought to be licensed as a “small bakery with theme days.” One of
the theme days noted in the application was a non-baking class on Thursdays. Yet, on October 20,
2021, without a license to operate a business, a liquor license, or an occupancy certificate, the Business
hosted an event which featured comedians, “infused treats” and charged a cover of $10 for entry. You
informed the police that this event was a baby shower for a family member. The Business also
advertised for a party taking place on October 31, 2021 which again featured “infused treats” along
with hookah smoking, a DJ, and food. The event was advertised as a “Bring Your Own Booze” event.
At no time has the Business been licensed to operate by the City in any capacity. Furthermore, you
have applied for a license to operate as a small bakery, when in fact, the Business is clearly intended
to be an event space for events unrelated to baking and featuring entertainment, alcohol, hookah
smoking, and the suggestion of marijuana. Your business license application, therefore, contains
misinformation about the type of business you intend to run and must be denied on that ground alone.”
[17-3].
continued to advertise for an October 31 event until you were ordered by City officials
to cancel it.” [17-3].
After receiving the denial letter, Plaintiff repeatedly requested to pay fines or

otherwise remedy the situation so that she could obtain her business license, but her
requests were rejected. Id. ¶¶ 29–30. Plaintiff then appealed the denial of her
license, but a City administrative hearing officer denied the appeal on January 26,
2022. Id. ¶ 31. The hearing officer determined that “Plaintiff’s private function on
October 20, 2021, and her advertisement of a planned Halloween event indicated that
she misstated the purpose of her business on her application for a bakery.” Id. ¶ 34.6

Plaintiffs now sue the Defendants for damages in federal court. The Complaint
alleges that Defendant Mayor Bilotto and other employees of Blue Island ordered the
denial of Plaintiffs business license. Id. ¶ 40. It further alleges that after assuming
the position as mayor, “Fred Bilotto and the trustees and employees of the City”
intentionally began a “practice of targeting African American owned businesses
through the issuance of tickets, fines, police abuse and harassment and the denial of
business licenses in order to implement a policy of driving out African American

owned businesses from the City of Blue Island.” Id. ¶ 39. For example, the Complaint
alleges that the City is “not in the practice of sending police officers to other
businesses hosting private gatherings.” Id. ¶ 47. Rather, the treatment of Plaintiffs
was to “target African American businesses,” including Plaintiff’s business, and to

6 Plaintiff subsequently petitioned the Circuit Court of Cook County for administrative review; the
court ruled for Defendants, stating that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her administrative remedies and
the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. Id. ¶ 36.
“discourage the operation of African American business within the City of Blue
Island.” Id. ¶ 48.
For these allegations, Plaintiffs bring federal claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

for: (1) substantive due process violations under the Fourteenth Amendment (Count
I); (2) equal protection violations as a suspect class under the Fourteenth Amendment
(Count II); (3) equal protection violations as a “class-of-one” under the Fourteenth
Amendment (Count III); (4) civil conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs’ due process rights
(Count IV); and (5) civil conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs’ equal protection rights (Count
V). Plaintiffs also bring a federal claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 for discrimination in

the formation and execution of a contract (Count VI) and state law claims for tortious
interference with business (Count VII), civil conspiracy under Illinois state law
(Count VIII); and respondeat superior (Count IX).
For the reasons set forth in detail below, the Court grants in part, and denies
in part, Defendants’ motion.
II. Legal Standard
To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must provide

a “short and plain statement of the claim” showing that the pleader merits relief, Fed.
R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), so the defendant has “fair notice” of the claim “and the grounds
upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting
Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). A complaint must also contain “sufficient
factual matter” to state a facially plausible claim to relief—one that “allows the court
to draw the reasonable inference” that the defendant committed the alleged
misconduct. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S.
at 570).
In analyzing motions to dismiss, the Court construes the complaint in the light

most favorable to Plaintiff, accepts all well-pled allegations as true, and draws all
reasonable inferences in Plaintiff’s favor. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Bilek v. Fed.
Ins. Co., 8 F.4th 581, 584 (7th Cir. 2021).
III. Discussion
A. Threshold Matter: Liability of the City Under Section 1983
The Court first addresses whether the Complaint’s allegations remain

sufficient to subject the City to liability under § 1983. As a municipality, the City of
Blue Island constitutes a “person” for purposes of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and thus may be
liable for its own violations of federal law. Monell v. Dept. of Social Svcs., 436 U.S.
658, 690–91 (1978). But since municipalities do not face respondeat superior liability
under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege conduct that is attributable to the municipality
itself. See Flores v. City of South Bend, 997 F.3d 725, 731 (7th Cir. 2021); Bd. of Cnty.
Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403–04 (1997). In other words, a plaintiff must

show that the constitutional violation was caused by a governmental “policy or
custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly
be said to represent official policy.” First Midwest Bank v. City of Chicago, 988 F.3d
978, 986 (7th Cir. 2021). Monell liability only attaches if the policy, custom, practice,
or decision, was “the moving force behind the federal-rights violation.” Gonzalez v.
McHenry Cty., 40 F.4th 824, 829 (7th Cir. 2022).
The Seventh Circuit has recognized three types of actions that can support
municipal liability under § 1983: “(1) an express policy; (2) a widespread, though
unwritten, custom or practice; or (3) a decision by an agent with final policymaking

authority.” Gonzalez, 40 F.4th at 829 (citing Dean v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc.,
18 F.4th 214, 235 (7th Cir. 2021)). The Complaint does not allege an express policy;
Plaintiffs appear to pursue liability against the City for its § 1983 claims under the
second and third theories of municipal action. The Court addresses each in turn.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs fail to plausibly state a widespread custom or
practice because Plaintiffs only allege the denial of the business license application

and the appearance of police officers at the pre-opening gathering. [21] at 14. The
Court agrees.
To proceed on a “widespread practice” theory, Plaintiffs must allege facts that
permit the reasonable inference that the practice is, in fact, “widespread and the
specific violations complained of were not isolated incidents.” Thomas v. Neenah
Joint Sch. Dist., 74 F.4th 521, 524 (7th Cir. 2023) (citing Gill v. City of Milwaukee,
850 F.3d 335, 344 (7th Cir. 2017)). Allegations of “a few sporadic examples of an

improper behavior” will not suffice. Thomas, 74 F.4th at 524 (concluding that
allegations of two isolated incidents failed to plausibly allege widespread practice)
(citing Flores, 997 F.3d at 733). Defendants argue, and the Court agrees, that since
Plaintiffs only complain of two isolated incidents—denying the business license and
sending police to the business—they cannot maintain Monell claims against the City
based upon a widespread practice theory.
This leaves Plaintiffs with only the third avenue of establishing municipal
liability, which requires Plaintiffs to show that their constitutional injuries were
caused by an act or decision of a person with final policymaking authority. See

