# (PC) Hill v. Fields

> District Court, E.D. California · August 20, 2021

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10029599

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, E.D. California
- **Decided:** August 20, 2021
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10029599

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- stating that a person subjects another to the 8 deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act, or omits to 9 perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation
- noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any 18 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”

## Opinion text

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 KENNETH HILL, No. 2:20-cv-02418 TLN DB P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 D. FIELDS, et al.,
15 Defendants.
16
17 Plaintiff, an inmate proceeding pro se, seeks relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Plaintiff
18 claims defendants violated his Eighth Amendment rights through deliberate indifference to his
19 safety. Before the court is plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 5) and his
20 complaint for screening (ECF No. 1). For the reasons stated below, the court will deny plaintiff’s
21 motion to proceed in forma pauperis and direct him to file an updated IFP application.
22 Additionally, plaintiff will be given the option to either proceed on the cognizable claims in his
23 complaint or to submit an amended complaint.
24 ////
25 ////
26 ////
27 ////
28 ////
1 IN FORMA PAUPERIS
2 Plaintiff has submitted an application to proceed in forma pauperis (“IFP”) in this case.
3 (ECF No. 5.)
4 While he was incarcerated, plaintiff submitted a declaration that makes the showing
5 required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). (Id.) However, plaintiff’s change of address filed on December
6 28, 2020, indicates that plaintiff is no longer incarcerated. (ECF No. 6.) If plaintiff still wishes to
7 proceed IFP, he must submit an updated application under § 1915(a)(1). See DeBlasio v.
8 Gilmore, 315 F.3d 396, 398 (4th Cir. 2003); Adler v. Gonzalez, No. 1:11-cv-1915-LJO-MJS
9 (PC), 2015 WL 4041772, at *2 (E.D. Cal. July 1, 2015), report and reco. adopted, 2015 WL
10 4668668 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 6, 2015).
11 Plaintiff will be ordered to submit an updated application to proceed IFP or pay the filing
12 fee within thirty days.
13 SCREENING
14 I. Legal Standards
15 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
16 governmental entity or an officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. §
17 1915A(a). The court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims
18 that are legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be
19 granted, or that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28
20 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1) & (2).
21 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
22 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
23 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an
24 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
25 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
26 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. Rule 8(a)(2) of
27 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain statement of the claim
28 showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the defendant fair notice of what
1 the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
2 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
3 However, in order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must
4 contain more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain
5 factual allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic,
6 550 U.S. at 555. In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as true the
7 allegations of the complaint in question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S.
8 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all
9 doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969).
10 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides as follows:
11 Every person who, under color of [state law] . . . subjects, or causes
to be subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation
12 of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution .
. . shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity,
13 or other proper proceeding for redress.

