# McKinley v. Miller

> District Court, S.D. California · October 11, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10088512

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, S.D. California
- **Decided:** October 11, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 TERRY MCKINLEY, Case No.: 15-cv-0228-WQH-BGS

12 Plaintiff,
REPORT AND
13 v. RECOMMENDATION ON
DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR
14 AMY MILLER, et al.,
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
15 Defendants. [ECF NO. 149]
16
17
18 Presently before the Court is a Motion for Summary Judgment pursuant to Federal
19 Rule of Civil Procedure 56 filed by Defendant B. Hugie. (ECF No. 149.) Plaintiff Terry
20 McKinley filed an opposition to the motion. (ECF No. 153.) Defendant did not file a
21 reply.
22 This Report and Recommendation is submitted to United States District Judge
23 William Q. Hayes pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Local Civil Rule 72.1(c). For
24 the reasons discussed below, IT IS RECOMMENDED that Defendant’s motion for
25 summary judgment be GRANTED.
26 / / /
27
28
1 I. BACKGROUND
2 A. Factual Background
3 Plaintiff, a former state prisoner, was incarcerated at Centinela State Prison during
4 the events relevant to this action. (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 1.)1 Plaintiff’s
5 allegations and the record before the Court reflect the following:
6 On March 25, 2013, during a search of Plaintiff’s cell, marijuana was found in
7 clothing that Plaintiff alleges was left by another inmate in the area above his bunk. (Id.
8 at 3.)
9 On April 15, 2013, Plaintiff filed a California Department of Corrections and
10 Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) Form 602 Appeal, Log No. CEN-13-00524, in which he sought
11 release from Administrative Segregation (“Ad-Seg”), where he had been placed
12 following the cell search. (Santana Decl., Ex. A, ECF No. 149-5 at 17, 19.) He claimed
13 that the marijuana that was found belonged to an inmate who had been housed in his cell
14 in violation of a CDCR policy precluding general population inmates such as himself
15 from being housed with “unclassified transitional inmates.” (First Am. Compl., ECF No.
16 22 at 3-4; Santana Decl., Ex. A, ECF No. 149-5 at 19.) He further asserted that due to
17 routine negligent violations of that policy at Centinela, his cell “had been a revolving
18 door for unclassified transitional [inmates], the most recent of which departed just days
19 prior to the search.” (Id.) Plaintiff’s appeal bypassed the first level of review and was
20 denied at the second and third levels on May 21, 2013, and October 14, 2013,
21 respectively. (Santana Decl., Ex. A, ECF No. 149-5 at 17-18 (first level bypass), 15-16
22 (second level response), 9-10 (third level response).)
23 On July 25, 2013, Plaintiff was released back into the general population. (First
24 Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 5.) He alleges that he “immediately felt tension” from other
25 inmates and was approached by several inmates “who told him he had been labeled a
26
27
28
1 ‘snitch’ by staff due to his 602 appeal on the drug possession charge.” (Id.) Plaintiff
2 states that his “last cellmate confronted him on the recreation yard and said he’d been
3 told (by staff) that Plaintiff tried to pin the marijuana charge on him.” (Id.)
4 Plaintiff alleges that “[i]t came to his attention that [correctional officers] Hugie
5 and Premdas were responsible for slandering him and defaming his character” in
6 retaliation for “exposing [Centinela’s] underground policy of housing [inmates] together
7 of different classification statuses” and “filing numerous [602s].” (Id.) On August 17,
8 2013, Plaintiff claims that he and another inmate, Adams, approached Defendant Hugie
9 and asked him “what was the deal with him spreading false rumors on him,” to which
10 Hugie allegedly replied, “It came from high up.” (Id.)
11 Defendant Hugie confirms that Plaintiff approached him on August 17, 2013.
12 (Hugie Decl., ECF 149-4 at 2.) He denies ever informing Plaintiff of a directive from
13 “higher up” to spread false rumors about Plaintiff being a “rat” or having acted as an
14 informant. (Id.) He states that as a correctional officer, he had no role in processing
15 inmate appeals, and was not aware of Plaintiff’s appeal in which he alleged improper
16 housing procedures. (Id.) Defendant Hugie further asserts that at no time was he directed
17 to take any retaliatory actions against Plaintiff for submitting an appeal, or for any other
18 reason. (Id.)
19 Plaintiff states that he “continued to program, but his problems were not over” as
20 he “received hard looks and intimidating stares from [inmates] and staff daily.” (First
21 Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 5.) He further alleges that he “experienced different forms of
22 harassment from staff, from lost property to missing documents supporting the many
23 appeals he had filed.” (Id.)
