# Armey v. Secretary, Department of Corrections

> District Court, M.D. Florida · September 23, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10111040

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, M.D. Florida
- **Decided:** September 23, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION

JOHN M. ARMEY,

Petitioner,

v. Case No. 8:13-cv-1321-MSS-AEP

SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS,

Respondent.
_____________________________________/

O R D E R

Armey petitions for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and challenges his
state court convictions for carjacking, false imprisonment, burglary of a conveyance with an
assault, two counts of petit theft, and grand theft of a motor vehicle. (Docs. 62, 71, and 85)
The Respondent asserts that the petition is untimely, that some of the grounds are
procedurally barred, and that the remaining grounds are meritless. (Doc. 88) Armey replies
that neither a time bar nor any other procedural bar prevents review of his claims on the
merits. (Docs. 85, 89, and 91) After reviewing all pleadings and the state court record (Docs.
88-2, 88-3, and 88-4), the Court DISMISSES the petition as time barred.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Armey exercised his right to a jury trial and presented a necessity defense. Armey
testified that, at the time of the crimes, he worked for the police as a confidential informant
buying drugs. (Doc. 88-2 at 253–59) Just before the crimes, Armey arranged for the shipment
of drugs from Key West. (Doc. 88-2 at 260) Armey rode in a truck with drug traffickers to
drop off the drugs. (Doc. 88-2 at 262) During the ride, Armey saw a drug dealer standing in
the middle of the road with two other individuals carrying guns. (Doc. 88-2 at 262–63) Armey
had cooperated with police against the drug dealer and knew that the drug dealer intended to
kill him. (Doc. 88-2 at 263)
Fearing for his life, Armey hit the driver of the truck with a wrench, threw him out of

the car, and drove away in the truck. (Doc. 88-2 at 263) As he drove away, Armey heard
gunfire. (Doc. 88-2 at 263) A police officer pulled over Armey, and Armey fled as soon as the
police officer exited his police car. (Doc. 88-2 at 263) Armey abandoned the truck and hid for
eight days in a hotel room that belonged to an associate. (Doc. 88-2 at 263–64) On the evening
of the eighth day, Armey left the room and walked right into the drug dealer who wanted to
kill him. (Doc. 88-2 at 264–65)
Armey immediately ran away from the drug dealer to a gas station across the street
and jumped into a car with the engine running. (Doc. 88-2 at 265) Armey started to drive
away and saw a female sitting in the passenger seat. (Doc. 88-2 at 265) Armey pushed the
female out of the car and drove across town until a security device on the car disabled the car.

(Doc. 88-2 at 265–66) Armey saw a truck parked at a laundromat nearby with the keys in the
ignition. (Doc. 88-2 at 267) He told the owner that he was going to take her truck because a
drug dealer was trying to kill him. (Doc. 88-2 at 267) When Armey jumped into the truck, a
female opened the passenger door and tried to grab something. (Doc. 88-2 at 267) Armey
slapped the female’s hand away and drove off. (Doc. 88-2 at 267–69) When police later
arrested Armey, he told police that he was a confidential informant, that a drug dealer wanted
to kill him, and that he took the trucks to flee from the drug dealer. (Doc. 88-2 at 269)
Police officers testified on behalf of the defense and confirmed that, at the time of the
crimes, Armey worked as a confidential informant. (Doc. 88-2 at 233–35, 245–46) A detective
testified that, around that time, the sheriff’s office had paid for a hotel room for Armey to
facilitate his work as a confidential informant. (Doc. 88-2 at 234) Also, a police officer testified
that Armey told her that he was working as a confidential informant, that she confirmed with
a detective that Armey was working as a confidential informant, had provided assistance with

two drug transactions, and was providing assistance with a third transaction, and that Armey
genuinely appeared afraid for his life. (Doc. 88-2 at 247–50)
The jury heard this evidence, received instructions from the trial judge on the necessity
defense, and found Armey guilty of carjacking, false imprisonment (a lesser included offense),
and burglary of a conveyance for the car stolen from the gas station. (Doc. 88-2 at 345–48,
367–68) The jury also found Armey guilty of two counts of petit theft (one count, a lesser
included offense) and grand theft of a motor vehicle (a lesser included offense) for the truck
stolen from the laundromat. (Doc. 88-2 at 368–69)1 The trial court sentenced Armey to thirty
years for the carjacking, a concurrent five years for the false imprisonment, a concurrent life
sentence for the burglary, a concurrent five years for the grand theft, and time served for the

two counts of petit theft. (Doc. 88-2 at 385–95)
Armey appealed his convictions and sentences, and the state appellate court affirmed
in a decision without a written opinion. (Doc. 88-2 at 433) The post-conviction court denied
Armey relief after an evidentiary hearing (Doc. 88-2 at 775–82), and the state appellate court
affirmed in a decision without a written opinion. (Doc. 88-3 at 73) Armey filed numerous
successive post-conviction motions raising claims based on newly discovered evidence, the

1 The jury found Armey not guilty of attempted sexual battery on the passenger of the car
stolen from the gas station and not guilty of attempted kidnapping of the female who tried to
stop Armey from stealing the truck from the laundromat. (Doc. 88-2 at 367–69)
post-conviction court dismissed the motions as untimely and procedurally barred, and the
state appellate court affirmed. Armey’s federal petition follows.
In his amended petition (Doc. 62), Armey raises the following claims:
Claims Based on Exculpatory Statement

(1) The prosecutor violated Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83
(1963) by not disclosing to the defense a written and
audio-recorded exculpatory statement by Armey to police
that “[h]e took the vehicles because the dopeman was
shooting at him in the parking lot.” (Ground One,
Ground Five, and sub-claim A, Ground Six);

(2) The prosecutor violated Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S.
150 (1972) by informing the jury during trial that Armey
never told police that he took the cars from the victims to
escape the “dopeman’s” gunfire (sub-claim A, Ground
Two);

(3) Trial counsel was ineffective for not demanding from the
prosecutor before trial the police report with Armey’s
exculpatory statement to police that he took the cars from
the victims to escape the “dopeman’s” gunfire (sub-claim
A, Ground Three);

Claims Based on 911 Call

(4) The prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing to the
defense evidence that proved that Armey called 911 for
help and that a manager at the hotel also called 911 to
report that she was helping Armey escape from drug
dealers who were looking for him (sub-claim B, Ground
Six);

(5) The prosecutor violated Giglio by informing the jury
during trial that Armey never called police for help
(sub-claim B, Ground Two);

(6) Trial counsel was ineffective for not demanding from the
prosecutor before trial a recording of the 911 call by
Armey asking for help (sub-claim B, Ground Three) and
for not requesting from the custodian of records at the
sheriff’s office evidence that proved that Armey called
911 asking for help (Ground Four);
Remaining Claims

(7) The prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing evidence
that proved that Armey worked as a confidential
informant for police at the time of the crimes (Ground
Seven);

(8) Trial counsel and post-conviction counsel were
ineffective for not investigating an insanity defense
because Armey suffered from narcolepsy and
hallucinations at the time of the offenses (Ground Eight).

