# (PC) Michoff v. El Dorado County

> District Court, E.D. California · February 16, 2022

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10042688

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. California
- **Decided:** February 16, 2022
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

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## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- concluding that officer's use of a police dog to bite and hold 22 suspect until deputies arrived on the scene less than a minute later was a reasonable seizure that 23 did not violate the suspect's Fourth Amendment rights
- discussing the potential 6 for a police ambush where suspect fled to the woods

## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 STEVEN DAVID MICHOFF, No. 2:17-cv-02584-MCE-CKD P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
14 EL DORADO COUNTY, et al.,
15 Defendants.
16
17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding pro se in this civil rights action filed pursuant to 42
18 U.S.C. § 1983. This action is proceeding on the first amended complaint filed September 27,
19 2018 alleging that defendants Coburn, Cooney, and Morton violated plaintiff’s Fourth
20 Amendment rights by using excessive force during his arrest on two separate occasions or by
21 failing to protect him from the use of said force.1 See ECF No. 15 (screening order). Defendants
22 seek summary judgment on the grounds that the claims are barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512
23 U.S. 444 (1994), the use of force was objectively reasonable, and defendants are entitled to
24 qualified immunity. ECF No. 35. The motion has been fully briefed by the parties. See ECF
25 Nos. 40-42. For the reasons discussed below, the undersigned recommends that defendants’
26 motion for summary judgment be granted.
27

28 1 Plaintiff continues to refer to defendant Coburn as “Colburn” in his pleadings.
1 I. Legal Standards
2 A. Summary Judgment Standards Under Rule 56
3 Summary judgment is appropriate when it is demonstrated that there “is no genuine
4 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.
5 Civ. P. 56(a). A party asserting that a fact cannot be disputed must support the assertion by
6 “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents,
7 electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for
8 purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials....” Fed. R.
9 Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A).
10 Summary judgment should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion,
11 against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element
12 essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See
13 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an
14 essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.”
15 Id.
16 If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing
17 party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See Matsushita
18 Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to establish the
19 existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the allegations or denials
20 of their pleadings but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the form of affidavits,
21 and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute exists or show
22 that the materials cited by the movant do not establish the absence of a genuine dispute. See Fed.
23 R. Civ. P. 56(c); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The opposing party must demonstrate that the
24 fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the
25 governing law, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv.,
26 Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987), and that the dispute is
27 genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
28 party. See Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987).
1 In the endeavor to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not
2 establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that “the claimed factual
3 dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties' differing versions of the truth at
4 trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. Thus, the “purpose of summary judgment is to ‘pierce
5 the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’”
6 Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) advisory committee's note on 1963
7 amendments).
8 In resolving the summary judgment motion, the evidence of the opposing party is to be
9 believed. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. All reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the
10 facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. See Matsushita, 475
11 U.S. at 587. Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party's
12 obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Richards
13 v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898, 902
14 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, to demonstrate a genuine issue, the opposing party “must do more than
15 simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.... Where the record
16 taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no
17 ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation omitted).
18 B. Legal Standards Governing the Use of Force
19 An excessive force claim in the course of a police officer's seizure of an arrestee is
20 analyzed under the Fourth Amendment's “objective reasonableness” standard. Graham v.
21 Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 388 (1989). Objective reasonableness is determined “in light of the facts
22 and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.” Id.
23 at 397. “The “reasonableness” of a particular use of force must be judged from the perspective of
24 a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight. Id. at 396.