24 On September 4, 2013, Plaintiff filed Form 602 Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272 in
25 which he contended that prison staff had slandered his name and spread rumors about
26 him; specifically, “[t]he word was pass[ed]” by Hugie and Premdas that he was a “rat.”
27 (Santana Decl., Ex. B, ECF No. 149-5 at 31, 33.) He recounted his allegation that Hugie
28 had told him on August 17, 2013, that “it came from high up.” (Id. at 33.) Plaintiff
1 claimed in his appeal that other inmates did not want him around, and that staff
2 slandering his name was a breach of his safety and security. (Id. at 33.) He requested
3 compensation for the time he had spent in Ad-Seg and for the slander and defamation of
4 his character, as well as reinstatement to his previous job in B-Dining. (Id. at 31, 33.)
5 On September 14, 2013, Plaintiff met with a mental health clinician at the prison.
6 (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 5; id., Ex. E, ECF No. 22 at 29.) He reported having
7 many problems with custody staff and requested a single cell chrono to avoid having
8 additional problems with cellmates. (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 29.) He did not
9 express any safety concerns. (Id.) Plaintiff followed up with the clinician a week later, on
10 September 21, 2013. (Id. at 30.) He stated that he was doing fine and was not in need of
11 mental health services. (Id.)
12 On October 16, 2013, following interviews with Plaintiff, correctional officers
13 Premdas and Hugie, and inmates Adams and Gillison, a first level response was issued on
14 Plaintiff’s September 4, 2013 appeal which had been handled as a staff complaint
15 (Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272). (Santana Decl., Ex. B, ECF No. 149-5 at 29-30.) The
16 appeal was partially granted in that an inquiry into Plaintiff’s allegations had been
17 conducted; however, a finding was made that staff did not violate CDCR policy. (Id. at
18 29.) The decision also indicated that all staff personnel matters were confidential and
19 would not be shared with other staff, members of the public, or inmates. (Id. at 30.)
20 On November 5, 2013, Plaintiff submitted a second level appeal on Appeal Log
21 No. CEN-13-01272 in which he expressed his dissatisfaction with the first level response.
22 (Santana Decl., Ex. B, ECF No. 149-5 at 26.) Plaintiff stated that staff should “be more
23 professional in dealing with issues like this because my life was in jeopardy on this yard.”
24 (Id. at 28.) He continued, “I can’t say how it’s going to be at the next place, due to
25 inmate[s] that was told that I was in [Ad-Seg] snitching. Lies can get you hurt[.]” (Id.) A
26 second level response dated November 14, 2013, confirmed the determination made at
27 the first level. (Lewicki Decl., Ex. 5, ECF No. 150-2 at 14-15.)
28 / / /
1 On November 21, 2013, Plaintiff pursued a third level appeal in which he indicated
2 that he was “broaden[ing]” the scope of the appeal; he alleged that prison personnel other
3 than Defendant Hugie acted on a “secret order that was given from higher up staff” and
4 prevented his earlier release from Ad-Seg. (Santana Decl., Ex. B, ECF No. 149-5 at 26,
5 28.) His sole mention of Defendant Hugie was another recounting of Hugie’s alleged “it
6 came from higher up” statement. (Id. at 28.) Plaintiff did not indicate any safety concerns
7 in this appeal. (Id. at 26, 28.)
8 On February 4, 2014, an Appeals Examiner at the CDCR Office of Appeals issued
9 a third level appeal decision determining that no relief would be provided in light of the
10 previous investigation of Plaintiff’s staff complaint, which confirmed that staff did not
11 violate CDCR policy. (Id. at 23-24.) The examiner declined to address the new issues
12 raised in Plaintiff’s third level appeal. (Id. at 23.)
13 In July 2014, Plaintiff received a new cellmate who was a “documented informant”
14 according to prison yard rumor. (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 6.) At his deposition,
15 Plaintiff identified this inmate as “Spears.” (Lewicki Decl., Ex. A [Pl. Dep. (Apr. 5,
16 2023)] (hereafter “Pl. Dep.”), ECF No. 150-1 at 11.) Shortly thereafter, according to his
17 First Amended Complaint, Plaintiff overheard a conversation between two other inmates
18 in which it was said, “Terry’s name had smut on it, let him get it right by handling it.”
19 (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 6.) According to Plaintiff, “it” referred to “causing
20 physical harm to his new cellmate.” (Id.) Plaintiff states that “[w]hen the so-called ‘order’
21 came to carry out the ‘hit,’ Plaintiff refused.” (Id.)