Armey contends that he discovered evidence after trial which supported the above
claims. He asserts that his Section 2254 petition is timely because the limitation period began
to run (1) “the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by State action
in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States [was] removed,” and (2) “the date
on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered
through the exercise of due diligence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(B), (d)(1)(D). (Docs. 62 at
27–29, 71 at 9–11, 85 at 2–4, 89 at 10–12) He further asserts that the limitation period should
equitably toll (Doc. 62 at 29) and that actual innocence excuses any time bar. (Doc. 89 at
12–13)
ANALYSIS
Because Armey filed his Section 2254 petition after the enactment of the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, AEDPA applies. Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S.
320, 336 (1997). A one-year statute of limitation applies to a Section 2254 petition.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). Under Section 2244(d)(1), the limitation period runs from the latest
of the following dates:
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the
conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time
for seeking such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an
application created by State action in violation of the
Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, if
the applicant was prevented from filing by such State
action;

(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was
initially recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right
has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and
made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral
review; or

(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or
claims presented could have been discovered through
the exercise of due diligence.

The limitation period tolls when “a properly filed application for State post-
conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is
pending.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2).
Section 2244(d)(1)(A) — Date when the judgment became final
The Respondent asserts that the petition is untimely under Section 2244(d)(1)(A),
which starts the limitation period “the date on which the judgment became final by the
conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review.” (Doc. 88
at 29) On May 9, 2001, the state appellate court affirmed Armey’s convictions and sentences
in a decision without a written opinion. (Doc. 88-2 at 433) The state supreme court lacked
jurisdiction to review the unelaborated decision. Jenkins v. State, 385 So. 2d 1356, 1360 (Fla.
1980) (citing art. V, §3(b)(3), Fla. Const.). Because Armey faced a clear constitutional bar
to higher state court review, he could only have sought further review in the U.S. Supreme
Court. Pugh v. Smith, 465 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2006). Armey did not seek further
review, and the time to seek that review expired ninety days later — August 8, 2001. Sup.
Ct. R. 13.1. The next day, the federal limitation period started to run. Fed. R. Civ. P.
6(a)(1)(A). Bates v. Sec’y, Dep’t Corrs., 964 F.3d 1326, 1329 (11th Cir. 2020).
On January 10, 2002, Armey certified that he mailed a motion for post-conviction
relief to the state court clerk. (Doc. 88-2 at 437–53)2 At that time, 160 days had run on the

limitation period. The post-conviction court denied the motion after an evidentiary hearing
(Doc. 88-2 at 775–82), Armey appealed (Doc. 88-2 at 784), and the state appellate court
affirmed. (Doc. 88-3 at 73) The limitation period tolled until mandate on appeal issued —
May 17, 2004. (Doc. 88-3 at 75) Nyland v. Moore, 216 F.3d 1264, 1267 (11th Cir. 2000). The
limitation period started to run the next day, continued to run for 205 days, and expired on
December 9, 2004. More than eight years later, on May 6, 2013, Armey certified that he
placed his Section 2254 petition in the hands of prison officials for mailing. (Doc. 1 at 15)
Consequently, the petition is untimely.
Successive Post-Conviction Motion Filed on September 11, 2003

On September 11, 2003, before the limitation period expired, Armey certified that he
mailed a successive motion for post-conviction relief to the state court clerk. (Doc. 88-3 at
77–83) The post-conviction court dismissed the motion without prejudice because of a
deficient oath (Doc. 88-3 at 106–07), Armey appealed (Doc. 88-3 at 109), and the state
appellate court reversed. (Doc. 88-3 at 151–52) On remand, the post-conviction reviewed
three newly discovered evidence claims raised in the successive motion, addressed the
merits of the claims, determined that the claims were not based on newly discovered

2 Armey was not required to certify that he placed the motion in the hands of prison officials
for mailing to receive benefit of the prison mailbox rule. Griffin v. Sistuenck, 816 So. 2d 600,
602 (Fla. 2002) (“[A]n inmate’s document is mailed when it is placed in the hands of prison
officials for mailing because the inmate has no other way to send documents to the courts.”)
(italics in original).
evidence, denied the first claim as procedurally barred, and denied the second and third
claims as successive and procedurally barred. (Doc. 88-3 at 158–61)3
The Respondent correctly asserts that the motion did not toll the limitation period
because the motion was untimely and therefore not “properly filed” under Section

2244(d)(2). (Doc. 88 at 29–31) Even though the state court did not explicitly dismiss the
motion as untimely, “the state court doesn’t even have to make a timeliness ruling at all
before a federal court can find that it was untimely and not ‘properly filed’ for Section
2244(d)(2) purposes.” Jones v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t Corrs., 906 F.3d 1339, 1346 (11th Cir. 2018)
(citing Evans v. Chavis, 546 U.S. 189 (2006)) (italics in original). “When a state court has not
addressed the timeliness of an application for collateral relief, the federal court ‘must itself
examine the delay in each case and determine what the state courts would have held in
respect to timeliness.’” Jones, 906 F.3d at 1348 (quoting Walton v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t Corrs., 661
F.3d 1308, 1312 (11th Cir. 2011)).

A defendant must file a motion for post-conviction relief under Rule 3.850, Florida
Rules of Criminal Procedure, no later than two years after the judgment and sentence
become final unless the following exceptions under subsection (b) of the rule apply:
(1) The facts on which the claim is predicated were
unknown to the movant or the movant’s attorney and
could not have been ascertained by the exercise of due
diligence, and the claim is made within two years of the
time the new facts were or could have been discovered
with the exercise of due diligence;

(2) The fundamental constitutional right asserted was not
established within the period provided for herein and has
been held to apply retroactively, and the claim is made

3 See Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(c) (“This rule does not authorize relief based on grounds that
could have or should have been raised at trial and, if properly preserved, on direct appeal of
the judgment and sentence.”).
within two years of the date of the mandate of the
decision announcing the retroactivity; or

(3) The defendant retained counsel to timely file a 3.850
motion and counsel, through neglect, failed to file the
motion. A claim based on this exception shall not be
filed more than two years after the expiration of the time
for filing a motion for postconviction relief.

Under state law, the judgment and sentence become final when mandate issues on
direct appeal. Rogers v. State, 146 So. 3d 1263, 1264 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014). Mandate issued in
Armey’s direct appeal on June 6, 2001. (Doc. 88-2 at 436) Because Armey filed the
successive post-conviction motion on September 11, 2003 (Doc. 88-3 at 83), the post-
conviction motion was not timely filed unless an exception under Rule 3.850(b) applied.
In the first ground of his post-conviction motion, Armey asserted that police violated
his right to counsel by interrogating him without counsel present after he filed a written
notice of invocation of rights in his criminal case. (Doc. 88-3 at 79–80) To support the
ground, Armey presented a notice of invocation of constitutional rights form signed by
Armey and filed by trial counsel with the state court clerk on August 24, 1999. (Doc. 88-3
at 85) The jury found Armey guilty on May 26, 2000. (Doc. 88-2 at 367–69) The post-
conviction court determined that the claim was not based on newly discovered evidence
(Doc. 88-3 at 159):
Defendant claims that the sheriff’s office and members thereof
participated in custodial interrogations of Defendant after being
served notice from the defendant not to do so without written
consent and the presence of an attorney. Defendant claims that
after being presented with a copy of Defendant’s invocation of
rights on August 18, 1999, the sheriff’s office or members
thereof participated in custodial interrogations of Defendant in
direct violation of Defendant[’s] invocation. After reviewing
[the ground], the court file, and the record, the Court finds that
Defendant was aware of the custodial interrogations as he was
the individual being interrogated. Consequently, this Court
finds that any basis to contest the alleged illegality of those
custodial interrogations does not meet the newly discovered
evidence exception and is procedurally barred. As such, no
relief is warranted [ ].

