# TEDDER v. ETHICON INC

> District Court, N.D. Florida · March 31, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10116561

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. Florida
- **Decided:** March 31, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
PENSACOLA DIVISION

JUDY L. TEDDER,

Plaintiff,

v. CASE NO. 3:20cv5611-MCR-MJF

ETHICON, INC. and
JOHNSON & JOHNSON,

Defendants.
_______________________/

ORDER1
This case is before the Court on remand from the Southern District of West
Virginia, In re: Ethicon, Inc., Pelvic Repair Sys. Prod. Liab. Litig., No. 2012-MD-
2327-JRG. On May 15, 2007, and May 25, 2010, respectively, Plaintiff Judy L.
Tedder had two pelvic mesh devices surgically implanted by Dr. Basil D. Fossum—
TVT-Secur (TVT-S) and TVT-Oturator (TVT-O), both of which were manufactured
and sold by Defendant Ethicon, Inc.2 Tedder alleges she was injured as a result of
defects in the devices. Currently before the Court is Defendants’ Motion to Exclude
Certain Opinions of Daniel Elliott, M.D. (ECF No. 136).

1 The Court assumes the parties’ familiarity with the nature of this litigation, the claims and
defenses, and the current evidentiary record. Thus, this Order sets out only what is necessary to
explain the Court’s rulings.
2 Ethicon is a part of the Johnson & Johnson Medical Device Companies. See
https://www.jnjmedicaldevices.com/en-US/companies/ethicon.
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Tedder designated Dr. Elliott, a pelvic floor surgeon and urologist, to provide
general opinions about TVT-S and TVT-O. The MDL court ruled on a number of
Defendants’ challenges to Dr. Elliott’s testimony but did not rule on the admissibility
of the following testimony Tedder seeks to elicit from Dr. Elliott at trial: (1) that
TVT-S and TVT-O are unsafe for the surgical treatment of stress urinary

incontinence (SUI), (2) testimony regarding certain duties of a medical device
manufacturer, which Tedder contends Defendants breached, (3) that non-synthetic
mesh surgeries are a safer alternative to TVT-S and TVT-O, and (4) that a device

with a lighter-weight, larger-pore mesh would serve as a safer alternative to TVT-S
and TVT-O.
I. Legal Standard
Rule 702, as explained by Daubert and its progeny, governs the admissibility

of expert testimony. Rink v. Cheminova, Inc., 400 F.3d 1286, 1291 (11th Cir. 2005).
Under Rule 702 and Daubert, district courts must act as “‘gatekeepers’” to ensure
the reliability and relevancy of expert testimony. Id. (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at

589, 113 S. Ct. 2795). Expert testimony is reliable and relevant—and, therefore,
admissible—when the following criteria are met: (1) the expert is sufficiently
qualified to testify about the matters he intends to address; (2) the methodology used

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is “sufficiently reliable as determined by the sort of inquiry mandated in Daubert;
and (3) the testimony assists the trier of fact, through the application of scientific,
technical, or specialized expertise, to understand the evidence or to determine a fact
in issue.” Id. The Eleventh Circuit refers to these criteria separately as
“qualification, reliability, and helpfulness,” United States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244,

1260 (11th Cir. 2004), and has emphasized that they are “distinct concepts that courts
and litigants must take care not to conflate,” Quiet Tech. DC-8, Inc. v. Hurel–Dubois
UK Ltd., 326 F.3d 1333, 1341 (11th Cir. 2003). The party offering the expert has

the burden of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that each of these
requirements is met. Rink, 400 F.3d at 1292.
To meet the qualification requirement, a party must show that its expert has
sufficient “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education” to form a reliable

opinion about an issue that is before the court. Hendrix ex. Rel. G.P. v. Evenflo Co.,
Inc., 609 F.3d 1183, 1193 (11th Cir. 2010) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 702) (“Hendrix
II”), aff’g 255 F.R.D. 568 (N.D. Fla. 2009) (“Hendrix I”). If a “‘witness is relying

solely or primarily on experience, then the witness must explain how that experience
leads to the conclusion reached, why that experience is a sufficient basis for the
opinion, and how that experience is reliably applied to the facts.’” Frazier, 387 F.3d

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at 1261 (quoting Fed. R. Evid. 702 advisory committee’s note to 2000 amendments).
The qualifications standard for expert testimony is “not stringent,” and “[s]o long as
the witness is minimally qualified, objections to the level of [his] expertise [go] to
credibility and weight, not admissibility.” Hendrix I, 255 F.R.D. at 585 (internal
marks omitted).

