# RJO Investments, Inc v. Crown Financial, LLC

> District Court, W.D. Arkansas · May 2, 2018

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10009165

## Case

- **Court:** District Court, W.D. Arkansas
- **Decided:** May 2, 2018
- **Opinion:** 100trialcourt
- **Cited by:** 0 later opinions in the Frix Law Library

## Citator (automated)

- No negative treatment found by the automated citator. That is not the same as a confirmation that the case is good law; read the citing cases.
- Full citator and citing cases: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10009165

## How later opinions describe it (automated extraction)

- applying revival exception where amended complaint transformed case into a class action lawsuit

## Opinion text

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
FAYETTEVILLE DIVISION
RJO INVESTMENTS, INC.;
RANDY ODOM, INC. PLAINTIFFS
V. CASE NO. 5:18-CV-05015-TLB
CROWN FINANCIAL, LLC DEFENDANT

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Currently before the Court is the Motion to Remand (Doc. 13) submitted by
Plaintiffs, RJO Investments, Inc. and Randy Odom, Inc., on February 15, 2018. In their
Motion to Remand, Plaintiffs argue that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction
because Defendant, Crown Financial LLC, untimely removed the case under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1446(b), (c)(1).
The Court has reviewed the parties’ briefs and entertained oral arguments on the
motion during a hearing on March 28, 2018. As explained below, the Motion to Remand
is GRANTED.
|. BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs RJO Investments, Inc. and Randy Odom, Inc., both Arkansas
corporations, allegedly hold certain promissory notes executed on December 2, 2011, by
Jeremy Carroll, individually and as Managing Member of Beckham Creek Properties,
LLC. The promissory notes are secured by certain real property in Newton County,
Arkansas that is owned by Beckham Creek Properties. Plaintiffs at some point felt that
Carroll and/or Beckham Creek Properties did not satisfy the obligations imposed on them
by the promissory notes, so Plaintiffs filed the Original Complaint (Doc. 1-1) in the Circuit
Court of Newton County, Arkansas on September 29, 2016. The Original Complaint

named Carroll and Beckham Creek Properties, both Arkansas citizens and Crown
Financial, LLC (“Crown Financial”), a Texas citizen, which the plaintiffs believed held a
superior lien on the mortgaged property located in Newton County.
Plaintiffs were ultimately unable to perfect service of process on both Carroll and
Beckham Creek Properties. Thus, Carroll filed a motion to dismiss the claim against him
for failure to perfect service, and that motion was granted without prejudice on September
11, 2017. See Doc. 16, p. 2. As for Beckham Creek Properties, Plaintiffs opted to |
voluntarily nonsuit their claims against it on November 7, 2017. /d. Plaintiffs thereafter
filed a separate case on November 20, 2017, against both Carroll and Beckham Creek
Properties in Newton County Circuit Court. (Doc. 14, p. 2). Therefore, as of the end of
November of 2017, there were two cases pending in state court concerning Plaintiffs’
interest in the subject property: one against Crown Financial and one against Carroll and
Beckham Creek Properties.
Sometime in late December of 2017, Plaintiffs learned through discovery that
Carroll had conveyed his membership interest in Beckham Creek Properties to Crown
Financial approximately four months prior to the execution of the promissory notes. See
Doc. 14-2. Upon learning this information, Plaintiffs filed an Amended Complaint (Doc.
3) against Crown Financial on January 16, 2018, alleging that: (1) Carroll retained
apparent authority to enter into the promissory notes on behalf of Beckham Creek
Properties; (2) Plaintiffs’ lien on the mortgaged property remained valid because they
were entitled to rely upon Carroll’s representations that he remained the company’s
Managing Member; (3) Crown Financial’s lien on the mortgage property “merged” with its

