# Millstein v. Holtz

> District Court, S.D. Florida · August 23, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10120881

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. Florida
- **Decided:** August 23, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

CASE NO. 21-CV-61179-RAR

FANNY B. MILLSTEIN,

Plaintiff,

v.

ERIC HOLTZ, et al.,

Defendants.
___________________________________________/

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT MARSHALL SEEMAN’S MOTION
TO DISMISS OR FOR A MORE DEFINITE STATEMENT

THIS CAUSE comes before the Court upon Defendant Marshall Seeman’s Motion to
Dismiss Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint or For a More Definite Statement of the Claim [ECF No.
75] (“Motion”). Seeman classifies the statements made in Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint as
untrue and “hyperbolic . . . attempts to smear the names of two men, besmirch their business, and
launch vile accusations[,]” Mot. at 3-4, while Plaintiff claims she has properly alleged “complete
participation in and orchestration of a $300 million fraudulent investment scheme through which
[Seeman] and his cohorts victimized and profited at the expense of Plaintiff and the Investor
Class.” Plaintiff’s Response in Opposition at 1, [ECF No. 81] (“Response”).
Seeman’s Motion is predominantly based on his position that the allegations in the
Amended Complaint are untrue. However, a motion to dismiss is not the proper vehicle for
disputing the truthfulness of a plaintiff’s claims and here, Plaintiff has levied sufficient allegations,
taken as true, for the Court to find that the Amended Complaint is “plausible on its face.” Ashcroft
v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)).
Thus, having reviewed the Motion, the Response, the record, and being otherwise fully
advised, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s Motion is DENIED.
BACKGROUND
I. Factual Allegations in the Amended Complaint
Plaintiff alleges that she and the Investor Class were victims of a “Ponzi-like” scheme
conducted through an enterprise controlled by Seeman and his associates. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 90-
101. The Amended Complaint avers both tortious misconduct and statutory violations of law

arising out of the sale of unregistered non-exempt securities promoted, marketed, and
recommended by a network of unregistered agents who acted as “financial advisors,” as described
by Seeman’s company, Defendant Seeman Holtz. Id. ¶¶ 3, 6, 9-14. This purported promotion and
sale of unregistered non-exempt securities to investors—primarily senior citizens—was allegedly
orchestrated by Seeman, his former partner Eric Holtz (“Holtz”), and Defendant Brian J. Schwartz
(“Schwartz”). Id. ¶¶ 1, 3, 9-14, 99. Tragically, after the filing of the initial Complaint, Holtz
purportedly took his own life. Resp. at 2.
In addition to the sale of promissory notes (“Notes”) that were not properly registered as
securities nor qualified for exemption from registration under applicable state securities statutes,
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 3, 10, 117, Plaintiff alleges that Seeman, Holtz, Schwartz, and their agents were

not properly licensed as financial advisors or properly registered to sell securities like the Notes.
Id. ¶¶ 3, 9-14. Plaintiff alleges that the outstanding Notes are in default for failure to repay
Plaintiff, and other similarly situated investors (“Investor Class”), the principal and/or outstanding
interest due to them. Id. ¶¶ 15- 16, 83, 85. Plaintiff further alleges that based on the terms and
guarantees of the Notes, the Notes were advertised as being collateralized by life insurance policies
issued to third parties. Id. ¶¶ 3, 5, 10, 12-13, 70-78. However, the collateral agent did not protect
investors as promised and allowed Seeman, Holtz, Schwartz and their agents to commingle the
collateral in the name of, and for the benefit of, entities controlled by themselves or other
defendants. Id. ¶¶ 3, 5, 12, 13, 70-78, 97-98.
In addition to the lack of collateral, Plaintiff alleges numerous additional
misrepresentations associated with the Notes, including: (1) inability to pay interest or repay debts;
(2) hidden compensation paid to Seeman Holtz; and (3) failure to use proceeds from the sale of
the Notes for the stated purpose. Id. ¶¶ 8, 15-16, 60-61, 68-89.
II. Plaintiff’s Counts

