# Rodriguez v. BJ'S Restaurants, Inc.

> District Court, S.D. Florida · August 24, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10122427

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Florida
- **Decided:** August 24, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 23-cv-21834-ALTMAN/Reid

ELIZABETH RODRIGUEZ,

Plaintiff,

v.

BJ’S RESTAURANTS, INC., et al.,

Defendants.
________________________________/
ORDER ON MOTION TO DISMISS

The Defendant, BJ’s Restaurants, Inc. (“BJ’s”), has moved to dismiss the Plaintiff’s Complaint.
See Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 10]. For the reasons set out below, the Motion to Dismiss is
GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.
THE FACTS

On June 30, 2022, our Plaintiff, Elizabeth Rodriguez, sued our Defendants—BJ’s and “John
Doe”—in the Circuit Court of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, asserting
one count of negligence against BJ’s and one (nearly identical) count of negligence against John Doe.
See Complaint [ECF No. 1-9]. Rodriguez alleges that, on February 19, 2021, she “was injured after
slipping and falling on a liquid that was present on the flooring surface of the Premises.” Id. ¶ 8. She
contends that the liquid was a “foreseeable” “dangerous condition,” and that both BJ’s and John Doe
(allegedly a store manager at BJ’s) were “on constructive notice of the dangerous condition.” Id. ¶¶
12, 16. She also claims that, “[a]s a direct and proximate cause of the negligent conduct of [the
Defendants], [she] suffered bodily injury that is permanent within a reasonable degree of medical
probability,” resulting in “pain and suffering, disability, disfigurement, mental anguish, loss of capacity
for the enjoyment of life, expense of hospitalization, medical and nursing care and treatment, loss of
earnings, loss of the ability to earn money, and aggravation of a previously existing condition.” Id. ¶
17.
BJ’s removed the case to federal court on July 21, 2022—and, a few days later, Judge Martinez
(of our Court) remanded the action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Order Remanding Case
to State Court [ECF No. 1-8]. BJ’s filed a second notice of removal on May 16, 2023. See Defendant’s
Second Notice of Removal [ECF No. 1]. Rodriguez, in turn, filed a second Motion to Remand [ECF

No. 9], which we denied, see Order Denying Motion to Remand [ECF No. 15]. BJ’s now seeks to
dismiss the Plaintiff’s Complaint for the following six reasons:
[(1) The Complaint] raises duties not recognized by law, thus failing to state a claim;
(2) it fails to identify any transitory foreign substance beyond stating it was a ‘liquid
substance’; (3) since it fails to identify anything beyond a ‘liquid substance’, her
conclusory allegation on an essential elements [sic] that ‘the dangerous condition
occurs with regularity at the Premises and was therefore foreseeable’ is barebones and
lacks factual support; (4) it commingles and shotgun pleads Failure to Maintain and
Failure to Warn claims despite their separate elements; (5) it fraudulently joins John
Doe; and (6) fails to state a claim against John Doe.

Motion to Dismiss at 1. We’ll address each of these arguments—albeit in a slightly different order.
THE LAW

To survive a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). To meet this
“plausibility standard,” a plaintiff must “plead[ ] factual content that allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550
U.S. at 556). The standard “does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more than
an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at
555). “[T]he standard ‘simply calls for enough fact to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will
reveal evidence’ of the required element.” Rivell v. Private Health Care Sys., Inc., 520 F.3d 1308, 1309–10
(11th Cir. 2008) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545). “The plausibility standard is not akin to a
‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted
unlawfully.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. On a motion to dismiss, “the court must accept all factual
allegations in a complaint as true and take them in the light most favorable to plaintiff.” Dusek v.
JPMorgan Chase & Co., 832 F.3d 1243, 1246 (11th Cir. 2016).
Under Florida law, which governs this case,1 “[a] negligence claim has four elements: (1) a duty