Gonzalez, 40 F.4th at 829. A final policymaker is one “whose edicts or acts may fairly
be said to represent official policy.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 694.
Whether a person constitutes a final policymaker under § 1983 is determined
by state or local law. Waters v. City of Chicago, 580 F.3d 575, 581 (7th Cir. 2009);
Kujawski v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 183 F.3d 734, 738 (7th Cir. 2004) (“A person’s status as
a final maker under § 1983 is a question of state or local law.”). Significantly, the

relevant inquiry is not “whether an official is a policymaker on all matters for the
municipality, but whether he is a policymaker ‘in a particular area, or on a particular
issue.’” Valentino v. Vill of S. Chi. Heights, 575 F.3d 664, 676 (7th Cir. 2009) (quoting
Kujawski, 183 F.3d at 738). To make this determination, courts look to factors such
as: “(1) whether the official is constrained by policies of other officials or legislative
bodies; (2) whether the official’s decision on the issue in question is subject to
meaningful review; and (3) whether the policy decision purportedly made by the

official is within the realm of the official's grant of authority.” Valentino, 575 F.3d at
676.
As final policymakers, the Complaint names two contenders: Raenn Cantelo-
Zylman (City Council member and Clerk), and Mayor Fred Bilotto.7

7 The Complaint does not allege that Defendant Thomas Wogan, the City Administrator, has final
policymaking authority. See [17] ¶ 8.
Regarding Cantelo-Zylman, the Complaint alleges that she had policymaking
authority because the “function of a member of City Council is to legislate and to
oversee the general operations of government and to have final policymaking

authority.” [17] ¶ 7. But the Complaint makes no specific allegations regarding any
actions taken or decisions made by Cantelo-Zylman.8 And to plausibly allege a claim,
Plaintiffs must allege a causal connection between an act or decision by the alleged
final policymaker, and the constitutional harm. See Bohanon v. City of Indianapolis,
46 F.4th 669, 676 (7th Cir. 2022) (explaining that the “rigorous causation standard”
applicable to Monell claims requires the plaintiff “to show a direct causal link between

the challenged municipal action and the violation of his constitutional rights”)
(internal citations and quotations omitted). Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ Monell claims
cannot proceed based upon Cantelo-Zylman’s role as a final policymaker.
This leaves Bilotto. In a general manner, the Complaint alleges that Mayor
Bilotto was “the president of the board of trustees” and the “function of a trustee is to
legislate and oversee the general operations of government and to have final
policymaking authority.” [17] ¶ 6. This conclusory statement falls short. As

explained above, municipality liability based on the actions of an alleged “final

8 Individual liability under § 1983 requires “personal involvement in the alleged constitutional
deprivation.” Colbert v. City of Chicago, 851 F.3d 649, 657 (7th Cir. 2017); Perez v. Fenoglio, 792 F.3d
768, 781 (7th Cir. 2015). Since Plaintiffs will have the opportunity to replead their claims, and “in the
interest of encouraging both parties to put their best foot forward sooner than later,” see Dyson v. City
of Calumet City, 306 F.Supp.3d 1028, 1047 (N.D. Ill. 2018), the Court notes that no facts in the
Complaint suggest that Defendant Cantelo-Zylman caused any of the alleged constitutional violations.
Cantelo-Zylman’s name is only mentioned in ¶ 7 of the Complaint which introduces the parties and is
not mentioned again. To state a claim for individual liability against Cantelo-Zylman, Plaintiffs will
need to plausibly allege facts from which this Court can reasonably infer a “causal connection between
(1) the sued officials and (2) the alleged misconduct.” Colbert, 851 F.3d at 657.
policymaker” is not evaluated in the abstract; what matters is whether the individual
has final policymaking authority with respect to the action or decision that violated
Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. See Valentino, 575 F.3d at 676. Here, the Complaint

alleges two primary actions or decisions upon which Monell liability might be
predicated.
First, the decision to deny Plaintiffs’ business license. The Complaint alleges
that Bilotto ordered the license denial, thus establishing a nexus between the alleged
final policymaker and the decision at issue. [17] ¶ 40. As Defendants point out,
however, the City’s Municipal Code provides a meaningful review process by the City

Council for any “person aggrieved by the decision of the Mayor” relating to the denial,
suspension, or revocation of licenses, and here, Plaintiffs acknowledge that they took
advantage of this appeal process. See [17] ¶ 31; Blue Island, Ill. Code of Ordinances,
Title VI, § 110.50; Blue Island, Illinois Code of Ordinances.9 As such, Bilotto’s
decisions regarding licensing remain “subject to review” by a higher authority, and
he cannot be a “final policymaker for purposes of municipal § 1983 liability.” See
Palka v. City of Chicago, 662 F.3d 428, 43 (7th Cir. 2011); see also Vodak v. City of

Chi., 639 F.3d 738, 748 (7th Cir. 2011) (noting that the question is whether the
“decisionmaker—was at the apex of authority for the action in question”). The
Complaint contains no other allegations from which this Court can plausibly infer
that Bilotto possessed final policymaking authority with respect to the decision to
deny Plaintiffs’ business license.

9 The Code is available at http://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/blueisland/latest/blue_il/0-0-0-1.
The second relevant action is the ordering of police to Plaintiffs’ pre-opening
gathering. The Complaint alleges that the City’s administrator, Thomas Wogan,
contacted the Chief of Police, Geoffrey Farr, and Detective Jason Slattery, and

instructed them to conduct a premises check of Plaintiffs’ business. [17] ¶ 19. The
Complaint does not, however, make any allegations suggesting that Bilotto was
involved in the decision to send law enforcement to the business at all.
Moreover, under Blue Island’s Municipal Code, the Chief of Police “shall be
responsible for the performance of the Police Department in all of its operations and
functions” and “all officers and members and other personnel . . . serve subject to his

or her orders.” Blue Island, Ill. Code of Ord., Title III, § 33.040 (emphasis added).
Thus, by City Code, the Blue Island Chief of Police has complete control over the
affairs of his department, and the Chief of Police does not work for the Mayor.
Construing every possible reasonable inference in Plaintiffs’ favor, this Court simply
cannot infer that Mayor Bilotto had final policymaking authority with respect to the
decision to dispatch law enforcement to Plaintiffs’ pre-opening gathering.
Because Plaintiffs have failed to establish Monell liability against the City

under any theory, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims against the City.
Therefore, the Court will only assess the sufficiency of the allegations in Counts I–V
to state a claim against Defendants Bilotto, Cantelo-Zylman, and Wogan.
B. Count I: Substantive Due Process
The Fourteenth Amendment bars any State from depriving any person of “life,
liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1.
Substantive due process provides protections against certain government actions
“regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.” Cnty. of
Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 839 (1998) (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S.