To meet the reliability requirement, an expert’s opinion must be based on
scientifically valid principles, reasoning, and methodology that are properly applied
to the facts at issue. Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1261–62. The reliability analysis is guided

by several factors, including: (1) whether the scientific technique can be or has been
tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been subjected to peer review or
publication; (3) whether the technique has a known or knowable rate of error; and
(4) whether the technique is generally accepted in the relevant community. Daubert,

509 U.S. at 593–94, 113 S. Ct. 2786. “[T]hese factors do not exhaust the universe
of considerations that may bear on the reliability of a given expert opinion, and a
federal court should consider any additional factors that may advance its Rule 702

analysis.” Quiet Tech., 326 F.3d at 1341. The court’s focus must be on the expert’s
principles and methodology, not the conclusions they generate. Daubert, 509 U.S.
at 595, 113 S. Ct. 2786. The test for reliability is “flexible,” and courts have “broad

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latitude” in determining both how and whether this requirement is met. Kumho Tire
Co., Ltd. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 141–42 (1999).
Finally, to satisfy the helpfulness requirement, expert testimony must be
relevant to an issue in the case and offer insights “beyond the understanding and
experience of the average citizen.” United States v. Rouco, 765 F.2d 983, 995 (11th

Cir. 1985). Relevant expert testimony “‘logically advances a material aspect’” of
the proposing party’s case and “‘fit[s]’” the disputed facts. McDowell v. Brown, 392
F.3d 1283, 1298–99 (11th Cir. 2004) (quoting Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591, 113 S. Ct.

2786). Expert testimony does not “fit” when there is “too great an analytical gap”
between the facts and the proffered opinion. Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136,
146 (1997).
“Because of the powerful and potentially misleading effect of expert evidence,

sometimes expert opinions that otherwise meet the admissibility requirements may
still be excluded [under Federal Rule of Evidence] 403.” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1263
(internal citation omitted). “Exclusion under Rule 403 is appropriate if the probative

value of otherwise admissible evidence is substantially outweighed by its potential
to confuse or mislead the jury, or if the expert testimony is cumulative or needlessly
time consuming,” or if it is otherwise unfairly prejudicial. Id. (internal citation

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omitted). “Indeed, the judge in weighing possible prejudice against probative force
under Rule 403 . . . exercises more control over experts than over lay witnesses.” Id.
(internal marks omitted). “Simply put, expert testimony may be assigned talismanic
significance in the eyes of lay jurors, and, therefore, . . . district courts must take care
to weigh the value of such evidence against its potential to mislead or confuse.” Id.

When scrutinizing the reliability, relevance, and potential prejudice of expert
testimony, a court must remain mindful of the delicate balance between its role as a
gatekeeper and the jury’s role as the ultimate factfinder. Id. at 1272. The court’s

gatekeeping role “is not intended to supplant the adversary system or the role of the
jury.” Allison v. McGhan Med. Corp., 184 F.3d 1300, 1311 (11th Cir. 1999). Only
the jury may determine “where the truth in any case lies,” and the court “may not
usurp this function.” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1272. Thus, a court may not “evaluate

the credibility of opposing experts” or the persuasiveness of their conclusions, Quiet
Tech., 326 F.3d at 1341; instead, the court’s duty is limited to “ensur[ing] that the
fact-finder weighs only sound and reliable evidence,” Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1272.