by defendant to conform to a certain standard of conduct; (2) a breach by defendant of that duty; (3)
a causal connection between the breach and injury to plaintiff; and (4) loss or damage to plaintiff.”
Encarnacion v. Lifemark Hosps. of Fla., 211 So. 3d 275, 277–78 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017). “With respect to the
duty element, a possessor of premises to which the public is invited has a legal duty to ascertain that
the premises are reasonably safe for invitees.” Palavicini v. Wal-Mart Stores E., LP, 787 F. App’x 1007,
1010 (11th Cir. 2019). “This duty to business invitees equates to two legal duties: (1) to use reasonable
care to maintain the premises in a safe condition, which includes a duty to use reasonable care to learn
of the existence of any dangerous conditions on the premises, and (2) to give the invitee warning of
concealed perils which are or should be known to the landowner, but are unknown to the invitee and
could not be discovered by him through the exercise of due care.” Ibid.
ANALYSIS

1. Fraudulent Joinder and the Allegations Against John Doe
We begin with BJ’s’ fifth and sixth arguments: that the “John Doe Defendant is fraudulently
joined and the allegations against him fail to state a claim.” Motion to Dismiss at 10. “To establish
fraudulent joinder, the removing party has the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence

1 A federal court sitting in diversity applies “the substantive law of the forum state unless federal
constitutional or statutory law compels a contrary result.” Admiral Ins. Co. v. Feit Mgmt. Co., 321 F.3d
1326, 1328 (11th Cir. 2003).
that either: (1) there is no possibility the plaintiff can establish a cause of action against the resident
defendant; or (2) the plaintiff has fraudulently pled jurisdictional facts to bring the resident defendant
into state court.” Stillwell v. Allstate Ins. Co., 663 F.3d 1329, 1332 (11th Cir. 2011). The standard for
fraudulent joinder is “more ‘lax’ than the Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss standard: To survive a
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to
state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face, while all that is required to defeat a fraudulent joinder

claim is a possibility of stating a valid cause of action.” Beasley Forest Prods., Inc. v. N. Clearing, Inc., 515
F. Supp. 3d 1367, 1376 (S.D. Ga. 2021) (cleaned up). “The burden of establishing fraudulent joinder
is a heavy one.” Pacheco de Perez v. AT&T Co., 139 F.3d 1368, 1380 (11th Cir. 1998).
In this case, however, and despite the heavy burden, we agree with BJ’s that the claims against
John Doe fail to allege even a possible claim of negligence. Under Florida law, “personal liability cannot
be imposed upon [an] officer simply because of his general administrative responsibility for
performance of some function of his employment. He must have a personal duty towards the injured
third person, breach of which specifically has caused the person’s damages.” McElveen v. Peeler, 544 So.
2d 270, 272 (Fla. 1st DCA 1989). In another slip-and-fall case in our District, Judge Moore found that
the store manager had been fraudulently joined because the complaint failed to allege any facts about
the manager’s personal liability:
To establish a tort claim against an officer or agent of a corporation under Florida law,
a plaintiff must prove that that the officer or agent owed a duty to the complaining
party, and that the duty was breached through personal (as opposed to technical or
vicarious) fault . . . . Here, [p]laintiff wholly fails to allege facts indicating that [the
manager] breached a legal duty through personal (as opposed to technical or vicarious)
fault . . . . [The] [p]laintiff does not allege that [the manager] (1) witnessed the incident,
(2) personally participated in the events leading up to the incident, (3) created the
hazardous condition that caused [the] incident, (4) has knowledge of any employee or
customer involve[ed] in creating the hazardous condition that caused [the] incident,
(5) observed the hazardous condition before [the] incident, (6) was in the area at the
time of the incident or (7) . . . participated in the investigation of [the] incident. In fact,
the [c]omplaint does not even specifically allege that [the manager] was present at the
store that day . . . . The Court finds that [p]laintiff’s Count I allegations fail to allege
even a possible state law cause of action against [the manager].
Watts v. Wal-Mart Stores E., 2023 WL 2028384, at *3–4 (S.D. Fla. Feb. 16, 2023) (Moore, J.) (cleaned
up).
Our Complaint is just the same. Like the plaintiff in Watts, Rodriguez tells us nothing about
how John Doe might be personally (as opposed to technically or vicariously) liable. The Complaint
doesn’t allege that John Doe witnessed the incident or that he participated in the events leading up to
(or following) Rodriguez’s fall. It doesn’t allege that John Doe created the dangerous condition, that
he noticed the dangerous condition, or that he was in any way responsible for it. See Complaint ¶¶ 14–
17. In fact, apart from asserting that John Doe was the store manager “[a]t all times material hereto,”
id. ¶ 7, the Complaint doesn’t even tell us whether John Doe was present at BJ’s at the time of the
incident. Rodriguez says only that John Doe, “as manager of the Premises, owed Plaintiff . . . a duty
to maintain the Premises in a reasonably safe condition, to inspect the Premises for defects and

