# (PC) Hamilton v. Ables

> District Court, E.D. California · November 6, 2023

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10056915

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. California
- **Decided:** November 6, 2023
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10056915

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any 19 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”

## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 DAVID HAMILTON, No. 2:23-cv-0050 DB P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 L. ABLES et al.,
15 Defendants.
16
17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se with a civil rights action pursuant to 42
18 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff claims defendants used excessive force against him in violation of his
19 Eighth Amendment rights. Presently before the court is plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 12) for
20 screening. For the reasons set forth below, the undersigned will give plaintiff the option to
21 proceed with the complaint as screened or file an amended complaint.
22 SCREENING
23 I. Legal Standards
24 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
25 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. §
26 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims
27 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be
28 ////
1 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28
2 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2).
3 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
4 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
5 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an
6 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
7 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
8 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227.
9 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain
10 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the
11 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell
12 AtlanticCorp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47
13 (1957)).
14 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must
15 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain
16 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic,
17 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the
18 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S.
19 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all
20 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969).
21 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
22 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes
to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation
23 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution .
. . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity,
24 or other proper proceeding for redress.
25 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Here, the defendants must act under color of federal law. Bivens, 403 U.S. at
26 389. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
27 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
28 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362
1 (1976). “A person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the
2 meaning of § 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or
3 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which
4 complaint is made.” Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
5 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of
6 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant
7 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional
8 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979);
9 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations
10 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See
11 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
12 II. Allegations in the Complaint
13 The events giving rise to the claim occurred while plaintiff was incarcerated by the
14 California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) housed at Mule Creek State
15 Prison (“MCSP”). (ECF No. 12 at 1.) Plaintiff has identified the following defendants: (1) L.
16 Ables, correctional officer at MCSP and (2) Patrick Covello, MCSP warden. (Id. at 2.)
17 Plaintiff alleges that on January 13, 2021, officer Ables shot him in the temple on the right
18 side of his head. (Id. at 3.) He further alleges this occurred while Ables was firing two 40 mm
19 rounds at two Latino inmates who were down the stairs fight between cells # 145 and # 146. (Id.)
20 Plaintiff states that when this occurred, he was sitting in front of his cell which was # 248.
21 Plaintiff further states that he was not involved in the altercation. (Id.) Plaintiff alleges that in
22 her incident report, Ables stated that she was unable to identify the parties she was shooting at.
23 (Id.)
24 Plaintiff states warden Covello “is liable because [plaintiff] was uninvolved in the incident
25 which took place downstairs . . . He and Ables had a duty of care to protect [plaintiff] . . . and
26 warden Covello failed to properly train Ables. (Id. at 4.) He further states that warden Covello
27 “set the express policy which caused” the violation of plaintiff’s rights and Covello’s policies and
28 customs were the direct causal link and moving force in the alleged deprivations. (Id.) He argues
1 that this can be shown through his incident and other previous incidents of uninvolved victims of
2 excessive force shooting where tower officers with guns were inadequately trained, not
3 investigated, or not disciplined. He alleges there is a pattern of excessive force, illegal shootings
4 at MCSP. (Id.) He further alleges that Ables was not disciplined and was promoted to sergeant.
5 III. Does Plaintiff State a Claim under § 1983?
6 A. Excessive Force
7 The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” U.S.
8 Const. amend. VIII. The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain constitutes cruel and unusual
9 punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986);
10 Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 670 (1977); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-06 (1976).
11 Neither accident nor negligence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, as “[i]t is obduracy
12 and wantonness, not inadvertence or error in good faith, that characterize the conduct prohibited
13 by the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at 319.
14 “When prison officials use excessive force against prisoners, they violate the inmates’