14

15 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The statute requires that there be an actual connection or link between the
16 actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
17 Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978); Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362 (1976). “A
18 person ‘subjects’ another to the deprivation of a constitutional right, within the meaning of §
19 1983, if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative acts or omits to perform
20 an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.”
21 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978).
22 Moreover, supervisory personnel are generally not liable under § 1983 for the actions of
23 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant
24 holds a supervisorial position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional
25 violation must be specifically alleged. See Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979);
26 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). Vague and conclusory allegations
27 concerning the involvement of official personnel in civil rights violations are not sufficient. See
28 Ivey v. Board of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
1 II. Linkage Requirement
2 Under Section 1983, a plaintiff bringing an individual capacity claim must demonstrate
3 that each defendant personally participated in the deprivation of his rights. See Jones v.
4 Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). There must be an actual connection or link between
5 the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff. See
6 Ortez v. Washington County, State of Oregon, 88 F.3d 804, 809 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Taylor
7 v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989).
8 Government officials may not be held liable for the actions of their subordinates under a
9 theory of respondeat superior. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (stating vicarious liability is inapplicable in
10 Section 1983 suits). Since a government official cannot be held liable under a theory of vicarious
11 liability in Section 1983 actions, plaintiff must plead sufficient facts showing that the official has
12 violated the Constitution through his own individual actions by linking each named defendant
13 with some affirmative act or omission that demonstrates a violation of plaintiff's federal rights.
14 Id. at 676.
15 III. Allegations in the Complaint
16 Plaintiff states that, at all relevant times, he was a prisoner at California State Prison,
17 Sacramento (“SAC”). (ECF No. 1 at 5.) Plaintiff names California Department of Corrections
18 and Rehabilitation (“CDCR”) correctional officers D. Fields and M. Scriver as defendants. (Id.)
19 Plaintiff alleges that on February 15, 2019, defendants transported plaintiff to SAC after a
20 court appearance. (Id.) Defendant Fields placed plaintiff and another inmate, Carter, in the
21 “cargo area” of a CDCR van. (Id.) The cargo area contained milk crates and inmate “bedrolls”
22 but no seating. (Id. at 6.) Due to a lack of seating, plaintiff “was forced to stand, while stooped
23 over at the waist.” (Id.) Plaintiff’s hands were handcuffed behind his back while he was being
24 transported. (Id.) Defendants denied plaintiff’s request to use a seat equipped with a seatbelt
25 further forward in the vehicle, telling plaintiff “it’s a security thing.” (Id.)
26 When the van began to move, plaintiff fell backward onto an empty milk crate. (Id. at 6-
27 7.) As his hands were handcuffed behind his back, plaintiff “struggled to free himself from the
28 milk crate.” (Id. at 7.) Plaintiff observed defendants “both look back and begin to laugh at him
1 being stuck in the milk crate.” (Id.) Defendant Fields said to defendant Scriver “watch this.”
2 (Id.) Defendant Fields then stopped the van by “intentionally slamming on the brakes again
3 tossing plaintiff to his side, as he struggled to free himself from the milk crate.” (Id.) Defendants
4 were aware that “plaintiff and Carter were restrained in handcuffs, behind their back, and unable
5 to protect themselves from injury during this transportation.” (Id.) After arriving at SAC,
6 defendants did not ask plaintiff if he was injured or summon medical staff to examine the
7 plaintiff. (Id.)
8 The night after being transported, plaintiff could not sleep due to “aches and pains in his
9 lower back and shoulders he believe [sic] was caused by the fall in the van and his struggles to
10 free himself from the milk crate.” (Id.) The fall also “aggravated old injuries” in the plaintiff’s
11 shoulder and back. (Id.) The following morning, plaintiff requested medical treatment and was
12 prescribed medication for pain and inflammation. (Id. at 7-8.) Plaintiff was later prescribed a
13 higher dose of pain medication and given a medical chrono stating he should be placed in waist-
14 chain handcuffs during transport. (Id. at 8.)
15 IV. Does Plaintiff State a Claim under § 1983?
16 A. Legal Standards under the Eighth Amendment
17 The Eighth Amendment prohibits the infliction of “cruel and unusual punishments.” U.S.
18 Const. amend. VIII. The unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain constitutes cruel and unusual
19 punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986);
20 Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 670 (1977); Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 105-06 (1976).
21 Neither accident nor negligence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment, as “[i]t is obduracy
22 and wantonness, not inadvertence or error in good faith, that characterize the conduct prohibited
23 by the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause.” Whitley, 475 U.S. at 319.
24 B. Failure to Protect
25 Prison officials have a duty “to take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of
26 inmates, which has been interpreted to include a duty to protect prisoners.” Labatad v.
27 Corrections Corp. of America, 714 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2013) (citing Farmer v. Brennan,