dangerous conditions, to correct dangerous conditions about which said Defendant either knew or
should have known by the use of reasonable care and reasonable inspection, and to warn Plaintiff . . .
of any dangerous conditions about which said Defendant had or should have had knowledge greater
than that of Plaintiff.” Id. ¶ 14. These bare recitations are insufficient to establish personal liability
under Florida law. See Boyd v. Petco Animal Supplies Stores, Inc., 2018 WL 4360621, at *2–3 (M.D. Fla.
Sept. 13, 2018) (Corrigan, J.) (finding fraudulent joinder of a store manager where the allegations were
“not specific and direct; rather, they are conclusory,” and the plaintiff “provided no facts
demonstrating that [the manager] played any role in [her] injuries”).
The Complaint alleges that John Doe breached his duty of care “by personally failing to detect
and/or remove the liquid substance from the floor, although he/she knew, or in the exercise of
reasonable care should have known, about its existence.” Complaint ¶ 15. It also alleges that John Doe
“personally fail[ed] to properly maintain and inspect the floors” and “personally fail[ed] to properly
train and supervise his agents[.]” Ibid. But the addition of the word “personally” to these claims doesn’t
show personal fault on the part of John Doe—nor does it rectify the lack of “factually supported
allegation[s] that John Doe . . . was ‘personally liable’ and ‘actively negligent’ in relation to [Rodriguez’s]
fall.” Cruz v. Walmart Stores E., LP, 2023 WL 1069693, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 27, 2023) (Chappell, J.);
see also Consuegra v. Macy’s Retail Holdings, LLC, 2023 WL 3050978, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 24, 2023) (Seitz,
J.) (“[The] [p]laintiffs argue that the addition of the word ‘himself’ throughout their [c]omplaint
somehow imposes personal liability on [d]efendant Tolkov. [ ] However, [p]laintiffs specifically plead

that [ ] Tolkov’s duty to exercise reasonable care arises from his status as the manager of the Property.
Plaintiffs do not allege facts that [d]efendant Macy’s specifically delegated responsibility for the
maintenance of the store escalator to [d]efendant Tolkov, and that [d]efendant Tolkov breached this
duty personally, as opposed to technically or vicariously . . . . Based on the [c]omplaint’s factual
allegations, there is no possibility that Florida law could impose personal liability on [d]efendant
Tolkov.”).
Under Florida law, “a store manager may only be personally liable for [negligence] causes of
action . . . if the manager was present and in control of the premises at the time of the accident.” Featherstone
v. Floor & Décor Outlets of Am., Inc., 2020 WL 13367972, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 27, 2020) (Rosenberg, J.)
(emphasis added). Where a complaint fails to allege even perfunctory facts indicating that a store
manager was present at the store at the time of the incident, courts in this Circuit consistently find
that the manager was fraudulently joined. See Rogers v. Dollar Tree Stores Inc., 2020 WL 10458515, at *4–

6 (M.D. Fla. June 9, 2020) (Byron, J.) (finding fraudulent joinder of a store manager where the plaintiff
“failed to present evidence[2] refuting that [the manager] was not present for, had no personal
knowledge of, and did not actively participate in the alleged incident”). As Judge Moore explained:

2 “[T]he determination of whether a resident defendant has been fraudulently joined must be based
upon the plaintiff’s pleadings at the time of removal, supplemented by any affidavits and deposition
transcripts submitted by the parties.” Pacheco de Perez, 139 F.3d at 1380. Without any affidavits or
[T]he [c]omplaint does not even specifically allege that [the manager] was present at
the store [on the day of the injury] . . . . And, to be sure, while [p]laintiff uses variations
of the phrase ‘personal liability’ several times throughout Count I, she fails to state
personal actions or omissions on [the manager’s] part which gave rise to [p]laintiff’s
injury . . . . The [c]omplaint is [ ] devoid of any colorable allegations from which the
Court could infer that [the manager] is personally liable for [p]laintiff’s injuries, and
[p]laintiff states no alternative theory of liability for [the manager’s] liability . . . . For
these reasons, the Court finds by clear and convincing evidence that there is no
possibility that [p]laintiff can establish a cause of action against [the manager] under
state law . . . . Accordingly, [the manager] must be dismissed as a party from this action.

Watts, 2023 WL 2028384, at *3–4.
We recognize that, in Krobatsch v. Target Corp., another slip-and-fall case, we refused to find
fraudulent joinder of a store manager (who, we hasten to add, the plaintiff there had identified by
name as Scott Hoffman). 2020 WL 6375175, at *1 (S.D. Fla. Oct. 30, 2020) (Altman, J.). In that case,
however, Hoffman conceded in an affidavit that he was the “Leader on Duty” on the day of the
incident and that he “responded to the front end of the store after the incident occurred—at which
point he documented the incident.” Ibid. Hoffman also “never challenge[d]” the complaint’s allegation
that he “was responsible for monitoring the cleanliness of the floors.” Id. at *4. Based on the
“allegations of the [c]omplaint and the unimpeached averments of Hoffmann’s [a]ffidavit,” we found
that the defendants had failed to satisfy their burden of showing that Hoffman “could never be liable to
the [p]laintiff.” Ibid. Our case is different. Here, we have no information (either in the Complaint or
in a supplemental affidavit) suggesting that John Doe was “responsible for monitoring the cleanliness
of the floors” or even that he was present at BJ’s when Rodriguez fell. And there’s no indication that
John Doe “participated in the investigation of the incident.” Watts, 2023 WL 2028384, at *3.
Taking the allegations in the light most favorable to the Plaintiff, we find no facts that would
establish John Doe’s personal liability for Rodriguez’s injuries. Instead, “this appears to be a run of

depositions to review in this case, see generally Docket, we constrain our analysis to the allegations in
the Plaintiff’s Complaint.
the mill slip and fall case in which the store manager individually has no liability.” Boyd, 2018 WL
4360621, at *3. Having determined that John Doe was fraudulently joined, we now GRANT BJ’s’ fifth
argument for dismissal and DISMISS John Doe from the case.3
2. Shotgun Pleading and Duties Not Recognized by Law
In its fourth argument, BJ’s contends that the Complaint “commingles and shotgun pleads
Failure to Maintain and Failure to Warn claims despite their separate elements.” Motion to Dismiss at

1. To comply with federal pleading standards, a complaint “must contain . . . a short and plain
statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” FED. R. CIV. P. 8(a)(2). The
Federal Rules also require plaintiffs to “state [their] claims . . . in numbered paragraphs, each limited
as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances.” FED. R. CIV. P. 10(b). As the Eleventh Circuit
has explained, a complaint is an impermissible “shotgun” pleading if it:
(1) contains multiple counts where each count adopts the allegations of all preceding
counts; (2) is replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously
connected to any particular cause of action; (3) fails to separate into a different count
each cause of action; or (4) asserts multiple claims against multiple defendants without
specifying which defendant is responsible for which act.