ownership of Beckham Creek Properties; and (4) this merger elevated Plaintiffs’ mortgage
to the primary lien status.
On January 29, 2018, less than two weeks after Plaintiffs filed the Amended
Complaint, Crown Financial filed its Notice of Removal in this Court. See Doc. 1. The
basis for removal was complete diversity of citizenship between the parties to the
Amended Complaint, Plaintiffs and Crown Financial, and an amount in controversy
exceeding $75,000. However, at the time the Original Complaint was filed, complete
diversity did not exist because Carroll and Beckham Creek Properties—both Arkansas
citizens—were named defendants. Complete diversity was created only after the two
nondiverse defendants were dismissed from the Original Complaint and the Amended
Complaint was filed. □
Plaintiffs believe removal under these circumstances was improper, and they filed
a Motion to Remand on February 15, 2018. (Doc. 13). As grounds for remand, they
argue that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction because Crown Financial's removal
was untimely under 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b), (c)(1). Crown Financial responds that when
Plaintiffs filed their Amended Complaint more than a year after the lawsuit began, they
drastically changed the character of the allegations against Crown Financial, which
effectively brought a new lawsuit against Crown Financial that the company sought to
remove. (Doc. 16, p. 5). Alternatively, Crown Financial argues that the Plaintiffs acted in
bad faith to prevent removal, and therefore, the one-year time limit to removal pursuant
to diversity jurisdiction does apply. For these reasons, Crown Financial contends that
removal within 30 days of service of the Amended Complaint was timely.

ll. LEGAL STANDARD
“Defendants may remove civil actions to federal court only if the claims could have
been originally filed in federal court.” Cent. lowa Power Coop. v. Midwest Indep.
Transmission Sys. Operator, Inc., 561 F.3d 904, 912 (8th Cir. 2009). “The proponents of
federal jurisdiction bear ‘the burden to establish federal subject matter jurisdiction,’ and
‘all doubts about federal jurisdiction must be resolved in favor of remand.” Moore v. Kan.
City Pub. Sch., 828 F.3d 687, 691 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting Cent. lowa Power Coop., 561
F.3d at 912).
U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1) states that a notice of removal “shall be filed within 30 days
after the receipt by the defendant . . . of a copy of the initial pleading setting forth the claim
upon which such action or proceeding is based....” If an action is not initially removable.
under § 1446(b)(1), “a notice of removal may be filed within thirty days after receipt by the
defendant . . . of a copy of an amended pleading, motion, order or other paper from which
it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable.” 28
U.S.C § 1446(b)(3). However, “a case may not be removed under subsection (b)(3) on
the basis of jurisdiction conferred by section 1332 more than 1 year after commencement
of the action, unless the district court finds that the plaintiff has acted in bad faith in order
to prevent a defendant from removing the action.” 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(1).
lil. DISCUSSION
In the case at bar, it is clear that the Original Complaint filed in state court was not
initially removable, and the Notice of Removal was filed in this Court more than one year
after the case commenced. In opposition to the Motion to Remand, Crown Financial
avers that its removal motion is timely because it falls under two exceptions to the general

rules of § 1446: (1) the judicially created “revival exception” to § 1446(b)(1); and (2) the
bad-faith exception to § 1446(c)(1).
A. Revival Exception
Crown Financial initially argues that even though the Original Complaint was filed
on September 29, 2016, more than a year before removal, Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint,
filed on January 16, 2018, started “a virtually new, more complex, and substantial case
against Crown upon which no significant proceedings have been held... .” (Doc. 16, pp.
4-5). Thus, Crown Financial claims that its removal is timely under the judicially created
revival exception. /d. at 3.
Some courts “have read into [28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(1)] an exception for the case

where the plaintiff files an amended complaint that so changes the nature of his action as
to constitute ‘substantially a new suit begun that day.” Wilson v. Intercollegiate (Big Ten)
Conference Athletic Ass'n, 668 F.2d 962, 965 (7th Cir. 1982) (quoting Fletcher v. Hamlet,
116 U.S. 408, 410 (1886)). “The revival exception provides that a lapsed right to remove
an initially removable case within thirty days is restored when the complaint is amended
so substantially as to alter the character of the action and constitute essentially a new □
lawsuit.” Johnson v. Heublein Inc., 227 F.3d 236, 241 (5th Cir. 2000). This exception to
the normal timing rules only applies when: (1) the case was initially removable; and (2)
the character of the action has been fundamentally altered by a subsequent amendment
to the complaint. /d.

