# (PC) Allen v. Sacramento County

> District Court, E.D. California · October 27, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10031305

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. California
- **Decided:** October 27, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10031305

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that a person subjects another to the 22 deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act, or omits to 23 perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation
- noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any 5 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”
- stating failure to exhaust is affirmative defense defendants must plead and 4 prove

## Opinion text

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 ANTHONY L. ALLEN, No. 2:21-cv-00344 DB P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 SACRAMENTO COUNTY, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, has filed a civil rights action pursuant to 42
18 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff claims defendants violated plaintiff’s Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth
19 Amendment rights due to alleged improper COVID-19 protocols. Before the court is plaintiff’s
20 complaint for screening (ECF No. 1) and plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF
21 No. 2).
22 For the reasons stated below, plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2)
23 will be denied and the complaint (ECF No. 1) will be dismissed with leave for plaintiff to file an
24 amended complaint.
25 IN FORMA PAUPERIS
26 Plaintiff, a county inmate proceeding pro se, has filed a civil rights action pursuant to 42
27 U.S.C. § 1983 together with a request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28
28 U.S.C. § 1915. However, the certificate portion of the request which must be completed by
1 plaintiff’s institution of incarceration has not been filled out. Also, plaintiff has not filed a
2 certified copy of his inmate trust account statement for the six month period immediately
3 preceding the filing of the complaint. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2).
4 Plaintiff will be provided the opportunity to submit a completed in forma pauperis
5 application and a certified copy in support of his application.
6 SCREENING
7 I. Legal Standards
8 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
9 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. §
10 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims
11 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be
12 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28
13 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2).
14 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
15 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
16 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an
17 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
18 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
19 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. Rule 8(a)(2) of
20 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain statement of the claim
21 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of what
22 the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
23 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
24 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must
25 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain
26 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic,
27 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the
28 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S.
1 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all
2 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969).
3 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
4 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes
to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation
5 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution .
. . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity,
6 or other proper proceeding for redress.