Embree v. Wyndham Worldwide Corp., 779 F. App’x 658, 662 (11th Cir. 2019). Our Plaintiff’s Complaint
plainly falls into this third category because it “fails to separate into a different count each cause of
action.” Ibid. Specifically, the Complaint commingles the duty-to-maintain and the duty-to-warn
claims. In Count I, the Plaintiff asserts—in a single paragraph alleging that BJ’s breached its duty of
care—eight different theories of negligence, including failure “to provide adequate warning of the
aforedescribed dangerous condition to store patrons” and failure to “properly maintain and inspect
the floors of the premises.” Complaint ¶ 11.4

3 For similar reasons, we find (consistent with BJ’s’ sixth argument for dismissal) that Rodriguez has
failed to state a viable claim against John Doe. See Motion to Dismiss at 10.
4 In Count II of the Complaint, Rodriguez similarly asserts (again, in a single paragraph) that John
Doe engaged in six different kinds of negligence—among these, failure to warn and failure to maintain.
But “[t]hese theories are conceptually different and require different proof.” O’Brien v. NCL
(Bahamas) Ltd., 2016 WL 11504098, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 18, 2016) (Lenard, J.). As a result, courts in
our District routinely dismiss negligence claims where (as here) different theories of negligence are
improperly commingled into one negligence cause of action. See Johnson v. Carnival Corp., 2020 WL
128179, at *3 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 10, 2020) (Bloom, J.) (“[The] [p]laintiff’s claims are not separately labeled,
though the basis of her claims is negligence based upon at least three different theories—failure to

maintain, failure to establish adequate policy and procedures, and failure to warn . . . . These theories
should be asserted separately with supporting factual allegations . . . . On this basis alone, the
[c]omplaint is due to be dismissed.”); Garcia v. Carnival Corp., 838 F. Supp. 2d 1334, 1337 (S.D. Fla.
2012) (Moore, J.) (holding that a complaint “epitomize[d] a form of ‘shotgun’ pleading” because it
alleged that the defendant owed a duty to provide “reasonable care” and then “proceed[ed] to allege
at least twenty-one ways in which [d]efendant breached this duty”); Baldoza v. Royal Caribbean Cruises,
Ltd., 2021 WL 243676, at *5–6 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 25, 2021) (Moreno, J.) (dismissing negligence cause of
action as “an impermissible shotgun pleading” because it did not separate negligent hiring and
negligent retention into different counts, even though those claims “require[ ] different factual findings
by a jury”).
Because Rodriguez seeks to advance multiple theories of negligence, she must “separate each
cause of action into a separate paragraph, and [she must] support each cause of action with specific

(non-conclusory) factual allegations.” Brodowicz v. Walmart, Inc., 2022 WL 3681958, at *2 (S.D. Fla.
June 6, 2022) (Altman, J.); see also O’Brien, 2016 WL 11504098, at *3 (“The amended complaint shall
separate into distinct counts all claims that will require different proof, e.g., negligent design, failure

See Complaint ¶ 15. Count II, like Count I, thus “epitomizes” the third category of shotgun pleading.
Garcia, 838 F. Supp. 2d at 1337. But we’ve already dismissed John Doe as a party from this case, so
we won’t separately analyze Count II here.
to warn, failure to maintain, etc. Each count shall include the specific factual allegations supporting
the claim, consistent with Rule 10(b).”). Count I should be DISMISSED (without prejudice) for this
reason alone.
Relatedly—and in their first argument—BJ’s argues that the Plaintiff’s Complaint identifies
several “duties not recognized by law, thus failing to state a claim.” Motion to Dismiss ¶ 1. BJ’s points
specifically to the Complaint’s allegation that BJ’s “owed” Rodriguez a “duty” “to inspect the Premises