Only the Fifth and Seventh Circuits have adopted this exception.’ Various district
courts across the country have considered the revival exception, but have limited it to
situations where: (1) the plaintiff deliberately misled the defendant about the nature of the
claims until after the expiration of the 30-day period, or (2) an amended complaint
“fundamentally alters” the nature of the case. See, e.g., Nickle v. Israel, 2015 WL 417828,
at *2 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 30, 2015) (citing Wilson, 668 F.2d at 965) (not applying revival
exception where plaintiff's amended complaint stated constitutional claims that were
consistent with previous complaints); MG Bidg. Materials, Ltd. v. Paychex, Inc., 841 F.
Supp. 2d 740, 745 (W.D.N.Y. 2012) (applying revival exception where amended
complaint transformed case into a class action lawsuit); Cont Prop. Grp., Inc. v. City of
Minneapolis, 2009 WL 282096, at *2 (D. Minn. Feb. 5, 2009) (not applying the revival
exception where the legal theories, parties, and underlying facts all remained the same).
Assuming the judicially created revival doctrine would be recognized by the Eighth
Circuit, its application depends on the following factors: (1) whether the case was initially
removable at the time the original complaint was filed in state court; and (2) whether the
character of the action was fundamentally altered by a more recent amendment tothe .
original complaint, or the plaintiff deliberately misled the defendant about the nature of
the claims until sometime after the expiration of the 30-day removal period. Both factors
must be established. Johnson, 227 F.3d at 241.

1 See Johnson v. Heublein Inc., 227 F.3d 236 (5th Cir. 2000); Wilson v. Intercollegiate
(Big Ten) Conference Athletic Ass’n, 668 F.2d 962, 965 (7th Cir. 1982).

1. Initially Removable
The first requirement of the revival exception is that the case must have been
initially removable. Johnson v. Heublein Inc., 227 F.3d 236, 241 (5th Cir. 2000). The
case at bar was not initially removable at the time it was filed because the named parties
were not completely diverse. “When a plaintiff files in state court a civil action over which
the federal district courts would have original jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship,”
the defendant may remove the case to federal court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441.
Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, district
courts have original jurisdiction over all civil actions where the amount in controversy
exceeds $75,000, and the parties are of diverse citizenship.
“[D]iversity jurisdiction does not exist unless each defendant is a citizen of a
different State from each plaintiff.” Yeldelf v. Tutt, 913 F.2d 533, 537 (8th Cir. 1990)
(quoting Owen Equip. & Erection Co. v. Kroger, 437 U.S. 365, 373 (1978)). “[D]iversity
of citizenship is assessed at the time the action is filed.” Freeport-McMoRan, Inc. v. KN
Energy, Inc., 498 U.S. 426, 428 (1991). The time-of-filing rule “measures all challenges
to subject-matter jurisdiction premised upon diversity of citizenship against the state of
facts that existed at the time of filing—whether the challenge be brought shortly after filing,
after the trial, or even for the first time on appeal.” Grupo Datafiux v. Atlas Glob. Grp.,
L.P., 541 U.S. 567, 570-71 (2004) (emphasis added).
“Whenever federal jurisdiction in a removal case depends upon complete diversity,
the existence of diversity is determined from the fact of citizenship of the parties named
and not from the fact of service.” N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Deshotel, 142 F.3d 873, 883 (5th
Cir. 1998) (citing Pullman Co. v. Jenkins, 305 U.S. 534, 540-541 (1939)). A district court

must take into account the citizenship of all named defendants, even if unserved, to
determine whether the court possesses diversity jurisdiction. Pecherski v. Gen. Motors
Corp. 636 F.2d 1156, 1160-61 (8th Cir. 1981). As noted by the Eighth Circuit, “allowing
unserved defendants to be ignored for removal purposes would create needless
jurisdictional problems.” /d. at 1161 n.6.
A district court's jurisdiction is further limited by 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2), which
prevents removal under § 1332(a) “if any of the parties in interest properly joined and
served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.” However,
the Eighth Circuit has held that § 1441(b)’s forum defendant rule does not change the
requirement that, “in determining the propriety of removal based on diversity of
citizenship, [district courts] must consider all named defendants, regardless of service.”
Id. at 1160-61. .
In the case at bar, two of the defendants named in the Original Complaint, Jeremy
Carroll and Beckham Creek Properties, were citizens of the same state as Plaintiffs.
(Doc. 14, p. 1). Thus, at the time the Original Complaint was filed in state court, the action
could not have been originally filed in federal court because there was a lack of complete
diversity. See Freeport-McMoRan, 498 U.S. at 428. The Court rejects Crown Financial's
argument that the case was initially removable because the non-diverse defendants were
never properly served. As previously explained, when determining the propriety of □