Based on the above allegations, Plaintiff alleges nine counts on behalf of herself and the
Investor Class: I. Violation of Fla. Stat. § 517.07(1); II. Violation of Fla. Stat. § 517.12(1); III.
Violation of Fla. Stat. § 517.301; IV. Breach of Fiduciary Duty; V. Negligence; VI. Violation of
Florida’s Civil Remedies for Criminal Practices Act, Fla. Stat. §§ 772.103(1), (3)-(4), 772.104(1),
777.011, and 777.03(1)(a) (“Florida RICO”); Count VII. Conspiracy to Violate Florida RICO;
Count VIII. Violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a), (c)-(d) (“federal RICO”); and Count IX. Equitable
Action for Appointment of Receiver, for Accounting and for Disgorgement of Ill-Gotten Gains,
Unjust Enrichment, and Constructive Trust.
LEGAL STANDARD
“To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,

accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). When
reviewing a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a court must
accept as true all factual allegations contained in the complaint, and the plaintiff should receive
the benefit of all favorable inferences that can be drawn from the facts alleged. See Chaparro v.
Carnival Corp., 693 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2012); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A court
considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is generally limited to the facts contained in the complaint and
attached exhibits but may also consider documents referred to in the complaint that are central to
the claim and whose authenticity is undisputed. See Wilchombe v. TeeVee Toons, Inc., 555 F.3d
949, 959 (11th Cir. 2009). “Dismissal pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is not appropriate unless it appears
beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle
him to relief.” Magluta v. Samples, 375 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2004) (citation and quotation
omitted).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(e) provides that a party “may move for a more definite

statement of a pleading to which a responsive pleading is allowed but which is so vague or
ambiguous that the party cannot reasonably prepare a response.” “A Rule 12(e) motion is
appropriate if the pleading is so vague or ambiguous that the opposing party cannot respond, even
with a simple denial, in good faith, without prejudice to [itself].” Euro RSCG Direct Response,
LLC v. Green Bullion Fin. Servs., 872 F. Supp. 2d 1353, 1358 (S.D. Fla. 2012) (citations omitted).
Such a motion “is intended to provide a remedy for an unintelligible pleading, rather than a vehicle
for obtaining greater detail.” Id.
ANALYSIS
Seeman provides nine arguments for why the Amended Complaint should be dismissed, or
a more definite statement be required. He claims: (1) the Amended Complaint is an impermissible

shotgun pleading; (2) Plaintiff has failed to allege facts that would allow Seeman to be held
personally liable; (3) Plaintiff has failed to include copies of promissory notes, private placement
memoranda, and “all sort of other documents” and the Court should require her to do so; (4)
Plaintiff does not have standing to bring the claims; (5) Plaintiff has not pled fraud with
particularity; (6) there is no plausible claim of a breach of fiduciary duty; (7) Defendant had no
duty to Plaintiff and thus Plaintiff’s negligence claim must be dismissed; (8) Plaintiff has failed to
properly plead the required elements of their Florida and federal RICO claims; and (9) Plaintiff
has failed to file a RICO case statement. However, as explained below, Plaintiff’s Amended
Complaint overcomes these arguments.
Rather than address each of Seeman’s arguments individually, and due to substantial
factual overlap, the Court will address his points as follows: I. Standing; II. Adequacy of the
Amended Complaint; III. Fraud; IV. Fiduciary Duty & Negligence; and V. RICO Claims.
I. Standing

The Court begins, as it must, with standing. See A&M Gerber Chiropractic LLC v. GEICO
Gen. Ins. Co., 925 F.3d 1205, 1210 (11th Cir. 2019) (a Court “must begin with the question of
standing . . . [i]f there is no standing, [it] must end there, too.”). To establish standing, a plaintiff
must have “(1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct of
the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, Inc.
v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547 (2016) (citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560
(1992)). These three elements must be supported “with the manner and degree of evidence
required at the successive stages of the litigation.” Wilding v. DNC Servs. Corp., 941 F.3d 1116,
1124 (11th Cir. 2019) (citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561); see also 31 Foster Children v. Bush, 329
F.3d 1255, 1263 (11th Cir. 2003) (“How much evidence is necessary to satisfy [the standing
requirement] depends on the stage of litigation at which the standing challenge is made.”).

