# Gonzalez v. Ahern

> District Court, N.D. California · July 25, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10075863

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, N.D. California
- **Decided:** July 25, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

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## Opinion text

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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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7 DANIEL GONZALEZ, et al., Case No. 19-cv-07423-JSC

8 Plaintiffs,
ORDER RE: COUNTY DEFENDANTS’
9 v. MOTION TO AMEND ANSWER

10 COUNTY OF ALAMEDA, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 291
Defendants.
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Plaintiffs, current and former inmates at Santa Rita Jail, bring conditions of confinement
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claims against Alameda County, Wellpath Management, Inc., and Aramark Correctional Services,
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LLC. The County Defendants’ motion to amend their answer to plead 10 affirmative defenses is
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now pending before the Court. (Dkt. No. 291.1) After carefully considering the parties’ briefing,
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the Court concludes oral argument is not necessary, see N.D. Cal. Civ. L.R. 7-1(b), VACATES the
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August 3, 2023 hearing, and GRANTS the motion in part and DENIES the motion in part. The
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further case management conference scheduled for August 3, 2023 is CONTINUED to August 24,
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2023.
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BACKGROUND
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Plaintiffs filed this action in November 2019 alleging they are subject to unlawful, inhumane,
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and unconstitutional treatment at the Santa Rita Jail. Over the following three and a half years,
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Plaintiffs filed five amended complaints and Defendants moved to dismiss each version of the
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complaint. The County Defendants’ operative answer to the Fifth Amended Complaint was filed
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November 21, 2022. (Dkt. No. 220.)
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1 Two months later, on February 14, 2023, Burke, Williams & Sorensen, LLP, filed a notice of
2 association as counsel for the County Defendants. (Dkt. No. 255.) The parties then completed class
3 certification briefing, and on May 9, 2023, the Court denied Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification as
4 to Plaintiffs’ inadequate medical care and inadequate food subclasses, and conditionally certified
5 Plaintiffs’ inadequate sanitation subclass. (Dkt. No. 264.) A month later, Burke, Williams &
6 Sorensen, LLP filed a notice of substitution, and Mr. Belaga, who had represented the County
7 Defendants since the case was filed, withdrew. (Dkt. Nos. 269-276.) Three weeks later, the County
8 Defendants filed the now pending motion to amend their answer to the Fifth Amended Complaint to
9 assert 10 new affirmative defenses. (Dkt. No. 291.)
10 DISCUSSION
11 As a threshold matter, while the County Defendants initially maintained Rule 15 governs,
12 their reply memorandum appears to concede Rule 16 governs. The Court’s July 29, 2021
13 scheduling order set a “deadline to move to amend” which indisputably had passed when
14 Defendants filed the instant motion. (Dkt. No. 128.) “[A] party seeking to amend [a] pleading
15 after [the] date specified in [the] scheduling order must first show ‘good cause’ for amendment
16 under Rule 16(b), then, if ‘good cause’ be shown, the party must demonstrate that amendment was
17 proper under Rule 15.” Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 608 (9th Cir. 1992)
18 (citation omitted). Accordingly, Defendants must meet Rule 16’s standard to modify the
19 scheduling order, followed by Rule 15’s standard to amend their answer. Johnson, 975 F.2d at
20 608.
21 A. Good Cause to Amend Under Rule 16(b)
22 Under Rule 16(b), a party seeking leave to amend must demonstrate “good cause” for
23 doing so. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b). “Rule 16(b)’s ‘good cause’ standard primarily considers the