The state court’s finding that the claim was not based on newly discovered evidence is
presumed correct, and Armey fails to come forward with clear and convincing evidence to
rebut the finding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). Because Armey knew that he had signed the notice
before trial and could have discovered the notice filed with the state court clerk long before
he filed his post-conviction motion, the exception under Rule 3.850(b)(2) for a claim based
on newly discovered evidence did not apply. Ramirez v. State, 319 So. 3d 85, 86 (Fla. 3d
DCA 2021).
In the second ground of his post-conviction motion, Armey asserted that the
prosecutor presented false testimony by a detective at trial concerning Armey’s work as a
confidential informant. (Doc. 88-3 at 80) To support this ground, Armey presented
documents, dated August of 1999, which showed that he worked as a confidential informant
for the sheriff’s office and received money and a hotel room for that work. (Doc. 88-3 at
94–96) In the third ground, Armey asserted that newly discovered evidence proved that he
was legally insane at the time of the crimes. (Doc. 88-3 at 81) To support this ground, Armey
presented a psychiatric evaluation, dated July 15, 1993, by a doctor who worked for the
Iowa Department of Corrections and treated Armey while he was incarcerated. (Doc. 88-3
at 98–104)
The post-conviction court determined that the second and third grounds were not
based on newly discovered evidence (Doc. 88-3 at 160) (state court record citations omitted):
After reviewing [the grounds], the court file, and the record, the
Court finds that [the] exhibits [ ] attached to Defendant’s
present Motion, which Defendant cites to in support of his
claims, are dated prior to Defendant’s May 26, 20024 trial.
Therefore, this Court finds that said evidence was in existence
at the time of Defendant’s May 26, 2002 trial and could have
been ascertained by the exercise of due diligence.
Consequently, this Court finds that [the grounds] do not meet
the newly discovered evidence exception and are procedurally
barred.

Because Armey could have discovered the facts supporting the claims with the exercise of
due diligence long before he filed his post-conviction motion, the exception under Rule
3.850(b)(2) for a claim based on newly discovered evidence did not apply. Lycans v. State,
322 So. 3d 768, 770 (Fla. 1st DCA 2021).
Armey appealed the post-conviction court’s order denying the successive motion
(Doc. 88-3 at 163), and the state appellate court affirmed. (Doc. 88-3 at 196) Because none
of the exceptions under Rule 3.850(b) to the two-year time limit on a post-conviction motion
applied to the claims raised in Armey’s successive post-conviction motion, the post-
conviction motion was untimely and did not toll the limitation period. Jones, 906 F.3d at
1350.
Additional Successive Post-Conviction Motions
On April 1, 2008 (Doc. 88-3 at 200–14), January 10, 2011 (Doc. 88-3 at 483–502),
April 4, 2016 (Doc. 88-4 at 6–49), and January 13, 2017 (Doc. 88-4 at 278–89), Armey filed
successive post-conviction motions. Also, on August 11, 2013 (Doc. 88-3 at 655–72), Armey
filed a motion to correct his sentence. Even if Armey properly filed the motions, Armey
filed the motions after the limitation period expired on December 9, 2004. The motions did

4 The post-conviction court mistakenly determined that the trial occurred in 2002. The jury
found Armey guilty in 2000. (Doc. 88-2 at 367–69) However, the documents proving Armey’s
work as a confidential informant and the psychiatric evaluation were discoverable with the
exercise of due diligence, even in 2000.
not toll the limitation period because “once a deadline has expired, there is nothing left to
toll.” Sibley v. Culliver, 377 F.3d 1196, 1204 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing Moore v. Crosby, 321 F.3d
1377, 1381 (11th Cir. 2003)).
Armey asserts that Florida’s two-year time limit for a post-conviction motion applies

to his federal petition. (Doc. 62 at 27) Tinker v. Moore, 255 F.3d 1331, 1334–35 (11th Cir.
2001), rejected this argument:
By virtue of statute, Tinker is provided both a state and federal
forum in which to seek post-conviction relief. Despite his
argument to the contrary, he need not forego his state remedy
entirely in order to avail himself of the federal remedy.
However, he must exercise it within one year of the date his
judgment became final and do so in a manner that leaves him
sufficient time to timely file his federal petition.

Armey further asserts that his claims in his federal petition are timely because the
claims relate back to claims in his state post-conviction motion, which he filed before the
limitation period expired.5 (Docs. 71 at 9 and 89 at 5–6, 10) Under Rule 15(c)(1)(B), Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, “[a]n amendment to a pleading relates back to the date of the
original pleading when: the amendment asserts a claim or defense that arose out of the
conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out — or attempted to be set out — in the original
pleading.” However, “[t]he ‘original pleading’ to which Rule 15 refers is the complaint in
an ordinary civil case, and the petition in a habeas proceeding.” Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644,
655 (2005). “So long as the original and amended petitions state claims that are tied to a
common core of operative facts, relation back will be in order.” Mayle, 545 U.S. at 664. A
claim in a federal petition does not “relate back” to a claim in a state court motion. The

5 Armey identifies claims in his state post-conviction motion that “aris[e] out of the same
conduct, transaction, or occurrence” as the claims in his federal petition. (Doc. 71 at 12–38)
one-year statute of limitation applies to a federal petition — not a state court motion.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). Even if Armey raised related claims in a state court motion before
the limitation period expired, his federal petition filed after the limitation period expired is
still untimely.