22 At his deposition, Plaintiff recounted the above circumstances as follows:
23 Q. So I want to talk about when Spears came into your cell,
and you said you overheard a conversation between two other
24
inmates.
25
A. No, no. Let me help you out. I’m walking on the track of
26
the yard and, you know, just man, let that motherfucker --
27 excuse my language -- Terry do it. But all the time, I kept on []
going where I was going and shining on because I didn’t know
28
1 what they were doing. And people that go into somebody else’s
business, they looking for trouble. I kept going on. Later, I find
2
out that Spears actually did something that was actually on
3 paperwork inmates had, and they wanted it took care of, but in
the meantime, I was not going to do nothing to that kid.
4

5 (Pl. Dep., ECF No. 150-1 at 14.) He continued:

6
A. But like I say, I’m not dumb. I’m a street person. But
7 when I hear it, it’s like man, let Terry -- but I hear the name, but
I don’t know who made the call for me to do something. I don’t
8
know who made the call on me.
9
(Id. at 15.)
10

11 On July 30, 2014, Plaintiff was attacked. (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 6.)
12 Plaintiff testified at his deposition that the attack occurred within days of overhearing the
13 above conversation. (Pl. Dep., ECF No. 150-1 at 16.) He does not know who assaulted
14 him. (Id. at 19, 21.)
15 A medical report prepared on the date of the attack reflected that Plaintiff sustained
16 a fracture to his face and swelling on his eye and cheek. (Lewicki Decl., Ex. 6, ECF No.
17 150-2 at 19.) Plaintiff did not make a statement regarding the circumstances of his injury
18 at that time. (Id.) Later medical reports dated March 7, 2016, and March 10, 2016,
19 indicated that Plaintiff sustained a concussion in the attack. (First Am. Compl., Ex. F,
20 ECF No. 22 at 32, 36.)
21 Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he attack and [his] resulting loss of mental acuity [were]
22 the culmination of the malicious and vindictive rumor spreading carried out by the
23 administration, namely [correctional officers] Hugie and Premdas[,] ordered from “high
24 up.” (Id. at 6.)
25 During his deposition, Plaintiff testified that he spoke with Defendant Hugie on
26 two occasions about the snitch rumor, in August 2013 on the date he indicated on his 602
27 appeal, and once before that. (Pl. Dep., ECF No. 150-1 at 11-12.) Plaintiff stated that he
28 did not have any significant conversations with Hugie between August 2013 and the July
1 2014 attack. (Id. at 12.) He confirmed during his testimony that Defendant Hugie never
2 told him that if Plaintiff did not put a hit out on Spears, then something would happen to
3 Plaintiff. (Id. at 17.) Plaintiff stated that he had a good rapport with Defendant Hugie and
4 that Hugie was not an officer who had picked on him. (Id. at 13.) When asked at his
5 deposition how Hugie factored into the attack, Plaintiff responded, “Hugie was just the
6 messenger.” (Id. at 18.) Plaintiff testified further about the reason for the attack at his
7 deposition:
8 Q. And you don’t know why you were attacked, either,
right?
9

10 A. I didn’t do nothing -- it’s a combination of things. My
name was bad. That’s the whole thing how I look at it. They
11
said I was a snitch. So being I put Department of Corrections
12 like that in a bad situation of them not operating the way they
supposed to, they rules and procedures and they regulations,
13
actually, it put them in a position to where somebody higher up
14 didn’t actually roll down the chain of command to get things
done that was supposed to be where actually I’m suffering. . . .
15

16 Q. Okay. So to boil it down, you believe that you were
assaulted -- you believe the reason you were assaulted is
17
because Hugie and Officer Premdas, outed you as a snitch to
18 other inmates?

19
A. Yes, sir.
20
(Id. at 21-22.)
21

22 Plaintiff testified that other than Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272, Plaintiff did not
23 file any other appeals about Defendant Hugie. (Id. at 28, 30.)
24 B. Procedural History
25 Plaintiff initiated this action by filing a complaint on February 4, 2015, naming
26 four Centinela employees as defendants, Warden Miller, Deputy Warden Janda,
27 Correctional Officer Premdas, and Correctional Officer Hugie. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff
28 filed the First Amended Complaint, the operative pleading in this action, on July 24,
1 2017, naming the same defendants. (ECF No. 22.) On August 7, 2018, the Court
2 dismissed all claims against Defendants Miller and Premdas, leaving only Janda and
3 Hugie as Defendants. (ECF No. 44.) On October 30, 2019, the Court granted a motion for
4 summary judgment filed by Janda and Hugie, leaving only count two of the First
5 Amended Complaint pending against Defendant Hugie. (ECF No. 59.) In count two,
6 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Hugie violated his Eighth Amendment right to be free
7 from cruel and unusual punishment and his First Amendment right to petition for redress
8 of grievances. (First Am. Compl., ECF No. 22 at 5-6.)