15 Eighth Amendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment.” Clement v. Gomez, 298
16 F.3d 898, 903 (9th Cir. 2002). To establish a claim for excessive force, the plaintiff must show
17 that the officer applied the force maliciously and sadistically to cause harm rather than in a good-
18 faith effort to maintain or restore discipline. Hudson v. McMillian, 503 U.S. 1, 6 (1992).
19 However, “[not] every malevolent touch by a prison guard gives rise to a federal cause of
20 action.” Id. at 9 (citation omitted). That is, “[n]ot every push or shove . . . violates a prisoner’s
21 constitutional rights.” Id. (citation omitted). “The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of ‘cruel and
22 unusual’ punishments necessarily excludes from constitutional recognition de minimis uses of
23 physical force, provided that the use of force is not of a sort repugnant to the conscience of
24 mankind.” Id. at 9-10 (citation and quotation omitted). Furthermore, “prison administrators . . .
25 should be accorded wide-ranging deference in the adoption and execution of policies and
26 practices that in their judgment are needed to preserve internal order and discipline and to
27 maintain institutional security.” Id. at 6 (ellipses in original) (citation omitted).
28 ////
1 “Where a prison security measure is undertaken to resolve a disturbance . . . that
2 indisputably poses significant risks to the safety of inmates and prison staff, we think the question
3 whether the measure taken inflicted unnecessary and wanton pain and suffering ultimately turns
4 on whether force was applied in good faith effort to maintain or restore discipline or maliciously
5 and sadistically for the very purpose of causing harm.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at 320-21 (citation and
6 internal quotations marks omitted).
7 Here, plaintiff has alleged that he was struck with a 40 mm round while he was sitting on
8 the floor by his cell on the second floor while officer Ables was attempting to stop a fight
9 between two inmates on the first floor. (ECF No. 12 at 3.) Liberally construed, such allegations
10 are sufficient to state a potentially cognizable excessive force claim against defendant Ables.
11 McMillian v. Delgado, No. 1:19-cv-00444 SAB (PC), 2019 WL 1599443, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Apr.
12 19, 2019) (finding allegation to that plaintiff was struck by a 40 mm round even though he was
13 not involved in the right and prone-out on the floor away from the incident sufficient to state an
14 excessive force claim).
15 B. Supervisory Liability
16 Under § 1983, liability may not be imposed on supervisory personnel for the actions or
17 omissions of their subordinates under the theory of respondeat superior. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
18 U.S. 662, 677 (2009); Simmons v. Navajo Cnty., Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1020-21 (9th Cir. 2010),
19 overruled on other grounds by Castro v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d 1060, 1070 (9th Cir.
20 2016); Ewing v. City of Stockton, 588 F.3d 1218, 1235 (9th Cir. 2009); Jones v. Williams, 297
21 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2004). “A supervisor may be liable only if (1) he or she is personally
22 involved in the deprivation, or (2) there is a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s
23 wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation.” Crowley v. Bannister, 734 F.3d 967, 977 (9th
24 Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted); Lemire v. California Dept. of Corr.
25 and Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074-75 (9th Cir. 2013). “Under the latter theory, supervisory
26 liability exists even without overt personal participation in the offensive act if supervisory
27 officials implemented a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional
28 ////
1 rights and is the moving force of a constitutional violation.” Crowley, 734 F.3d at 977 (citing
2 Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
3 When a named defendant holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between the
4 defendant and the claimed constitutional violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v.
5 Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir.
6 1978), cert. denied, 442 U.S. 941 (1979). Plaintiff must allege some facts indicating that the
7 defendant either: personally participated in the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights; knew
8 of the violations and failed to act to prevent them; or promulgated or “implemented a policy so
9 deficient that the policy ‘itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights’ and is ‘the moving force of
10 the constitutional violation.’” Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989) (internal
11 citations omitted); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989).
12 The allegations in the complaint fail to state a cognizable claim against warden Covello.
13 As plaintiff was previously advised, in order to state a claim against supervisory defendants, the
14 complaint must state facts showing that the defendant personally participated in the alleged
15 deprivation of constitutional rights; knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them; or
16 promulgated or “implemented a policy so deficient that the policy ‘itself is a repudiation of
17 constitutional rights’ and is ‘the moving force of the constitutional violation.’” Hansen v. Black,
18 885 F.2d at 646. Although federal pleading standards are broad, some facts must be alleged to
19 support claims under § 1983. See Leatherman v. Tarrant County Narcotics Unit, 507 U.S. 163,
20 168 (1993).
21 Plaintiff has alleged Covello was responsible because he failed to train Ables, and was
22 responsible for the policy, but has not identified any specific policy that led to the violation of his
23 rights. (Id. at 4.) “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
24 conclusory statements” are insufficient to state a claim. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
25 (2009). Additionally, he has stated there have been other similar incidents at MCSP. Plaintiff has
26 indicated one incident occurred on the yard and involved officers in the tower and stated he
27 observed another in the kitchen sometime prior to the COVID-19 epidemic. (Id.) These
28 ////
1 seemingly isolated incidents fail to show that some underlying policy caused the alleged rights
2 violation.
3 Additionally, plaintiff’s allegation that Covello failed to investigate Ables is insufficient
4 to state a claim. See Gomez v. Whitney, 757 F.2d 1005, 1006 (9th Cir. 1985) (per curiam) “[W]e