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II. Discussion

A. TVT-S and TVT-O unsafe for the surgical treatment of SUI

Dr. Elliott opines that the mesh used in TVT-S and TVT-O “‘should not be
used in the pelvic floor’” or “‘implanted in the human body for use in the treatment
of SUI.’” ECF No. 136 at 3. Defendants urge the Court to exclude Dr. Elliott’s
testimony in that regard, arguing the opinions directly contradict opinions Dr. Elliott
gave in published literature.
The motion is DENIED. According to Tedder, Dr. Elliott was only a
corresponding author of the 2019 article Defendants cite. In any event, any alleged
inconsistencies between Dr. Elliott’s current opinions and those set forth in the
article go more to the weight of the opinions than to their admissibility and can be
addressed on cross-examination. See, e.g., Ellerbee v. Ethicon, Inc., No. 8:20-cv-

1514-TPB-AEP, 2021 WL 2010641, at *2 (May 20, 2021); Geery v. Ethicon, Inc.,
No. 6:20-cv-1975-RBD-LRH, 2021 WL 2580144, at *6 (M.D. Fla. Apr. 9, 2021).
B. Duties of a medical device manufacturer

Defendants argue the Court should preclude Dr. Elliott from suggesting that
Ethicon failed to act as a reasonable medical device manufacturer with regard to

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research/testing and physician outreach because the opinions are beyond his
expertise, unreliable, and do not fit the facts of this case.
1. Research/Testing
Dr. Elliott criticizes Ethicon for failing to perform certain studies and testing
before placing the products on the market. Defendants argue that a lack of research

and testing, or a flaw in the design process, does not alone constitute a design defect
and that, in asserting such a claim, Tedder is attempting to shift the burden to
Defendants to prove the absence of a design defect. Defendants also argue the

opinions, which they contend are of questionable relevance, should be excluded
because Dr. Elliott is not competent to testify about the level of testing a
manufacturer should have performed, particularly considering that his opinions in
that regard are contradicted by the 2019 article.

With regard to reliability, Defendants point out that Dr. Elliott has never
manufactured or designed a medical device, much less had any involvement with
FDA clearance, and has not identified a single rule or regulation that would require

Ethicon to conduct additional research or testing. Dr. Elliott also has not identified
any basis for his opinions regarding research and testing, which Defendants assert
are based solely on “unscientific personal belief.” ECF No. 136 at 8. According to

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Defendants, when asked about how certain studies or testing should be conducted,
Dr. Elliott responded that he did not know. Moreover, according to Defendants, Dr.
Elliott can only speculate as to what the results of further studies or testing would
have shown. Finally, Defendants argue Dr. Elliott’s testimony regarding research
and testing should be excluded because Dr. Elliott’s criticisms of studies relative to

the devices at issue in this case are unreliable given that they are directly refuted by
the 2019 article, which states that “‘[s]ynthetic midurethral sling placement is the
most extensively researched surgical treatment of SUI, with more than 2000

published studies establishing the effectiveness and describing their safety profile.’”
ECF No. 136 at 10–11. Dr. Elliott also references “‘high-quality evidence’”
supporting the efficacy of synthetic mid-urethral slings, “including ‘multiple
randomized trial[s] describing [the] safety and efficacy, with results out to 5 years.’”

ECF No. 136 at 11.
According to Tedder, Defendants misunderstand the opinions Dr. Elliott seeks
to offer regarding duties of a medical device manufacturer. Dr. Elliott does not

intend to offer opinions regarding the legal adequacy of Ethicon’s testing; instead,
he intends to testify about whether the factual circumstances dictated that additional
testing was needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of the devices at issue in this

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case before placing them on the market. Specifically, Dr. Elliott intends to testify,
based on his review of the literature and internal Ethicon documents, that when
safety issues arose—including through reports about mesh degradation—Ethicon
did not conduct additional testing and should have. Tedder argues that Dr. Elliott’s
opinion in that regard relates to the safety of the devices, not the legal or regulatory

requirements surrounding a medical device manufacturer’s duty to conduct testing.
Tedder also urges that Dr. Elliott should be allowed to state the facts on which he
relied in determining the scope and prevalence of certain complications associated

with polypropylene mesh products. Tedder asserts Dr. Elliott is more than qualified
to opine on testing that was or was not conducted by a medical device manufacturer
considering that, over the course of his career, he has reviewed hundreds of journal
articles, published more than sixty articles in peer reviewed publications, and been

an investigator in seven industry studies.
The motion is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Dr. Elliott may
not testify about regulatory research or testing requirements or what research or

testing he contends Ethicon should have conducted. Whether Ethicon should have
researched or performed tests after becoming aware of complications, however, is a
factual matter that does not implicate Rule 702. See, e.g., Geery, 2021 WL 2580144,