25 The reasonableness of a seizure is determined by balancing the “nature and quality of the
26 intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the importance of the
27 governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion.” United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696, 703
28 (1983). In determining whether the manner of a seizure is objectively reasonable, courts
1 consider: “(1) ‘the severity of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment rights by
2 evaluating the type and amount of force inflicted,’ (2) ‘the government's interest in the use of
3 force,’ and (3) the balance between ‘the gravity of the intrusion on the individual’ and ‘the
4 government's need for that intrusion.’” Lowry v. City of San Diego, 858 F.3d 1248, 1256 (9th
5 Cir. 2017) (en banc) (quoting Glenn v. Washington Cnty., 673 F.3d 864, 871 (9th Cir. 2011)).
6 The government's interest in the force used is determined by assessing (1) the severity of the
7 crime at issue, (2) whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or
8 others, and (3) whether the suspect actively resisted arrest or attempted to escape. Glenn, 673
9 F.3d at 871 (citing Graham, 490 U.S. at 396). Moreover, “[t]he calculus of reasonableness must
10 embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second
11 judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount
12 of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396–97.
13 II. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment
14 In their motion, defendants first contend that plaintiff’s claims related to his February 27,
15 2017 arrest are barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 444 (1994), because they would imply that
16 plaintiff’s conviction for obstructing a peace officer on that day in violation of California Penal
17 Code § 148(a)(1) was invalid. ECF No. 35 at 13-15. Plaintiff has not alleged, much less
18 demonstrated, that this “conviction has been reversed on appeal, expunged by executive order, or
19 declared invalid by a state tribunal.” ECF No. 35 at 14. Defendant Coburn argues that the
20 “[c]ourt cannot find in Michoff’s favor as to his [excessive force] claim because doing so would
21 require a finding that [defendant] Coburn was not discharging his duty at the time of Michoff’s
22 arrest, which is contrary to Michoff’s conviction.” Id. Because the excessive force claim against
23 defendant Coburn is barred by Heck, the claims against defendants Cooney and Morton for
24 failing to prevent the use of excessive force against plaintiff on that date also fail. ECF No. 35 at
25 14-15.
26 With respect to both dates of arrest, defendant Coburn asserts that he is entitled to
27 qualified immunity because his conduct did not amount to a Fourth Amendment violation and no
28 reasonable officer in his position would have understood his actions as violative of the Fourth
1 Amendment. ECF No. 35 at 15-22.
2 Defendants Morton and Cooney further contend that because the underlying excessive
3 force claims fail, the claims against them for failing to prevent the use of excessive force also fail.
4 ECF No. 35 at 22-24. In addition, defendants Cooney and Morton were not present at the time
5 that plaintiff was bitten by the K9 during either arrest, so they are entitled to judgment as a matter
6 of law. ECF No. 35 at 22. Plaintiff “has no evidence to support his allegation that… Cooney and
7 Morton stood nearby and failed to intervene when he was apprehended” by the dog. ECF No. 35
8 at 22. Lastly, defendant Morton argues that he is also entitled to qualified immunity for his
9 actions on both dates of arrest because the use of force against plaintiff by defendant Coburn was
10 reasonable and there is no clearly established case law demonstrating that he had a realistic
11 opportunity to intercede and failed to do so. ECF No. 35 at 23.
12 Plaintiff filed an opposition to defendants’ summary judgment motion asserting that he
13 was not wanted for, or charged with possessing, any weapons on either arrest date. ECF No. 40
14 at 2. His criminal history “consists of property crimes and other misdemeanors.” ECF No. 40 at
15 12. For these reasons, plaintiff contends that the government had no significant interest in
16 apprehending him on either occasion. ECF No. 40 at 15. While plaintiff admits to hiding from
17 the arresting officers on the first occasion, he argues that he was coming “out of his house to greet
18 the deputies” on the second occasion. ECF No. 40 at 2, 15. Plaintiff names two witnesses to his
19 arrests, but he does not provide any affidavit or declaration from either one. ECF No. 40 at 4.
