# Marney Kim Beatty v. Nancy A. Berryhill

> District Court, C.D. California · January 31, 2020

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10036847

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, C.D. California
- **Decided:** January 31, 2020
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

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- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10036847

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- holding that invalid reasons for an ALJ’s credibility assessment 12 are harmless error where the ALJ otherwise relies on valid reasons
- holding that claimant’s 28 janitorial work after her initial alleged onset date, which she amended to a later alleged onset 1 date, to be a valid reason to reject her testimony

## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
MARNEY K. B.,1 ) NO. CV 18-7934-KS
11
Plaintiff, )
12 v. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
)
13 )
ANDREW M. SAUL,2 Commissioner
14 )
of Social Security, )
15 Defendant. )
16 _________________________________ )
17
18 INTRODUCTION
19
20 Marney K. B. (“Plaintiff”) filed a Complaint on September 12, 2018, seeking review of
21 the denial of her application for Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”). (Dkt. No. 1.) The
22 parties have consented, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), to proceed before the undersigned
23 United States Magistrate Judge. (Dkt. Nos. 10, 13.) On July 8, 2019, the parties filed a Joint
24 Stipulation. (Dkt. No. 23 (“Joint Stip.”).) Plaintiff seeks an order reversing the ALJ’s decision
25
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1 Partially redacted in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of
the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States.
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2 The Court notes that Andrew M. Saul is now the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration.
Accordingly, pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court orders that the caption be amended
28
to substitute Andrew M. Saul for Nancy A. Berryhill as the defendant in this action.
1 with an award of disability benefits. (Joint Stip. at 33-34.) The Commissioner requests that
2 the ALJ’s decision be affirmed or, in the alternative, that the matter be remanded for further
3 administrative proceedings. (Id. at 34-35.) The Court has taken the matter under submission
4 without oral argument.
5
6 SUMMARY OF ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS
7
8 On January 31, 2013, Plaintiff filed an application for SSI. (Administrative Record
9 (“AR”) 33, 80, 94.) Plaintiff alleged disability beginning on March 28, 2007 because of foot
10 problems, back problems, and dyslexia. (AR 68, 81.) Later, Plaintiff amended her alleged
11 disability onset date to January 1, 2015. (AR 56.)3 After the Commissioner denied Plaintiff’s
12 application initially (AR 68-79) and on reconsideration (AR 81-93), Plaintiff requested a
13 hearing (AR 113-15). At a hearing held on July 21, 2016, at which Plaintiff appeared with
14 counsel, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) heard testimony from Plaintiff and a vocational
15 expert (“VE”). (AR 52-67.) On August 23, 2016, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision
16 denying Plaintiff’s application for SSI. (AR 33-46.) On October 4, 2017, the Appeals Council
17 denied Plaintiff’s request for review. (AR 9-14.) The Appeals Council also granted Plaintiff
18 two extensions of time, the latest on August 8, 2018, to file this civil action. (AR 1.)
19
20 SUMMARY OF ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION
21
22 Applying the five-step sequential evaluation process, the ALJ made the following
23 findings. The ALJ found at step one that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful
24 activity since her amended alleged disability onset date of January 1, 2015. (AR 35.) At step
25 two, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had the following severe impairments: “lumbar spine
26 sprain/strain with right-sided radiculopathy, status post left ankle surgery, and moderate major
27
3 Plaintiff was 46 years old on her amended alleged disability onset date (AR 45) and thus met the agency’s
28
definition of a younger person. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.963(c).
1 depressive disorder.” (Id.) At step three, the ALJ found that Plaintiff did not have an
2 impairment or combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of any
3 impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. part 404, subpart P, appendix 1 (20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(d),
4 416.925, and 416.926). (AR 36.) The ALJ then determined that Plaintiff had the residual
5 functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform “light work” as follows:
6
7 [She] can stand or walk for four hours out of an eight-hour workday with an
8 assistive device; sit for six hours out of an eight-hour workday; and occasionally
9 climb, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. She should alternate sitting and
10 standing every hour. She can understand and remember tasks, can sustain
11 concentration and persistence, can socially interact with the general public,
12 coworkers, and supervisors, and can adapt to workplace changes frequently
13 enough to perform unskilled low stress jobs that would require simple
14 instructions.
15
16 (AR 38.) At step four, the ALJ found that Plaintiff could not perform her past relevant work
17 as a house cleaner. (AR 44-45.) At step five, the ALJ relied on the VE’s testimony to find
18 that Plaintiff could perform other work in the national economy, in the light occupations of
19 basket filler, merchandise marker, and information clerk. (AR 46.) Accordingly, the ALJ
20 concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act. (Id.)
21
22 STANDARD OF REVIEW
23
24 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), this Court reviews the Commissioner’s decision to determine
25 whether it is free from legal error and supported by substantial evidence in the record as a
26 whole. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007). “Substantial evidence is ‘more than
27 a mere scintilla but less than a preponderance; it is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind
28 might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’” Gutierrez v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 740
1 F.3d 519, 522-23 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). “Even when the evidence is susceptible
2 to more than one rational interpretation, we must uphold the ALJ’s findings if they are
3 supported by inferences reasonably drawn from the record.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104,
4 1111 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted).
5
6 Although this Court cannot substitute its discretion for the Commissioner’s, the Court
7 nonetheless must review the record as a whole, “weighing both the evidence that supports and
8 the evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion.” Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504
9 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). “The ALJ is responsible for determining
10 credibility, resolving conflicts in medical testimony, and for resolving ambiguities.” Andrews
11 v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). The Court will uphold the
12 Commissioner’s decision when the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational
13 interpretation. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
14 However, the Court may review only the reasons stated by the ALJ in his decision “and may
15 not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely.” Orn, 495 F.3d at 630. The Court
16 will not reverse the Commissioner’s decision if it is based on harmless error, which exists if
17 the error is “‘inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination,’ or that, despite the
18 legal error, ‘the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.’” Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806
19 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted).