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8 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
9 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
10 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). “A
11 person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of §
12 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform
13 an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.”
14 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
15 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of
16 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant
17 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional
18 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979);
19 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations
20 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See
21 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
22 II. Linkage Requirement
23 Under Section 1983, a plaintiff bringing an individual capacity claim must demonstrate
24 that each defendant personally participated in the deprivation of his rights. See Jones v.
25 Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). There must be an actual connection or link between
26 the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
27 Ortez v. Washington County, State of Oregon, 88 F.3d 804, 809 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Taylor
28 v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989).
1 Government officials may not be held liable for the actions of their subordinates under a
2 theory of respondeat superior. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (stating vicarious liability is inapplicable in
3 Section 1983 suits). Since a government official cannot be held liable under a theory of vicarious
4 liability in Section 1983 actions, plaintiff must plead sufficient facts showing that the official has
5 violated the Constitution through his own individual actions by linking each named defendant
6 with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff's federal rights.
7 Id. at 676.
8 III. Allegations in the Complaint
9 Plaintiff indicates in the complaint that, at all relevant times, he was an inmate at the Rio
10 Cosumnes Correctional Center (“RCCC”). (ECF No. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff names as defendants the
11 County of Sacramento and RCCC. (Id. at 1.)
12 In the complaint, plaintiff alleges that Centers for Disease Control (“CDC”) COVID-19
13 recommendations were not followed by RCCC. (Id. at 3.) Specifically, plaintiff states that
14 recommendations from the CDC related to social distancing, masks, and cleanliness were not
15 complied with. (Id.) Plaintiff also suggests that he contracted COVID-19 due to “the Sacramento
16 sheriff’s dept’s negligence and disregard for human life, safety, and well being.” (Id.)
17 Plaintiff seeks relief in the form of five million dollars in damages and “awareness of the
18 virus for human safety and rights.” (Id.)
19 IV. Does Plaintiff State a § 1983 Claim?
20 A. Possible Failure Exhaust Administrative Remedies
21 The complaint suggests that plaintiff has not properly exhausted his administrative
22 remedies at RCCC prior to filing the instant action. (See ECF No. 1 at 2) (indicating that plaintiff
23 had submitted a grievance but that the grievance process had not been completed). As a
24 demonstration of the exhaustion of administrative remedies is not a pleading requirement (see
25 Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2003)), and inmates are not required to
26 specifically plead or demonstrate exhaustion in their complaints (see Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199,
27 216 (2007)), the court will conduct a substantive screening of this action at this time. However,
28 the plaintiff is again warned that should defendants be ordered to respond to this action, any
1 failure to exhaust that can be substantiated may be proffered by defendants as an affirmative
2 defense in support of the dismissal of this action. See generally Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162,
3 1166 (9th Cir. 2014) (stating failure to exhaust is affirmative defense defendants must plead and
4 prove).
5 B. Substantive Claims
6 Plaintiff has not alleged sufficient facts to state a claim under § 1983. Plaintiff seeks to
7 bring claims against the defendants for violation of plaintiff’s rights under the Sixth, Eighth, and
8 Fourteenth Amendments. (ECF No. 1 at 3.) However, the complaint only contains a single short
9 paragraph as to these claims. (See Id.)
10 In order to state a § 1938 claim plaintiff must contain factual allegations sufficient “to
11 raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555. Additionally,
12 there must exist an actual connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the
13 deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See Monell, 436 U.S. 658; Rizzo, 423 U.S.
14 362.
15 Plaintiff has not alleged any facts related to his claims. Plaintiff only states that CDC
16 recommendations were not followed and that he contracted COVID-19 as a result of negligence
17 by the Sacramento County Sheriff’s Office (“SCSO”). (ECF No. 1 at 3.) Plaintiff does not
18 identify how defendants’ failure to follow the CDC’s recommendations violated his constitutional
19 rights. Plaintiff also does not allege any facts establishing how the recommendations were not
20 followed. As such, plaintiff’s complaint does not contain sufficient factual allegations to give the
21 defendant fair notice of plaintiff’s claims and the factual allegations that support them. Bell
22 Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555.
23 Additionally, the claim that plaintiff contracted COVID-19 due to negligence by the
24 SCSO is conclusory. The complaint does not specify the actions or omissions by the defendant
25 that resulted in a deprivation of plaintiff’s rights. (See ECF No. 1 at 3.) As plaintiff has not
26 alleged facts in support of his claims or identified the specific actions taken by defendants that
27 deprived plaintiff of his rights, the complaint fails to state a claim for which relief can be granted.
28 Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743.
1 Accordingly, plaintiff’s complaint will be dismissed. Plaintiff will be given leave to file
2 an amended complaint.
3 AMENDING THE COMPLAINT
4 This court finds above that plaintiff has failed to state a claim in the complaint. Plaintiff
5 will be given leave amend his complaint.
6 If plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, he must address the problems with his
7 complaint that are explained above. Any amended complaint must be complete in itself. The
8 court cannot refer to a prior complaint to understand the plaintiff’s claims.
9 In an amended complaint plaintiff must clearly identify each defendant and the action that
10 defendant took that violated plaintiff’s constitutional rights. The court is not required to review
11 exhibits to determine what plaintiff’s charging allegations are as to each named defendant. If
12 plaintiff wishes to add a claim, he must include it in the body of the complaint. The charging
13 allegations must be set forth in the amended complaint, so defendants have fair notice of the
14 claims plaintiff is presenting. That said, plaintiff need not provide every detailed fact in support
15 of his claims. Rather, plaintiff should provide a short, plain statement of each claim. See Fed. R.
16 Civ. P. 8(a).
17 Any amended complaint must show the federal court has jurisdiction, the action is brought
18 in the right place, and plaintiff is entitled to relief if plaintiff’s allegations are true. It must
19 contain a request for particular relief. Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who
20 personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right.
21 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (stating that a person subjects another to the
22 deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act, or omits to
23 perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). “Vague and
24 conclusory allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient.” Ivey v.
25 Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982) (citations omitted).
26 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed.
27 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed.
28 ////
1 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or
2 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b).
3 The federal rules contemplate brevity. See Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d
4 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any
5 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”); Fed. R. Civ. P.
6 84; cf. Rule 9(b) (setting forth rare exceptions to simplified pleading). Plaintiff’s claims must be
7 set forth in short and plain terms. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002)
8 (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, which was adopted to focus
9 litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.
10 An amended complaint must be complete in itself, without reference to any prior pleading.
11 E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading is superseded.
12 By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies he has made reasonable inquiry and has
13 evidentiary support for his allegations, and for violation of this rule, the court may impose
14 sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.
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1 CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as follows:
3 1. Plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is denied.
4 2. Plaintiff shall submit, within thirty days from the date of this order, a completed affidavit
5 in support of his request to proceed in forma pauperis on the form provided by the Clerk
6 of Court.
7 3. The Clerk of the Court is directed to send plaintiff a new Application to Proceed In Forma
8 Pauperis By a Prisoner.
9 4. Plaintiff shall submit, within thirty days from the date of this order, a certified copy of his
10 inmate trust account statement for the six month period immediately preceding the filing
11 of the complaint.
12 5. Plaintiff’s complaint (ECF No. 1) is dismissed with leave to amend.
13 6. Plaintiff is granted thirty days from the date of service of this order to file an amended
14 complaint. The amended complaint must bear the docket number assigned to this case
15 and must be labeled “First Amended Complaint.”
16 7. Failure to comply with this order will result in a recommendation that this action be
17 dismissed.
18 | Dated: October 26, 2021
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ORAH BARNES
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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DB:14
26 || DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/S/alle0344.scrn
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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10031305. Public record. Not legal advice.