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at *6 & n.4; Williams v. Ethicon, Inc., No. 5:20cv234(MTT), 2021 WL 1087808, at
*6 (M.D. Ga. Mar. 22, 2021).
2. Physician training
Defendants also seek to exclude Dr. Elliott from suggesting that Ethicon failed
to properly train physicians to use TVT-S and TVT-O, arguing that Dr. Elliott’s

opinions in that regard do not fit the facts of this case because no expert has opined
that Tedder’s implanting surgeon, Dr. Fossum, was not properly trained and, in fact,
Tedder’s case-specific expert, Dr. Zipper, opines that Dr. Fossum’s “‘care of Ms.

Tedder was within the standard of care.’” ECF No. 136 at 11. Defendants also argue
Dr. Elliott is not qualified to opine about the level of training a manufacturer is
required to provide and that testimony regarding physician training is irrelevant
under Florida law, which does not recognize a duty to train physicians.

Tedder responds that Dr. Elliott intends to offer opinions regarding training
from a surgical perspective, which the jury otherwise will not have. Specifically,
Tedder points to the following opinion set forth in Dr. Elliott’s report:

“Ethicon refused to formally address the problem [of sheath
removal/tensioning issues] through changes to the [Instructions for Use
(IFU)] or Procedural steps (for example by adding the Babcock
technique used by the inventor of TVT-O) leaving many physicians in
the dark about why the sheath removal problems were occurring and
what they could do about it.”
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ECF No. 146 at 11. Tedder says Dr. Elliott seeks to testify to the adequacy of the
IFU and Ethicon’s method of explaining the procedure to surgeons, rather than
opinions on industry or company training requirements.
The MDL court found that “[w]hile an expert who is a urogynecologist may
testify about the specific risks of implanting mesh and whether those risks appeared
on the relevant IFU, the same expert must possess additional expertise to offer expert

testimony about what information should or should not be included in an IFU.” In
re: Ethicon, Inc. Pelvic Repair Sys. Prod. Liab. Litig., MDL No. 2327, 2016 WL
4536885, at *2 (S.D.W. Va. Aug. 30, 2016). There is no indication Dr. Elliott has
the expertise to offer expert testimony regarding information that should or should

not be included on an IFU in general. However, to the extent Dr. Elliott’s opinions
pertain to complications he has encountered in his practice that were not included
among the risks identified on the IFU, Dr. Elliott would be competent to testify.

Nevertheless, the Court is not persuaded that evidence of Ethicon’s failure to
adequately train physicians is relevant in this case given that Tedder does not appear
to allege that her implanting surgeon was not properly trained. See Geery, 2021 WL
2580144, at *4. The motion is GRANTED.

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C. Non-synthetic mesh surgeries as a safer alternative to TVT-S and
TVT-O

Defendants also seek to exclude testimony from Dr. Elliott that traditional
surgical procedures not involving a medical device, such as autologous slings and
Burch colposuspension, are safer alternatives than TVT-S and TVT-O for the
surgical treatment of SUI. Defendants argue the opinions are irrelevant to a design
defect claim. Defendants also argue the opinions are unreliable because Dr. Elliott
does not address complication rates and testified that the true complication rate is
unknown.
Defendants further argue that Dr. Elliott’s opinions regarding alternative
treatments should be excluded because Dr. Elliott “improperly relies on a personally

perceived lack of data as a basis for his opinions,” rather than medical studies and
other sound scientific methodology. ECF No. 136 at 14 (emphasis in original).
Defendants point to Dr. Elliott’s testimony that “‘[t]he data overall with all sling

products is very poor,’ including studies relating to autologous slings, ‘[a]nd that’s
why we’re in the situation we’re in now.’” Id. Defendants say Dr. Elliott stated that
he disagrees with the conclusion of the American Urological Association (AUA)
that synthetic polypropylene mesh has minimal morbidity compared to alternatives,

but the basis for Dr. Elliott’s disagreement is simply his belief that “‘there have been
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very few randomized control trials, none which are long-term, comparing head-to-
head autologous pubovaginal slings versus TVT.’” Id. Defendants argue that aside
from the fact that Dr. Elliott has a misperception about the literature, he improperly
infers that this perceived lack of studies demonstrates that the AUA is wrong and
that TVT-S and TVT-O are less safe than alternative surgical approaches.