20
21 DISCUSSION
22
23 The parties raise three issues: (1) whether the ALJ properly evaluated whether Plaintiff
24 met or equaled a Listed Impairment; (2) whether the ALJ properly evaluated Plaintiff’s
25 subjective complaints of pain; and (3) whether the ALJ properly determined Plaintiff’s residual
26 functional capacity and ability to perform other work. (Joint Stip. at 3.)
27 //
28 //
1 I. The ALJ Did Not Err In Assessing The Listed Impairments (Issue One).
2
3 In Issue One, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred in failing to consider whether Plaintiff’s
4 condition met or equaled the requirements of Listing 12.05(C) (Intellectual disability). (Joint
5 Stip. at 3-6. 8-10.)
6
7 A. Legal Standard.
8
9 At step three of the Commissioner’s five-step analysis, an ALJ must determine whether
10 a claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals a listed impairment
11 set out in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. See Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094,
12 1099 (9th Cir. 1999). To “meet” a listed impairment, the claimant must establish that her
13 impairment meets each element of the listed impairment in question. See Sullivan v. Zebley,
14 493 U.S. 521, 530 (1990); Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1099. If a claimant’s conditions do not meet
15 the requirements of a listed impairment, the claimant can show “equivalence” if his
16 impairment or combination of impairments “is at least equal in severity and duration to the
17 criteria of any listed impairment.” See Kennedy v. Colvin, 738 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th Cir. 2013).
18 “The mere diagnosis of an impairment listed in Appendix I is not sufficient to sustain a finding
19 of disability.” Key v. Heckler, 754 F.2d 1545, 1549 (9th Cir. 1985). Rather, a claimant must
20 produce evidence of findings that satisfy each of the requirements of a listed impairment. See
21 id. at 1550.
22
23 “An ALJ must evaluate the relevant evidence before concluding that a claimant’s
24 impairments do not meet or equal a listed impairment. A boilerplate finding is insufficient to
25 support a conclusion that a claimant’s impairment does not do so.” Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d
26 503, 512 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Marcia v. Sullivan, 900 F.2d 172, 176 (9th Cir. 1990) (holding
27 that an ALJ erred by failing to consider evidence of equivalence)). On the other hand, “[i]t is
28 unnecessary to require the [ALJ], as a matter of law, to state why a claimant failed to satisfy
1 every different section of the listing of impairments.” See Gonzalez v. Sullivan, 914 F.2d 1197,
2 1201 (9th Cir. 1990). All that is required is “an adequate statement of the foundations on
3 which the ultimate factual conclusions are based,” which can be satisfied by specific findings
4 that are essential to an ALJ’s conclusions at step three. See id. (citation and internal quotation
5 marks omitted).
6
7 B. Analysis.
8
9 The ALJ did not discuss Listing 12.05 in his decision. At the time of his decision in
10 August 2016, Listing 12.05 referred “to significantly subaverage general intellectual
11 functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested during the developmental
12 period; i.e., the evidence demonstrates or supports onset of the impairment before age 22.” 20
13 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1 § 12.05 (2016). In particular, Listing 12.05(C) required “[a]
14 valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70 and a physical or other mental
15 impairment imposing additional and significant work-related limitation of function.” Id. at
16 § 12.05 (C). Thus, Listing 12.05(C) had three main components: (1) subaverage intellectual
17 functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested before age 22; (2) an IQ
18 score of 60 to 70; and (3) a physical or other mental impairment causing an additional and
19 significant work-related limitation. See Kennedy, 738 F.3d at 1176 (analyzing an earlier but
20 substantively identical version of Listing 12.05(C)).
21
22 Plaintiff contends that she met the requirements of Listing 12.05(C) because she had
23 (1) a full scale IQ score of 60 or 61; and (2) another mental impairment, a learning disability
24 due to dyslexia, imposing additional and significant work-related limitation of function. (Joint
25 Stip. at 4-5.) This showing is insufficient to demonstrate reversible error.
26
27 As an initial matter, Plaintiff has not shown that she satisfies the threshold requirement
28 of Listing 12.05(C), which is subaverage intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive
1 functioning initially manifested before age 22. See Kennedy, 738 F.3d at 1176; McLemore v.
2 Berryhill, 727 F. App’x 435, 437 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding no reversible error in an ALJ’s failure
3 to discuss Listing 12.05(C) where “the record does not indicate that [the claimant] exhibited
4 intellectual disability with an onset date before age 22.”). Although Plaintiff points to evidence
5 that she dropped out of high school in the twelfth grade (Joint Stip. at 4 (citing AR 389, 603)),
6 it would be entirely speculative to attribute this to an intellectual disability before age 22,
7 especially in light of evidence that Plaintiff did not receive special education (AR 603) and
8 went on to attend community college (AR 389).
9
10 Although this deficiency is sufficient to reject Plaintiff’s listing argument, it is meritless
11 in another respect. As to the second requirement of Listing 12.05(C), the full scale IQ scores
12 of 60 and 61, as cited by Plaintiff, were not considered valid. Specifically, the examining
13 psychiatrist who administered the IQ tests stated that “[t]he results obtained do not appear
14 valid” (AR 392) and that “the results obtained do not appear valid and may underestimate her
15 true abilities” (AR 606). See McLemore, 727 F. App’x at 437 (finding no reversible error in
16 an ALJ’s failure to discuss Listing 12.05(C) because “[a]lthough Dr. Dean assessed a full-
17 scale IQ of 63, Dr. Dean’s own report cast doubt on the validity of the IQ score.”); Oviatt v.