Plaintiff’s standing argument, while confusingly asserted, appears to focus on the securities
fraud claims under Florida law. Seeman argues that “[n]owhere is there a statement that Plaintiff
was a holder of any Note at the time the amended complaint was filed.” Mot. at 12. According to
Seeman, this renders Plaintiff’s Florida security fraud counts defective because a person
“establishes standing to foreclose on a note by showing that [the person] is the holder of the note
or a nonholder in possession . . . .” Id. Seeman is correct that this detail is not included in the
Amended Complaint—but Seeman’s argument fundamentally misunderstands the nature
Plaintiff’s claim. Plaintiff has not sued to foreclose on her Notes. Plaintiff has alleged she was
defrauded when she purchased the Notes from the SH Enterprise. This is sufficient to establish
standing as sections 517.211(1) and (3) of the Florida Statutes include remedies “for rescission, if
the purchaser still owns the security, or for damages, if the purchaser has sold the security.” See
Lewis v. Governor of Alabama, 944 F.3d 1287, 1296 (11th Cir. 2019) (holding that economic harm
resulting from a statutory violation is a “‘well-established injur[y]-in-fact under federal standing
jurisprudence.’”) (quoting Adinolfe v. United Tech. Corp., 768 F.3d 1161, 1172 (11th Cir. 2014)).

Thus, the Amended Complaint properly alleges standing on the counts relating to the violation of
Florida securities law.
II. The Adequacy of the Amended Complaint

a. Shotgun Pleading
Seeman argues that the Amended Complaint “asserts the vast majority of claims generally
against all Defendants[,]” Mot. at 7, and that “geographic and temporal realities make plain that
all of the defendants could not have participated in every act complained of.” Id. (quoting Magluta
v. Samples, 256 F.3d 1282, 1284 (11th Cir. 2001)). Further, Seeman claims that the Amended
Complaint is a shotgun pleading because “every count in the amended complaint incorporates by
reference factual allegations in paragraphs 1-112 . . . .” Id. The former argument is easily disposed
of, while the latter constitutes a misunderstanding of Eleventh Circuit caselaw regarding shotgun
pleadings.
“The essence of a shotgun pleading is ‘that it is virtually impossible to know which
allegations of fact are intended to support which claim(s) for relief.’” Vujin v. Galbut, 836 F.
App’x 809, 814 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Anderson v. District Bd of Trustees of Cent. Florida
Cmty. Coll., 77 F.3d 364,366 (11th Cir. 1996)). The Eleventh Circuit has identified four types of
pleadings that produce this problem: (1) “complaints that contain multiple counts where each count
adopts the allegations of all preceding counts, causing each successive count to carry all that came
before and the last count to be a combination of the entire complaint”; (2) “complaints that are
replete with conclusory, vague, and immaterial facts not obviously connected to any particular
cause of action”; (3) “complaints that do not separate each cause of action or claim for relief into
separate counts”; and (4) “complaints that assert claims against multiple defendants without
specifying which of the defendants are responsible for which acts or omissions, or which of the
defendants the claim is brought against.” Id. at 815 (quoting Weiland v. Palm Beach Cty. Sherriff’s