5 can find no instance where the courts have recognized inadequate investigation as sufficient to
6 state a civil rights claim unless there was another recognized constitutional right involved.”);
7 Page v. Stanley, No. CV 11-2255 CAS (SS), 2013 WL 2456798, at *8-9 (C.D. Cal. June 5, 2013)
8 (dismissing § 1983 claim alleging officers failed to investigate plaintiff’s claims because plaintiff
9 “had no constitutional right to any investigation of his citizen’s complaint, much less a ‘thorough’
10 investigation or a particular outcome”).
11 D. Failure to Train
12 A failure to train theory can be the basis for a supervisor’s liability in a § 1983 action in
13 only limited circumstances, such as where the failure amounts to deliberate indifference. See
14 City of Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 387-90 (1989). In order to impose liability for failure to
15 train, a plaintiff must state facts showing that “in light of the duties assigned to specific officers or
16 employees, the need for more or different training is obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to
17 result in violations of constitutional rights, that the policy-makers . . . can reasonably have been
18 said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.” Clement v. Gomez, 298 F.3d 898, 905
19 (9th Cir. 2002).
20 Plaintiff has alleged that warden Covello failed to properly train officer Ables. (ECF No.
21 12 at 4.) This conclusory statement is not sufficient to state a potentially cognizable claim. In
22 any amended complaint, plaintiff should include additional allegations explaining the specific
23 training inadequacy that caused him to be harmed.
24 AMENDING THE COMPLAINT
25 As set forth above, the complaint contains a potentially cognizable claim against officer
26 Ables but does not contain any additional claims. Accordingly, plaintiff may, but is not required
27 to, file an amended complaint. Plaintiff is advised that in an amended complaint he must clearly
28 identify each defendant and the action that defendant took that violated his constitutional rights.
1 The court is not required to review exhibits to determine what plaintiff’s charging allegations are
2 as to each named defendant. The charging allegations must be set forth in the amended
3 complaint, so defendants have fair notice of the claims plaintiff is presenting. That said, plaintiff
4 need not provide every detailed fact in support of his claims. Rather, plaintiff should provide a
5 short, plain statement of each claim. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).
6 Any amended complaint must show the federal court has jurisdiction, the action is brought
7 in the right place, and plaintiff is entitled to relief if plaintiff’s allegations are true. It must
8 contain a request for particular relief. Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who
9 personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right.
10 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation
11 of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act
12 he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation).
13 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed.
14 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed.
15 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or
16 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b).
17 The federal rules contemplate brevity. See Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d
18 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any
19 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”); Fed. R. Civ. P.
20 84; cf. Rule 9(b) (setting forth rare exceptions to simplified pleading). Plaintiff’s claims must be
21 set forth in short and plain terms, simply, concisely and directly. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema
22 N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002) (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system,
23 which was adopted to focus litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.
24 An amended complaint must be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading.
25 E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, all prior pleadings are superseded.
26 Any amended complaint should contain all of the allegations related to his claim in this action. If
27 plaintiff wishes to pursue his claims against the defendant, they must be set forth in the amended
28 complaint.
] By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies he has made reasonable inquiry and
2 || has evidentiary support for his allegations, and for violation of this rule the court may impose
3 || sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.
4 CONCLUSION
5 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
6 1. Plaintiffs amended complaint (ECF No. 12) states potentially cognizable excessive
7 || force claim against defendant Ables as set forth in Section III above. The complaint does not
8 | contain any additional cognizable claims. Accordingly, plaintiff will have the option to proceed
9 || with the complaint as screened or amend the complaint.
10 2. Within thirty (30) days from the date of this order, plaintiff shall fill out and return the
11 || attached form indicating how he would like to proceed in this action.
12 3. Failure to comply with this order will result in a recommendation that this action be
13 || dismissed.
14 || Dated: November 3, 2023
15

M BORAH BARNES
18 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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20 || DB:12
DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/S/hami0050.scrn2
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 DAVID HAMILTON, No. 2:23-cv-0050 DB P
11 Plaintiff,
12 v. NOTICE OF ELECTION
13 L. ABLES et al.,
14 Defendants.
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Check one:
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_____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on his excessive force claim against defendant
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Ables. Plaintiff understands that by going forward without amending the complaint he is
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voluntarily dismissing all other claims.
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_____ Plaintiff wants to amend the complaint.
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DATED:_______________________
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David Hamilton
Plaintiff pro se
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10056915. Public record. Not legal advice.