18 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 303 F. App’x 519, 523 (9th Cir. 2008) (finding that requirements
19 of Listing 12.05(C) were not met because “the IQ results [the claimant] provided were
20 questionable”); Pearsall v. Astrue, 243 F. App’x 296, 298 (9th Cir. 2007) (same because “the
21 testing physician questioned the validity of the score and none of the medical opinions
22 diagnosed mental retardation”). While Plaintiff contends that the ALJ should have asked the
23 examining psychiatrist to explain why the scores were invalid (Joint Stip. at 5), such an action
24 would have been unnecessary because Plaintiff’s argument already fails on the independent
25 ground that she has not offered any evidence of an onset date before age 22. As discussed
26 above, Plaintiff has not offered any evidence suggesting an intellectual disability before the
27 age of 22. Given that Plaintiff was at least 44 years old when she took the IQ tests, her scores,
28 even assuming they were valid, would have been insufficient to meet the requirements of the
1 listing. See Oviatt, 303 F. App’x at 523 (rejecting argument under Listing 12.05(C) where
2 “the IQ tests were administered twelve to fourteen years after the relevant time period under
3 the statute”).
4
5 Finally, although Plaintiff also appears to contend that she “equaled” the requirements
6 of Listing 12.05(C), she has not explained how she has done so. (Joint Stip. at 4.) Thus,
7 reversal is not warranted for this contention. See Burch, 400 F.3d at 683 (holding that an
8 ALJ’s failure to consider equivalence is not reversible error where the claimant “did not offer
9 any theory, plausible or otherwise, as to how his impairments combined to equal a listing
10 impairment”) (citing Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 514 (9th Cir. 2001)).
11
12 II. The ALJ Did Not Reversibly Err In Assessing Plaintiff’s Subjective Complaints
13 Of Pain (Issue Two).
14
15 In Issue Two, Plaintiff contends that the ALJ did not properly assess her subjective
16 complaints of pain. (Joint Stip. at 10-13, 17-19.)
17
18 A. Legal Standard.
19
20 An ALJ must make two findings in assessing a claimant’s subjective pain or symptom
21 allegations. Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 16-3P, 2017 WL 5180304, at *3 (Oct. 25, 2017);
22 Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014). “First, the ALJ
23 must determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an
24 underlying impairment which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other
25 symptoms alleged.” Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1102 (citation omitted). “Second, if the claimant
26 has produced that evidence, and the ALJ has not determined that the claimant is malingering,
27 the ALJ must provide specific, clear and convincing reasons for rejecting the claimant’s
28 testimony regarding the severity of the claimant’s symptoms” and those reasons must be
1 supported by substantial evidence in the record. Id.;see also Marsh v. Colvin, 792 F.3d 1170,
2 1174 n.2 (9th Cir. 2015). “A finding that a claimant’s testimony is not credible ‘must be
3 sufficiently specific to allow a reviewing court to conclude the adjudicator rejected the
4 claimant’s testimony on permissible grounds and did not arbitrarily discredit a claimant’s
5 testimony regarding pain.’” Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d 487, 493 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting
6 Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 345-46 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc)).
7
8 Beginning on March 28, 2016, SSR 16-3P rescinded and superseded the
9 Commissioner’s prior rulings as to how the Commissioner will evaluate a claimant’s
10 statements regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of symptoms in disability
11 claims. See SSR 16-3P, 2017 WL 5180304, at *1. Because the ALJ’s decision in this case
12 was issued on August 23, 2016, it is governed by SSR 16-3P. See id. at *13 & n.27. In
13 pertinent part, SSR 16-3P eliminated the use of the term “credibility” and clarified that the
14 Commissioner’s subjective symptom evaluation “is not an examination of an individual’s
15 character.” SSR 16-3P, 2017 WL 5180304, at *2; see also Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664,
16 678 n.5 (9th Cir. 2017). These changes are largely stylistic and are consistent in substance
17 with Ninth Circuit precedent that existed before the effective date of SSR 16-3P. See Trevizo,
18 871 F.3d at 678 n.5.
19
20 B. Background.
21
22 At the hearing, Plaintiff testified as follows about her impairments and symptoms:
23
24 She last worked in 2014, when she cleaned houses with the help of her children. (AR
25 55.) She has pain in her neck and back, as well as tendonitis in her hands. (AR 57.) These
26 symptoms prevent her from sitting or standing, and the pain lasts for the whole day. (Id.) She
27 can perform some household chores with the help of her children and with rest. (AR 57, 62.)
28 She can wash dishes and shop at the grocery store. (AR 62.) She can stand for 30 minutes at
1 a time, sit for 25 to 30 minutes at a time, and walk for 50 minutes at a time. (AR 57.) She
2 cannot lift a gallon of milk. (AR 62.) Her feet swell every day because of a pinched nerve.
3 (AR 58.) She needs to sit down with her feet elevated for at least one hour per day. (Id.) Her
4 pain improves with ibuprofen, prescription medications, and baths. (Id.) When she wakes up
5 in the morning, she feels like she is going to fall of the bed. (AR 59.) Using a cane helps.
6 (Id.) She spends the day at home watching television or reading. (AR 63.) She has bipolar
7 disorder. (AR 59.) She feels fine around other people but not her children. (Id.) She also has
8 depression. (AR 60.) She does not like to take orders from others and cannot concentrate.
9 (Id.)
10
11 In addition to testifying at the hearing, Plaintiff completed a written Function Report,
12 describing her abilities and activities as follows. (AR 238-46.) She takes her children to two
13 different schools, tries to clean the house, cooks sometimes, and washes clothing. (AR 239.)