Consequently, Armey’s petition is untimely.
Subsection (d)(1)(B) and subsection (d)(1)(D) of Section 2244 — Impediment to
Filing Caused by State Action and Discovery of Factual Predicate of the Claim

Armey asserts that the prosecutor impeded his timely filing of the claims in Ground
One through Ground Seven by refusing to disclose exculpatory evidence on which the
claims are based, in violation of Brady. (Docs. 62 and 28–29 and 85 at 2–3) He further
contends that he timely filed the claims after he discovered the exculpatory evidence on
which the claims are based. (Doc. 85 at 2–3) Lastly, he contends that Section 119.07, Florida
Statutes, impeded him from timely filing the claims by barring him from relying on evidence
obtained from a public records request to raise the claims. (Doc. 85 at 3)
Section 2244(d)(1)(B) states that the limitation period may start to run “the date on
which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation of the
Constitution or laws of the United States [was] removed, if the applicant was prevented
from filing by such state action.” “[T]he limitation period does not begin until after the state
impediment is removed.” Wyzykowski v. Dep’t Corrs., 226 F.3d 1213, 1216 (11th Cir. 2000).
Also, Section 2244(d)(1)(D) states that the limitation period may start to run “the
date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been
discovered through the exercise of due diligence.” “The ‘factual predicate’ also has been
referenced as the underlying ‘vital facts’ of a petitioner’s claim.” Cole v. Warden, Ga. State
Prison, 768 F.3d 1150, 1155 (11th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). “‘Conclusions drawn from
preexisting facts, even if the conclusions are themselves new, are not factual predicates for
a claim.’” Id. (citation omitted). “Due diligence means the petitioner ‘must show some good
reason why he or she was unable to discover the facts’ at an earlier date.” Melson v. Allen,
548 F.3d 993, 999 (11th Cir. 2008), vacated on other grounds, 561 U.S. 1001 (2010) (citation

omitted). “[T]he inquiry focuses on ‘whether a reasonable investigation . . . would have
uncovered the facts the applicant alleges are newly discovered.’” Id. (citation omitted).
Both subsection (d)(1)(B) and subsection (d)(1)(D) require “claim-by-claim
consideration” by the district court. Zack v. Tucker, 704 F.3d 917, 923 (11th Cir. 2013)
(quoting Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 416 n.6 (2005)).
Claims Based on Exculpatory Statement
Armey raises several claims based on evidence that he contends proves that he told
police that “[h]e took the vehicles because the dopeman was shooting at him in the parking
lot.” In Ground One, Ground Five, and sub-claim A of Ground Six, Armey asserts that the

prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing to the defense a written and audio-recorded
statement by Armey to police that “[h]e took the vehicles because the dopeman was
shooting at him in the parking lot.” (Doc. 62 at 7–8, 15–18) In sub-claim A of Ground Two,
he asserts that the prosecutor violated Giglio by informing the jury during trial that Armey
never told police that he took the cars from the victims to escape the “dopeman’s” gunfire.
(Doc. 62 at 10–11) Lastly, in sub-claim A of Ground Three, he asserts that trial counsel was
ineffective for not demanding from the prosecutor before trial the police report which
contained Armey’s exculpatory statement. (Doc. 62 at 12–13)
Armey contends that he first learned about the exculpatory statement on January 28,

2008, when the custodian of records for the police department responded to his public
records request and notified him that a police report contained the statement. (Doc. 62 at 8,
16, 18) He further contends, on February 6, 2008, the police department disclosed to him
the police report. (Doc. 62 at 8)
A prosecutor’s violation of Brady may both impede a habeas petitioner from timely

raising a claim in a federal petition and delay the date when the limitation period begins to
run under Section 2244(d)(1)(B) until the petitioner receives the undisclosed evidence.
Brown v. Sec’y, Dep’t Corrs., 750 F. App’x 915, 927–28 (11th Cir. 2018)6. See also Green v. Cain,
254 F.3d 71 (5th Cir. 2001). However, even if Armey first received the police report
containing his exculpatory statement after trial, the prosecutor’s failure to disclose to Armey
before trial his own statement to police does not violate Brady. Boyd v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t
Corrs., 697 F.3d 1320, 1335 (11th Cir. 2012) (“As for the first one — that Boyd’s own
statement to police was suppressed — this is not Brady material. Boyd was obviously present
during this questioning and thus aware of anything he may have said.”).

In his sworn Section 2254 petition, Armey confirms that he knew about the
exculpatory statement and told trial counsel about the statement before trial: “Prior to trial,
[Armey] informed defense counsel [ ] that a written statement was given that contained a
statement that [Armey] ‘had to take the vehicles because the dopeman was shooting at him
in the parking lot.’” (Doc. 62 at 12)
Because Armey could not demonstrate that the prosecutor violated Brady by not
disclosing his own statement to police and that the Brady violation impeded him from timely
raising the above claims in his federal petition, the limitation period did not begin to run

6 11th Cir. R. 36-2 (“Unpublished opinions are not considered binding precedent, but they
may be cited as persuasive authority.”).
when Armey received the police report. Johnson v. Fla. Dep’t Corrs., 513 F.3d 1328, 1331–32
(11th Cir. 2008) (“To delay the running of the statute of limitations, § 2244(d)(1)(B) requires
state action that both ‘violat[ed] . . . the Constitution or laws of the United States’ and
‘prevented [the prisoner] from filing’ his federal petition.”) (bolding added).

For the same reason, Section 2244(d)(1)(D) does not provide Armey relief. Under
that subsection, “‘[t]ime begins when the prisoner knows (or through diligence could
discover) the important facts, not when the prisoner recognizes their legal significance.’” Cole, 768
F.3d at 1157 (quoting Owens v. Boyd, 235 F.3d 356, 359 (7th Cir. 2000)) (italics in original).
In his Section 2254 petition, Armey acknowledges that he knew about his exculpatory
statement to police before trial and told trial counsel about it. (Doc. 62 at 12) Consequently,
under Section 2244(d)(1)(D), the limitation period did not begin to run when Armey
received the police report. See Nordelo v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t Corrs., 635 F. App’x 636, 639–40
(11th Cir. 2015).

Lastly, even if the limitation period began to run on February 6, 2008, when Armey
received the report, his petition is still untimely. On April 1, 2008, Armey filed a motion for
post-conviction relief. (Doc. 88-3 at 200–14) After the post-conviction court dismissed the
motion because the motion was not properly sworn (Doc. 88-3 at 338–39), Armey filed a
properly sworn amended motion. (Doc. 88-3 at 346–74) On August 17, 2010, the post-
conviction court denied the amended motion as untimely (Doc.
88-3 at 472–73):
After reviewing the above grounds, the Court finds that
Defendant bases his claims on newly discovered evidence. The
Court notes that “[n]ewly discovered evidence is evidence that
was unknown at the time of trial and could not have been
discovered by the use of due diligence.” Murphy v. State, 24 So.
3d 1220 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009). After reviewing Defendant’s
Amended Petition, the Court finds that Defendant admits in the
petition that he knew of the evidence, (the written statements,
taped statements, documents, and records), prior to trial.
Because Defendant knew of the evidence prior to trial, the
Court finds that Defendant’s claim fails to satisfy the first
element of a newly discovered evidence claim, which requires
the newly discovered evidence to have been unknown at the
time of the trial. As such, the Court finds that the evidence is
not newly discovered evidence. Therefore, grounds one through
seven must be denied as untimely.