24 diligence of the party seeking the amendment,” and “[i]f that party was not diligent, the inquiry
25 should end.” Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. Although the Court may consider prejudice to the
26 opposing party, “the focus of the inquiry is upon the moving party’s reasons for seeking
27 modification.” Id.
1 acted expeditiously upon reviewing the pleadings and discovering prior counsel had not included
2 certain affirmative defenses in the answer. In particular, the County Defendants emphasize that
3 within two weeks of new counsel substituting in they notified the Court of their intent to move to
4 amend, and they filed their motion to amend a week later after Plaintiffs declined to stipulate to
5 amendment. (Dkt. Nos. 287; 291.) Plaintiffs maintain Defendants were not diligent because they
6 do not seek to amend based on new information not previously available; that is, the basis for
7 these affirmative defenses has existed since the inception of this action.
8 The Court is persuaded the County Defendants acted diligently in seeking to amend here.
9 While new counsel filed a notice of association of counsel in February 2023, they did not take
10 over representation until June 2023 and plausibly contend they were not aware certain affirmative
11 defenses had not been pled until after this Court’s class certification order rejecting the County
12 Defendants’ invocation of a res judicata defense because it was raised for the first time on
13 surreply. Although the County Defendants have not cited any cases that provide good cause is
14 shown merely because new counsel notices something substituted counsel did not, and usually it is
15 not, the Court granted Plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint five different times, including to
16 add named plaintiffs after the deadline to amend had passed. (Dkt. No. 179.) As a matter of
17 fairness, then, the Court should modify the scheduling order as County Defendants request.
18 Further, the record does not suggest Plaintiffs will suffer any prejudice if amendment is allowed.
19 The County Defendants bear the burden of proving their affirmative defenses and they will not be
20 allowed to redo discovery already conducted. And, to the extent Plaintiffs require discovery on
21 any new affirmative defenses, the fact discovery deadline is not until October 16, 2023. (Dkt. No.
22 224.) Accordingly, the Court exercises its discretion to grant leave to amend the scheduling order
23 under Rule 16(b).
24 B. Leave to Amend Under Rule 15
25 Next, the Court turns to whether amendment is proper under Rule 15. Johnson, 975 F.2d
26 at 608. The district court is afforded discretion to grant leave to amend pleadings and “should
27 freely give leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Factors relevant to whether
1 delayed in seeking amendment, whether the opposing party would be prejudiced, whether an
2 amendment would be futile, and whether the movant previously amended the pleading. See, e.g.
3 United States v. Corinthian Colleges, 655 F.3d 984, 995 (9th Cir. 2011).
4 As discussed above, the County Defendants have acted in good faith seeking to amend
5 their answer as soon as new counsel discovered the need to do so, and amendment will not
6 prejudice Plaintiffs. The Court thus turns to the question of futility.
7 “[A] proposed amendment is futile only if no set of facts can be proved under the
8 amendment to the pleadings that would constitute a valid and sufficient claim or defense.”
9 Sweaney v. Ada County, 119 F.3d 1385, 1393 (9th Cir. 1997) (internal quotations omitted). “A[n
10 affirmative] defense may be insufficient either as a matter of law or as a matter of pleading.”
11 United States v. Gibson Wine Co., No. 1:15-CV-1900-AWI-SKO, 2016 WL 1626988, at *4 (E.D.
12 Cal. Apr. 25, 2016) (internal citation omitted). “An affirmative defense is legally insufficient if it
13 lacks merit under any set of facts the defendant might allege.” Id. (internal citation and quotations
14 marks omitted). “The key to determining the sufficiency of pleading an affirmative defense is
15 whether it gives plaintiff fair notice of the defense.” Wyshak v. City Nat. Bank, 607 F.2d 824, 827
16 (9th Cir. 1979). “The ‘fair notice’ required by the pleading standards only requires describing the
17 defense in ‘general terms.’” Kohler v. Flava Enterprises, Inc., 779 F.3d 1016, 1019 (9th Cir.
18 2015) (cleaned up).
19 The County Defendants seek leave to add 10 affirmative defenses: (1) exhaustion of
20 remedies; (2) res judicata/collateral estoppel; (3) Monell; (4) deliberate indifference; (5) attorney’s