327, 331 (1986)). The “touchstone of due process is protection of the individual
against arbitrary action of government.” Lewis, 523 U.S. at 845.
Here, Plaintiffs allege that they had a constitutionally protected property
interest in the business license for Mary Jane Sweet Spot and Defendants violated
their substantive due process rights either by refusing it to issue the business license
or by ordering law enforcement to conduct the premises check during Plaintiff’s pre-

opening gathering. [24] at 5–6. Defendants counter that Plaintiffs have no such
property interest in the business license, only a “unilateral expectation” of a property
interest. [21] at 4.
A. Property Interest
To establish a due process violation, the plaintiffs must first establish a
protected liberty or property interest with which the government has interfered. See
FKFJ, Inc. v. Vill. of Worth, 11 F.4th 574, 592 (7th Cir. 2021). Property interests for

due process purposes are “defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from
an independent source such as state law.” Bell v. Cty. Of Cntry. Club Hills, 841 F.3d
713, 717 (7th Cir. 2016) (citing Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972)).
For a property interest to be constitutionally protected, plaintiffs must show that they
have “a legitimate claim of entitlement” rather than a “unilateral expectation to it.”
Bell, 841 F.3d at 717 (citing Roth, 408 U.S. at 577).
The Supreme Court has held that a benefit is not a protected entitlement under
the Due Process Clause “if government officials may grant or deny it in their
discretion.” See Town of Castle Rock, Colo. v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748, 756 (2005). In

some cases, however, a government license may be a form of property entitlement.
FKFJ, Inc., 11 F.4th at 592. Whether a license or permit constitutes a protected
entitlement turns on whether the “municipal ordinance provides substantive criteria
which, if met, dictate the issuance of the license or permit.” New Burnham Prairie
Homes, Inc v. Vill. of Burnham, 910 F.2d 1474, 1480 (7th Cir. 1990) (quoting Polenz
v. Parrott, 883 F.2d 551, 556 (7th Cir. 1989)).

For example, in FKFJ, Inc., the court held that a plaintiff had only a unilateral
expectation to a business license renewal where the Village’s Code granted
government officials the discretion to renew licenses by providing that the licenses
“may” be renewed upon proper application. 11 F.4th at 592. The court explained that
the code “gives the clerk authority to approve applications for renewals, rather than
mandating that the clerk approve and execute renewals when the requisite criteria
is met.” Id.

Similarly, in Dyson v. City of Calumet County, the court concluded that a
plaintiff only had a unilateral expectation to a special use permit where the city
council ultimately had “discretion in granting such permits,” and likewise, had not
sufficiently pled a property interest in a business license where the plaintiff failed to
identify “any ordinance that dictates when and how a business license may be issued.”
306 F.Supp.3d at 1041; see also Bell, 841 F.3d at 719–720 (holding that plaintiff had
no property interest in a rebate where City retained discretion to reject rebate
applications from homeowners); Scott v. Vill. of Kewaskum, 786 F.2d 339, 340 (7th
Cir. 1986) (Wisconsin law) (finding no property interest where statute did not provide

substantive criteria under which government “must” issue a liquor license).
Here, the denial letter annexed to the Complaint cites Title XI, § 110.22(B) of
Blue Island’s Code of Ordinances, which provides:
If, after due consideration of the information contained within the
application and related investigative and inspection reports and
certificates of compliance, the City Clerk or his or her designee
determines that matters concerning the application are unsatisfactory,
he or she shall disapprove the application, including the reasons
therefor.

[17-3].

This Ordinance provision lodges discretion in the City Clerk to disapprove
applications he or she deems unsatisfactory for any reason. Plaintiffs cite no
provision mandating the issuance of the license after certain steps are completed or
objective criteria are met. Accordingly, as in FTFS, Inc. and Dyson, Plaintiffs have
no protected property interest in the business license.
Plaintiffs argue that they have a constitutionally protected interest in the
business license they sought because the license could not be taken away without
cause. For this proposition, Plaintiffs direct the Court to Club Misty v. Laski, 208
F.3d 615, 619 (7th Cir. 2000). In Club Misty, the Seventh Circuit held that the
plaintiffs had a property interest in the renewal of their Illinois liquor license because
it was “revocable during its term only for cause” and “renewable as a matter of right
when the term expires unless the licensee is unqualified or his premises unsuitable.”
Id. at 618 (citing Reed v. Village of Shorewood, 704 F.2d 943, 949 (7th Cir. 1983),
overruled on other grounds by Brunson v. Murray, 843 F.3d 698 (7th Cir. 2016)).

But Club Misty and Reed are inapposite. First, those cases concerned the
denied renewal of previously issued liquor licenses; and the property interest
articulated in Club Misty and Reed only attached “once [the license] is obtained” and
“extends to the license’s annual renewal.” See Pro’s Sports Bar & Grill, Inc. v. City
of Ctry. Club Hills, 589 F.3d at 870 (explaining that “once granted, an Illinois liquor
license is a form of property within the meaning of the due process clause”) (emphasis

added); Landau Haus Co. v. Mayor Rory Hoskins, No. 21-cv-4490, 2023 WL 2745151,
at *3 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 31, 2023), (noting that under Illinois law, a person “does not have
a property right in obtaining a liquor license in the first instance”). The Complaint
concedes, however, that Plaintiffs never obtained a business license for Mary Jane
Sweet Spot. [17] ¶ 29.
Second, unlike Plaintiffs here, the plaintiffs in Club Misty and Reed were
entitled to license renewal as a “matter of course” if they met certain “undemanding”

criteria. It is upon that basis that the court recognized a property right. See Club
Misty, 208 F.3d at 619. Plaintiffs enjoy no similar entitlement to a business license.
And they allege no other facts from which this Court can infer the existence of a
property interest. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ substantive due process claim fails.
B. Alleged Deprivation of Due Process
Having found no property interest, Plaintiffs cannot maintain a substantive
due process claim. Nevertheless, even if this Court were to find a property interest
in the business license for Mary Jane Sweet Spot, the Complaint still fails to plausibly

plead a substantive due process violation.
Plaintiffs’ substantive due process claim is based upon alleged arbitrary
government conduct. Specifically, the Complaint alleges that Defendants’ ordering
of law enforcement to the private pre-opening gathering was “completely arbitrary”
and “discriminatory.” See [17] ¶ 52–53.
The Supreme Court has “repeatedly cautioned against expanding the contours

of substantive due process.” Catinella v. Cty. of Cook, 881 F.3d 514, 518 (7th Cir.
2018) (citing Lewis, 523 U.S. at 842). To state a plausible substantive due process
claim, Plaintiffs must allege that the government entity abused its power in a manner
“so arbitrary and oppressive that it shocks the conscience.” Catinella, 881 F.3d at
519 (quoting Lewis, 523 U.S. at 846–47). Only the “most egregious conduct can be
said to violate this standard.” Catinella, 881 F.3d at 519 (quoting Lewis, 523 U.S. at
846).