Off., 792 F.3d 1313, 1321-23 (11th Cir. 2015)) (internal quotations omitted).
Based on the aforementioned criteria, Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint does not qualify as
a shotgun pleading. Although many of Plaintiff’s claims are asserted against all Defendants,
Plaintiff has alleged the factual basis for Seeman’s liability under each cause of action. Am.
Compl. ¶¶ 1, 9-13, 60-89. For example, Plaintiff alleges that “Mr. Seeman acted as the chief
executive officer” of the insurance agency Seeman Holtz and was one of three principal architects
of the racketeering scheme and fraud. Id. ¶ 1. Plaintiff goes on to allege that Seeman “operated
and controlled every aspect of the creation, sale and management of the Notes[,]” and “managed
and controlled (a) the selling dealer, Seeman Holtz; (b) the network of unregistered agents who
acted as ‘financial advisors,’ as described by Seeman Holtz; and (c) the investments through their

management and control of the Notes.” Id. ¶¶ 9, 11. While Seeman claims that “geographic and
temporal realities make plain that all of the defendants could not have participated in every act
complained of[,]” he does not explain why or how geographical or temporal factors preclude his
involvement in the alleged conduct. Mot. at 7. Simply put, the Amended Complaint adequately
details each Defendant’s participation in the alleged scheme.
Seeman also claims the Amended Complaint is a shotgun pleading because “every count
in the amended complaint incorporates by reference factual allegations in paragraphs 1-112 . . . .”
Mot. at 7. However, the Eleventh Circuit prohibits pleadings where “each count adopts the
allegations of all preceding counts, causing each successive count to carry all that came before and
the last count to be a combination of the entire complaint.” Vujin, 836 F. App’x at 815 (emphasis
added); see also S.E.C. v. City of Miami, 988 F. Supp. 2d 1343, 1354 (S.D. Fla. 2013) (denying
motion to dismiss complaint that incorporated the factual allegations in paragraphs 1-115 into each
count). Thus, Seeman’s allegation that “every count in the amended complaint incorporates by
reference factual allegations in paragraphs 1-112[,]” in no way transforms the Amended Complaint

into a shotgun pleading. Rather, it is clear Plaintiff’s counsel merely chose to incorporate factual
allegations into various counts—a common and permissible method of drafting complaints.
b. Personal Liability
In addition to claiming the Amended Complaint is a shotgun pleading, Seeman posits the
Amended Complaint improperly attempts to “impose liability” on him as “an LLC member simply
because he is a member” in contravention of Florida law. Mot. at 8 (citing Fla. Stat. §
608.4227(1)). This is factually incorrect. The Amended Complaint is replete with examples
detailing Seeman’s personal involvement in the alleged scheme. Most notably, the Amended
Complaint alleges that “Seeman personally participated or aided in the offering and sale of the
unregistered Notes, including the Notes sold to Plaintiff and the Investor Class, in violation of Fla.

Stat. § 517.12(1).” Resp. at 9 (citing Am. Compl. ¶¶ 120, 136). Taking these allegations as true,
which the Court must at this stage of the proceedings, Seeman’s personal involvement has
undoubtedly been alleged in the Amended Complaint.
More importantly, this treatment of LLC member liability is consistent with the holdings
of multiple courts in this district—“if an officer, director, or agent commits or participates in a tort,
whether or not his actions are by authority of the corporation or in furtherance of the corporate
business, that individual will be liable to third persons injured by his actions, regardless of whether
liability attaches to the corporation for the tort.” Special Purposes Accts. Receivable Coop. Corp.
v. Prime One Cap. Co., 125 F. Supp. 2d 1093, 1104 (S.D. Fla. 2000); see also Nationwide Mut.
Co. v. Ft. Myers Total Rehab Ctr., Inc., 657 F. Supp. 2d 1279, 1287-88 (M.D. Fla. 2009) (“[i]t is
not necessary to pierce the corporate veil . . . if an individual is a direct participant in the alleged
improper conduct.”). Further, it is well settled that Seeman’s status as an officer or member of the
LLCs used in furtherance of the alleged misconduct does not shield him from individual liability
with respect to section 608.4227(1) of the Florida Statutes. See TEC Serv., LLC v. Crabb, No. 11-