9 Defendant Hugie now moves for summary judgment on count two of the First
10 Amended Complaint.
11 II. LEGAL STANDARDS
12 A. Motion for Summary Judgment Under Rule 56
13 A party is entitled to summary judgment when “the movant shows that there is no
14 genuine issue as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
15 law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23, 106
16 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The moving party has “the burden of showing the
17 absence of a genuine issue as to any material fact, and for these purposes the material it
18 lodged must be viewed in the light most favorable to the opposing party.” Adickes v. S.H.
19 Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970). Entry of
20 summary judgment is appropriate “against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient
21 to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that
22 party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. “In such a situation,
23 there can be ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact,’ since a complete failure of proof
24 concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all
25 other facts immaterial.” Id. at 322-23.
26 To successfully rebut a moving party’s properly supported motion for summary
27 judgment, “the [nonmoving party] must point to some facts in the record that demonstrate
28 a genuine issue of material fact and, with all reasonable inferences made in the
1 [nonmoving party’s] favor, could convince a reasonable jury to find for the [nonmoving
2 party].” Reese v. Jefferson Sch. Dist. No. 14J, 208 F.3d 736, 738 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing
3 Fed. R. Civ. P. 56; Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323; Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S.
4 242, 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). The nonmoving party “must do more
5 than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”
6 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89
7 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986). A “scintilla of evidence” in support of the nonmoving party’s
8 position is insufficient; “there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find
9 for the [nonmoving party].” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252. “Where the record taken as a
10 whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the [nonmoving] party, there is no
11 ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation omitted).
12 The Ninth Circuit has “held consistently that courts should construe liberally
13 motion papers and pleadings filed by pro se inmates and should avoid applying summary
14 judgment rules strictly.” Soto v. Sweetman, 882 F.3d 865, 872 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting
15 Thomas v. Ponder, 611 F.3d 1144, 1150 (9th Cir. 2010)). While prisoners are relieved
16 from strict compliance, they still must “identify or submit some competent evidence” to
17 support their claims. Soto, 882 F.3d at 872. In cases involving a pro se litigant, the court
18 “must consider as evidence all of [the nonmovant’s] contentions offered in motions and
19 pleadings, where such contentions are based on personal knowledge and set forth facts
20 that would be admissible in evidence, and where [the nonmovant] attested under penalty
21 of perjury that the contents of the motions or pleadings are true and correct.” Jones v.
22 Blanas, 393 F.3d 918, 922-23 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted).
23 III. DISCUSSION
24 A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
25 Defendant first argues that Plaintiff failed to exhaust the claims alleged in count
26 two of his First Amended Complaint, as required by 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). (Def.’s Mot.,
27 ECF No. 149-2 at 11-14.) Specifically, he contends that Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272,
28 in which Plaintiff complained that “[t]he word was pass[ed]” by Hugie and Premdas that
1 he was a “rat” and reported that Hugie stated “it came from high up,” did not exhaust the
2 First and Eighth Amendment claims asserted in count two because Plaintiff did not assert
3 that Hugie “actually spread rumors in retaliation for Plaintiff’s use of the grievance
4 system” nor did the grievance afford prison officials “full and fair notice” of the assault
5 that occurred nearly a year after Hugie’s alleged statements. (Id. at 12.) The Court finds
6 that Defendant sufficiently exhausted his administrative remedies against Defendant
7 Hugie.
8 1. Standards
9 The Prison Litigation Reform Act (“PLRA”) requires that inmates exhaust all
10 available administrative remedies before filing any suit challenging prison conditions,
11 including suits under § 1983. 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a); Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 85,
12 126 S.Ct. 2378, 165 L.Ed.2d 368 (2006). An inmate is required to exhaust only available
13 remedies. Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 736, 121 S.Ct. 1819, 149 L.Ed.2d 958 (2001).
14 “The obligation to exhaust ‘available’ remedies persists as long as some remedy remains
15 ‘available.’ Once that is no longer the case, then there are no ‘remedies . . . available,’
16 and the prisoner need not further pursue the grievance.” Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926,
17 935 (9th Cir. 2005). Broadly, the purpose of the PLRA exhaustion requirement is to
18 “afford[] corrections officials time and opportunity to address complaints internally
19 before allowing the initiation of a federal case.” Id. (citing Porter v. Nussle, 534 U.S.