In Catinella, the Seventh Circuit recently discussed the Supreme Court’s
“lodestar” case exemplifying the type of conduct that would rise to the level of a
conscience-shocking violation:
Illegally breaking into the privacy of the petitioner, the struggle to open
his mouth and remove what was there, the forcible extraction of his
stomach’s contents—this course of proceeding by agents of government
to obtain evidence is bound to offend even hardened sensibilities. They
are methods too close to the rack and the screw to permit of
constitutional differentiation.
Catinella, 881 F.3d at 519 (citing Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 172 (1952)).

Construing all reasonable inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, none of the allegations
in the Complaint rise to the level of conscience-shocking. The appearance of law
enforcement at a gathering of family and friends, even if for an arbitrary reason, is a
far cry from the “most egregious conduct” required to make out a due process
violation. Thus, the Complaint fails to plausibly allege a substantive due process
claim. Count I is dismissed.
B. Equal Protection Clause
The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits state
action that discriminates based on membership in a protected class or that
irrationally targets an individual for discriminatory treatment as a so-called “class of
one.” Brunson, 843 F.3d at 705 (citing Geinosky v. City of Chicago, 675 F.3d 743, 747

(7th Cir. 2012)). Plaintiffs allege equal protection claims under both theories. The
Court addresses each in turn.
1. Count II: Race Discrimination
The Equal Protection Clause prohibits intentional racial discrimination by
state and local officials, and a person who is subjected to such discrimination may
seek relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Taylor v. Ways, 999 F.3d 478, 487 (7th Cir. 2021)
(citing Majeske v. Fraternal Order of Police, Local Lodge No. 7, 94 F.3d 307, 311 (7th

Cir. 1996)); Ratliff v. City of Milwaukee, 795 F.2d 612, 624 (7th Cir. 1984)); see also
Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harv. Coll., 600 U.S. 181,
206 (2023) (quoting Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1, 10 (1967) (“The clear and central
purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment was to eliminate all official state sources of
invidious racial discrimination in the States.”)). Defendants argue that Count II must
be dismissed because “Plaintiff does not allege any particular rule or regulation that

classified based on race.” [21] at 10. Not so.
Here, Plaintiffs’ equal protection claim is predicated upon race discrimination.
To state a claim, the Complaint need only plausibly allege that Defendants’ actions
“had a discriminatory effect” and “were motivated by a discriminatory purpose.”
Alston v. City of Madison, 853 F.3d 901, 906 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting Chavez v. Ill.
State Police, 251 F.3d 612, 635-36 (7th Cir. 2001)). At this stage, Plaintiffs are not

required to establish anything more. See Brown v. Budz, 398 F.3d 904, 916, n.1 (7th
Cir. 2005) (quoting Bennett v. Schmidt, 153 F.3d 516, 518 (7th Cir. 1998) (“Indeed,
we have held that an allegation as simple as ‘I was turned down a job because of my
race’ is all a complaint has to say to sufficiently plead race discrimination under
the Equal Protection clause.”) (internal quotations omitted)); see also Gibson v. City
of Chicago, No. 29-C-4152, 2020 WL 4349855, at *34 (N.D. Ill. July 29, 2020) (citing
Sow v. Fortville Police Dep't, 636 F.3d 293, 303 (7th Cir. 2011) (denying motion to

dismiss plaintiff’s “somewhat conclusory” equal protection claim by relying on notice
pleading standard)). And Defendants acknowledge that to maintain a claim,
Plaintiffs need not identify a similarly situated comparator. See [28] at 6; see also
Carlson v. CSX Transp., Inc., 758 F.3d 819, 830 (7th Cir. 2014) (explaining that
plaintiffs need not identify comparators in pleadings and often need discovery to
identify them).
Here, the Complaint alleges that Plaintiff is an African American woman, and
the Defendants arbitrarily denied the business license for Mary Jane Sweet Spot and
ordered law enforcement to its pre-opening event to further their efforts to prevent

African American businesses, including Plaintiff’s, from operating in the City of Blue
Island. [17] ¶ 59. The Complaint further alleges that Defendants are “not in the
practice of sending police officers to other businesses hosting private gatherings,” but
did this—after approving the license—to drive out Plaintiffs’ business because its
owner is African American, and Mary Jane Sweet Spot is an African American
business. Id. ¶ 48. And afterward, Defendants rejected Plaintiffs’ repeated attempts

to rectify the situation and pay the fines to obtain the business license. Id. ¶ 29.
These actions, Plaintiff claims, violated her equal protection rights by “discriminating
against her on the basis of race.” [17] ¶ 60.10
Construing all inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, the Complaint sufficiently alleges
an equal protection claim based upon race discrimination. Defendants’ motion to
dismiss Count II is denied. Plaintiffs’ race discrimination claim under the Equal
Protection Clause may proceed as against the individual defendants.

2. Count III: Class-Of-One Claim
Class-of-one claims are designed to prevent government actors from singling
out an individual for arbitrary abuse. See Vill. of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562,

10 The Complaint also alleges Defendants violated Plaintiffs’ rights under the Fourteenth Amendment
by discriminating against her based on national origin and/or religion, [17] ¶ 60, but the Complaint
does not allege that Plaintiff is a member of a protected class for national origin and/or religion. Thus,
to the extent that Count II attempts to assert an equal protection claim based upon those protected
classes, it is dismissed.
564 (2000). The “classic” class-of-one claim involves allegations that “a public official,
‘with no conceivable basis for his action other than spite or some other improper
motive . . . comes down hard on a hapless private citizen.’” Swanson v. City of Chetek,