removal, the Court cannot simply ignore the citizenship of defendants who were named
in the Original Complaint but were not properly served. See Deshotel, 142 F.3d at 883;
Pecherski, 636 F.2d at 1161 n.6.

Therefore, the action was not initially removable because there was a lack of
complete diversity at the time the Original Complaint was filed in state court. The first
requirement of the revival exception has not been met, and there is no need for the Court
to reach the second requirement of the “revival exception” test. However, in the spirit of
thoroughness, the Court will explain below why the second requirement was also not met.
2. Amended Complaint Does Not Substantially Alter the Nature of the Case
The second requirement of the revival exception is that the character of the action
has been fundamentally altered by a subsequent amendment to the complaint. Johnson
v. Heublein Inc., 227 F.3d 236, 241 (5th Cir. 2000). Crown Financial avers that the
Amended Complaint started “a virtually new, more complex, and substantial case against
Crown upon which no significant proceedings have been held... .” (Doc. 16, pp. 4-5).
Essentially, Crown Financial argues that the new claim of equitable merger in the
Amended Complaint changes the case “from one that would have no substantive impact
on Crown, to one that would have a significant financial impact on Crown,” and therefore
revives the 30-day period of removal. /d. However, Crown Financial has not established
that: (1) Plaintiffs deliberately misled Crown Financial about the nature of the claims until
after the expiration of the 30-day period; or (2) the Amended Complaint “fundamentally
altered” the nature of the case.
In the Original Complaint, Plaintiffs brought claims seeking to foreclose the
mortgage securing their promissory notes, and the claims seeking that relief remain in □
their Amended Complaint today. Compare Doc. 1-1, with Doc. 3. It was not until over
one year after the filing of the Original Complaint that Plaintiffs learned that Carroll had
conveyed his membership interest in Beckham Creek Properties to Crown Financial. This

event, which led to the filing of the Amended Complaint, occurred well after the 30-day
statutory removal deadline had expired. The timing therefore indicates that Plaintiffs did
not attempt to mislead Crown Financial about the nature of their claims during the 30-day
removal period.
Also, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ Amended Complaint did not fundamentally alter
the character of the action in such a way as to essentially create a new case. See
Johnson, 227 F.3d at 241. The Original Complaint identified Carroll and Beckham Creek
Properties as makers of the two promissory notes at issue. (Doc. 1-1, p. 2). The Original
Complaint also requested foreclosure of the mortgage property securing the Plaintiffs’
promissory notes and prayed for a judicial sale of the mortgaged property. /d. Crown
Financial was also named as a defendant due to its superior lien status. /d. Plaintiffs’
requested relief in the Amended Complaint has not substantially altered from the relief
sought in the Original Complaint. Plaintiffs still seek to foreclose the mortgaged property.
(Doc. 3, pp. 3-4). Only one new claim has been asserted to help bolster Plaintiffs’ request.
The new claim is that Crown Financial's security interest in the Foreclosure Property
merged with its equity interest, making Plaintiffs’ security interest the superior lien on the
Foreclosure Property. (Doc. 3, p. 3). While resolution of this claim could alter Crown
Financial’s status as a creditor of the Foreclosure Property, it does not transform this
action into a “new case.” It is likely Plaintiffs would have attempted to challenge the
validity of Crown Financial’s mortgage in any event. In fact, Plaintiffs’ Original Complaint
states that “[Crown Financial's] mortgage, if valid, would be prior and paramount” to
Plaintiffs’ mortgages. (Doc. 1-1, pp. 5-6) (emphasis added). For these reasons, the
second requirement of the revival exception has not been met.