28 511 U.S. 825, 832-33 (1994) and Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1040 (9th Cir. 2005)). To
1 establish a violation of this duty, a prisoner must “show that the officials acted with deliberate
2 indifference to threat of serious harm or injury to an inmate.” Labatad, 714 F.3d at 1160 (citing
3 Gibson v. County of Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175, 1187 (9th Cir. 2002)).
4 A failure to protect claim under the Eighth Amendment requires a showing that “the
5 official [knew] of and disregard[ed] an excessive risk to inmate... safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at
6 837. “Whether a prison official had the requisite knowledge of a substantial risk is a question of
7 fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including inference from circumstantial evidence,
8 . . . and a factfinder may conclude that a prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very
9 fact that the risk was obvious.” Id. at 842 (citations omitted). The duty to protect a prisoner from
10 serious harm requires that prison officials take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety and
11 well-being of the prisoner. Id. at 832-33; Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998).
12 As “only the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain implicates the Eighth Amendment,”
13 plaintiff must allege facts showing the defendant acted with a “sufficiently culpable state of
14 mind.” Wilson, 501 U.S. at 297 (internal quotations marks, emphasis, and citations omitted).
15 C. Analysis
16 Plaintiff alleges that defendants Fields and Scriver were deliberately indifferent to
17 plaintiff’s safety and failed to protect him while transporting him from a court appearance. (ECF
18 No. 1 at 8.)
19 1. Defendant Fields
20 Plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to state a claim against defendant Fields for deliberate
21 indifference to plaintiff’s safety.
22 Under the facts alleged, defendant Fields was aware plaintiff was at risk of injury due to
23 his lack of seat and seatbelt. Defendant Fields escorted plaintiff to the CDCR van and placed the
24 plaintiff in the cargo area knowing that plaintiff’s hands were handcuffed and that there were no
25 seats or seatbelts available in this location. (Id. at 6.) Defendant Fields was also aware that
26 plaintiff had fallen and was attempting to free himself from the milk crate when defendant Fields
27 “slammed on the brakes.” (Id. at 7.) These allegations are sufficient to satisfy the knowledge
28 ////
1 requirement as, under these facts, defendant Fields was aware there existed a substantial risk to
2 plaintiff’s safety. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842.
3 The allegations in the complaint also satisfy the state of mind requirement as they are
4 sufficient to support a claim that defendant Fields acted with deliberate indifference. Plaintiff
5 claims that defendant Fields placed him in the cargo area without a seatbelt despite plaintiff’s
6 request for one, laughed at plaintiff when he fell, and “slammed on the brakes” while plaintiff
7 was in a compromised position “in an attempt to keep Def. Scriver laughing.” (ECF No. 1 at 6-
8 7.) Taking these allegations as true, defendant Fields’ actions are sufficient to support a finding
9 that he acted with deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s safety. Wilson, 501 U.S. at 297; See Bulkin
10 v. Ochoa, 2016 WL 7159286, at *7 (E.D. Cal. 2016) (denying a motion for summary judgment as
11 plaintiff had put forth evidence of defendant’s state of mind by showing, among other things, that
12 defendant had denied plaintiff access to a seatbelt and driven recklessly while laughing at the
13 plaintiff).
14 As such, plaintiff alleges sufficient facts in the complaint to state a cognizable claim
15 against defendant Fields under the Eighth Amendment for failure to protect the plaintiff.
16 2. Defendant Scriver
17 Plaintiff does not allege sufficient facts to state an Eighth Amendment failure to protect
18 claim against defendant Scriver.
19 The allegations in the complaint related to defendant Scriver do not satisfy the linkage
20 requirement. See Jones, 297 F.3d at 934. The complaint states that defendant Fields placed
21 plaintiff in the cargo area of the CDCR van without a seat or seatbelt. (ECF No. 1 at 6.) It also
22 states that defendant Fields was driving the van when plaintiff was injured. (Id. at 7.) Plaintiff
23 does not claim defendant Scriver was involved in plaintiff’s placement in a potentially unsafe
24 location in the van or in the subsequent driving which allegedly injured plaintiff. (See Id. at 6-7.)
25 The only act attributed to defendant Scriver individually is laughing when plaintiff first fell.
26 (ECF No. 1 at 7.) This allegation is insufficient to establish defendant Scriver took any action
27 which deprived plaintiff of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676. Plaintiff also vaguely states that
28 defendants “Fields and Scriver denied plaintiff’s request to be ‘seat-belted’ on a passenger seat
1 bench” (Id. at 6) but plaintiff fails to identify what defendant Scriver and defendant Fields
2 individually did to deny plaintiff’s request for a seatbelt. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676.
3 Additionally, plaintiff has not alleged any facts that show defendant Scriver had any
4 knowledge that defendant Fields would brake after plaintiff had fallen. As such, plaintiff has not
5 alleged facts sufficient to show defendant Scriver was aware of a risk to plaintiff’s safety.
6 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842.
7 Given the above, the complaint fails to state a cognizable failure to protect claim under the
8 Eighth Amendment against defendant Scriver. Plaintiff will be given the option to amend his
9 complaint. Should plaintiff elect to amend the complaint, he must identify the specific acts or
10 omissions that a defendant took which violated his constitutional rights. Id., see Ortez, 88 F.3d at
11 809.