719 F.3d 780, 784 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting Lauth v. McCollum, 424 F.3d 631, 633 (7th
Cir. 2005)).
Since the Seventh Circuit’s decision in Del Marcelle v. Brown County
Corporation, 680 F.3d 887 (7th Cir. 2012), the elements of a class-of-one claim have
remained unsettled. Brunson, 843 F.3d at 706.11 But even under the “least
demanding standard” articulated in Del Marcelle, “plaintiffs must allege that state

actors lacked a rational basis for singling them out for intentionally discriminatory
treatment.” Miller v. City of Monona, 784 F.3d 113, 1121 (7th Cir. 2015). The Court
has explained that “even at the pleadings stage, ‘all it takes to defeat a class-of-one
claim is a conceivable rational basis for the difference in
treatment.’” Id. (quoting D.B. v. Kopp, 725 F.3d 681, 686 (7th Cir. 2013)). Therefore,
plaintiffs can “plead themselves out of court” if the Complaint reveals a “potential
rational basis” for treating them differently despite any facts alleged which suggest

improper motives. Id. (citing Kopp, 725 F.3d at 686) (affirming dismissal of class-of-
one claim when complaint revealed rational basis for treating plaintiff differently

11 In Del Marcelle, three separate opinions were produced in a decision affirming the district court's
dismissal of the suit. Del Marcelle v. Brown Cty. Corp., 680 F.3d 887 (7th Cir. 2012). The court
disagreed about whether a class-of-one plaintiff must demonstrate merely that there is no possible
justification or rational basis for the defendant's actions, id. at 900 (Easterbrook, C.J., concurring in
the judgment), or if the plaintiff must demonstrate a lack of justification and also present evidence of
hostile intent or animus, id. at 889 (Posner, J., plurality opinion), or if the plaintiff must demonstrate
an absence of rational basis, which can be satisfied with evidence of animus, id. at 913 (Wood, J.,
dissenting).
notwithstanding facts suggesting officials had potentially improper motives); Flying
J Inc v. City of New Haven, 549 F.3d 538, 547–48 (7th Cir. 2008) (same).
Class-of-one claimants carry a heavy burden, even at the pleading

stage. See FKFJ, Inc., 11 F.4th 588 (citing Woodruff v. Mason, 542 F.3d 545, 554 (7th
Cir. 2008)). Here, as in Miller, Kopp, and Flying J, Plaintiffs have pled themselves
out of court, but only to the extent that their class-of-one claim is based upon the
denial of the business license itself. The Complaint reveals that Plaintiffs’ business
license was denied, at least in part, because her application “contained
misinformation about the type of business she intended to run.” [17] ¶ 27. The denial

letter states that Plaintiff “applied for a license to operate as a small bakery” but “the
Business is clearly intended to be an event space for events unrelated to baking and
featuring entertainment, alcohol, hookah smoking, and the suggestion of marijuana.”
[17-3].
While Plaintiffs deny that alcohol was served at the October 20, 2021
gathering, [17] ¶ 20, they do not deny that she subsequently advertised a “BYOB”
Halloween event with “infused treats, hookah smoking, a DJ, and food.” [17] ¶ 34;

[17-3]. Moreover, the letter states, and Plaintiffs do not contest, that the business
did not possess an occupancy certificate for the October 21, 2021 gathering. Id.
Plaintiffs acknowledge that an administrative hearing officer denied the appeal for
these same reasons. Id. ¶ 34.
These undisputed and rational reasons are fatal to Plaintiffs’ equal protection
class-of-one claim based upon the denial of the business license. See Fares Pawn LLC
v. Ind. Dep’t of Fin. Insists., 755 F.3d 839, 845 (7th Cir. 2014) (“If we can come up
with a rational basis for the challenged action, that will be the end of the matter—
animus or no.”).

But the Complaint does not reveal—and Defendants do not allege—a rational
basis for the seemingly-random premises check after the business license was
approved, which Plaintiffs allege was arbitrary and discriminatory, not a routine
practice of the City, and was, in fact, an intimidation tactic to “target African
American businesses,” including Mary Jane Sweet Spot. See [17] ¶¶ 46–47.
Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ class-of-one equal protection claim may proceed, insofar as it

is based on the premises check. Count III is dismissed, however, insofar as it is based
on the denial of Plaintiffs’ business license alone.
C. Counts IV and V: Federal Civil Conspiracy
In Counts IV and V, the Complaint alleges that Defendants conspired, in
violation of § 1983, to deprive Plaintiffs of their constitutional rights to due process
and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.12
In § 1983 actions, “conspiracy is not an independent basis of liability.” See

Holm v. Vill. Of Coal City, 345 Fed. App’x 187, 191 (7th Cir. 2009) (noting that a
showing of a constitutional violation is needed to recover on a § 1983 claim of

12 In Plaintiffs’ brief opposing dismissal, they also contend that the Complaint’s allegations state a
claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1985(3). Because Plaintiffs’ allegations exclusively involve state actors, this
claim is duplicative of Plaintiff’s § 1983 claims. See Fairley v. Andrews, 578 F.3d 518, 526 (7th Cir.
2009) (noting that because “the function of § 1985(3) is to permit recovery from a private actor who
has conspired with state actors,” a claim under § 1985 involving only state actors “does not add
anything except needless complexity” and is “superfluous” of a § 1983 claim) (citing Dennis v. Sparks,
449 U.S. 24 (1980) and Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144 (1970)); see also Alsherbini v. Vill.
Of Worth, No. 10-cv-6781 (N.D. Ill. 2011) (“noting that it does not matter whether the plaintiff
“captioned as a claim under § 1983 or § 1985(3)” because “the analysis is the same.”).
conspiracy). Since Plaintiffs’ civil conspiracy claim in Count V is based upon their
substantive due process claim, Count V is dismissed.
Plaintiffs’ conspiracy claim in Count IV, however, remains based upon their

Equal Protection claims. Because Plaintiffs’ equal protection claims may proceed in
part, the Court addresses Count IV below.
i. Intra-Corporate Conspiracy Doctrine
Defendants first argue that the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine bars
Plaintiffs’ conspiracy claims. [21] at 11. Under this doctrine, the agents of a
corporation “jointly pursuing its lawful business do not become ‘conspirators’ when

acts within the scope of their employment are said to be discriminatory or
retaliatory.” Strauss v. City of Chicago, 346 F.Supp.3d 1192, 1210 (N.D. Ill. 2018)
(citing Wright v. Illinois Dep't of Children & Family Servs., 40 F.3d 1492, 1508 (7th
Cir. 1994)).13
But the Seventh Circuit has recognized an exception “where corporate
employees are shown to have been motivated solely by personal bias.” See Hartman
v. Bd. of Trs. Of Cmty. Coll. Dist. No. 508, 4 F.3d 465, 470 (7th Cir. 1993); see also