20 516, 525, 122 S.Ct. 983, 152 L.Ed.2d 12 (2002)). Because non-exhaustion is an
21 affirmative defense, the defendant bears the burden of proving that an administrative
22 remedy was available to the prisoner and that he failed to exhaust such remedy. Albino v.
23 Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1172 (9th Cir. 2014). A defendant “must demonstrate that pertinent
24 relief remained available, whether at unexhausted levels of the grievance process or
25 through awaiting the results of the relief already granted as a result of that process.”
26 Brown, 422 F.3d at 936-37.
27 “Exhaustion should be decided, if feasible, before reaching the merits of a
28 prisoner’s claim.” Albino, 747 F.3d at 1170. The issue of exhaustion may be raised in a
1 summary judgment motion. Id. “If the [court] holds that the prisoner has exhausted
2 available administrative remedies, that administrative remedies are not available, or that a
3 prisoner’s failure to exhaust available remedies should be excused, the case may proceed
4 to the merits.” Id. at 1171.
5 2. Analysis
6 Here, the Court finds that Plaintiff has exhausted his administrative remedies
7 against Defendant Hugie. Contrary to Defendant’s assertion that Plaintiff did not assert in
8 Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272 that Hugie “actually spread rumors in retaliation for
9 Plaintiff’s use of the grievance system,” Plaintiff discussed his prior grievance (Appeal
10 Log No. CEN-13-00524) relating to the housing of unclassified inmates and his drug
11 possession charge in this grievance. (See Santana Decl., Ex. B, ECF No. 149-5 at 31, 33.)
12 Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272 infers that Hugie and Premdas spread rumors about
13 Plaintiff being a snitch and the directive to do so “came from high up” because of
14 Plaintiff’s prior grievance. See id. This sufficiently alerted prison officials of the nature of
15 the wrong for which Plaintiff sought resolution. See Griffin v. Arpaio, 557 F.3d 1117,
16 1120 (9th Cir. 2009) (“A grievance . . . need not contain every fact necessary to prove
17 each element of an eventual legal claim. The primary purpose of a grievance is to alert
18 the prison to a problem and facilitate its resolution, not to lay groundwork for litigation.”)
19 (citation omitted). Therefore, making all reasonable inferences in Plaintiff’s favor,
20 Plaintiff sufficiently exhausted his First Amendment retaliation claim.
21 The Court also rejects Defendant’s argument that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his
22 Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim. In his grievance relating to Defendant Hugie,
23 Appeal Log No. CEN-13-01272, Plaintiff placed prison officials on notice that staff
24 slandering his name was a “breach of [his] safety and security.” (Santana Decl., Ex. B,
25 ECF No. 149-5 at 33.) Plaintiff’s claim against Defendant Hugie is premised on his belief
26 that Hugie spread a rumor to other inmates that he was a “rat” or snitch, that being
27 labeled a snitch led to him having “smut” on his name, that other inmates required him to
28 place a “hit” on his cellmate to clear his name, and that he was attacked by other inmates
1 because he refused to attack his cellmate. Plaintiff’s grievance, which he pursued through
2 the third level of review, provided sufficient information about Hugie’s alleged role in
3 this series of events, that Hugie told other inmates he was a snitch, to allow prison
4 officials to address the situation. (See Santana Decl., Ex. B, ECF No. 149-5 at 31, 33
5 (first level appeal); id. at 26, 28 (second and third level appeals); see also Griffin, 557
6 F.3d at 1121 (requiring grievances to “provide enough information . . . to allow prison
7 officials to take appropriate responsive measures.”).) Therefore, Appeal Log No. CEN-
8 13-01272 sufficiently exhausted Plaintiff’s administrative remedy regarding his Eighth
9 Amendment claim against Defendant Hugie.
10 Defendant has not met his burden of showing that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his
11 administrative remedies as to the claims asserted against him in count two of the First
12 Amended Complaint. Accordingly, the Court RECOMMENDS that Defendant’s motion
13 for summary judgment based on Plaintiff’s failure to exhaust administrative remedies be
14 DENIED.
15 B. Causation
16 Defendant next argues that Plaintiff cannot show that he retaliated against Plaintiff
17 and caused Plaintiff to be assaulted. (Def.’s Mot, ECF No. 149-2 at 15-18.) The Court
18 agrees.
19 1. Standards under § 1983
20 Generally, “[l]iability under § 1983 must be based on the personal involvement of
21 the defendant.” Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193, 1194 (9th Cir. 1998). Thus, a
22 plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating “personal participation by the defendant.”