12 AMENDING THE COMPLAINT
13 This court finds above that plaintiff’s complaint states cognizable claims against
14 defendant Fields for deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s safety in violation of his Eighth
15 Amendment rights. However, plaintiff fails to state a cognizable deliberate indifference claim
16 against defendant Scriver.
17 Plaintiff will be given the option to proceed on his cognizable claims against defendant
18 Fields or to file an amended complaint to state claims against defendant Fields, defendant Scriver,
19 or any other defendant. Any amended complaint must be complete in itself. The court cannot
20 refer to a prior complaint to understand the plaintiff’s claims.
21 If plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, he must address the problems with his
22 complaint that are explained above. In an amended complaint plaintiff must clearly identify the
23 action that defendant took that violated his constitutional rights. The court is not required to
24 review exhibits to determine what plaintiff’s charging allegations are as to each named defendant.
25 If plaintiff wishes to add a claim, he must include it in the body of the complaint. The charging
26 allegations must be set forth in the amended complaint, so defendants have fair notice of the
27 claims plaintiff is presenting. That said, plaintiff need not provide every detailed fact in support
28 ////
1 of his claims. Rather, plaintiff should provide a short, plain statement of each claim. See Fed. R.
2 Civ. P. 8(a).
3 Any amended complaint must show the federal court has jurisdiction, the action is brought
4 in the right place, and plaintiff is entitled to relief if plaintiff’s allegations are true. It must
5 contain a request for particular relief. Plaintiff must identify as a defendant only persons who
6 personally participated in a substantial way in depriving plaintiff of a federal constitutional right.
7 Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (stating that a person subjects another to the
8 deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act, or omits to
9 perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). “Vague and
10 conclusory allegations of official participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient.” Ivey v.
11 Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982) (citations omitted).
12 In an amended complaint, the allegations must be set forth in numbered paragraphs. Fed.
13 R. Civ. P. 10(b). Plaintiff may join multiple claims if they are all against a single defendant. Fed.
14 R. Civ. P. 18(a). If plaintiff has more than one claim based upon separate transactions or
15 occurrences, the claims must be set forth in separate paragraphs. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(b).
16 The federal rules contemplate brevity. See Galbraith v. County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d
17 1119, 1125 (9th Cir. 2002) (noting that “nearly all of the circuits have now disapproved any
18 heightened pleading standard in cases other than those governed by Rule 9(b)”); Fed. R. Civ. P.
19 84; cf. Rule 9(b) (setting forth rare exceptions to simplified pleading). Plaintiff’s claims must be
20 set forth in short and plain terms. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 514 (2002)
21 (“Rule 8(a) is the starting point of a simplified pleading system, which was adopted to focus
22 litigation on the merits of a claim.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 8.
23 An amended complaint must be complete in itself, without reference to any prior pleading.
24 E.D. Cal. R. 220. Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading is superseded.
25 By signing an amended complaint, plaintiff certifies he has made reasonable inquiry and has
26 evidentiary support for his allegations, and for violation of this rule, the court may impose
27 sanctions sufficient to deter repetition by plaintiff or others. Fed. R. Civ. P. 11.
28 ////
1 CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, and good cause appearing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED as
3 follows:
4 1. Plaintiff’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 5) is denied.
5 2. Within 30 days of the date of this order, plaintiff shall either:
6 a. Submit an updated application to proceed IFP in accordance with 28 U.S.C.
7 1915(a)(1); or
8 b. Pay the $402 filing fee in full.
9 3. Plaintiff states a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim against defendant D. Fields for
10 deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s safety.
11 4. All other claims in the plaintiff’s complaint are dismissed with leave to amend.
12 5. Plaintiff may choose to proceed on his cognizable claims set out above or he may
13 choose to amend his complaint.
14 6. Within thirty (30) days of the date of this order plaintiff shall notify the court of how
15 he wishes to proceed. Plaintiff may use the form included with this order for this
16 purpose.
17 1. Plaintiff is warned that his failure to comply with this order will result in a
18 recommendation that this action be dismissed.
19 DATED: August 19, 2021
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 DB:14
DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil.Rights/S/hill2418.scrn
28
1
2
3

4
5
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6
FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
8
9 KENNETH HILL, No. 2:20-cv-02418 TLN DB P
10 Plaintiff,
11 v. PLAINTIFF’S NOTICE ON HOW TO
PROCEED
12 D. FIELDS, et al.,
13 Defendants.
14
15 Check one:
16
17 _____ Plaintiff wants to proceed immediately on his Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference
18 to safety claim against defendant D. Fields. Plaintiff understands that by going forward
19 without amending the complaint he is voluntarily dismissing all other claims and
20 defendants.
21
22 ____ Plaintiff wants to amend the complaint.
23
24 DATED:_______________________
25 Kenneth Hill
Plaintiff pro se
26
27
28

---

Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10029599. Public record. Not legal advice.