The properly sworn amended motion related back to the initially filed motion that
was not properly sworn for limitation purposes. Hall v. Sec’y, Dep’t Corrs., 921 F.3d 983, 990
(11th Cir. 2019). However, because the post-conviction court denied the amended motion
as untimely, the amended motion was not “properly filed” under Section 2244(d)(2) and
did not toll the limitation period. Allen v. Siebert, 552 U.S. 3, 7 (2007) (“We therefore
reiterate now what we held in Pace : ‘When a postconviction petition is untimely under state
law, that [is] the end of the matter for purposes of § 2244(d)(2).’”) (quoting Pace, 544 U.S.
at 414).
The limitation period instead continued to run and expired on February 6, 2009.
Armey filed additional post-conviction motions (Docs. 88-3 at 200–14, 483–502, 655–72
and 88-4 at 6–49, 278–89) after the limitation period expired. Those motions did not toll the
limitation period because “there [was] nothing left to toll.” Sibley, 377 F.3d at 1204. Armey
filed his federal petition on May 6, 2013. (Doc. 1 at 15) Consequently, even if the limitation
period started to run on February 6, 2008, when Armey received the police report with his
exculpatory statement, the claims in his federal petition based on the statement are still
untimely.
911 Call Claims
Armey raises several additional claims based on evidence that he contends proves
that he called 911 to ask police for help. In sub-claim B of Ground Six, he asserts that the
prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing to the defense evidence that proved that Armey

called 911 for help and that proved that a manager at the hotel also called 911 to report that
she was helping Armey escape from the drug dealer. (Doc. 62 at 17–18) In sub-claim B of
Ground Two, he asserts that the prosecutor violated Giglio by informing the jury during trial
that Armey never called police to help. (Doc. 62 at 10–11) In sub-claim B of Ground Three
and in Ground Four, he asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for not demanding from
the prosecutor a recording of Armey’s 911 call and for not requesting from the custodian of
records at the sheriff’s office evidence of the 911 call. (Doc. 62 at 12–15)
Armey contends that he first learned about his 911 call and the 911 call by the hotel
manager on January 9, 2009, when a custodian of records for the police department

disclosed evidence that proved the 911 calls. (Doc. 62 at 18) He further contends that he
received authenticated records proving his 911 call on February 2, 2008. (Doc. 62 at 14)
Like the exculpatory statement to police, even if Armey first received records proving
his 911 call after trial, the prosecutor’s failure to disclose to Armey before trial his own
statement to the 911 operator does not violate Brady. Boyd, 697 F.3d at 1335. In his sworn
Section 2254 petition, Armey confirms that he knew about the 911 call and told trial counsel
about the 911 call before trial: “Prior to trial, [Armey] informed defense counsel [ ] that a
written statement was given . . . . Additionally, defense counsel was informed that a ‘911’
call was placed (to H.C.S.O.) for help.” (Doc. 62 at 12) Also, at trial, Armey testified that

he called police an hour after he ran into the drug dealer at the hotel (Doc. 88-2 at 280–81):
[Prosecutor:] And then you tell us about the day you
walked out of the hotel room and you
walked right into the drug lord, right?

[Armey:] Yes, sir.

[Prosecutor:] You run?

[Armey:] Sure.

[Prosecutor:] Because you’re afraid for your life, scared
for your life?

[Armey:] Sure.

[Prosecutor:] Because the dope man, the drug lords
they’re all trying to kill you?

[Armey:] Correct.

[Prosecutor:] But again, you don’t call the police, do
you?

[Armey:] That day, yes sir, I did.

[Prosecutor:] You did call the police that day?

[Armey:] Yes, sir.

[Prosecutor:] So you called immediately after you
walked into the drug lord?

[Armey:] No, I was involved in trying to get away
from him at that time. I called them an
hour later.

Under Section 2244(d)(1)(B), because Armey could not demonstrate that the
prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing his 911 call and that the Brady violation impeded
him from timely raising the above claims based on his 911 call in his federal petition, the
limitation period did not begin to run when Armey received records proving his 911 call.
Johnson, 513 F.3d at 1331–32. Because Armey acknowledges that he knew about his 911
call before trial, Section 2244(d)(1)(D) based on newly discovered evidence does not provide
Armey relief either. Cole, 768 F.3d at 1157.7
Even if the limitation period began to run on January 9, 2009, when he received
evidence that proved both his 911 call and the hotel manager’s 911 call, his petition is still

untimely. On April 1, 2008, Armey filed the post-conviction motion (Doc. 88-3 at 200–14),
which the post-conviction court dismissed as not properly sworn. (Doc. 88-3 at 338–39)
Armey filed a properly sworn amended motion (Doc. 88-3 at 346–74), which the post-
conviction court denied as untimely on August 17, 2010. (Doc. 88-3 at 472–73) Because the
post-conviction court denied the amended motion as untimely, the amended motion was
not “properly filed” under Section 2244(d)(2) and did not toll the limitation period. Allen,
552 U.S. at 4.
The limitation period instead continued to run and expired on January 11, 2010.
Armey filed additional post-conviction motions (Docs. 88-3 at 200–14, 483–502, 655–72
and 88-4 at 6–49, 278–89) after the limitation period expired. Those motions did not toll the

limitation period because “there [was] nothing left to toll.” Sibley, 377 F.3d at 1204. Armey
filed his federal petition on May 6, 2013. (Doc. 1 at 15) Consequently, even if the limitation
period started to run on January 9, 2009, when Armey received evidence that proved the
911 calls, the claims in his federal petition based on the 911 calls are still untimely.

7 Records attached to Armey’s successive post-conviction motions show that Armey called
911 and the hotel manager gave the 911 operator directions on August 2, 1999. (Doc. 88-3 at
461, 588) At trial, evidence proved that Armey stole the car and the truck almost two weeks
later on August 15, 1999. (Doc. 88-2 at 100–02, 115–17, 120–23, 138–43)
Documents Related to Work as Confidential Informant
In Ground Seven, Armey asserts that the prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing
three documents that proved that “[he] was to be paid $1,000.00 a kilogram to work in an
undercover ‘posse comitatus’ position to provide services and information to [the sheriff’s

office] Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Taskforce [ ].” (Doc. 62 at 19–20) In his Section
2254 petition, Armey does not state when he discovered these records. He states that the
documents are dated August 3, 1999. (Doc. 62 at 20)
Attached to his second post-conviction motion, which he filed on September 11,
2003, are three documents related to Armey’s work as a confidential informant. (Doc. 88-3
at 94–96) The first document is titled “Organized Crime Source Form” and states that
Armey was “activated” as a confidential source on August 3, 1999. (Doc. 88-3 at 94) The
second document is titled “Criminal Investigation Source Sheet,” does not contain a date,
and states that Armey worked as confidential informant for money. (Doc. 88-3 at 95) The

third document is a receipt for payment to Armey as a confidential informant, including
payment for a hotel, dated August 2, 1999. (Doc. 88-3 at 96) The crimes occurred on August
15, 1999. (Doc. 88-2 at 18–20) In his post-conviction motion, Armey asserted that these
newly discovered documents prove that the prosecutor presented false testimony by a
detective at trial concerning his work as a confidential informant. (Doc. 88-3 at 80)
Like the exculpatory statement in police report and the evidence of the 911 calls,
even if Armey received records before September 11, 2003 which proved that Armey worked
as a confidential informant, Armey knew before trial that he had worked as a confidential
informant and knew how much police had paid him for his work. At trial, police officers
and Armey both testified that Armey worked as a confidential informant at the time of the
crimes. (Doc. 88-2 at 233–35, 245–50, 255–60) The prosecutor’s failure to disclose to Armey
the documents which contained information that Armey already knew did not violate Brady.
Felker v. Thomas, 52 F.3d 907, 910 (11th Cir. 1995) (“We have held numerous times that
there is no suppression, and thus no Brady violation, if either the defendant or his attorney

knows before trial of the allegedly exculpatory information.”). Jennings v. McDonough, 490
F.3d 1230, 1238 (11th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e adopted the rule that, ‘[w]here defendants, prior to
trial, had within their knowledge the information by which they could have ascertained the
alleged Brady material, there is no suppression by the government.’”) (citation omitted).
Under Section 2244(d)(1)(B), because Armey could not demonstrate that the
prosecutor violated Brady by not disclosing the documents related to his work as a
confidential informant and that the Brady violation impeded him from timely raising in his
federal petition the above claim in Ground Seven based on those documents, the limitation
period did not begin to run when Armey received those documents. Johnson, 513 F.3d at