20 Plaintiff further disputes the defendants’ assertion that they are entitled to qualified immunity. Id.
21 With respect to the Heck bar argument, plaintiff asserts that he “is in no way attempting to
22 challenge his criminal conviction….” ECF No. 40 at 14. In compliance with the Local Rules,
23 plaintiff also filed a separate statement of disputed facts which are under penalty of perjury.2
24 ECF No. 41; see Local Rule 260(b).
25 By way of reply, defendants point out that plaintiff only addresses 9 out of their 81
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27 2 Plaintiff labeled this pleading as a “Reply to Defendants[‘] Statement of Undisputed Material
Facts.” Because plaintiff is proceeding pro se and is entitled to have his pleadings liberally
28 construed, the court disregards the label and focuses on the substance of the pleading itself.
1 undisputed facts. ECF No. 42 at 2. With respect to the 9 disputed facts, plaintiff’s opposition
2 “mainly consist[s] of non-responsive information that effectively serves as legal argument.” ECF
3 No. 42 at 2. Additionally, defendants emphasize that plaintiff offers no evidence or case law
4 opposing the application of Heck to the claims stemming from his first arrest. Id. Lastly,
5 defendants argue that plaintiff used the wrong legal standard in evaluating the use of force claims.
6 ECF No. 42 at 4-5.
7 III. Allegations in Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint
8 In his verified amended complaint, plaintiff alleged that defendant Coburn ordered his
9 police dog to attack him on two separate occasions after plaintiff had already submitted to being
10 arrested by lying on the ground with his hands and arms extended. ECF No. 14 at 3. The first
11 incident occurred on February 27, 2017 after the police arrived at 4721 Highway 1983 in
12 Greenwood, California to “execute a search warrant for stolen property.” ECF No. 14 at 3.
13 Plaintiff specifically alleged that on that date, the police dog repeatedly bit his leg “for nine
14 minute[s]” causing “immediate pain, bleeding[,] swelling, [a] laceration[,] soreness, and
15 irreparable damage.” Id.
16 Plaintiff asserted that on May 21, 2017, defendants returned to this same property and
17 ordered him out of the home. Id. After he complied and proned out on the ground, defendant
18 Coburn ordered his police dog to attack plaintiff. Id. Plaintiff was repeatedly bitten in his arms
19 and legs “for several minutes.” Id. When plaintiff yelled for help and for medical care for the
20 dog bites, defendant Coburn allowed the police dog to bite plaintiff “several more times.” Id.
21 On both these occasions, defendants Morton and Cooney failed to protect plaintiff from
22 the repeated use of the police dog. ECF No. 14 at 5.
23 IV. Undisputed Material Facts3
24 A. Plaintiff’s First Arrest on February 27, 2017
25 On February 27, 2017, plaintiff had an outstanding felony warrant for burglary.
26 Defendants’ Statement of Undisputed Facts (hereinafter “DSUF”) at No. 1. During an El Dorado
27

28 3 All facts are undisputed unless otherwise indicated.
1 County Sheriff’s Office briefing, defendants Cooney and Morton received information about the
2 outstanding warrant, details of the underlying crime, including that plaintiff might be in
3 possession of firearms taken during this burglary, and that plaintiff might be staying at his
4 mother’s residence. DSUF at No. 2. According to plaintiff, he was wanted for possession of
5 stolen property. ECF No. 41 at 2.
6 Defendants Cooney and Morton went to plaintiff’s mother’s house in Greenwood,
7 California. DSUF at No. 3. Plaintiff drove by his mother’s house in a stolen pick-up truck and
8 noticed several law enforcement officers standing in the driveway. DSUF at No. 4. Defendant
9 Cooney noticed the truck and suspected that plaintiff was the driver based on the physical
10 description of plaintiff that he had received during the briefing. DSUF at No. 5.
11 Defendant Cooney got in his patrol car, pulled in behind plaintiff, and activated his
12 forward-facing red emergency lights in order to conduct a traffic stop. DSUF at Nos. 7, 9. When
13 plaintiff did not pull over, defendant Cooney also turned on his emergency siren. DSUF at No. 9.
14 At this point, defendant Cooney notified dispatch that he was pursuing a vehicle that he believed
15 was driven by plaintiff, based on its proximity to the mother’s residence as well as the physical
16 characteristics of the driver. DSUF at No. 10. After one-half mile, the truck slowed as it
17 approached a turnoff, and the driver opened the door and began to exit. DSUF at No. 11.