14 Her children take care of their dog. (Id.) She bathes and cares for herself, with some difficulty,
15 and her children sometimes help her put on socks. (Id.) She prepares meals with the help of
16 her daughter. (AR 240.) She can drive and go out alone. (AR 241.) She shops for groceries
17 and second-hand clothing. (Id.) She is able to handle money. (Id.)
18
19 C. Analysis.
20
21 The ALJ initially found that Plaintiff’s medically determinable impairments could
22 reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms. (AR 40.) The ALJ next found that
23 Plaintiff’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of these
24 symptoms were not entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the
25 record. (Id.) As support, the ALJ stated six reasons. (AR 40-41.)
26
27 First, the ALJ found that Plaintiff “has described daily activities that are not consistent
28 with the complaints of disabling symptoms and limitations” and also were “the same as those
1 necessary for obtaining and maintaining employment.” (AR 40.) The ALJ cited evidence that
2 Plaintiff can drive, shop for groceries, wash dishes, take her children to school, take care of
3 her three children, prepare simple meals with the help of her children, handle money, care for
4 her personal needs or grooming, and go out alone. (AR 40.) As to the ALJ’s first rationale, it
5 was reasonable to conclude that these activities were inconsistent with Plaintiff’s testimony
6 that she has pain all day that limits her ability to sit, stand, walk, or concentrate. See Curry v.
7 Sullivan, 925 F.2d 1127, 1130 (9th Cir. 1990) (finding an ALJ justified in rejecting a
8 claimant’s testimony as inconsistent with evidence that “she was able to take care of her
9 personal needs, prepare easy meals, do light housework, and shop for some groceries”); see
10 also Molina, 674 F.3d at 1113 (“Even where those activities suggest some difficulty
11 functioning, they may be grounds for discrediting the claimant’s testimony to the extent that
12 they contradict claims of a totally debilitating impairment.”). As to the ALJ’s second rationale,
13 it also was reasonable to conclude that these activities, albeit limited by pain, were transferable
14 to a work setting. See Burch, 400 F.3d at 680-81 (finding an ALJ justified in inferring that a
15 claimant’s daily activities involved “skills that could be transferred to the workplace” when
16 the claimant was “able to care for her own personal needs, cook, clean and shop” and
17 “interact[] with her nephew and her boyfriend”).
18
19 Second, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had “made inconsistent statements regarding
20 matters relevant to the issue of disability.” (AR 40.) Specifically, the ALJ found that
21 Plaintiff’s Function Report, written in February 2014 (AR 246), was inconsistent with
22 evidence that she performed substantial gainful activity as a house cleaner in 2013 and 2014
23 (AR 55, 215-16). As a result, Plaintiff amended her alleged disability onset date to January 1,
24 2015. (AR 56.) The ALJ reasonably rejected Plaintiff’s subjective complaints because of the
25 inconsistency. See Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1227 (9th Cir. 2009)
26 (holding that claimant’s recent work as a personal caregiver belied her claim of a debilitating
27 illness); Denham v. Astrue, 49 F. App’x 813, 815 (9th Cir. 2012) (holding that claimant’s
28 janitorial work after her initial alleged onset date, which she amended to a later alleged onset
1 date, to be a valid reason to reject her testimony). Although Plaintiff points out that her
2 children helped her clean houses (Joint Stip. at 13), this did not invalidate the ALJ’s reasoning.
3 It was rational to conclude that Plaintiff’s ability to clean houses, even with help from her
4 children, was inconsistent with her contemporaneous claims in the Function Report of
5 debilitating symptoms. See Molina, 674 F.3d at 1111 (where evidence is susceptible to more
6 than one rational interpretation, the ALJ’s finding must be upheld).
7
8 Third, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “medical history is not fully consistent with the
9 alleged severity of her symptoms,” based on images of Plaintiff’s lumbar spine and results of
10 physical examinations. (AR 40.) Specifically, the ALJ cited images of the lumbar spine
11 showing mild stenosis and slight displacement of the nerve root. (AR 452-53; see also AR
12 396-97, 421.) The ALJ further cited physical examinations showing that, although Plaintiff
13 had decreased range of motion, decreased but intact sensation, muscle strength of 4-5/5 in the
14 feet, and decreased muscle tone in the feet (AR 512, 570, 641, 718), she also was normal in
15 gait, strength, muscle tone, and reflexes (AR 638). This was a clear and convincing reason to
16 discount Plaintiff’s subjective pain allegations. See Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857
17 (9th Cir. 2001) (“While subjective pain testimony cannot be rejected on the sole ground that it
18 is not fully corroborated by objective medical evidence, the medical evidence is still a relevant
19 factor in determining the severity of the claimant’s pain and its disabling effects.”); Burch, 400
20 F.3d at 681 (“Although lack of medical evidence cannot form the sole basis for discounting
21 pain testimony, it is a factor that the ALJ can consider in his credibility analysis.”).