10

B. Bad-Faith Exception
Crown Financial next argues that its late removal may be excused under the bad-
faith exception to the one-year time limit of removal found at 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(1). To
be sure, Defendant is not claiming wrongful joinder. Instead, its argument is that Plaintiffs
acted in bad faith by “making no attempt to serve Beckham Creek Properties” with the
Original Complaint in state court, “not moving to voluntarily dismiss Beckham Creek
Properties until more than one year after the Original Complaint was filed,” and exhibiting
gamesmanship by drastically changing the Original Complaint after the dismissal of the
non-diverse defendants following the expiration of the one-year clock. (Doc. 16, pp. 7-9).
Thus, due to Plaintiffs’ conduct, Crown Financial believes that it qualifies for the bad-faith
exception to the timing rules of 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b)(3).
Under § 1446(b)(3), if a case is not initially removable, but becomes removable at
a later date, a defendant has 30 days to file a notice of removal after receipt by the
defendant of copy of an amended pleading, motion, order, or other paper “from which it
may first be ascertained that the case is one which is or has become removable.”
However, under § 1446(c)(1), a case may not be removed more than one year after the
commencement of the action, “unless the district court finds that the plaintiff has acted in
bad faith in order to prevent a defendant from removing the action.” (emphasis added).
As an initial matter, Crown Financial removed the Amended Complaint within the
30-day time frame required by § 1446(b)(3). However, the Amended Complaint was filed
more than one year after the commencement of the original action.2, Thus, the Court must

2 This case was filed in the Circuit Court of Newton County, Arkansas on September 29,
2016. Rule 3 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure states that “[a] civil action is
commenced by filing a complaint with the court.” Thus, the case was commenced on
11

determine whether Plaintiffs acted in bad faith to prevent removal. If so, then the bad-

faith exception could render timely an otherwise untimely removal.
Crown Financial argues that Plaintiffs acted in bad faith because they made no
attempt to serve Beckham Creek Properties with the Original Complaint and did not
voluntarily dismiss Beckham Creek Properties from the current action until the one-year
removal period expired. (Doc. 16, p. 7). Crown Financial also claims that because
Plaintiffs did not propound discovery on Crown Financial until more than a year after the
Original Complaint was filed, it is Plaintiffs’ “fault” that they did not discover the facts that
form the basis of the new claim in the Amended Complaint until after the expiration of the
one-year limitations period. /d. at 8.
In response, Plaintiffs argue that they did not act in bad faith. They point to the
decision in Bajaba, LLC v. General Steel Domestic Sales, LLC, 2014 WL 5363905 (W.D.
Ark. Oct. 21, 2014), to support their argument, as the facts in Bajaba are similar to those
at issue here. Plaintiffs allege that Carroll and Beckham Creek Properties are the
defendants responsible for defaulting on the promissory notes. Additionally, Plaintiffs
argue that the bad-faith exception does not apply here because they have continued to
litigate their claims against Carroll and Beckham Creek Properties (the nondiverse
defendants) in a separate action in state court. (Doc. 14, p. 7). Further, Plaintiffs state
that Crown Financial can point to no explicit evidence that the nondiverse defendants
were only retained to defeat diversity jurisdiction. /d. at 9.

September 29, 2016. The Notice of Removal in this case was filed on January 29, 2018
(Doc. 1), more than one year after the commencement of this action.
12