Defendants argue “[t]his approach is far from trustworthy scientific methodology.”
ECF No. 136 at 15.
As an example, Defendants cite the fact that when asked about mesh-related

pain, Dr. Elliott responded “‘[t]he true incidence, unfortunately, is not known.’” Id.
Defendants say Dr. Elliott could not reconcile his testimony with the AUA guideline
and Society of Gynecological Surgeons’ meta-analysis and systematic review, both
of which reported higher rates of dyspareunia, pain, and sexual dysfunction with the

autologous sling and Burch procedure than with a mid-urethral mesh device.
According to Defendants, even Dr. Elliott’s employer, the Mayo Clinic, recognizes
that “‘[u]sing surgical mesh is a safe and effective way to treat stress urinary

incontinence,’” and Dr. Elliott’s 2019 article states that devices such as TVT-S and
TVT-O are the “‘standard of care,’” “a ‘great advance,’” and “‘provide excellent’
outcomes.” Id. Defendants further aver that Dr. Elliott has arbitrarily discounted

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literature he cites in his report, including a Cochrane review, in which the authors
concluded
“[m]id-urethral sling operations have been the most extensively
researched surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in
women and have a good safety profile. Irrespective of the routes
traversed, they are highly effective in the short and medium term, and
accruing evidence demonstrates their effectiveness in the long term.
This review illustrates their positive impact on improving the quality of
life of women with SUI.”

ECF No. 136 at 16–17.
Finally, Defendants urge the Court to find that Dr. Elliott’s experiences, which
Defendant argue are unsupported by any reliable studies or trustworthy scientific
methodology, fall far short of setting forth a reliable foundation for his opinions.
Defendants note that Dr. Elliott testified about a basic unfamiliarity with autologous
sling literature and the experiences of other physicians, saying “‘I can’t speak to
those. I can speak to my own experience.’” ECF No. 136 at 17 n.5.
Tedder urges the Court to reject Defendants’ arguments regarding Dr. Elliott’s
testimony about treatment options, arguing availability of alternative procedures is
highly relevant to the issue of whether Ethicon acted with reasonable care. The
Court agrees. “In Florida, a plaintiff need not demonstrate the existence of a

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reasonable alternative design for a strict liability design defect claim.”3 Geery, 2021
WL 2580144, at *5 (citing Aubin v. Union Carbid Corp., 177 So. 3d 489, 511 (Fla.
2015)). “In proving strict liability, Florida courts use both the consumer
expectations test and the risk utility test.” Id. (citing Aubin, 177 So. 3d at 511;
Messina v. Ethicon, Inc., No. 6:20-cv-1170-Orl-40LRH, 2020 WL 7419586, at *4

(M.D. Fla. Dec. 17, 2020)). “Under the consumer expectation test, a product is
defectively designed if it fails to perform as safely as the ordinary consumer would
expect.” Id. “And under the risk utility test, a ‘product is considered unreasonably

dangerous” when “the risk of danger in the design outweighs the benefits.’” Id.
(quoting Pierre v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., 476 F. Supp. 3d 1260, 1271 (S.D. Fla.
2020)).
The Court finds that Dr. Elliott’s opinions regarding alternative treatments are

relevant to the risk utility test because they will assist the jury in determining whether
the risks of TVT-S and TVT-O outweighed the benefits given the safety of
alternative procedures and products. See, e.g., Geery, 2021 WL 2580144, at *5; see

also Jackson v. Johnson & Johnson, No. 1:11-CV-3903-TWT, 2022 WL 110422, at

3 The Court is exercising diversity jurisdiction over this matter, so it applies state substantive law.
See Bravo v. United States, 577 F.3d 1324, 1325 (11th Cir. 2009).
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*6 (N.D. Ga. Jan. 12, 2022); Mason v. Ethicon, Inc., No. 6:20-cv-1078-RBD-DCI,
2021 WL 2580165, at *4–5 (M.D. Fla. June 10, 2021); Dotson v. Am. Med. Sys.,
Inc., No. 1:20-CV-00788-LMM, 2020 WL 2844738, at *3 (N.D. Ga. Mar. 11, 2020).
Moreover, based on his clinical experience and review of the medical literature, the
Court finds Dr. Elliott competent to offer testimony in that regard. See, e.g., Mason,