1331–32. Because Armey knew that he had worked as a confidential informant and knew
how much police had paid him for his work, Section 2244(d)(1)(D) based on newly
discovered evidence does not provide Armey relief either. Cole, 768 F.3d at 1157.
Lastly, even assuming the limitation period began to run on September 11, 20038,
when he filed his second post-conviction motion with the documents related to his work as
a confidential informant, his petition is untimely. As explained above, Armey untimely filed
the second post-conviction motion and, therefore, the motion did not toll the limitation

8 Armey very likely discovered the documents weeks or months before his filed his second
post-conviction motion. However, since Armey does not state when he discovered the
documents, the Court may presume that, at the very latest, he knew about the documents
when he attached them to his motion filed in state court.
period. Jones, 906 F.3d at 1350. The limitation period instead continued to run and expired
on September 13, 2004. Armey filed additional post-conviction motions (Docs. 88-3 at
200–14, 483–502, 655–72 and 88-4 at 6–49, 278–89) after the limitation period expired.
Those motions did not toll the limitation period because “there [was] nothing left to toll.”

Sibley, 377 F.3d at 1204. Armey filed his federal petition on May 6, 2013. (Doc. 1 at 15)
Consequently, even if the limitation period started to run on September 11, 2003, when at
the very latest Armey learned about the documents related his work as a confidential
informant, the claim in Ground Seven of his federal petition based on those documents is
still untimely.
Mental Health Records
In Ground Eight, Armey asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for not
investigating Armey’s mental health and for not presenting an insanity defense at trial.
(Doc. 62 at 22–24)9 He contends that, in November of 2010, he discovered new evidence

supporting this claim in the prosecutor’s file. (Doc. 62 at 23) He does not identify what
evidence he discovered but states that he filed a successive post-conviction motion
supported by the new evidence and that the state appellate court affirmed the denial of the
motion on March 20, 2013. (Doc. 62 at 23)
This Court reviewed the post-conviction court’s order that the state appellate court
affirmed on March 20, 2013 (Doc. 88-3 at 608–16) and Armey’s motion which the order
denied. (Doc. 88-3 at 483–502) Neither the motion nor the order addresses a claim asserting

9 Armey asserts that post-conviction counsel was ineffective for not investigating his mental
health. (Doc. 62 at 22) An ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel claim is not
cognizable on federal habeas. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(i). Also, ineffective assistance of post-
conviction counsel does not excuse a time bar under AEDPA. Lambrix v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t
Corrs., 756 F.3d 1246, 1262 (11th Cir. 2014).
that trial counsel was ineffective for not investigating Armey’s mental health. Because
Armey does not identify what new evidence that he discovered and when he discovered that
new evidence, he fails to carry his burden and demonstrate that the limitation period began
to run on a later date under subsection (d)(1)(B) or subsection (d)(1)(D) of Section 2244. See

Akins v. United States, 204 F.3d 1086, 1090 (11th Cir. 2000).
Even if the limitation period began to run on November of 2010, when he discovered
the new evidence supporting an insanity defense, his petition is untimely. On January 10,
2011, Armey filed a successive motion for post-conviction relief. (Doc. 88-3 at 483–502)
The post-conviction court denied the motion as untimely. (Doc. 88-3 at 608–16) Because
the post-conviction court denied the motion as untimely, the motion was not “properly
filed” under Section 2244(d)(2) and did not toll the limitation period. Allen, 552 U.S. at 7.
The limitation period instead continued to run and expired in November of 2011. Armey
filed additional post-conviction motions (Docs. 88-3 at 655–72 and 88-4 at 6–49, 278–89)

after the limitation period expired. Those motions did not toll the limitation period because
“there [was] nothing left to toll.” Sibley, 377 F.3d at 1204.
Even so, Armey filed his initial federal petition on May 6, 2013, and an amended
petition on April 8, 2014, but did not raise the claim in Ground Eight in either petition.
(Docs. 1 and 20) Armey first raised the claim in Ground Eight in his second amended
petition, which he filed on November 20, 2017. (Doc. 62 at 22–24, 30) Because the claim in
Ground Eight in the second amended petition and a claim raised in an earlier petition are
not “tied to a common core of operative facts,” the claim in Ground Eight does not relate
back to an earlier petition for limitation purposes. Mayle, 545 U.S. at 664. Davenport v. United
States, 217 F.3d 1341, 1344 (11th Cir. 2000). Neither the initial petition nor the amended
petition tolled the limitation period. Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167 (2001). Consequently,
even if the limitation period started to run in November of 2010, Armey first raised the claim
in Ground Eight on November 20, 2017, no properly filed post-conviction motion tolled the
limitation period, and the claim is untimely.10

Section 119.07 — Use of Public Records on Post-Conviction
Armey asserts that Section 119.07, Florida Statutes, impeded him from timely filing
his claims in his federal petition by barring him from relying on evidence obtained from a
public records request to raise the claims. (Doc. 85 at 3) The statute requires a custodian of
a public record to permit any person to inspect the public record. § 119.07(1)(a), Fla. Stat.
The custodian must promptly acknowledge the request, must respond in good faith, and
may assert that an exemption applies to a record requested. § 119.07(1)(c), (d), (e), (f), Fla.
Stat. If the custodian asserts that an exemption applies to a record requested, the person
who requested the document may file a civil action to enforce his right to inspect the record.

Claudio v. Clerk of Cir. Ct., Volusia Cty., 128 So. 3d 830, 832 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013).
Section 119.07(8) prohibits an inmate from using the statute as an excuse for failing
to timely file a post-conviction motion:
The provisions of this section are not intended to expand or
limit the provisions of Rule 3.220, Florida Rules of Criminal
Procedure, regarding the right and extent of discovery by the
state or by a defendant in a criminal prosecution or in collateral
postconviction proceedings. This section may not be used by
any inmate as the basis for failing to timely litigate any
postconviction action.