18 Defendant Cooney was able to get a clear view of the driver and confirm that it was, in fact,
19 plaintiff. DSUF at No. 11. The door to the truck closed and plaintiff continued driving,
20 eventually passing a house and turning down an unmarked dirt road where he jumped out near a
21 trailer and storage container. DSUF at No. 12.
22 Plaintiff ran east toward a largely vegetative area full of trees, brush, and a creek. DSUF
23 at No. 13. Defendant Cooney stopped his patrol car and yelled, “Sheriff’s Office, stop,” but
24 plaintiff continued to run down a hill and out of sight. DSUF at No. 14. According to defendant
25 Cooney, plaintiff had a piece of paper folded in his left hand while running which defendant
26 Cooney believed might have been obscuring a handgun. DSUF at No. 15. Plaintiff disputes this
27 and indicates that he was holding mail in his hand while running and that he was not arrested
28 with, much less charged for, possessing any weapons on that day. ECF No. 41 at 2; Plaintiff’s
1 Deposition at 55:9-10. At this point, defendants Cooney and Morton set up a perimeter around
2 the area. DSUF at No. 16.
3 Central dispatch contacted defendant Coburn, a trained K9 handler, to assist in the
4 apprehension of plaintiff. DSUF at Nos. 17-18. Defendant Coburn was familiar with plaintiff
5 based on several prior contacts with him. DSUF at No. 19. Defendant Coburn knew that plaintiff
6 had an extensive criminal history including multiple felony convictions and was wanted on
7 suspicion of stealing firearms from a residence. DSUF at Nos. 19-20. Based on viewing the
8 Automated Court Information System (“ACIS”), defendant Coburn was also aware that plaintiff
9 was listed as a hazard to officers. DSUF at No. 20.
10 Defendant Coburn responded to defendant Cooney’s location with his K9 partner, Eros, to
11 assist with the search. DSUF at No. 21. Defendant Cooney told him that he had attempted a
12 traffic stop, but plaintiff refused to stop and eventually fled on foot during which time he saw
13 plaintiff holding what Cooney thought may be a handgun. DSUF at Nos. 22-23. Defendant
14 Coburn then gave Eros the command to track plaintiff. DSUF at No. 26.
15 Defendant Coburn and his K9 tracked plaintiff for approximately one mile at which time
16 Coburn was told that they were only 1/10 of a mile away from plaintiff’s mother’s residence at
17 4721 Highway 193. DSUF at Nos. 27-28. As they continued to search, defendant Coburn
18 noticed that Eros had caught plaintiff’s scent, based upon his experience in working with this K9
19 for approximately 5 years. DSUF at No. 29. While keeping Eros on his leash, defendant Coburn
20 yelled approximately 5 times: “Sheriff’s Department Canine Unit. Surrender now or I will
21 search with my dog. He will find you and he will bite you.” DSUF at Nos. 30-31, 34-35.
22 Plaintiff admitted hearing at least two of these announcements, but he did not respond because he
23 knew that he would be arrested if he did. DSUF at Nos. 32, 36.
24 Eros tracked plaintiff to the edge of an embankment. DSUF at No. 33. Defendant Coburn
25 then unleashed Eros who ran down the embankment to the base of a large tree that was
26 approximately 15 feet away. DSUF at No. 37. After that, defendant Coburn heard a male voice
27 yelling which he ran towards and saw Eros biting down on plaintiff’s right hip area. DSUF at
28 Nos. 38-39. Defendant Coburn pointed his service weapon at plaintiff and ordered him to show
1 his hands. DSUF at No. 40. In response, plaintiff raised his right hand, but kept his left hand
2 near his waistband. DSUF at No. 41. Defendant Coburn continued to approach plaintiff while
3 ordering him to raise both hands where he could see them. DSUF at No. 42. Approximately 20
4 seconds later when plaintiff complied, defendant Coburn gave Eros the command to release
5 plaintiff. DSUF at No. 43. Eros immediately released his hold. DSUF at No. 44.