22
23 Fourth, the ALJ found that, “[o]ther than a single epidural steroid injection prior to the
24 amended alleged onset date [of January 1, 2015], [Plaintiff] has had only routine and
25 conservative treatment consisting of pain medication and physical therapy.” (AR 40-41.) The
26 evidence cited by the ALJ reflected physical therapy sessions (AR 490, 491, 493, 495, 559,
27 647, 711-15); prescription medications such as Arthrotec (Diclofenac), Vicodin, Norco, and
28 Gabapentin (AR 512, 577, 595); and a referral to a pain specialist (AR 639). It is unclear
1 whether the treatment Plaintiff received here, particularly the prescription pain medications,
2 would be considered routine and conservative in Social Security disability cases. Compare
3 Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 668 (9th Cir. 2017) (rejecting an ALJ’s finding that
4 treatment for fibromyalgia consisting of Vicodin, as well as eight other prescription pain
5 medications and multiple epidural injections, was conservative); with Moore v. Astrue, 572
6 F.3d 520, 525 (11th Cir. 2009) (upholding an ALJ’s finding that knee pain treatment that
7 included Diclofenac was conservative). However, it is unnecessary to resolve this issue
8 because even if this was an invalid reason, the ALJ’s other reasons to discount Plaintiff’s
9 subjective pain complaints, as discussed in this section, were clear and convincing reasons
10 supported by substantial evidence. See Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d
11 1155, 1162 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that invalid reasons for an ALJ’s credibility assessment
12 are harmless error where the ALJ otherwise relies on valid reasons).
13
14 Fifth, the ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “pain was reduced with short courses of physical
15 therapy” and that there was no indication for surgery or other aggressive treatment. (AR 41.)
16 The ALJ specifically cited evidence that, after physical therapy, Plaintiff’s pain had improved
17 (AR 493, 647, 711, 715), and pointed to the lack of evidence of aggressive treatment
18 recommendations. This was a clear and convincing reason to discount Plaintiff’s subjective
19 pain allegations. See Odle v. Heckler, 707 F.2d 439, 440 (9th Cir. 1983) (recognizing that an
20 ALJ may consider evidence of “control of . . . pain that was satisfactory”); Celaya v. Halter,
21 332 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that an ALJ “reasonably noted that the
22 underlying complaints upon which [the claimant’s] reports of pain were predicated had come
23 under control”); see also Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2008) (upholding
24 ALJ’s credibility assessment where claimant had not sought an aggressive treatment program).
25
26 Sixth, the ALJ found that, “[a]s for [Plaintiff’s] history of left ankle surgery, [Plaintiff’s]
27 medical history is not fully consistent with the alleged severity of her symptoms.” (AR 41.)
28 The ALJ cited evidence that, although Plaintiff had left ankle surgery in April 2011 (AR 685-
1 87), an April 2015 examination showed normal ankle reflexes, intact sensation in the feet, foot
2 strength of 5/5, normal muscle tone, and ability to heel walk and toe walk (AR 583). The ALJ
3 further cited a June 2015 examination that showed some decreased ankle functioning that
4 likely was attributable to her low back pain (AR 570) but also cited the absence of any
5 recommendation for additional treatment for the ankle (AR 570, 642). Based on these
6 objective medical findings, this was a clear and convincing basis to discount Plaintiff’s
7 testimony about her limited ability to stand or walk. See Rollins, 261 F.3d at 857; Burch, 400
8 F.3d at 681.
9
10 In sum, the ALJ stated sufficient reasons that were clear and convincing reasons and
11 supported by substantial evidence to discount Plaintiff’s subjective allegations of pain. Thus,
12 reversal is not warranted on this basis.
13
14 III. The ALJ Did Not Err In Assessing Plaintiff’s RFC But Reversibly Erred In
15 Assessing Plaintiff’s Ability To Perform Other Work (Issue Three).
16
17 In Issue Three, Plaintiff claims that the ALJ erred in determining her residual functional
18 capacity and her ability to perform other work in the national economy. (Joint Stip. at 19-25,
19 30-33.) The Court considers each argument in turn.
20
21 A. Residual Functional Capacity.
22
23 1. Legal Standard.
24
25 A claimant’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”) represents the most she can do
26 despite her limitations. 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1); Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 724 (9th
27 Cir. 1998); Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1291 (9th Cir. 1996). An ALJ’s RFC
28 determination “must set out all the limitations and restrictions of the particular claimant.”
1 Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir. 2009) (emphasis in
2 original). An ALJ will assess a claimant’s RFC “based on all of the relevant medical and other
3 evidence.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(3). “The RFC assessment must always consider and
4 address medical source opinions. If the RFC assessment conflicts with an opinion from a
5 medical source, the adjudicator must explain why the opinion was not adopted.” SSR 96-8P,
6 1996 WL 374184, at *7 (July 2, 1996).
7
8 2. Analysis.
9
10 Here, the ALJ found that, as noted above, Plaintiff had an RFC for light work with
11 additional limitations in both physical and mental functioning. (AR 38.) Plaintiff contends
12 that the ALJ erred by failing to account for additional mental or physical limitations
13 recommended by physicians who submitted opinions in this case. (Joint Stip. at 19-24.) It
14 appears that Plaintiff is relying on the opinions of Dr. Roman, Dr. Jacobs, Dr. Berkowitz, and
15 Dr. Martinez. (Id.)
16
17 a. Dr. Roman (examining psychologist).
18
19 Dr. Roman, an examining psychologist, evaluated Plaintiff in May 2013 (AR 387-93)
20 and November 2015 (AR 599-607). Although Plaintiff contends that the ALJ did not properly
21 assess Dr. Roman’s opinions (Joint Stip. at 19-20), her briefing of this issue is insufficient.
22 Plaintiff fails to specify clearly in her brief what portions of Dr. Roman’s opinions were
23 different from the ALJ’s RFC assessment and how the ALJ failed to account for such
24 differences, which is the issue here. Thus, the Court need not address Plaintiff’s RFC
25 argument with respect to Dr. Roman. See Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1161 n.2 (“We do not address
26 this finding because [the claimant] failed to argue this issue with any specificity in his
27 briefing.”) (citation omitted).