23 Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989); see also Barren, 152 F.3d at 1194
24 (“A plaintiff must allege facts, not simply conclusions, that show that an individual was
25 personally involved in the deprivation of his civil rights.”). A person deprives another “of
26 a constitutional right, within the meaning of section 1983, if he does an affirmative act,
27 participates in another’s affirmative acts, or omits to perform an action which he is
28 legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.” Johnson
1 v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978); see also Hines v. Youseff, 914 F.3d 1218,
2 1228 (9th Cir. 2019) (“An official is liable under § 1983 only if ‘culpable action, or
3 inaction, is directly attributed to them.’”) (citation omitted).
4 Under § 1983, there must be an actual connection or link between the actions of
5 the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by the plaintiff. See
6 Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 370-71 (1976) (“The plain words of [§ 1983] impose
7 liability . . . only for conduct which ‘subjects, or causes to be subjected’ the complainant
8 to a deprivation of a [constitutional right].”); see also Estate of Brooks v. United States,
9 197 F.3d 1245, 1248 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Causation is, of course, a required element of a §
10 1983 claim.”). “The requisite causal connection can be established not only by some kind
11 of direct personal participation in the deprivation, but also by setting in motion a series of
12 acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to
13 inflict the constitutional injury.” Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743-44 (citation omitted).
14 Summary judgment may be granted when a plaintiff fails to allege facts demonstrating
15 that the defendant was the actual and proximate cause of a constitutional violation. See
16 Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 (9th Cir. 1988).
17 2. Eighth Amendment failure to protect claim
18 “[P]rison officials have a duty . . . to protect prisoners from violence at the hands
19 of other prisoners.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994) (citations omitted); see
20 also Labatad v. Corrs. Corp. of Am., 714 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2013) (“The Eighth
21 Amendment requires prison officials to take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety
22 of inmates, which has been interpreted to include a duty to protect prisoners.”) (citing
23 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 832-33; Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2005)).
24 “It is not, however, every injury suffered by one prisoner at the hands of another that
25 translates into constitutional liability for prison officials responsible for the victim’s
26 safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. The failure of prison officials to protect inmates from
27 attacks by other inmates may rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment violation only
28 when (1) the official’s act or omission was “objectively, sufficiently serious” and (2) the
1 official was subjectively aware of that risk and acted with “deliberate indifference” to the
2 inmate’s health or safety. Id.
3 Additionally, a plaintiff alleging an Eighth Amendment violation must show “that
4 the defendant[’s] actions were both an actual and proximate cause of [his] injuries.”
5 Lemire v. Cal. Dep't of Corrs. and Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074 (9th Cir. 2013); see also
6 Leer, 844 F.2d at 633. This showing means that the inmate’s injury would not have
7 occurred but for the official’s conduct (actual causation) and no unforeseeable
8 intervening cause occurred that would supersede the official’s liability (proximate
9 causation). Conn v. City of Reno, 591 F.3d 1081, 1098, 1100-01 (9th Cir. 2010), vacated,
10 563 U.S. 915 (2011), reinstated in relevant part, 658 F.3d 897 (9th Cir. 2011); see also
11 Stevenson v. Koskey, 877 F.2d 1435, 1438 (9th Cir. 1989) (“Federal courts turn to the
12 causation factors developed in the common law of torts to supply the necessary causation
13 factor in the civil rights field.”). “Once it is established that the defendant’s conduct has
14 in fact been one of the causes of the plaintiff’s injury, there remains the question of
15 whether the defendant should be legally responsible for the injury. This question is
16 generally referred to as one of proximate cause.” White v. Roper, 901 F.2d 1501, 1506
17 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing W. Prosser & W. Keeton, The Law of Torts § 42, at 272-73 (5th
18 ed. 1984)).
19 In this case, drawing all inferences in Plaintiff’s favor, a reasonable jury could not
20 find that Defendant Hugie’s alleged conduct—spreading rumors that Plaintiff was a “rat”
21 or a “snitch” because someone from “high up” told him to do so—proximately caused the
22 injuries sustained by Plaintiff in the July 30, 2014 attack. First, the timing of the attack,
23 nearly a year after Defendant Hugie allegedly spread the rumor that Plaintiff was a snitch
24 and made the “it came from high up” comment, does not support a conclusion that the
25 attack was at all related to the snitch rumor. Second, and even more importantly,
26 Plaintiff’s own theory of liability does not support that Defendant Hugie’s actions caused
27 him to be attacked. Plaintiff theorizes that he was required by other inmates to put a “hit”
28 on his cellmate because he had been labeled a snitch and was attacked when he refused to
1 do so. Thus, Plaintiff does not claim that he was attacked because Defendant Hugie
2 labeled him a snitch; rather, he claims that he was attacked because he did not place a hit
3 on his cellmate.