62040, 2013 WL 11326552, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 23, 2013) (holding that Fla. Stat. § 608.4227(1)
only prohibits imputing liability for debts, obligations, and liabilities of the LLC; it does not speak
to individual liability). Thus, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged Seeman’s personal liability.
c. Extrinsic Documents
Defendant’s entire basis for a more definite statement hinges on Plaintiff’s failure to
include copies of promissory notes, private placement memoranda, and “all sort of other
documents” in her Amended Complaint. Mot. at 10. But the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do
“not require the plaintiff to attach a written instrument to the complaint.” Williams v. Scottsdale
Ins. Co., No. 19-60736, 2019 WL 7708504, at *2 (S.D. Fla. June 19, 2019). Indeed, it is well
settled that “a document need not be physically attached to a pleading to be incorporated by

reference into it.” Day v. Taylor, 400 F.3d 1272, 1276 (11th Cir. 2005). Plaintiff has specifically
identified the Notes that she purchased, their maturities, and those portions of the private
placement memoranda that contained material misrepresentations. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 8, 15-16, 60-
61, 68-89. These misrepresentations allegedly included that: (1) the collateral agent did not protect
investors; (2) the collateral did not exist; (3) SH Enterprise failed to pay interest or repay debts;
(4) hidden compensation was paid to Seeman Holtz; and (5) Defendants failed to use proceeds
from the sale of the notes for their stated purpose. Id. Thus, the allegations are more than sufficient
to place Seeman on notice of the claims against him and a more definite statement is not required.
III. Fraud
In addition to general pleading deficiencies, Seeman claims that the Amended Complaint
must be dismissed because Plaintiff has not pled Counts I-III, or their RICO claims, with
particularity. However, it is clear from an examination of Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint that her
allegations of fraud meet the standard set out by Rule 9(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

Rule 9(b) provides that “[i]n all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances constituting
fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity.” While circumstances constituting fraud or
mistake must be pled with particularity, “[m]alice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a
person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).
In Counts I-III, Plaintiff alleges violations of Florida securities law, which prohibits
employing any scheme or artifice to defraud. See generally Fla. Stat. § 517.07. Further, Plaintiff’s
racketeering claims are predicated on mail and wire fraud. Am. Compl. ¶ 165. Thus, based on
Eleventh Circuit precedent, the Amended Complaint must lay out “the who, what, when, where,
and how of the allegedly false statements and then allege generally that those statements were
made with the requisite intent.” Mizzaro v. Home Depot, Inc., 544 F.3d 1230, 1237 (11th Cir.

2008). In FindWhat Inc. Grp. v. FindWhat.com, the Eleventh Circuit provided further guidance
on these pleading requirements, stating:
While Rule 9(b) does not abrogate the concept of notice pleading, it
plainly requires a complaint to set forth (1) precisely what
statements or omissions were made in which documents or oral
representations; (2) the time and place of each such statement and
the person responsible for making (or, in the case of omissions, not
making) them; (3) the content of such statements and the manner in
which they misled the plaintiff; and (4) what the defendant obtained
as a consequence of the fraud.
658 F.3d 1282, 1296 (11th Cir. 2011). Here, the Amended Complaint is clear as to the source of
the alleged misrepresentations and omissions; when such misrepresentations and/or omissions
were made; their content and the way they misled Plaintiff; and what Seeman obtained as a
consequence of the fraud.
The Amended Complaint also clearly states that the omissions were made in the offering
materials for various investments. Plaintiff goes on to allege these investments were unregistered
and sold by unregistered agents; there was insufficient collateral to secure repayment on the

investments; Seeman created a complex corporate structure designed to conceal improper
compensation to unregistered sales agents; and the risk level of these investments was omitted.
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1-14, 60-89. The Amended Complaint alleges the companies that issued the Notes
were at all times controlled by Seeman, among others, and that Seeman “owned, operated and
controlled every aspect of the creation, sale and management of the Notes.” Id. ¶ 9; see also id.
¶¶ 65-66. Further, the Amended Complaint states that these omissions were made to Plaintiff and
the Investor Class during a specific time period, as the Defendants allegedly “raised more than
$400 million in capital since 2011 through the sale of the Notes.” Id. ¶ 17. Thus, the who, what,
when, where, and how of the fraud have been adequately alleged as required by Rule 9(b) and
Seeman’s argument regarding particularity fails.