10 Armey also asserts that the claim in Ground Eight of his federal petition relates back to a
claim in a state post-conviction motion that he filed before the limitation period expired. (Doc.
85 at 3–4) As explained above, a claim in a federal petition does not relate back under Rule
15(c) to a claim in a state post-conviction motion. Mayle, 545 U.S. at 664.
Section 119.07, Florida Statutes, did not bar Armey from using evidence that he obtained
from a public records request to raise his post-conviction claims. Armey could have used
evidence discovered in the public records after the time to file a motion under Rule 3.850
expired only if he could demonstrate that the facts that he discovered in the public records

“were unknown to [him] or [his] attorney and could not have been ascertained by the
exercise of due diligence,” and that “the claims [were] made within two years of the time
the new facts were or could have been discovered with the exercise of due diligence.” Fla.
R. Crim. P. 3.850(b)(1). Because he failed to do so, Section 119.07 did not violate the federal
constitution or federal law and did not impede Armey from timely filing his claims in his
federal petition. Johnson, 513 F.3d at 1331–32. See also Farmer v. State, 927 So. 2d 1075, 1076
(Fla. 2d DCA 2006).
Equitable Tolling
Armey asserts that the limitation period equitably tolled when the clerk of the state

appellate court failed to timely inform him in 2013 that the state appellate court had affirmed
an order denying his successive post-conviction motion (Doc. 71 at 7):
Immediately following the March 20, 2013, affirmance,
[Armey] was transported to the Hillsborough County Jail for an
evidentiary hearing in case number 98-CF-003531 (which was
believe[d] to be consolidated into [the] case at bar nunc pro tunc
on Jan[uary] 9, 2015). At [the] time of transfer, [Armey]
notified James Birkhold (Clerk of the Second District Court of
Appeals) of the new address change, and advised that once the
mandate was issued on the March 20, 2013 denial, it should be
mailed to the new address because there would only be 14
calendar days remaining on [Armey’s] AEDPA deadline to file
a Section 2254 federal habeas corpus [petition] and any mailing
to the old address would create an atmosphere for an
“untimely” filing — Mr. Birkhold mailed the mandate to the
old address (contrary to any logical reasoning) and the mandate
did not reach [Armey] until the federal statute of limitations had
expired, prompting a rather scathing letter from [Armey] . . . .
Equitable tolling applies to the one-year statute of limitation for a Section 2254
petition. Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645 (2010). A petitioner must show that “‘(1) that
he has been pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance
stood in his way’ and prevented timely filing.” Id. at 649 (quoting Pace, 544 U.S. at 418).
The petitioner must demonstrate “a causal connection between the alleged extraordinary
circumstances and the late filing of the petition.” San Martin v. McNeil, 633 F.3d 1257, 1267
(11th Cir. 2011).
As explained above, subsection (d)(1)(B) and subsection (d)(1)(D) of Section 2244

do not apply, and the limitation period expired on December 9, 2004. Even if the
subsections did apply, the limitation period expired, at the very latest, in November of 2011.
Even if the clerk of the state appellate court failed to timely deliver the mandate on post-
conviction appeal to Armey in 2013, that failure did not prevent him from timely filing his
petition. Because Armey fails to demonstrate a “causal connection” between the belated
delivery of the mandate in 2013 and the untimely filed petition, equitable tolling does not
apply. San Martin, 633 F.3d at 1270–71. Lawrence v. Florida, 421 F.3d 1221, 1226–27 (11th
Cir. 2005).
Actual Innocence

Armey asserts that actual innocence excuses the time bar. (Doc. 89 at 12) He
contends that a psychiatric report proves that he suffered from mental illness at the time of
the crimes and that no reasonable juror would have convicted him if trial counsel had
presented an insanity defense based on that evidence at trial. (Doc. 89 at 12–13)
Armey attached to his successive post-conviction motion a psychiatric report by a
doctor with the Iowa Medical and Classification Center of the Iowa Department of
Corrections. (Doc. 88-4 at 62–68) The report, which was drafted on July 15, 1993, indicates
that a doctor diagnosed Armey with bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence, polysubstance
abuse, antisocial personality disorder, and psychotic disorder. (Doc. 88-4 at 62–63) The
report also indicates that testing showed “a positive hereditary factor for narcolepsy” and

that Armey suffered from severe mood swings and hallucinations (Doc. 88-4 at 63, 67–68):
Lastly, we must not leave out the mood swings or the
narcolepsy. Mr. Armey travels through some of the quickest
and most severe mood swings I have ever witnessed. This is
consistent with a bipolar diagnosis and the patient will need
constant medications to control this behavior. This writer as
well as my staff have witnessed Mr. Armey in stages of what I
will refer to as “hypnagogic hallucinations.” These
hallucinations are most commonly found to occur in the sleep
environment. However, as the patient ages, these
hallucinations seem to occur more often in situations other than
the sleep environment and are extremely hard to control with
medications. It is important to know that no two people seem
to experience narcolepsy the same way. In fact, it can vary
greatly at different periods in one’s life.

. . .

This patient is an individual who without continued
medications will not be able to bide by the dictates of social
living. One of the symptoms Mr. Armey suffers is called
“hypnagogic hallucinations.” In short, untreated Mr. Armey
hallucinates people trying to kill him. This symptom will only
get worse as Mr. Armey ages. Untreated he may someday hurt
someone, thinking they are about to hurt him. Eventually this
symptom will force Mr. Armey into seclusion, being afraid to
make any sort of public appearance for fear that people will
harm him. Only the future will tell.

“[A]ctual innocence, if proved, serves as a gateway through which a petitioner may
pass . . . [the] expiration of the statute of limitations.” McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383,
386 (2013). “[T]enable actual-innocence gateway pleas are rare: ‘[A] petitioner does not
meet the threshold requirement unless he persuades the district court that, in light of the
new evidence, no juror, acting reasonably, would have voted to find him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 386 (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 329
(1995)). “To be credible, such a claim requires [a] petitioner to support his allegations of
constitutional error with new reliable evidence — whether it be exculpatory scientific

evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence — that was not
presented at trial.” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324. “Unexplained delay in presenting new evidence
bears on the determination whether the petitioner has made the requisite showing.”
McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 399.
The Eleventh Circuit declined to decide “whether Schlup permits a claim of actual
innocence based on ‘new reliable’ evidence of a complete affirmative defense that renders
the conduct of conviction wholly noncriminal and requires acquittal.” Rozzelle v. Sec’y, Fla.
Dep’t Corrs., 672 F.3d 1000, 1015 (11th Cir. 2012). Even if Schlup does, Armey fails to
demonstrate that actual innocence excuses the time bar.