6 Plaintiff was placed in handcuffs by defendant Morton and later transported to Marshall
7 Medical Center by defendant Cooney. DSUF at Nos. 45. Plaintiff received stitches and was
8 cleared for incarceration on the same day. DSUF at No. 47. After being released from custody,
9 plaintiff pulled out the stitches himself several days later. DSUF at No. 50.
10 B. Plaintiff’s Second Arrest on May 21, 2017
11 On May 21, 2017, defendants Coburn and Morton returned to plaintiff’s mother’s house to
12 attempt to locate him and arrest him on an outstanding felony warrant. DSUF at No. 51.
13 Defendant Coburn had been told that plaintiff might be in possession of a stolen firearm on this
14 occasion. DSUF at No. 52. Defendant Cooney was not present or otherwise involved. DSUF at
15 No. 53.
16 Defendant Morton knocked on the front door of the residence and announced that he was
17 with the Sheriff’s Office while defendant Coburn positioned himself behind the house with his
18 K9, Eros. DSUF at No. 54; ECF No. 35-5 at ¶ 8 (Declaration of Alex Morton). While inside the
19 house, plaintiff heard knocking on the front door followed by the announcement, “El Dorado
20 Police. Come Out.” DSUF at No. 56. Plaintiff did not respond to the knocking at the front door,
21 but instead exited through the back door and began to move around the side of the house. DSUF
22 at Nos. 57-58. Plaintiff moved away from the house and towards the foliage that surrounded the
23 house. DSUF at No. 59.
24 The parties dispute the remaining sequence of events. According to defendant Coburn, he
25 identified himself and ordered plaintiff to stop or he would release his dog. ECF No. 35-6 at ¶ 12
26 (Declaration of Sgt. Coburn). Plaintiff turned the corner of the house and disappeared from
27 defendant Coburn’s view. DSUF at No. 60. At that point, defendant Coburn released Eros and
28 gave him the command to apprehend plaintiff. ECF No. 35-6 at ¶¶ 12-13. Defendant Coburn
1 then heard plaintiff yell, and he ran toward the sound. DSUF at No. 62. According to defendant
2 Coburn, Eros was holding plaintiff’s left arm and plaintiff was attempting to push the dog off.
3 ECF No. 35-6 at ¶ 13. Defendant Coburn pointed his weapon at plaintiff and ordered him to
4 show his hands. ECF No. 35-6 at ¶ 13. At that point, plaintiff had not been searched for
5 weapons, so defendant Coburn did not order Eros to release plaintiff until both his hands were
6 visible to ensure that he was not reaching for a weapon. Id. Eros released plaintiff immediately
7 when ordered and had a hold of plaintiff for no more than 35 seconds total, according to
8 defendant Coburn. Id.
9 According to plaintiff, he exited the back door of the house because the front door was
10 inoperable. ECF No. 35-3 at 26-27; ECF No. 41 at 2. After exiting, plaintiff headed back to the
11 front door “to greet the officers” and “[a]t no time… attempt[ed] to flee from the deputies.” ECF
12 No. 41 at 2. Instead, plaintiff contends that he “immediately layed down as ordered.” ECF No.
13 41 at 3.
14 After Eros released plaintiff, defendant Morton placed plaintiff in handcuffs and the
15 deputies called for a medic unit.4 DSUF at No. 68. Plaintiff was transported to Marshall Medical
16 Center where he received stitches on his left forearm. DSUF at No. 71. He was cleared for
17 incarceration that same day and transported to the Placerville Jail. DSUF at No. 72. During his
18 incarceration, plaintiff received physical therapy for his left arm injury. DSUF at Nos. 74-75.
19 According to plaintiff, he has lost the ability to grip objects with his left hand. Michoff Depo.
20 328:5-7.