IV. Fiduciary Duty and Negligence Claims
While breach of fiduciary duty and negligence are two distinct torts, Seeman’s argument
with respect to both Counts maintains that “the Amended Complaint contains absolutely no basis
for the finding of any duty to Mrs. Millstein on the part of any of the Defendants.” Mot. at 16.
The Court will analyze Plaintiff’s tortious misconduct claims in turn.
a. Fiduciary Duty
“The law is clear that a broker owes a fiduciary duty of care and loyalty to a securities
investor.” Gochnauer v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 810 F.2d 1042, 1049 (11th Cir. 1987);
Abramowitz v. Westport Nat’l Bank, No. 9-60510, 2009 WL 10667468, at *8 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 5,
2009) (finding plaintiffs stated breach of fiduciary duty claims under Florida law against
investment advisors who managed money that was invested in Ponzi scheme). This principle also
applies where a plaintiff pleads that a defendant was not a registered broker. Honig v. Kornfeld,

339 F. Supp. 3d 1323, 1337-38 (S.D. Fla. 2018) (the fact that defendants were not registered
brokers did not “preclude Defendants from being charged with the same fiduciary duties that apply
to all individuals who sell securities.”).
Under Florida law, “[a] fiduciary relationship may be either express or implied.” Hogan
v. Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co., 665 F. Supp. 2d 1273, 1287 (M.D. Fla. 2009) (citing
Maxwell v. First United Bank, 782 So. 2d 931, 933 (Fla. 4th DCA 2001)). When a fiduciary duty
is implied, it is “‘premised upon the specific factual situation surrounding the transaction and the
relationship of the parties’ and exist[s] where ‘confidence is reposed by one party and a trust
accepted by the other.’” Id. (internal citations omitted); see also Greenberg v. Miami Children’s
Hosp. Research Inst., Inc., 264 F. Supp. 2d 1064, 1071 (S.D. Fla. 2003). “In order for a

confidential or fiduciary relationship to exist under Florida law, there must be substantial evidence
showing some dependency by one party and some undertaking by the other party to advise,
counsel, and protect the weaker party.” Lanz v. Resolution Trust Corp., 764 F. Supp. 176, 179
(S.D. Fla. 1991) (citing Cripe v. Atlantic First Nat. Bank, 422 So. 2d 820 (Fla. 1982)).
Seeman claims he had no fiduciary duty to Plaintiff because “[t]he Amended Complaint
does not describe any ‘relationship’ between Plaintiff and most of the Defendants, particularly Mr.
Seeman.” Mot. at 16. However, the Amended Complaint clearly details how Seeman individually
participated in the SH Enterprise that allegedly promoted, recommended, and sold unregistered
Notes to Plaintiff under the guise of providing her with sound investment advice. Am. Compl. ¶¶
1-14, 68-89. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that: (1) Seeman, in his individual capacity and through
his agents and partners, thereby owed Plaintiff and the Investor Class a fiduciary duty; (2) Plaintiff
and the Investor Class reposed their trust and confidence in Seeman and his cohorts; (3) Seeman,
himself and through his agents, undertook such trust and assumed a duty to advise, counsel, and
protect Plaintiff and the Investor Class; (4) in so doing, Seeman, individually and through his

agents, breached fiduciary duties to Plaintiff and the Investor Class; and (5) this alleged
misconduct caused Plaintiff and the Investor Class to incur damages. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 146-150.
To hold that an investment advisor who promoted, recommended, and sold unregistered
Notes through unregistered agents did not owe a fiduciary duty to the buyers of the Notes would
completely abrogate the laws of the state of Florida, which establish a fiduciary duty between
brokers and their clients. While it may be ultimately true that no fiduciary relationship existed
between Seeman and Plaintiff, or other members of the Investor Class, there is no doubt such a
relationship has been adequately pled in the Amended Complaint.
b. Negligence
Once again, Seeman asserts he had no duty to Plaintiff and thus cannot be held liable for