4 An officer’s conduct “is not the proximate cause of [a plaintiff’s] alleged injuries if
5 another cause intervenes and supersedes [the officer’s] liability for the subsequent
6 events.” Conn, 591 F.3d at 1101 (quoting White, 901 F.2d at 1506). On the other hand,
7 “courts are quite generally agreed that [foreseeable] intervening causes . . . will not
8 supersede the defendant’s responsibility.” White, 901 F.2d at 1506 (citation omitted).
9 Here, the conduct of the unidentified inmates who allegedly attacked Plaintiff because he
10 refused to place a hit on his cellmate was the actual and direct cause of the attack.
11 Whether the attacking inmates’ conduct supersedes Defendant Hugie’s liability depends
12 upon what was reasonably foreseeable to Defendant Hugie at the time of his conduct. See
13 id. While other inmates attacking Plaintiff because he had been labeled a snitch was a
14 foreseeable result of Defendant Hugie spreading the snitch rumor, it cannot be said that
15 other inmates attacking Plaintiff because he refused to place a hit on his cellmate, which
16 he was allegedly required to do because he had been labeled a snitch nearly a year earlier,
17 was a foreseeable result of Defendant Hugie spreading a rumor that Plaintiff was a snitch.
18 The attacking inmates’ conduct, therefore, superseded Defendant Hugie’s conduct as the
19 actual and proximate cause of the attack. Stated differently, a reasonable jury could not
20 conclude that the other inmates’ conduct—attacking Plaintiff because he refused to hit his
21 cellmate—was a foreseeable result of Defendant Hugie spreading a rumor that Plaintiff
22 was a snitch. Accordingly, a reasonable jury could not conclude, based on the alleged
23 facts and circumstances of this case, that Defendant Hugie spreading a rumor that
24 Plaintiff was a snitch was the proximate cause of Plaintiff being attacked by other
25 inmates, nearly a year later, for refusing to hit his cellmate.
26 Moreover, there is little evidence supporting Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim,
27 and his theory of liability is based almost purely on his own speculation. Although the
28 Court must liberally construe a pro se litigant’s motion papers and pleadings when
1 deciding a motion for summary judgment, the pro se litigant is still required to “identify
2 or submit some competent evidence” to support his claims. Soto, 882 F.3d at 872. The
3 plaintiff here has provided no evidence, other than his own statement, that two other
4 inmates stated that he had “smut” on his name and therefore had to place a hit on his
5 cellmate to clear his name. Plaintiff has not identified those inmates, has not produced
6 any declarations or testimony from them, and presumably cannot call them as witnesses
7 at trial. Even if Plaintiff’s testimony about the conversation he overheard was admissible
8 at trial, he has not produced any evidence supporting the rest of his theory of liability.
9 Plaintiff surmises that the reason he had “smut” on his name was because he had been
10 labeled a snitch, and the reason he was attacked was because he did not place a hit on his
11 cellmate. This theory, however, is based solely on Plaintiff’s speculation and lacks any
12 evidentiary support.
13 There is also no evidence reflecting that Plaintiff felt threatened by the “snitch”
14 label after November 5, 2013, when he filed his second level appeal regarding Defendant
15 Hugie’s alleged conduct. After that date, Plaintiff did not file any further grievances
16 reflecting that he had any safety concerns relating to the alleged snitch rumor. Plaintiff’s
17 failure to report that he continued to feel threatened by the snitch label in the months
18 leading up to the July 30, 2014 attack, including after he allegedly overheard other
19 inmates saying he had “smut” on his name, further undercuts Plaintiff’s theory that the
20 attack had anything to do with the rumor allegedly circulated by Defendant Hugie nearly
21 a year before. Considering all the circumstances of this case and making all inferences in
22 Plaintiff’s favor, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not presented sufficient evidence to
23 allow a reasonable factfinder to conclude that Defendant Hugie’s alleged spreading of a
24 rumor that Plaintiff was a snitch caused the July 30, 2014 attack on Plaintiff. See
25 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252 (“The mere existence of a scintilla of evidence in support of
26 the plaintiff’s position [is] insufficient” to defeat summary judgment.); Matsushita, 475
27 U.S. at 586 (providing that the nonmoving party “must do more than simply show that
28 there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.”).