2021 WL 2580165, at *5; Ellerbee, 2021 WL 2010641, at *2; Geery, 2021 WL
2580144, at *7; Williams, 2021 WL 1087808, at *6. The motion is DENIED.
D. Device with a lighter-weight, larger-pore mesh as a safer
alternative to TVT-S and TVT-O

Finally, Defendants seek to exclude Dr. Elliott from testifying that a device
with a lighter-weight, larger-pore mesh would have been a safer alternative to TVT-
S and TVT-O. First, Defendants argue that Dr. Elliott’s opinions regarding mesh
materials are not supported by testing or medical literature. According to
Defendants, none of the eleven sources Dr. Elliott cites in support of his opinions

regarding alternative materials support the statement that a lighter weight and/or
larger pore mesh is safer for the treatment of SUI than the Prolene mesh used in
TVT-S and TVT-O. Second, Defendants argue that Dr. Elliott’s opinions are not
supported by his personal experience because Dr. Elliott has never treated a patient

for SUI with a lighter weight, larger pore mesh than Prolene. Defendants state that
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a device with mesh lighter than Prolene has never been cleared by the FDA or made
available by any manufacturer to treat SUI. In fact, Ethicon attempted to launch a
SUI product using lighter-weight Ultrapro mesh, but its lab tests failed, and the FDA
rejected its 510k application.
Last, Defendants argue that even if Dr. Elliott could reliably testify that a

TVT-S or TVT-O device with a different mesh would be safer than a device with
Prolene mesh, his opinions are improper because there is no evidence that any such
alternative device would be as efficacious for the treatment of SUI. According to

Defendants, because neither Dr. Elliott nor any other expert can identify any reliable
studies demonstrating that some other mesh device is as efficacious as TVT-S or
TVT-O for the surgical treatment of SUI, Dr. Elliott’s opinions in that regard lack a
reliable methodology and should be excluded.

Tedder counters that Dr. Elliott is competent to determine the adverse effects
of a medical drug or device based on his observations in practice and his review of
studies and medical literature. Tedder says Dr. Elliott has cited extensive data from

multiple studies showing that lighter weight, larger pore mesh leads to fewer
complications, including less chronic pain, less contraction, less shrinkage, less
foreign body reaction, and less folding of the mesh. According to Tedder, Dr. Elliott

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explains in detail in his report why heavier weight, smaller pore mesh causes the
“cascade of complications resulting in life-altering harm to a woman.” ECF No. 146
at 17. In fact, Tedder says, even Ethicon’s own personnel agree that lighter weight,
larger pore mesh reduces complications. Finally, Tedder argues that the type of
mesh Dr. Elliott proposes has been studied in the treatment of hernias and pelvic

organ prolapse and has proven effective. Even if there is some decrease in efficacy,
which Tedder says has not been established, Dr. Elliott believes that alleviation of
the risks involved with small pore, heavy weight mesh would far outweigh the loss

of efficacy.
The MDL court found Dr. Elliott competent to “‘testify about the alleged
benefits of mesh that is lighter-weight and has larger pores, and in general found him
qualified to testify about whether one mesh is safer than another.’” Ellerbee, 2021

WL 2010641, at *3 (quoting Wiltgen v. Ethicon, Inc., No. 12-cv-2400, 2017 WL
4467455, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 6, 2017)). And this Court agrees with the Ellerbee
court that “Defendants’ attacks on Dr. Elliott’s opinions here go toward the weight

of the evidence rather than admissibility.” Id. (citing Herrera-Nevarez by Springer
v. Ethicon, Inc., No. 17 C 3930, 2017 WL 3381718, at *7 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 6, 2017);

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see also Mason, 2021 WL 2580165, at *5; Geery, 2021 WL 2580144, at *7–8;
Williams, 2021 WL 1087808, at *7. The motion is DENIED.
SO ORDERED this 31st day of March 2022.

M. Casey Rodgers

M. CASEY RODGERS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Case No. 3:20cv5611-MCR-MJF

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10116561. Public record. Not legal advice.