21 V. Analysis
22 With respect to the argument that the claims related to the February 27, 2017 arrest are
23 barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 444 (1994), the undersigned recommends denying
24 defendants’ summary judgment motion on this ground. First and foremost, the court considers

25 4 While plaintiff was waiting for the medical unit to arrive, he was placed in the back of a patrol
car. The video and audio surveillance from the patrol car were submitted in support of
26
defendants’ motion for summary judgment. See ECF No. 43. However, the relevant audio
27 portion is indecipherable and the parties dispute the content. Because the audio recording
occurred after the events in dispute, the court does not deem it relevant in resolving the pending
28 motion.
1 the binding Ninth Circuit decision that concluded that a § 1983 action for excessive force is not
2 necessarily Heck-barred based on plaintiff’s conviction under California Penal Code
3 § 148(a)(1) for willfully resisting, delaying, or obstructing a peace officer in the performance of
4 his or her duties. Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689 (9th Cir. 2005) (en banc). In Smith, the
5 Ninth Circuit reversed the grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants where the record
6 did not disclose the factual basis for plaintiff’s guilty plea to resisting arrest. This evidence was
7 critical in evaluating the asserted Heck bar because “the excessive force [against plaintiff] may
8 have been employed against him subsequent to the time he engaged in the conduct that
9 constituted the basis for his conviction” for resisting arrest. Smith,
10 In this case, while defendants submitted El Dorado County Superior Court records
11 pertaining to plaintiff’s resisting arrest conviction, these records fail to demonstrate the factual
12 basis supporting this conviction.5 Defendants submitted the police reports relating to the
13 February 27, 2017 incident as the factual basis supporting plaintiff’s no contest plea to resisting
14 arrest. See ECF No. 35-3 at 52-59. However, the amended plea form that plaintiff signed on
15 January 16, 2018 indicated that plaintiff entered a no contest plea to violating Penal Code 148 in
16 Case No. 227.6 See ECF No. 36 at 58. The transcript of the plea colloquy indicates that the
17 “misdemeanor charge of resisting or obstructing” in Case No. 227 occurred on May 21, 2017.
18 See ECF No. 36 at 41. Therefore, there is no evidence disclosing the factual basis for plaintiff’s
19 resisting arrest conviction. Absent such evidence, the court is unable to conclude that any of
20 plaintiff’s claims are barred by Heck. See Smith, 394 F.3d at 697.
21 In light of this conclusion, the court turns to defendants’ additional argument in support of
22 summary judgment that defendant Coburn’s conduct did not amount to the use of excessive force
23 violating the Fourth Amendment during either arrest. On a motion for summary judgment,
24 defendant must provide evidence to show that his decision to use his K-9 partner Eros was

25 5 The court will grant defendants’ request for judicial notice of these court records in accordance
with Rule 201(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See ECF No. 36.
26
6 To make matters even more confusing, the transcript of the plea colloquy predates plaintiff’s
27 signature on the amended plea form. There is no indication in the record as to why plaintiff’s
plea form was amended after it was accepted by the El Dorado County Superior Court on
28 November 27, 2017. See ECF No. 36 at 60.
1 objectively reasonable given the facts he knew at the time. The court will analyze the Graham
2 factors regarding each arrest separately. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386 (1989).
3 A. February 27, 2017 Arrest
4 1. Type and Amount of Force Used
5 Applying the Graham factors, this court first considers the nature and quality of the force
6 used against plaintiff. In this case, the undisputed material facts demonstrate that plaintiff was
7 bitten on his right hip by a police K9 and held until defendant Coburn could travel a distance of
8 15 feet in order to see both of plaintiff’s hands. Ultimately, plaintiff required stitches for his
9 injuries, but no hospitalization or ongoing medical care. This type and amount of force is far less
10 than that described in Miller v. Clark County, 340 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2003), which resulted in an
11 injury that went as deep as the bone requiring orthopedic surgery followed by several days of
12 hospitalization. Id. at 961. Based on the undisputed evidence, the court finds that the type and
13 amount of force used did not result in a particularly grave intrusion on plaintiff’s Fourth