Strauss, 346 F.Supp.3d at 1211 (“Plaintiff is correct that the doctrine does not extend
to conspiracies motivated ‘solely’ by the ‘personal bias’ of the individual conspirators;

13 Although the Seventh Circuit has only applied the intra-corporate conspiracy doctrine to conspiracy
claims brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1985, see Wright, 40 F.3d at 1508, most courts in this district have
held that the doctrine applies to § 1983 conspiracy claims with the same force. See e.g., Strauss, 346
F. Supp. at 1210 (citing Stenson v. Town of Cicero, No. 03-cv-6642, 2005 WL 643334, at *7–9 (N.D. Ill.
March 15, 2005)).
such conspiracies do not implicate the interests of the conspirators’ shared employer,
and thus are not undertaken within the scope of their employment.”).
Construing all inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, the Complaint sufficiently alleges

that Defendants’ actions, which form the basis for their equal protection claims, were
motivated solely by personal bias (i.e., discrimination). Thus, the Court declines to
dismiss Count IV on this basis.
ii. Sufficiency of Allegations
Civil conspiracy is “a combination of two or more persons acting in concert to
commit an unlawful act, or to commit a lawful act by unlawful means.” Beaman v.

Freesmeyer, 776 F.3d 500, 510 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting Scherer v. Balkema, 840 F.2d
437, 441 (7th Cir. 1988)).
To state a claim for civil conspiracy under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege facts
from which the Court may reasonably infer there was: “(1) an express or implied
agreement among defendants to deprive plaintiff of his or her constitutional rights;
and (2) actual deprivations of those rights in the form of overt acts in furtherance of
the agreement.” Hayes v. Bd. of Educ. of City of Chicago, 629 F.Supp.3d 816, 823

(N.D. Ill. 2022) (quoting Wheeler v. Piazza, 364 F.Supp.3d 870, 880 (N.D. Ill. 2019);
Scherer v. Balkema, 840 F.2d 437, 441 (7th Cir. 1988)).
To survive a motion to dismiss, Plaintiffs’ Complaint must assert “factual
allegations suggesting that the defendants agreed to violate” their constitutional
rights. Eason v. Raoul, No. 22-cv-3166, 2023 WL 6174415, at *1 (7th Cir. Sept. 22,
2023) (citing Cooney v. Rossiter, 583 F.3d 967, 970 (7th Cir. 2009)). Stated differently,
“mere allegations of joint action or a conspiracy . . . are not sufficient to survive
a motion to dismiss.” Spiegel v. McClintic, 916 F.3d 611, 611 (7th Cir. 2019) (quoting
Fries v. Helsper, 146 F.3d 452, 458 (7th Cir. 1998)); see also Cooney, 583 F.3d at 971

(“Even before Twombly and Iqbal, a bare allegation of conspiracy was not enough to
survive to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim” and it remained
subject to the “judicially-imposed requirement” to plead specific facts under Rule 8.).
Here, the Complaint alleges nothing more than bare conclusions that
Defendants conspired to violate Plaintiffs’ civil rights. Plaintiffs aver that
Defendants “reached an understanding or agreement, carried out by the police, to

engage in the course of conduct, and otherwise jointly acted and/or conspired among
themselves to deprive Plaintiff of her federally protected right to equal protection.”
[17] ¶ 70.
But Plaintiffs fail to plausibly allege any factual content to support this alleged
“meeting of the minds”: who was involved, when they agreed, or even what they
agreed upon. See Dyson, 306 F.Supp.3d at 1047 (dismissing conspiracy where
complaint contained “not a whiff of conspiratorial agreement” between the individual

defendants beyond unsupported conclusions). At a minimum, Plaintiffs must allege
“the parties, the general purpose, and the approximate date of the conspiracy” to
avoid dismissal. Loubser v. Thacker, 440 F.3d 439, 444 (7th Cir. 2006) (citing Walker
v. Thompson, 288 F.3d 1005, 1007-08 (7th Cir. 2002)); see also Evers v. Reak, 21 Fed.
App'x 447, 450 (7th Cir. 2001) (“Vague and conclusory allegations of the existence of
a conspiracy are not enough to sustain a plaintiff's burden.”). Plaintiffs have failed
to do so. Accordingly, Count IV is also dismissed.
D. Count VIII: State Law Conspiracy

For the same reasons, Plaintiffs’ state law conspiracy claim also fails. To state
a claim for civil conspiracy under Illinois law, a plaintiff must plausibly allege an
agreement and at least one tortious act committed in furtherance of that agreement.
Turner v. Hirschbach Motor Lines, 854 F.3d 926, 930 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing McClure
v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 720 N.E.2d 242, 258 (Ill. 1999)).
In short, Plaintiff has pled no facts from which this Court can reasonably infer

the existence of a conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs’ civil rights. An agreement is a
“necessary and important element of this cause of action.” Turner, 854 F.3d at 930
(citing Adrcock v. Brakegate Ltd., 645 N.E.2d 888, 894 (Ill. 1994) (internal quotations
omitted)). The bare conclusions contained in the Complaint are not enough to “raise
a right to relief above the speculative level.” See Roehl v. Merrilees, No. 11-cv-4886,
2012 WL 1192093, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 10, 2012) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555)
(dismissing § 1983 conspiracy claim for failure to allege facts upon which express or

implied agreement could be inferred beyond speculative level). Therefore, Count VIII
is dismissed.
E. Count VI: Discrimination in Formation and Execution of a
Contract

In Count VI, Plaintiffs bring a claim for discrimination in the formation and
execution of a contract under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Section 1981 guarantees all citizens
regardless of race, “the same right” to make and enforce contracts. 42 U.S.C. § 1981.
The term “‘make and enforce contracts’ includes the making, performance,
modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits,
privileges, terms and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b).

As a preliminary matter, this Court notes that municipalities may only be
liable under § 1981 on the theory that the municipality’s “official policy or custom was
discriminatory.” See Smith v. Chicago Sch. Reform Bd. of Trs., 165 F.3d 1142, 1148
(7th Cir. 1999) (holding that Monell applies to § 1981 suits). As explained above, the
Complaint fails to plausibly allege municipal liability against the City under Monell.
Therefore, Plaintiffs’ § 1981 claim against the City is dismissed.