negligence. To state a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must allege that (1) defendant owed a duty
of reasonable care to plaintiff; (2) defendant breached that duty; (3) the breach was the proximate
cause of the injury to plaintiff; and (4) plaintiff suffered damages. John Morrell & Co. v. Royal
Caribbean Cruises, Ltd., 534 F. Supp. 2d 1345, 1350 (S.D. Fla. 2008). Plaintiff has alleged that
Seeman’s direct and personal participation in, and orchestration of, the SH Enterprise gave rise to
the duties he owed Plaintiff and the Investor Class to recommend suitable investments and to deal
with Plaintiff and members of the Investor Class in an honest and ethical manner. Am. Compl. ¶¶
1-14, 63-89, 152. The Amended Complaint further specifies how Seeman’s breaches of those
duties caused the damages incurred by Plaintiff and the Investor Class. Id. ¶¶ 1-14, 63-89, 153.
Thus, the necessary elements of a negligence claim against Seeman have been properly pled.
V. State and Federal RICO Claims
Seeman claims that Plaintiff has failed to plead the elements of her claims under the Florida
and federal RICO Statutes.1 In doing so, Seeman merely alleges “that the corporate entities
described in the Amended Complaint include only NATIONAL SENIOR INSURANCE, INC.

d/b/a Seeman Holtz[,]” and “[b]ecause a RICO enterprise must be distinct from a defendant person,
the allegation is insufficient as a matter of law and the RICO counts should be dismissed.”2 Mot.
at 18. Seeman’s position, as Plaintiff aptly puts it, “fundamentally misapprehends the nature of a
RICO association-in-fact enterprise, the type of enterprise alleged in the Amended Complaint.”
Resp. at 16.
The Amended Complaint alleges that SH Enterprise “constituted a single association-in-
fact enterprise within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a), (c)-(d), as the term is defined in 18
U.S.C. § 1961(4).” Am. Compl. ¶ 202. Section 1961(4) provides that an enterprise includes “any

1 At the pleading stage, the Court will analyze the Florida and federal RICO statutes in conjunction as
Courts in Florida have routinely stated that courts interpreting the Florida RICO statute “may look to federal
RICO decisions as persuasive authority.” Palmas y Bambu, S.A. v. E.J. Dupont De Nemours & Co., Inc.,
881 So. 2d 565, 583 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004) (citing Lugo v. State, 845 So. 2d 74, 96 n.39 (Fla. 2003)); Gross
v. State, 765 So. 2d 39, 42 (Fla. 2000) (“[g]iven the similarity of the state and federal [RICO] statutes,
Florida courts have looked to the federal courts for guidance in construing RICO provisions”); O’Malley v.
St. Thomas University, Inc., 599 So. 2d 999, 1000 (Fla. 3d DCA 1992) (“Since Florida RICO is patterned
after federal RICO, Florida courts have looked to the federal courts for guidance in interpreting and
applying the act. Therefore, federal decisions should be accorded great weight.”). Further, neither party
alleges a dispositive difference between the Florida and federal RICO statutes at this stage of the
proceedings.

2 The Court notes that the latter portion of this quote appears to be taken from some authority, potentially
an unpublished case. Bizarrely, Seeman’s Motion begins the quoted text in a separate paragraph, fails to
close the quote, and provides no citation to authority. Further, the Court is unable to discern the source of
the quote, despite its best efforts, and will therefore treat this passage as an unsupported assertion.
union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.” An association-in-
fact enterprise like the one alleged here is “a group of persons associated together for a common
purpose of engaging in a course of conduct.” Boyle v. United States, 556 U.S. 938, 946 (2009).
Seeman seems to allege, without any reference to the concept by name, that the intra-
corporate conspiracy doctrine precludes the existence of a conspiracy here. Mot. at 18. The intra-
corporate conspiracy doctrine states that “[b]ecause a civil conspiracy requires an agreement
between two or more parties, it is not possible for a single legal entity consisting of the corporation