1 Based on the record before the Court, Plaintiff has failed to raise a genuine issue as
2 to any material fact concerning the requisite causal connection between Defendant
3 Hugie’s alleged actions and the July 30, 2014 attack. Causation is an essential element of
4 Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim. See Leer, 844 F. 2d at 634; Lemire, 726 F.3d at
5 1074. Because Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of setting forth facts demonstrating
6 this necessary element of his claim, summary judgment is appropriate. See Celotex, 477
7 U.S. at 322. Accordingly, the Court RECOMMENDS that Defendant’s motion for
8 summary judgment on Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim be GRANTED.
9 3. First Amendment retaliation claim
10 “Prisoners have a First Amendment right to file grievances against prison officials
11 and to be free from retaliation for doing so.” Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th
12 Cir. 2012). “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First Amendment retaliation
13 entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action
14 against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such
15 action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action
16 did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d
17 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005) (footnote and citation omitted). The plaintiff need not
18 demonstrate that his speech was actually inhibited or suppressed, but merely that the
19 defendant’s conduct was such as “would chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness
20 from future First Amendment activities.” Id. at 568-69. Conduct protected by the First
21 Amendment includes communications that are “part of the grievance process.” Brodheim
22 v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1271 n.4 (9th Cir. 2009).
23 To succeed on a First Amendment retaliation claim, the plaintiff must show a
24 causal connection between the adverse action and the protected conduct. See Watison,
25 668 F.3d at 1114. Thus, a plaintiff must show that his protected conduct was “the
26 ‘substantial’ or ‘motivating’ factor behind the defendant’s conduct.” Brodheim, 584 F.3d
27 at 1271 (citation omitted). To show the presence of this element on a motion for summary
28 judgment, a plaintiff “need only put forth evidence of retaliatory motive, that, taken in the
1 light most favorable to him, presents a genuine issue of material fact as to [the
2 defendant’s] intent[.]” Id. (citing Bruce v. Ylst, 351 F.3d 1283, 1289 (9th Cir. 2003)).
3 In this case, Plaintiff’s allegations do not present a genuine issue of material fact
4 regarding whether the motive behind Defendant Hugie’s alleged spreading of a rumor
5 that Plaintiff was a snitch was in retaliation for Plaintiff filing his April 15, 2013
6 grievance (Appeal Log No. CEN-13-00524), in which he contested his drug possession
7 charge and complained about the prison’s policy of placing “unclassified transitional
8 inmates” in his cell. Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, there is
9 not a scintilla of evidence that Defendant Hugie knew anything about his prior grievance.
10 Even assuming that a reasonable jury could believe that Defendant Hugie told other
11 inmates that Plaintiff was a snitch, there is no evidentiary support that he did so in
12 retaliation for Plaintiff’s protected conduct, filing a grievance. Only Plaintiff’s
13 speculation supports this notion. Indeed, Plaintiff’s own testimony that “Hugie was just
14 the messenger” undermines his retaliation claim, as it demonstrates that someone “higher
15 up” wanted to retaliate against Plaintiff, and that Defendant Hugie did not know why he
16 had been directed to spread a rumor that Plaintiff was a snitch.
17 Because Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of setting forth facts demonstrating
18 causation, a necessary element of his First Amendment claim, summary judgment is
19 appropriate. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. Accordingly, the Court RECOMMENDS that
20 Defendant’s motion for summary judgment on Plaintiff’s First Amendment claim be
21 GRANTED.
22 C. Qualified Immunity
23 Lastly, Defendant argues that he is entitled to qualified immunity. (Def.’s Mot.,
24 ECF No. 149-2 at 18-21.) The Court, however, need not address Defendant’s qualified
25 immunity argument because it finds that Plaintiff’s constitutional claims fail on the
26 merits.
27 / / /
28 / / /
1 |}IV. CONCLUSION
2 For the reasons discussed above, Defendant Hugie’s Motion for Summary
3 || Judgment [ECF No. 149] should be GRANTED. This Report and Recommendation will
4 ||be submitted to United States District Judge William Q. Hayes pursuant to the provisions
5 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Any party may file written objections with the Court and serve
6 |}a copy on all parties on or before October 31, 2023. The document should be captioned
7 ||“Objections to Report and Recommendation.” Any reply to the objections shall be served
8 filed on or before November 7, 2023. The parties are advised that the failure to file
9 || objections within the specified time may waive the right to raise those objections on
10 || appeal of the Court’s order. See Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998).
11
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3 Dated: October 11, 2023 GE aba
14 on. Bernard G. Skomal
15 United States Magistrate Judge

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10088512. Public record. Not legal advice.