As for the individual defendants, while § 1981 does not provide remedies
against state actors, its prohibitions are “enforceable against state actors through §
1983.” See Phillips v. Baxter, 768 Fed. App’x 555, 559 (7th Cir. 2019) (citing Campbell
v. Forest Pres. Dist. Of Cook Cty., 752 F.3d 665, 671 (7th Cir. 2014); Jett v. Dallas
Indep. Sch. Dist., 491 U.S. 701, 731 (1989)). Thus, this Court must examine whether
the substance of Plaintiffs’ allegations adds up to a plausible claim that the
Defendants discriminated against Plaintiffs in their right to make and enforce

contracts. See Phillips, 768 Fed. App’x at 559.
As to a race discrimination claim under § 1981, Plaintiff must allege that: (1)
she is a member of a racial minority; (2) the defendant intended to discriminate
against her on the basis of race; and (3) the alleged discrimination relates to the
making and forming of a contract. Morris v. Office Max, Inc., 89 F.3d 411, 413 (7th
Cir. 1996). Additionally, “proof of a contractual relationship is necessary to establish
a § 1981 claim.” Walker v. Abbott Labs, 340 F.3d 471, 476 (7th Cir. 2003); see also
Domino’s Pizza, Inc. v. Mc Donald, 549 U.S. 470, 476, 480 (2006) (“Any § 1981 plaintiff
must initially identify an impaired ‘contractual relationship,’ § 1981(b), under which

the plaintiff has rights.”). The Seventh Circuit has explained that a claim for
interference with the right to make and enforce a contract must allege the actual loss
of a contract interest, not merely the possible loss of future contract opportunities.
Morris, 89 F.3d at 413.
Here, the Complaint alleges that Plaintiff, an African American woman, is a
racial minority, [17] ¶ 14, and that Defendants discriminated against Plaintiff and

her business based upon race by denying her business license and arbitrarily ordering
law enforcement to her pre-opening gathering. Id. ¶¶ 78, 59, 48, 60. It also alleges
that Defendants “unlawfully interfered with the formation of its contract with
Plaintiffs” by “denying the business license of Mary Jane Sweet Spot.” [17] ¶¶ 76–
77. Besides the potential award of a business license, the Complaint alleges no other
basis for a contractual relationship. Thus, Plaintiffs’ claim hinges on whether the
alleged discrimination relates to the making and forming of a contract, i.e., whether

the business license sought for Mary Jane Sweet Spot can qualify as a “contract” for
1981 purposes.
Defendants say no, [21] at 17, and the Court agrees. In Walker v. Abbott Labs,
the Seventh Circuit stated that “§ 1981’s statutory language reveals no intent by
Congress to give the word ‘contract’ in § 1981 any specialized meaning; thus, we must
assume that the ordinary meaning was intended.” 340 F.3d 471, 476 (7th Cir. 2003);
see also Adam v. Obama for Am., 210 F.Supp.3d 979, 985 (N.D. Ill. 2016) (applying
ordinary meaning of “contract” to plaintiff’s § 1981 race discrimination claim).
In Walker, the court turned to the Second Restatement of Contracts which

defines a contract as “a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law
gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a
duty.” (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 1 (1981)). The Restatement
further defines “‘formation of a contract—with exceptions not relevant here—as not
simply as “agreement . . . of mutual assent,’ but a special kind of agreement consisting
of a ‘bargain . . . to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or

to exchange performances.’” Adam, 210 F.Supp.3d at 985 (quoting Restatement
(Second) Of Contracts § 3, 17)).
Applying these controlling principles to the Complaint’s allegations, the Court
cannot find that the disputed business license from the City of Blue Island constitutes
a contract, or that the award of the business license Plaintiffs sought would have
resulted in a contractual relationship between the business and municipality for
purposes of § 1981. Unlike a contract, a business license does not result from a

bargain to “exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to
exchange performances.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 3, 17 (1981). Rather,
in this instance, the business license is a grant of revocable permission from the City
to an individual to conduct business, not a bargained-for benefit. See [17-1] at 4.
For similar reasons, other courts have concluded the same. See, e.g.,
Carbondale v. Wade, 106 Ill. App. 654 (Ill. App. Ct. 1902) (“In both the legal and
popular sense, the term license implies no right or estate conveyed, or ceded, no
binding contract between parties, but mere leave to be enjoyed as matter of
indulgence at the will of the party who gives the license. A license authorizing a

person to retail spirituous and intoxicating liquors, does not create any contract
between him and the government. Such a license is revocable under the police power
of the state.”); Kennedy v. Hughes, 596 F. Supp. 1487, 1495 (D. Del. 1984) (“Absent
clear, unequivocal language to the contrary, an ordinary business license is not
considered to be a contract between a government and private parties.”).
Plaintiffs have therefore failed to state a claim under § 1981, since the alleged

discrimination did not relate to “the making and executing of a contract.” Morris, 89
F.3d at 413; see Domino’s Pizza, 549 U.S. at 480 (noting that liability under § 1981 is
predicated upon an existing or proposed contract).
F. Count VII: Tortious Interference with Business Expectancy
1. Sufficiency of Allegations
Count VII of the Complaint asserts a claim for tortious interference with
business expectancy.14 To state a tortious interference claim under Illinois law,

Plaintiffs must allege that: “(1) a reasonable expectancy of entering into a valid
business relationship, (2) the defendant’s knowledge of the expectancy, (3) an
intentional and unjustified interference by the defendant that induced or caused a
breach or termination of the expectancy, and (4) damage to the plaintiff resulting

14 See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ameriprise Fin. Servs., No. 17-cv-5826, 2023 WL 5334638, at *31 (N.D. Ill.
Aug. 18, 2023) (quoting Pampered Chef v. Alexanian, 804 F. Supp. 2d 765, 807 n.30 (N.D. Ill. 2011)
(“In Illinois, the terms tortious interference with prospective economic advantage, business
expectancy, and business relations are interchangeable.”)).
from the defendant's interference.” McCoy v. Iberdrola Renewables, Inc., 760 F.3d
674, 685–86 (7th Cir. 2014) (quoting Voyles v. Sandia Mortg. Corp., 751 N.E.2d 1126,
1133-34 (Ill. 2001)).