First, evidence of Armey’s mental illness is not “new” evidence because Armey knew
at the time of trial that he had received treatment for mental illness in Iowa. The Iowa report
is dated July 15, 1993, and Armey’s trial occurred on May 24, 2000. (Doc. 88-2 at 24) The
report states: “When asked why he had been referred to this facility, Mr. Armey indicated,
‘For psychiatric evaluation because you people think I’m crazy just because people are
trying to kill me.’” (Doc. 88-4 at 64) The report further states that Armey successfully
participated in programs at the facility. (Doc. 88-4 at 66–67) Armey could have informed
trial counsel about this evaluation and treatment for mental illness, and trial counsel could
have subpoenaed the report and attempted to develop an insanity defense for trial. Rozzelle,

672 F.3d at 1018 n.21.
Second, under Florida law at the time of Armey’s offenses11, “[t]he test for insanity
[was] whether, at the time of the offense, the defendant ‘had a mental infirmity, disease or
defect and as a result, did not know what he was doing or did not know that what he was
doing was wrong.’” Gryczan v. State, 726 So. 2d 345, 346 (Fla. 4th DCA 1999) (quoting State

v. McMahon, 485 So. 2d 884 (Fla. 2d DCA 1986)). “A criminal defendant [was] presumed
sane; however, once he present[ed] evidence as to insanity, the burden [was] on the state to
prove sanity beyond a reasonable doubt.” Gryczan, 726 So. 2d at 346 (citing Yohn v. State,
476 So. 2d 123 (Fla. 1985)). The doctor in Iowa drafted the report in 1993, six years before
the offenses occurred in 1999. (Doc. 88-2 at 18–20) The doctor does not opine that Armey
suffered from mental illness at the time of the offenses. The report only suggests that Armey
could suffer from hallucinations and unfounded fears that someone is trying to kill him at
some unknown time in the future. Further, the report does not state that the hallucinations
and unfounded fears either prevented Armey from knowing what he was doing or prevented

him from knowing what he was doing was wrong. Because the stale report does not
conclusively support an insanity defense, the report is not new evidence that demonstrates
actual innocence. House, 547 U.S. at 538 (“[T]he Schlup standard is demanding and permits
review only in the ‘extraordinary’ case.”) (citation omitted).
At trial, Armey admitted under oath that he stole both the car and truck, pushed the
passenger out of the car before driving off, and shoved the female’s hand out of the truck
before driving off. (Doc. 88-2 at 265–69) He testified that, when he committed the crimes,

11 In 2000, the Florida legislature enacted Section 775.027, Florida Statutes, which codified
the insanity defense. Because Armey committed his offenses on August 15, 1999 (Doc. 88-2
at 18–20), the statute does not apply. See Rodriguez v. State, 172 So. 3d 540, 543 (Fla. 5th DCA
2015).
he had not eaten for eight days and slept only periodically. (Doc. 88-2 at 264) On cross-
examination, Armey further admitted that, at the time of the crimes, he “had been on a
crack binge for eight days” and “may not have had all [his] senses the days leading up to
this incident.” (Doc. 88-2 at 274)

Gray v. State, 731 So. 2d 816, 818 (Fla. 5th DCA 1999) (italics in original)12, explains
that Florida law does not recognize insanity caused by voluntary intoxication:
Although the expert applied the M’Naghten standard and found
that Gray did not know what he was doing or the consequences
of what he was doing and did not know right from wrong, it
was because of the drugs voluntarily taken by him on that evening.
Hence, the defense seems to be asserting a voluntary insanity
defense. The problem is that Florida does not recognize such a
defense.1 Just imagine how such a defense would affect driving
under the influence related offenses. “I’m sorry they’re all dead,
but I was too drunk to know it was wrong to drive.”

1 Florida does recognize a defense of insanity
super-induced by the long and continued use of
intoxicants so as to produce “a fixed and settled
frenzy or insanity either permanent or
intermittent.” See Cirack v. State, 201 So. 2d 706
(Fla. 1967). That was not the testimony in this
case. Here, the defense expert testified, at most,
to serial voluntary intoxication.

The report states that Armey’s narcolepsy could cause hallucinations and an
unfounded belief that someone was trying to kill him. The eight-day crack cocaine binge
and the lack of food at the time of the offenses could also have caused the hallucinations
and therefore significantly undercut the probative value of the report. Consequently, Armey

12 On October 1, 1999, the Florida legislature enacted Section 775.051, which prohibits
admission of evidence of voluntary intoxication of illegal drugs to prove insanity. Because
Armey committed his offenses on August 15, 1999 (Doc. 88-2 at 18–20), the statute does not
apply.
does not demonstrate “that more likely than not any reasonable juror would have reasonable
doubt.” House, 547 U.S. at 538.
Lastly, Armey argues that the report supported an insanity defense based on
hallucinations. (Doc. 89 at 12) Cruse v. State, 588 So. 2d 983, 989 (Fla. 1991), explains that,

at the time of Armey’s offenses13, Florida recognized the defense of insanity by reason of
hallucinations or delusions:
A person may be legally sane in accordance with the
instructions previously given and still yet, by reason of mental
infirmity, have hallucinations or delusions which cause him to
honestly believe to be facts things which are not true or real.
The guilt of a person suffering from such hallucinations or
delusions is to be determined just as though the hallucinations
or delusions were actual facts. If the act of the defendant would
have been lawful had the hallucinations or delusions been the
actual facts, the defendant is not guilty of the crime.

Because Armey’s eight-day crack cocaine binge and lack of food could have caused
his hallucinations, both would also significantly undercut his defense of insanity by reason
of hallucinations. Also, even if the report convincingly proved that, at the time of the
offenses, Armey suffered from hallucinations which led him to honestly believe that the
drug dealer was trying to kill him, Armey could not have lawfully taken the car and the
truck by force based on the defense of necessity. To prove the defense of necessity, Armey
had to demonstrate that he “did not intentionally or recklessly place himself in a situation
in which it would be probable that he would be forced to choose the criminal conduct.”
Brooks v. State, 122 So. 3d 418, 422 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (quoting Reed v. State, 114 So. 3d

13 This defense of insanity by reason of hallucinations applies only to an offense committed
before June 19, 2000, when the Florida legislature enacted Section 775.027. Rodriguez, 172
So. 3d at 540. Because Armey committed his offenses on August 15, 1999 (Doc. 88-2 at
18–20), Armey could have attempted to assert the defense.
969, 972 n.5 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012)). By abusing crack cocaine for eight days without food,
Armey recklessly placed himself in a position that would lead him to suffer from
hallucinations and honestly believe that someone was trying to kill him. Because the crack
cocaine binge and lack of food would also undercut the defense of necessity, Armey could
not demonstrate that report convincingly proves his actual innocence. Kuenzel v. Comm’,
Ala. Dep’t Corrs., 690 F.3d 1311, 1318 (11th Cir. 2012) (“While the ‘new evidence’ Petitioner
has offered might have strengthened Petitioner’s defense if presented at trial, Petitioner has
not offered sufficient ‘new evidence’ of the powerful kind that would individually or
collectively ‘show that it is more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have
convicted him in the light of the new evidence.’”) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 327).
Accordingly, it is ORDERED that Armey’s second amended petition (Doc. 62) is
DISMISSED as time barred. The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter a judgment against Armey
and CLOSE this case.
DENIAL OF CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY AND
LEAVE TO PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS
Because Armey neither makes a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional
right nor demonstrates that reasonable jurists would find debatable both the merits of the
underlying claims and the procedural issues that he seeks to raise, a certificate of
appealability and leave to appeal in forma pauperis ace DENIED. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2).
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 478 (2000).
DONE AND ORDERED in Tampa, Florida on September 23, 2022.

fs hy bn —
MARYS _SGRIVEN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

33

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10111040. Public record. Not legal advice.