14 Amendment rights. Compare Miller, 340 F.3d at 964 (concluding that “the intrusion on Miller’s
15 Fourth Amendment interests was a serious one.”).
16 2. Government’s Interest in the Use of Force
17 Next, this court considers the governmental interests at stake, mindful of the three factors
18 identified by the Supreme Court in Graham. First, this court considers the severity of plaintiff's
19 crimes. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. Plaintiff had an outstanding felony arrest warrant, although the
20 parties dispute the underlying felony. The government has a legitimate interest in apprehending
21 criminal suspects, which is even stronger when the crime at issue is a felony. See United States v.
22 Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 229 (1985) (referring to “the strong government interest in solving crimes
23 and bringing offenders to justice”). Thus, this factor strongly favors the government.
24 Second, this court considers whether plaintiff posed an immediate threat to the safety of
25 the officers or others, which the Ninth Circuit recognizes as the most important of the three
26 Graham factors. See Mattos, 661 F.3d at 441. Here, the only relevant disputed fact is whether
27 plaintiff had a weapon on him at the time that he fled on foot from defendant Cooney and actively
28 hid from defendant Coburn. However, the court finds that the absence of a weapon does not tilt
1 this factor in plaintiff’s favor. Setting aside defendant Cooney’s subjective hunch that plaintiff
2 may have had a handgun, defendant Coburn had viewed information identifying plaintiff as a
3 hazard to officers. Plaintiff does not dispute that fact. This evidence in combination with
4 plaintiff’s outstanding felony warrant and the wooded terrain where plaintiff was hiding suggests
5 that officer safety was at risk in this case. See Miller, 340 F.3d at 965 (discussing the potential
6 for a police ambush where suspect fled to the woods). As a result, this factor tilts in favor of
7 defendants, although it is not dispositive.
8 Third, this court considers whether plaintiff was actively resisting arrest or attempting to
9 evade arrest by flight. Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. In this case, the undisputed material facts
10 indicate that plaintiff first fled from police in a stolen vehicle, then he evaded arrest on foot, and
11 actively hid in a wooded area near his mother’s home. Thus, this factor tips heavily in favor of
12 defendants.
13 Thus, the court finds that all three of the Graham factors concerning the government’s
14 interest in the use of force weigh in favor of defendants.
15 3. Balance Between the Gravity of the Intrusion and the Need for the Intrusion
16 The court must now consider whether the force that was applied was reasonably necessary
17 under the circumstances after balancing the gravity and the need for the intrusion on plaintiff’s
18 Fourth Amendment rights. Graham, 490 U.S. at 397. Even when viewed in the light most
19 favorable to plaintiff, all of the factors suggest that the use of the K9 to bite and hold plaintiff was
20 objectively reasonable and plaintiff's Fourth Amendment rights were not violated by defendant
21 Coburn. See Miller, 340 F.3d at 968 (concluding that officer's use of a police dog to bite and hold
22 suspect until deputies arrived on the scene less than a minute later was a reasonable seizure that
23 did not violate the suspect's Fourth Amendment rights); Mendoza, 27 F.3d at 1362–63 (holding
24 that use of police dog to find and secure suspect, which resulted in two dog bites, was objectively
25 reasonable). Accordingly, the undersigned recommends granting defendant Coburn’s motion for
26 summary judgment with respect to the February 27, 2017 use of force.
27 /////
28 /////
1 B. May 21, 2017 Arrest
2 1. Type and Amount of Force Used
3 During the course of plaintiff’s second arrest, the undisputed material facts demonstrate
4 that all of the force applied by the K9 lasted for no more than 35 seconds. Plaintiff merely
5 disputes whether he was running away from defendant Coburn or whether he was attempting “to
6 greet” defendant Morton at the front of the house when this happened. On this occasion,
7 plaintiff’s injuries were more severe and required not only stitches but ongoing physical therapy.