Defendants first argue that Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim must fail
because Plaintiffs “cannot plead or prove the elements required for a tortious
interference claim without a contract.” [21] at 17. This would be true, if the
Complaint alleged a tortious interference with contract claim; it does not.
Rather, the Complaint raises a claim for tortious interference with prospective
business expectancy under Illinois law, which does not require a contract. See

Chicago’s Pizza, Inc. v. Chicago’s Pizza Franchise Ltd. USA, 893 N.E.2d 981, 993 (Ill.
App. Ct. 2008) (citing Lusher v. Becker Brothers, Inc., 509 N.E.2d 444 (Ill. App. Ct.
1987) (“A cause for intentional interference with a business expectancy need not be
based be on an enforceable contract that is interfered with; rather, it is the
interference with the relationship that creates the actionable tort.”)).
Plaintiffs’ tortious interference claim, however, fails for another reason. It is
well established that the tortious interference allegedly committed by the defendants

“must be directed toward the third party or parties with whom the plaintiff had the
business expectancy.” Hickory Hills Foodmart, Inc. v. Equilon Enterprises, LLC, No.
22-cv-5393, 2023 WL 4273664, at *6 (N.D. Ill. June 29, 2023) (citing Int’l Star Registry
of Ill. v. ABC Radio Network, Inc., 451 F.Supp.2d 982, 992 (N.D. Ill. 2006)); McCoy,
760 F.3d at 686 (“Actions that form the basis of a tortious interference claim must be
directed at third-party business prospects.”).
Relevant here, it is not enough for the interfering action to indirectly affect the
third parties; the action must be “directed in the first instance at the third party.”
House of Brides, Inc. v. Alfred Angelo, Inc., No. 11-cv-7834, 2014 WL 64657, at *10

(N.D. Ill. Jan. 8, 2014) (quoting Schuler v. Abbott Lab., 265 Ill. App. 3d 991, 995, 639
N.E.2d 144, 148 (Ill. App. Ct. 1993)). Therefore, to state a claim, Plaintiffs must
allege that Defendants “directly communicated with or acted towards the prospective
clients or customers.” OTR Transp., Inc. v. Data Interfuse LLC, No. 21-cv-3415, 2023
WL 199353, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 17, 2023) (citing Logan Graphic Prod., Inc. v. Textus
USA, Inc., 2002 WL 31507174, at *1 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 8, 2002) (denying motion to

dismiss tortious interference claims because plaintiff alleged that defendant
communicated with prospective “retailers and distributors” of a product the plaintiff
planned to sell)); Kozlowski v. Greenridge Farm, Inc., 338 F.Supp.3d 828, 840–41
(N.D. Ill. 2018) (denying motion to dismiss tortious interference claims because
plaintiff alleged that defendant told plaintiff's customers that plaintiff had
discriminated against her based on her pregnancy)).
The Complaint identifies two purported actions of interference: (1) the denial

of Plaintiffs’ business license; and (2) the dispatch of police officers to Plaintiffs’
private gathering (which resulted in tickets). [17] ¶ 84. The denial of Plaintiffs’
business license was, of course, not directed toward Plaintiffs’ patrons; that decision
was directed toward Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs alone. As for the premises check, the
Complaint alleges that the October 20, 2021 event was a “gathering of family and
friends.” [17] ¶ 21. Regarding its impact upon future patrons, the Complaint alleges
that the police presence created a “negative presence in the community” which
“detrimentally affected her business. Id. ¶ 46–47.
But it is not enough for Plaintiffs to allege that “the defendant’s action

diminished the plaintiff’s reputation or ability to provide some service to its clients,
thereby causing the plaintiff to lose customers.” OTD Transp., 2023 WL 199353, at
*5. Courts have dismissed similar claims on this basis. See id. (collecting cases).
Instead, to maintain a tortious interference action, the interfering actions must have
been principally directed toward Plaintiffs’ patrons, not the Plaintiffs. See, e.g., Int’l
Star, 451 F.Supp.2d at 992 (finding that plaintiff’s assertion that defendant’s actions

“affected” its customers was insufficient to maintain a tortious interference claim
because defendant’s actions were not “directed toward” plaintiff).
Here, Plaintiffs only cite actions directed at Plaintiffs and their business,
which they allege had an incidental, negative impact on their business interests. See
[17] ¶¶ 20–21, 85. These allegations are insufficient to state a tortious interference
claim. Therefore, Count VII is dismissed.
2. Tort Immunity Act

Even if the Complaint sufficiently pled a tortious interference claim,
Defendants argue the Illinois Local Government and Government Employees Tort
Immunity Act, 745 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 10/1–101 et seq. (“Tort Immunity Act” or
“Act”) immunizes them from tortious interference actions based upon the denial of
the business license. [21] at 19.15 Defendants argue that the denial of Plaintiffs’

15 Defendants do not argue that they are immune from liability for any other actions under the Tort
Immunity Act. See [21] 19–20.
business license falls within the “operations of government” protected by the Act. [21]
at 19. Plaintiffs do not generally dispute that the Tort Immunity Act applies to
Plaintiffs’ claims. See [24] at 14–15. Instead, Plaintiffs argue that Defendants’

conduct falls within the “willful and wanton” exception to the Tort Immunity Act, 745
Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 10/2-208.
The Court agrees with Defendants. Section 2-104 of the Tort Immunity Act
immunizes local public entities from liability for injuries “caused by the issuance,
denial, suspension, or revocation of, or by the failure or refusal to issue, deny,
suspend, or revoke, any permit, [or] license.” 745 Ill. Comp. Stat. Ann. 10/1–104.

Section 2-206 of the Act similarly immunizes public employees from liability for
injury “caused by his issuance, denial, suspension or revocation of, or by his failure
to refusal to issue, deny, suspend, or revoke, any permit, [or] license.” 745 Ill. Comp.
Stat. Ann. 10/2–206. The immunity provided in sections 2–104 and 2–206 of the Act
is absolute; there is no willful and wanted exception to this provision. FKFJ, Inc. v.
Vill. Of Worth, No. 18-C-2828, 2019 WL 277723, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Jan. 22, 2019).
Therefore, Plaintiffs tortious interference claims are also barred by the Tort

Immunity Act to the extent that they depend upon the denial or failure to issue
Plaintiffs’ business license. Count VII is dismissed.
G. Count IX: Respondeat Superior Claim
Count IX of the Complaint asserts liability against the City under respondeat
superior. [17] ¶ 91. Because municipalities may not be held liable under § 1983 on
a respondeat superior theory, see Milestone v. City of Monroe, Wisconsin, 665 F.3d
774, 780 (7th Cir. 2011), this claim is limited to Plaintiffs’ state law claims. None of
Plaintiffs’ state law claims may proceed; thus, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’
respondeat superior claim. Defendants’ motion to dismiss with respect to Count IX is
granted.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons explained above, the Court grants in part, and denies in part,
Defendants’ motion to dismiss [21] without prejudice. Plaintiffs may amend Count I
and Counts ITI-IX if Plaintiffs can, in good faith and consistent with Rule 11, set forth
factual allegations sufficient to state a claim for this count consistent with this
Court’s ruling and relevant law. Plaintiffs shall file an amended complaint on or
before April 19, 2024. If Plaintiffs fail to file an amended complaint by this date, the
case will be dismissed.

Dated: March 29, 2024 Entered:
Blakey A
United States District Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10150370. Public record. Not legal advice.