Turning to the Bajaba case, the plaintiff there was unable to properly serve the
nondiverse defendants, and did not nonsuit the claims against those defendants until two
years after the suit was commenced. /d. at *1. In finding that the bad-faith exception did
not apply, the Honorable Susan O. Hickey, United States District Judge for the Western
District of Arkansas, was “not persuaded that Bajaba joined the [nondiverse defendants]
in ‘bad faith’ in order to prevent removal.” /d. at *3. The court relied upon the following
facts in finding that the bad-faith exception did not apply: (1) the nondiverse defendants
“were the persons allegedly responsible” for completion of the contract; (2) the complaint
remained unchanged for almost two years; and (3) the plaintiff continued its effort to serve
and bring the nondiverse defendants into the suit after the completion of the one-year
period. /d. Additionally, the Bajaba plaintiff proffered evidence that it intended to continue
pursuing its claims against the nondiverse defendants. /d. Because federal courts are to
strictly construe removal statutes, the district court in Bajaba determined that the
defendant had not met its burden to show that late removal was proper under the bad-
faith exception. /d.
As in Bajaba, Plaintiffs in this case allege that the nondiverse defendants are the
parties liable for defaulting on the promissory notes at issue, and Plaintiffs have also
continued to litigate against the nondiverse defendants in another forum. Accordingly,
this Court finds that Crown Financial has not met its burden to show that late removal was
proper under the bad-faith exception.
Further support for the Court's conclusion is found in the opinions of a few district
courts outside the Eighth Circuit, which have gone so far as to limit the bad-faith exception
to circumstances where “the plaintiff engaged in intentional conduct to deny the defendant

13

the chance to remove the case to federal court.” See Hiser v. Seay, 2014 WL 6885433,
at *4 (W.D. Ky. Dec. 5, 2014). For example, in Bryson v. Wells Fargo Bank, 2016 WL
1305846, at *4 (E.D. Tex. Mar. 31, 2016), the defendant argued that the plaintiff “acted in
bad faith because he was ‘extremely dilatory in dismissing [the] non-diverse defendant
....” In considering the issue, the Eastern District of Texas cited three other cases in
which courts found bad faith and compared those facts to the ones in Bryson:
In Tedford, the Fifth Circuit found that a plaintiff's conduct constituted bad
faith where the plaintiff, mere hours after learning that the defendant
intended to seek removal, amended her pleading to add a non-diverse
defendant, her own doctor, and then signed and post-dated a notice of
nonsuit against the doctor. Tedford, 327 F.3d at 427. The court and the
defendants were unaware of the post-dated nonsuit until after the one year
deadline had passed. /d. at 428. In Lawson, the court found that a plaintiff
acted in bad faith when the plaintiff failed to serve the defendant until seven
months after filing suit, did not move for a default judgment when the
defendant failed to appear or answer the plaintiffs petition, and never
sought discovery against the defendant. 2014 WL 1158880, at *6. Finally,
in Shriver, the court found bad faith when a plaintiff non-suited the non-
diverse defendant “beyond the eleventh hour,” essentially the night before
the trial in state court was set to begin. 167 F. Supp. 2d at 963-64. Also, the
plaintiff in Shriver had previously dismissed his initial suit when it was
removed to federal court and then re-filed essentially the same suit in state
court but added a non-diverse defendant. /d. at 962-63.
ld. The Bryson court concluded that the plaintiff “cannot point to any of the clearly
egregious types of facts detailed in Tedford, Lawson, or Shriver,” id. at *6, and declined
to find that the bad-faith exception to the removal rules applied. The court further found
‘that its ruling conformed to the “overarching principle that the removal statutes must be
strictly construed and ail doubts resolved in favor of remand.” /d. .
In the instant case, Crown Financial has failed to put forth any evidence of
intentional conduct by the Plaintiffs designed solely to defeat diversity jurisdiction.
Therefore, it has not been established that Plaintiffs acted in bad faith, and this exception
to the strict application of the removal statue is unavailable.
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IV. CONCLUSION
The Court concludes that Crown Financial’s removal was untimely under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1446(b), (c)(1). Crown Financial has failed to meet its burden to establish bad faith by
Plaintiffs or that the judicially created revival exception should apply. Moreover, as
removal statutes should be strictly construed and any doubts about removal resolved in
favor of remand, the Court is satisfied that remanding the case to state court is appropriate
under the circumstances.
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, for the reasons explained herein, that Plaintiffs’
Motion to Remand (Doc. 13) is GRANTED. The Clerk of the Court is directed to
immediately REMAND the case to the Circuit Court of Newton County, Arkansas. The
pending motion in this case is nN, later resolution by the state court.
IT IS SO ORDERED on this day of May,

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/cases/10009165. Public record. Not legal advice.