28 //
1 Even if Plaintiff’s argument was not waived, it would be meritless. During the
2 November 2015 examination, Dr. Roman stated that Plaintiff would be “moderately to
3 markedly” limited in her ability to complete a normal workday and workweek without
4 interruptions from psychologically based symptoms or to perform at a consistent pace without
5 an unreasonable number and length of rest periods. (AR 607.) Assuming arguendo that this
6 is the limitation Plaintiff is contending the ALJ should have incorporated in the RFC, the ALJ
7 explained why he did not do so. See Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830-31 (9th Cir. 1995) (an
8 ALJ must state specific and legitimate reasons based on substantial evidence to discount an
9 examining physician’s opinion). The ALJ stated that he gave partial weight to Dr. Roman’s
10 November 2015 opinion because any mental limitations that were greater than “moderate”
11 were “not supported by [Plaintiff’s] treatment records, which document limited conservative
12 treatment and some improvement in her symptoms with treatment.” (AR 44.) Because the
13 ALJ discussed Plaintiff’s mental health treatment records in detail earlier in his opinion (AR
14 42-43), the Court may reasonably discern the basis of the ALJ’s reasoning. See Brown-Hunter,
15 806 F.3d at 492. The mental health treatment records, as discussed by the ALJ, reflected
16 evidence of normal findings in areas such as mood, affect, eye contact, behavior, hygiene,
17 judgment, insight, and speech (AR 569, 622, 624, 625-26, 628, 631, 638, 641); no evidence of
18 delusions or hallucinations; and no evidence of hospitalization or emergency room treatment
19 for mental symptoms. This was a specific and legitimate reason based on substantial record
20 evidence to give partial weight to Dr. Roman’s November 2015 opinion. See Roberts v.
21 Shalala, 66 F.3d 179, 184 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that an ALJ reasonably rejected an
22 examining psychiatrist’s opinion based on contrary test results contained throughout the
23 record). Thus, Dr. Roman’s opinion did not invalidate the ALJ’s RFC determination.
24
25 b. Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Berkowitz (state agency psychologists).
26
27 Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Berkowitz, non-examining state agency psychologists, issued
28 opinions about Plaintiff’s mental functioning after reviewing her medical record. (AR 73-74,
1 76-78, 90-91.) Dr. Jacobs stated that “the presence of a mental [medically determinable
2 impairment] is questionable.” (AR 74.) Dr. Jacobs further explained that “effort on testing
3 [was] less than full ([Plaintiff] drives, raises her kids, can define ‘assemble’, attends college,
4 etc.; would estimate IQ as low average).” (Id.) Dr. Jacobs thus concluded that “[the mental
5 RFC] as proposed gives [the] benefit of the doubt for moderate limitations [secondary] to
6 either depression or dyslexia or both.” (Id.) Accordingly, Dr. Jacobs assessed some
7 “moderate” limitations in areas of mental functioning. (AR 76-77.) When asked to explain
8 these limitations in “narrative form,” Dr. Jacobs wrote that Plaintiff “is capable of performing
9 simple, routine tasks independently,” “is able to sustain a typical 40 [hour] work schedule
10 [with] moderate accommodations,” “is able to maintain limited social interactions,” and “is
11 able to adapt to routine changes in the workplace.” (Id.)
12
13 Dr. Berkowitz similarly assessed “moderate” limitations in some areas of mental
14 functioning. (AR 90-91.) When asked to provide “additional explanation” for these
15 limitations, Dr. Berkowitz wrote in pertinent part that the presence of a mental medically
16 determinable impairment was questionable and that the mental residual functional capacity as
17 proposed gave the benefit of the doubt for moderate limitations secondary to either depression
18 or dyslexia or both. (AR 91.) Dr. Berkowitz also wrote that Plaintiff “is not [limited] to simple
19 work tasks and can persist at tasks that can be learned in up to three months on the job.” (Id.)
20
21 The ALJ gave “great weight” to the opinions of Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Berkowitz. (AR 43.)
22 The ALJ interpreted their opinions to recommend “no more than moderate limitations from
23 [Plaintiff’s] impairments.” (Id.) However, the ALJ’s RFC assessment did not expressly
24 incorporate any of the moderate limitations in mental functioning suggested by the opinions.
25 (AR 38.) Instead, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was limited to “unskilled low stress jobs that
26 would require simple instructions.” (Id.)
27 //
28 //
1 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ’s RFC finding was erroneous because it failed to account
2 for each of the moderate limitations that Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Berkowitz assessed. (Joint Stip.
3 at 21-22.) To the contrary, the ALJ properly accounted for the state agency physicians’
4 opinions. Specifically, the ALJ reasonably relied on their formal conclusions or ultimate
5 imperatives regarding Plaintiff’s mental functioning, as set out in the sections of their opinions
6 stating their “narrative” or “additional” explanations. (AR 76-77, 91.) In other words, the
7 ALJ was entitled to rely on the state agency physicians’ conclusions, rather than their
8 preliminary findings. See Rounds v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1005-06 (9th
9 Cir. 2015) (holding that an ALJ rationally relied on the specific section of a physician’s report
10 entitled “formal conclusions” that represented “specific imperatives regarding a claimant’s
11 limitations,” and observing that “the ALJ is responsible for translating and incorporating
12 clinical findings into a succinct RFC”) (citing Stubbs-Danielson v. Astrue, 539 F.3d 1169,
13 1174 (9th Cir. 2008) (holding that an ALJ was entitled to credit a physician’s ultimate
14 conclusion about a claimant’s ability to work, based on an assessment of the overall evidence
15 in the record of the claimant’s limitations)); see also Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1050-
16 51 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding that, in the context of assessing a non-examining state agency
17 physician’s opinion, an ALJ reasonably relied on the section of the opinion reflecting the
18 physician’s functional assessment, rather than a preliminary worksheet).