8 However, even on this occasion, the type and amount of force is still far less than that described
9 in Miller v. Clark County, 340 F.3d 959 (9th Cir. 2003). Id. at 961. Here, based on the
10 undisputed evidence, the court finds that the intrusion on plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment rights
11 was limited considering the nature and quality of force used by defendant Coburn.
12 2. Government’s Interest in the Use of Force
13 The court finds that the majority of the Graham factors concerning the government’s
14 interest in the use of force weigh in favor of defendants. Plaintiff had an outstanding felony
15 warrant and posed an additional risk to officer safety based on defendant Coburn’s prior history
16 and knowledge of him, including the fact that he had been unable to search plaintiff for any
17 weapons at the time that he released his canine. The court emphasizes the fact that the
18 outstanding felony warrant for plaintiff’s arrest on this occasion was obtained less than three
19 months since plaintiff’s last arrest by defendant Coburn. The serial nature of plaintiff’s
20 outstanding felony warrants weighs heavily in favor of defendants. The material facts concerning
21 whether plaintiff was actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight on this
22 occasion is disputed at the point in time in which defendant Coburn released his K9. See
23 Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. Even assuming arguendo that this third factor favors plaintiff, it is still
24 not enough to tip the scale in his favor. After balancing all of the factors concerning the
25 government’s interest in the use of force, the court concludes that this tips slightly in defendants’
26 favor due to the outstanding nature of the felony warrant which they were attempting to serve on
27 plaintiff on May 21, 2017.
28 /////
1 3. Balance Between the Gravity of the Intrusion and the Need for the Intrusion
2 Once again, after reviewing the Graham factors, the court concludes that the undisputed
3 material facts demonstrate that the use of the police dog to apprehend plaintiff was objectively
4 reasonable and that his Fourth Amendment rights were not violated. See Miller, 340 F.3d at 968;
5 Mendoza, 27 F.3d at 1362–63. Therefore, the undersigned recommends granting defendant
6 Coburn’s motion for summary judgment based on the events of May 21, 2017.
7 Based on the court’s findings that neither arrest amounted to the use of excessive force,
8 the court finds it unnecessary to address defendant Coburn’s additional argument that he is
9 entitled to qualified immunity.
10 C. Failure to Protect Claims Against Defendants Morton and Cooney
11 Because the court has found that defendant Coburn’s actions did not amount to a Fourth
12 Amendment violation for either date of arrest, summary judgment is also appropriate on the
13 failure to protect claims against defendants Morton and Cooney. Because no excessive force was
14 used against plaintiff by defendant Coburn, the additional defendants did not, as a matter of law,
15 fail to protect plaintiff from any use of excessive force. Furthermore, it is undisputed that
16 defendant Cooney was not even present during plaintiff’s May 21, 2017 arrest. For all these
17 reasons, defendants Cooney and Morton are entitled to summary judgment with respect to the
18 failure to protect claims against them.
19 VI. Plain Language Summary for Pro Se Party
20 The following information is meant to explain this order in plain English and is not
21 intended as legal advice.
22 The court has reviewed the pending motion for summary judgment as well as the evidence
23 submitted by the parties and has concluded that the facts of your case are not sufficiently in
24 dispute to warrant a trial. You have fourteen days to explain to the court why this is not the
25 correct outcome in your case. If you choose to do this you should label your explanation as
26 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The district court judge
27 assigned to your case will review any objections that are filed and will make a final decision on
28 the motion for summary judgment.
1 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:
2 1. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 35) be granted for the reasons
3 indicated herein; and,
4 2. The Clerk of Court be directed to enter judgment in favor of defendants and close this
5 case.
6 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
7 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days
8 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
9 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned
10 || “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the
11 || objections shall be served and filed within fourteen days after service of the objections. The
12 || parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to
13 || appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
14 | Dated: February 16, 2022 / aa / x ly a
1s CAROLYN K DELANEY
16 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10042688. Public record. Not legal advice.