for defects and dangerous conditions [and] to correct dangerous conditions about which said
Defendant either knew or should have known by the use of reasonable care and reasonable
inspection.” Ibid. (quoting Complaint ¶ 9). As we’ve said, under Florida law, the “duty to business
invitees” gives rise to two legal duties: “(1) [the duty] to use reasonable care to maintain the premises
in a safe condition, . . . and (2) [the duty] to give the invitee warning of concealed perils which are or
should be known to the landowner, but are unknown to the invitee and could not be discovered by
him through the exercise of due care.” Palavicini, 787 F. App’x at 1010. BJ’s seems to be suggesting
that the Plaintiff is trying to invent new legal duties. The Plaintiff disagrees. She says that she was
simply “set[ting] forth the requisite elements of a negligence claim[.]” Plaintiff’s Response to Motion
to Dismiss (the “Response”) [ECF No. 12] ¶ 8. Taking the allegations in the light most favorable to
the Plaintiff, we’re willing to accept (for now) that her references to the “duties” “to inspect” and “to
correct dangerous conditions” aren’t novel legal theories, and that she was merely (if unartfully)

claiming that BJ’s violated its duty of care. Still, “[t]he Court refuses to go line-by-line and determine
which of [BJ’s’] alleged breaches are appropriate and supported by law.” Brown v. Carnival Corp., 202 F.
Supp. 3d 1332, 1338 (S.D. Fla. 2016) (Ungaro, J.). How the Plaintiff ultimately chooses to organize
her amended complaint (or whether she files one at all) is up to her, but we warn the Plaintiff that
“the burden will remain on [her] to review her [amended] [c]omplaint and ensure that each factual
allegation is supported by law and plausible facts, and is alleged in good faith.” Ibid.
3. Failure to Identify the Liquid Substance
In its second argument, BJ’s contends that the Complaint fails to identify the type of liquid that
(allegedly) caused the Plaintiff’s fall. See Motion to Dismiss at 1. And (BJ’s insists) the Complaint
should be dismissed because of this failure. We disagree. “[A] complaint attacked by a Rule 12(b)(6)
motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545. At the motion-
to-dismiss stage, factual allegations must only “be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative

level.” Ibid. As relevant here, a plaintiff stating a claim for negligence in a slip-and-fall case is not
required to identify the type of liquid that (allegedly) caused her fall. Rather, a plaintiff is only required
to identify “her status on the property (an invitee), the date of the accident [ ], her location on the
premises [ ], and the cause of her fall (a liquid) . . . . These allegations are sufficient to state a negligence
claim that is plausible on its face.” Glasco v. Pembroke Lakes Mall, LLC, 2019 WL 1112277, at *3 (S.D.
Fla. Jan. 15, 2019) (Valle, Mag. J.), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 1115867 (S.D. Fla. Feb.
6, 2019) (Williams, J.).
Here, the Complaint alleges that Rodriguez was a “lawful business invitee on the Premises,”
that the accident occurred “[o]n or about February 19, 2021,” that she was injured in the restaurant,
and that she slipped and fell “on a liquid that was present on the flooring surface of the Premises.”
Complaint ¶ 8. That’s plainly sufficient for now. See Glasco, 2019 WL 1112277, at *3 (“[The]
[d]efendants’ arguments that [p]laintiff should be required to allege the source, size, width,

composition, and color of the liquid, why the liquid was not visible, and the precise location of the
liquid fail under Rule 8’s pleading standard.”); Del Toro v. Fresh Mkt., Inc., 2014 WL 11776942, at *1
(S.D. Fla. Nov. 25, 2014) (Scola, J.) (denying motion to dismiss in slip-and-fall case where the
defendants argued that the complaint failed to describe the “characteristics” of the liquid); Fink v.
Burlington Coat Factory of Fla., LLC, 2014 WL 2158416, at *3–4 (S.D. Fla. May 23, 2014) (Rosenbaum,
J.) (holding that a “factually meager” complaint in a slip-and-fall case survived a motion to dismiss
because the plaintiff’s “claim that she fell and injured herself while shopping at Burlington Coat
Factory is certainly plausible, and Burlington Coat Factory is placed on notice that [the plaintiff] alleges
it was negligent in maintaining a nonslip floor”). The Plaintiff’s failure to identify the type of liquid
she slipped on thus isn’t grounds for dismissal.
4. Constructive Notice
Finally, in its third argument for dismissal, BJ’s argues that the Plaintiff’s “conclusory allegation