19
20 The ALJ’s RFC finding that Plaintiff can perform “unskilled low stress jobs that would
21 require simple instructions” reflected mental accommodations that did not understate the
22 ultimate conclusions of Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Berkowitz. Indeed, the ALJ’s RFC finding
23 prescribed mental accommodations that were more generous than the state agency physicians’
24 opinions, particularly in light of their comments that it was questionable whether Plaintiff even
25 had a mental impairment, as well as Dr. Berkowitz’s opinion that Plaintiff was not limited
26 merely to simple work tasks. (AR 74, 91.) Thus, the opinions of Dr. Jacobs and Dr. Berkowitz
27 did not invalidate the ALJ’s RFC determination.
28 //
1 c. Dr. Martinez (treating physician).
2
3 Dr. Martinez, a treating physician, issued an opinion about Plaintiff’s physical and
4 mental functioning. (AR 616-19.) In pertinent part, Dr. Martinez stated that Plaintiff
5 experienced “10/10” pain; was incapable of even “low stress” jobs; could sit, stand, or walk
6 for less than two hours per day; could occasionally lift 10 pounds; and would be absent from
7 work more than four days per month. (Id.) Dr. Martinez also stated that Plaintiff had these
8 symptoms and limitations since 2010. (AR 619.) Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred by
9 rejecting Dr. Martinez’s opinion. (Joint Stip. at 23-24.) To the contrary, the ALJ stated two
10 reasons to give “little weight” to Dr. Martinez’s opinion (AR 42), one of which was a specific
11 and legitimate reason based on substantial evidence. See Lester, 81 F.3d at 830.
12
13 The ALJ’s first reason was that Dr. Martinez’s opinion was inconsistent with Plaintiff’s
14 “limited and conservative treatment consisting of pain medication and physical therapy.” (AR
15 42.) As discussed above, however, it is not clear that the pain medications that Plaintiff was
16 prescribed would be considered conservative treatment in Social Security disability cases. But
17 it is unnecessary to resolve that issue in light of the ALJ’s second reason, which was that Dr.
18 Martinez’s “conclusion that [Plaintiff] experienced these limitations since 2010 [is]
19 inconsistent with [Plaintiff’s] earnings record, which document work at substantial gainful
20 activity levels from 2012 through 2014. (Id.) The Court concurs that Dr. Martinez’s
21 assessment that Plaintiff had debilitating limitations since 2010 (AR 619) was inconsistent
22 with her earnings record showing substantial gainful activity from 2012 through 2014 (AR
23 212). Regardless of whether Dr. Martinez was aware of Plaintiff’s employment, this was a
24 specific and legitimate reason based on substantial evidence to give his opinion little weight.
25 See Grammer v. Berryhill, 706 F. App’x 383, 383 (9th Cir. 2017) (holding that an ALJ properly
26 rejected a physician’s opinion because it was inconsistent with the claimant’s subsequent
27 ability to work for three months); see also Valentine, 574 F.3d at 692 (holding that an ALJ
28 properly rejected a treating psychologist’s opinion where the psychologist reported the
1 claimant was unemployable while acknowledging he was continuing to work full-time). Thus,
2 Dr. Martinez’s opinion did not invalidate the ALJ’s RFC determination.
3
4 B. Work in the National Economy.
5
6 1. Legal Standard.
7
8 At step five of the Commissioner’s five-step sequential evaluation process, “the burden
9 shifts to the Commissioner to demonstrate that the claimant is not disabled and can engage in
10 work that exists in significant numbers in the national economy.” Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d
11 1153, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012); see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.966(b). An ALJ’s determination at step
12 five involves “exploring two issues.” See Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2019).
13 First, the ALJ must identify the types of occupations that a person with the claimant’s
14 limitations could perform. See id. Second, the ALJ must ascertain that such jobs exist in
15 significant numbers in the national economy. See id.
16
17 The testimony of a vocational expert (“VE”) about an occupation’s suitability must be
18 reconciled with the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”). The DOT is the
19 Commissioner’s “primary source of reliable job information” and creates a rebuttable
20 presumption as to a job classification. Johnson v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1434 n.6, 1435 (9th
21 Cir. 1995); see also Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1042. An ALJ may not rely on a VE’s testimony
22 regarding the requirements of suitable occupations that the claimant might be able to perform
23 without first inquiring of the VE whether his testimony conflicts with the DOT and without
24 obtaining a reasonable explanation for any apparent conflicts. Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d
25 1149, 1152-53 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing SSR 00-4p). “For a difference between an expert’s
26 testimony and the Dictionary’s listings to be fairly characterized as a conflict, it must be
27 obvious or apparent.” Gutierrez v. Colvin, 844 F.3d 804, 808 (9th Cir. 2016). An ALJ may
28 rely on VE testimony that contradicts the DOT only insofar as the record contains persuasive
1 evidence to support the deviation. Johnson, 60 F.3d at 1435; see also Tommasetti, 533 F.3d
2 at 1042; Light v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 119 F.3d 789, 793 (9th Cir. 1997).
3
4 A VE’s testimony about job numbers must demonstrate that a “significant number” of
5 jobs exist for the claimant in the national economy. The Ninth Circuit has “never set out a
6 bright-line rule for what constitutes a ‘significant number’ of jobs.” Beltran v. Astrue, 700
7 F.3d 386, 389 (9th Cir. 2012). However, “work which exists in the national economy can be
8 satisfied by work which exists in significant numbers either in the region where such individual
9 lives or in several regions of the country.” Gutierrez, 740 F.3d at 528 (emphasis in original);
10 see also 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(B). If either number is significant, the ALJ’s
11 finding about job numbers must be upheld. See Beltran, 700 F.3d at 390.
12
13 2. Analysis.