and its agents to conspire with itself.” Mancinelli v. Davis, 217 So. 3d 1034, 1037 (Fla. 4th DCA
2017) (internal quotations and citations omitted). However, this is not a situation where the only
“persons” constituting the alleged RICO enterprise are a corporation or its agents. Plaintiff has
alleged multiple other actors were involved in the conspiracy, including the collateral agent Coral
Gables Title and Escrow, Inc. and its principal, as well as a significant number of companies named
in the Amended Complaint that issued the Notes and allegedly kicked money back to Seeman
Holtz. Thus, Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint does not run afoul of the intra-corporate conspiracy
doctrine.
To the extent Seeman alleges additional pleading deficiencies regarding Plaintiff’s RICO
claims, that argument also fails. To succeed at the pleading stage, Plaintiff must plausibly allege

“evidence of an ongoing organization, formal or informal, and . . . evidence that the various
associates function as a continuing unit.” United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583 (1981). A
Plaintiff may prove “continuity of racketeering activity, or its threat, simpliciter . . . in a variety of
ways.” HJ Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229, 241-42 (1989) (emphasis in the original); see
also Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc., 851 F.3d 1060, 1068 (11th Cir. 2017) (“Proving sufficient
relationships for an associated-in-fact enterprise is not a particularly demanding task” and met
where “the group . . . function[s] as a continuing unit.”).
The Amended Complaint explicitly lays out the alleged racketeering activity. Plaintiff
claims that Seeman, Holtz, and Schwartz “managed and controlled (a) the selling dealer, Seeman
Holtz; (b) the network of unregistered agents who acted as ‘financial advisors,’ as described by
Seeman Holtz; and (c) the investments through their management and control of the Notes.” Am.
Compl. ¶ 11. As part of its sale of the Notes, Seeman Holtz “provided Plaintiff and the members
of the Class with copies of the Private Placement Memorandums (“PPMs”) for each Note they
purchased, as well as a Note Purchase Agreement for each Note they purchased.” Id. ¶ 68. Seeman

Holtz then collected the completed Note Purchase Agreements and transmitted them to the
respective Note issuer. Id. ¶ 69. In turn, each of the Note-issuing Defendants kicked back to
“Seeman Holtz a commission for selling the Notes, and similar notes to third parties, which it
attempted to disguise as a ‘service fee.’” Id. ¶ 14.
But the allegations of conspiracy don’t end there. Plaintiff alleges that Defendants Seeman,
Holtz, and Schwartz “formed Defendant Centurion . . . to facilitate the purchase, holding and
servicing of the life settlement portfolio that was acquired with investor funds.” Am. Compl. ¶ 90.
Schwartz served as president and CEO of Centurion and “was the sole signatory on Centurion’s
bank accounts and . . . had signature authority on securities intermediary accounts holding life
settlements.” Id. Finally, Coral Gables Title and Escrow, Inc. purported to hold the collateral

underlying each Note issuer. Id. ¶ 12. Thus, the multi-party conspiracy has been adequately
alleged such that Plaintiff’s Florida and federal RICO claims survive Defendant’s Motion to
Dismiss.
Lastly, Seeman claims that “both the Court and the defendants would be better informed if
Plaintiff were required to put its theories and facts regarding the RICO violations in the form of a
RICO case statement.” Mot. at 20. However, as explained above, the Amended Complaint
meticulously details its allegations pertaining to both the Florida and federal RICO counts.
Accordingly, the Court declines to order Plaintiff to file a RICO case statement. Moskovits v.
Aldridge Pite, LLP, 677 F. App’x 510, 514 n.4 (11th Cir. 2017) (noting that “RICO case statements
are no longer mandatory in the Southern District of Florida, but courts may still request them on a
case-by-case basis.”).
CONCLUSION
For the aforementioned reasons, the allegations set forth in Plaintiff's Amended Complaint
are sufficient to plausibly support all nine counts. Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 75] is
DENIED.
DONE AND ORDERED in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, this 23rd day of August, 2022.

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10120881. Public record. Not legal advice.