that ‘the dangerous condition occurs with regularity at the Premises and was therefore foreseeable’ is
. . . barebones and lacks factual support.” Motion to Dismiss ¶ 2 (quoting Complaint ¶ 12). The
Plaintiff counters that she has “described both the dangerous condition which caused her to fall and
the fact that said condition occurred with regularity and was therefore foreseeable.” Response ¶ 14.
Although we accept the Plaintiff’s allegations as true, the Complaint’s assertion of foreseeability is
insufficient to establish constructive notice.
In affirming a district court’s dismissal of a slip-and-fall complaint for failure to state a claim,
the Eleventh Circuit recently reiterated that a complaint alleging constructive notice must “include
factual allegations that plausibly suggest [the business] had constructive notice of the dangerous
condition.” Holland v. Carnival Corp., 50 F.4th 1088, 1095 (11th Cir. 2022). “As to constructive notice,
[a plaintiff] [is] required to plausibly allege that either (1) the hazardous substance existed on the [same
location] for a sufficient length of time . . . or (2) substantially similar incidents occurred in which

conditions substantially similar to the occurrence in question must have caused the prior accident.”
Id. at 1096 (cleaned up).
But Rodriguez’s Complaint doesn’t include any allegations that the liquid was present on the
floor for a “sufficient” amount of time. “Indeed,” to borrow from the Eleventh Circuit for a moment,
Rodriguez’s “complaint lacks any allegation as to how long the [liquid] existed on [floor]. Nor does
the [ ] complaint allege any factual allegations describing that substance in a way that would suggest it
existed on the [floor] for a sufficient period of time such that [BJ’s] should have been aware of it or
that would tend to show that the liquid was on the [floor] for an amount of time sufficient to impute
constructive notice to [BJ’s].” Ibid. With respect to similar incidents, Rodriguez’s bare assertion that
the “dangerous condition occurs with regularity at the Premises,” Complaint ¶ 16, is plainly
insufficient. In Holland, the Eleventh Circuit held that the plaintiff’s “conclusory allegations that
‘[t]here are frequently spills on the staircase’ and ‘prior slip and fall incidents on this staircase’ [were]

insufficient [because] Holland has not alleged any facts concerning a substantially similar incident to
the one at issue. Therefore, Holland has not plausibly alleged that Carnival had constructive knowledge
based on a substantially similar incident.” 50 F.4th at 1096. Rodriguez’s allegation in our case—that
the “dangerous condition occurs with regularity at the Premises,” Complaint ¶ 16—does even less
and certainly never identifies “a substantially similar incident to the one at issue,” 50 F.4th at 1096.
Rodriguez, in short, cannot simply assert that the spill was “foreseeable” and that, “as a result,
Defendant, BJ’s RESTAURANTS, INC., was on constructive notice of the dangerous condition.”
Complaint ¶ 12. If the Plaintiff wants to file an amended complaint, she must plausibly set out facts
establishing either (1) that the liquid was on the floor for a sufficient amount of time or (2) that
substantially similar incidents had occurred at BJ’s.
***

Accordingly, we hereby ORDER and ADJUDGE that:
1. BJ’s’ Motion to Dismiss Count II [ECF No. 10] is GRANTED without prejudice.
2. The Defendant “John Doe” is DISMISSED from this action. The Clerk of Court is
directed to TERMINATE John Doe as a Defendant.
3. We also GRANT the Motion to Dismiss Count I as a shotgun pleading.
4. The Motion to Dismiss is otherwise DENIED.
5. The Plaintiff's Complaint [ECF No. 1-9] is therefore DISMISSED without prejudice
and with leave to amend.
6. Ifthe Plaintiff wishes to file an amended complaint, she must do so by September 8, 2023.
DONE AND ORDERED in the Southern District of Florida on August 24, 2023.

ROY K. ALTMAN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
CC: counsel of record

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10122427. Public record. Not legal advice.