14
15 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erroneously found at step five that she can perform work
16 in the national economy consisting of “light” work, given her limitations in standing and
17 walking. (Joint Stip. at 25-26.) In his RFC determination, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was
18 capable of light work but was limited to standing and walking for four hours in an eight-hour
19 workday with an assistive device, as well as a limitation requiring her to alternate sitting and
20 standing every hour. (AR 38.) Plaintiff contends that her limitations in standing and walking
21 preclude her from performing the light occupations that the ALJ identified at step five. (Joint
22 Stip. at 25.)
23
24 An occupation is classified as “light work” when, in pertinent part, “it requires a good
25 deal of walking or standing.” See 20 C.F.R. § 416.967(b). Specifically, “the full range of light
26 work requires standing or walking, off and on, for a total of approximately 6 hours of an 8-
27 hour workday.” See SSR 83-10, 1983 WL 31251, at *6 (Jan. 1, 1983). The three occupations
28 that the ALJ identified at step five are each classified as “light work,” according to the DOT.
1 See DOT 529.687-010 (Basket Filler); DOT 209.587-034 (Merchandise Marker); DOT
2 237.367-018 (Information Clerk). In response to a hypothetical question positing a person
3 limited to walking and standing to four hours per day with an assistive device and limited to
4 alternating positions every hour, the VE testified that such a person could perform these three
5 light occupations, without raising a conflict with the DOT. (AR 64-65.) As discussed below,
6 the ALJ reversibly erred in relying on the VE’s testimony that her opinion was consistent with
7 the DOT.
8
9 To be sure, an ALJ does not necessarily commit reversible error by relying on a VE’s
10 testimony that, consistent with the DOT, a claimant can perform light work in spite of the
11 claimant’s inability to stand or walk for six hours per day. See Rebensdorf v. Berryhill, 773 F.
12 App’x 874, 877 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[N]ot all jobs classified as ‘light work’ [in the DOT] require
13 six hours of standing or walking per day.”); Hatfield v. Berryhill, 768 F. App’x 629, 631 (9th
14 Cir. 2019) (holding that ALJ did not err in relying on VE’s testimony that the claimant could
15 perform light work, despite the claimant’s limitation to five hours of standing in a workday).
16 Moreover, the DOT lists the maximum, not the minimum, requirements of occupations. See
17 SSR 00-4P, 2000 WL 1898704, at *3 (Dec. 4, 2000) (“The DOT lists maximum requirements
18 of occupations as generally performed, not the range of requirements of a particular job as it
19 is performed in specific settings.”); Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 807 (recognizing that the DOT
20 describes an “occupation,” which “is a broad term that includes ‘the collective description’ of
21 ‘numerous jobs’ and lists ‘maximum requirements’ of the jobs as ‘generally performed.’”)
22 (quoting SSR 00-4P); see also SSR 96-8P, 1996 WL 374184, at *3 (“[P]articular occupations
23 may not require all of the exertional and nonexertional demands necessary to do the full range
24 of work at a given exertional level.”). Thus, had Plaintiff’s limitation to standing and walking
25 for four hours per day been her only limitation in that area of functioning, the ALJ’s step five
26 finding may have been based on substantial evidence and free of reversible legal error.
27 //
28 //
1 Here, however, Plaintiff was further limited to “alternative sitting and standing every
2 hour.” (AR 38.) A limitation requiring alternate sitting and standing may significantly erode
3 both the light and sedentary occupational bases. See SSR 83-12, 1983 WL 31253, at *4 (a
4 worker who must alternate periods of sitting and standing “is not functionally capable of doing
5 either the prolonged sitting contemplated in the definition of sedentary work (and for the
6 relatively few light jobs which are performed primarily in a seated position) or the prolonged
7 standing or walking contemplated for most light work”); see also Gallant v. Heckler, 753 F.2d
8 1450, 1457 (9th Cir. 1984) (noting that claimant who must alternate periods of sitting and
9 standing “is defined as functionally not capable of doing either the prolonged sitting
10 contemplated in the definition of sedentary work or the prolonged standing or walking
11 contemplated for most light work”). In the case of an unusual ability to sit and stand, such as
12 a requirement to alternate sitting and standing every hour, a VE “should be consulted to clarify
13 the implications for the occupational base.” See SSR 83-12, 1983 WL 31253, at *4. The
14 record here is silent as to that question because the ALJ did not specifically ask the VE to
15 clarify what the implication were, for the light and sedentary occupational bases, of Plaintiff’s
16 need to alternate positions every hour. Thus, reversal is warranted on this basis.
17
18 IV. Reversal For Further Administrative Proceedings Is Warranted.
19
20 The ALJ erred in failing to obtain the VE’s explanation for what implication, if any,
21 Plaintiff’s need to alternate sitting and standing every hour had on the relevant occupational
22 bases. However, the Court disagrees with Plaintiff’s argument that she is entitled to an award
23 of benefits. (Joint Stip. at 33.) The record is not fully developed about Plaintiff’s ability to
24 perform other work in the national economy existing in significant numbers. See Treichler,
25 775 F.3d at 1101 (“Administrative proceedings are generally useful where the record ‘has [not]
26 been fully developed.’”) (quoting Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014))
27 (alteration in original). Thus, further administrative proceedings are warranted.
28 //
1 CONCLUSION
2
3 Accordingly, for the reasons stated above, IT IS ORDERED that the decision of the
4 || Commissioner is REVERSED AND REMANDED for further administrative proceedings
5 |] consistent with this Order.
6
7 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall serve copies of this
8 || Memorandum Opinion and Order and the Judgment on counsel for plaintiff and counsel for
9 || defendant.
10
11 LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY.
12
13 || DATE: January 31, 2020
Ki oun L- ovens
15 KAREN L. STEVENSON
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10036847. Public record. Not legal advice.