21 fees; (6) negligence; (7) due care and good faith; (8) no fault; (9) no deprivation of rights,
22 privileges, and immunities; and (10) no clearly established constitutional right. (Dkt. No. 291-1 at
23 6.) Of these, only the first two—res judicata and exhaustion—are proper affirmative defenses;
24 indeed, the County Defendants do not even make an argument as to the others. (Dkt. No. 291 at
25 7.) Monell, deliberative indifference, attorney’s fees, negligence, due care and good faith, no
26 fault, no deprivation of rights, and no clearly established constitutional right allegations are not
27 affirmative defenses. “A defense which demonstrates that plaintiff has not met its burden of proof
1 Cir. 2002).
2 Addressing each specifically, “Monell is not an affirmative defense; rather, municipal
3 liability is an element of the plaintiff's cause of action.” Chew v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco,
4 No. 13-CV-05286-MEJ, 2016 WL 631924, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 17, 2016), aff'd, 714 F. App’x
5 687 (9th Cir. 2017). Likewise, Defendants’ argument Plaintiffs’ deliberate indifference claim is
6 insufficient is not an affirmative defense, but rather an argument Plaintiff cannot state a claim.
7 (Dkt. No. 291-1 at 33.) See Barnes v. AT & T Pension Ben. Plan-Nonbargained Program, 718 F.
8 Supp. 2d 1167, 1173 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (“[a]n affirmative defense, under the meaning of Federal
9 Rule of Civil Procedure 8(c), is a defense that does not negate the elements of the plaintiff’s claim,
10 but instead precludes liability even if all of the elements of the plaintiff’s claim are proven.”). The
11 same is true for the negligence and no fault purported affirmative defenses. (Dkt. No. 291-1 at 33.)
12 To the extent the County Defendants contend they are entitled to immunity because they acted
13 with due care and good faith in compliance with all applicable federal and state laws, Defendants
14 already pled the affirmative defense of qualified immunity. (Id. at 30, 33.) Defendants’
15 deprivation of rights and no clearly established constitutional right affirmative defenses are
16 likewise redundant of the qualified immunity affirmative defense. (Id. at 34.) Finally, there is no
17 apparent basis for Defendants attorney’s fees affirmative defense which contends the complaint
18 “fails to state a claim against Defendants upon which attorneys’ fees or costs can be awarded.”
19 (Id. at 33.) A prevailing party in a section 1983 action is entitled to fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.
20 See Lefemine v. Wideman, 568 U.S. 1, at 4 (2012). Accordingly, with respect to these affirmative
21 defenses, leave to amend would be futile as these claims would be stricken. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
22 12(f) (noting a court may strike an affirmative defense if it is insufficient as a matter of law or if it
23 is “redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous.”); Park v. Kitt, No. 19-CV-01551 AWI
24 HBK (PC), 2021 WL 1210364, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 2021) (“A mere defense that is pled as an
25 affirmative defense may be stricken.”).
26 The Court, however, grants leave to amend to plead the affirmative defenses of res judicata
27 and exhaustion as both may be waived if not pled. See ASCII Corp. v. Softool Corp., 211 F.3d
1 Herrera, 427 F.3d 1164, 1171 (9th Cir. 2005) (failure to exhaust administrative remedies is a
2 waivable affirmative defense).
3 CONCLUSION
4 For the reasons stated above, the County Defendants’ motion to amend their answer is
5 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The County Defendants are granted leave to amend their
6 answer to plead the affirmative defenses of res judicata and exhaustion. The County Defendants
7 shall file their amended answer by July 28, 2023.
8 In light of the parties’ stipulation regarding deposition dates and further meet and confer
9 scheduled for August 15, 2023, the Court RESETS the August 3, 2023 case management
10 || conference for August 24, 2023 at 1:30 p.m. An updated joint statement with the remaining
11 deposition dates shall be filed by August 18, 2023.
12 This Order disposes of Docket No. 291.
5 13 IT IS SO ORDERED.
14 || Dated: July 25, 2023
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16 gut st □□
JAQQUELINE SCOTT CORL
17 United States District Judge
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10075863. Public record. Not legal advice.